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CHAPTER L UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
Interoffice M emoranda
E X H IB IT 2 Interoffice Memorandum
(multiple addresses, addressed as a group)
United Nations Nations Unies

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR
TO: All Directors, Chiefs of Service DATE: 17 November
A: and Chiefs of Section
REFERENCE:
THRODGH:
S/C DE:
FROM: Assistant Secretary-General

DE: Department of General Assembly Affairs and Conference Services
subject: Meeting of programme managers
OBJECT:
There will be a meeting of all programme managers at 10 a.m

Friday morning in the conference room on the 15th floor to review
S ® ^1! ^ So 10n'°f the report of the Committee on Conferences in
the Fifth Committee and the draft resolution on the Pattern of
Conferences.
S 11 Consider temporary assistance requirements

"JJL ° ^hS Y0ar- Please brin9 ^ u r latest estimates of
penditures to date and requirements for the rest of the year.
4
Lesson One
Interoffice Memoranda
CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
ASSIGNMENTS
Assignment 1. Study the text and answer the questions:
1. What are the generally accepted forms of the United Nations communications''
2. Where are interoffice memoranda used?
3. What are interoffice memoranda used for?
4. How many subjects does each memorandum usually deal with?
5. What should be set out in an annex?
6. Who should sign or initial interoffice memoranda?
7. In what case should an extra copy be provided?
8. What is the design of the interoffice memorandum?
A ssignment 2. Write out the key words necessary fo r making a summary o f the text.
Assignment 3. Give a short oral summary o f the text.
A ssignment 4. Study the English text. Find and learn the following words and
phrases: "
Duty' station, to record decisions, to make proposals, to convey information, official

i es, to initial, the original, to deal with, to set out, an extra copy, intermediate officer
intermediary, to make observations, to make reports.
Assignment 5. Write the plural o f the following singular Latin and Greek words.
('Note: Latin plurals in English are: 4 fo r words ending in masculine inflection - us; -ae
fo r singular words ending in feminine -qi - a fa r words ending in neuter - uni; -ces for
words ending in -jc. Greek plurals in English are: -_afor words ending in neuter -on ; and
-es for words ending in -is. ) ------
Stimulus bacterium, forum, appendix, criterion, analysis, formula, memorandum,

radius, referendum, minimum, colloquium, syllabus, stratum, bonus, synthesis, annex’
rhpcic ziofn-t-v-» J 1 )
A ssignment 6. Study the use o f the locative prefixes in the words below. M ind that
they may extend their meaning metaphorically to abstract spheres.
F o r e - “frontpart o f”, “fro n t”: forearm, foremost, foreground, foresee;

Lesson One
CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE Interoffice Memoranda
inter - “between”, “among”: interstate, interlinear, inter-continental, intertwine, inter

branch, intermediary, interagency, inter-circuit, interoperate, inter-municipal;
sub - “under”: subnormal, sublet, subdivide, subcontract, subsection;
super - “above”: superstructure, superscript;
trans - “across”, “from one place to another”: transatlantic, Trans-Siberian, transplant,

transship.
extra - “outside”: extracurial, extrajudicial, extralegal, extraordinary.
(Hntra - means “within”, “in”. Thus intrastate means “within state”)
Assignment 7. Study the use o f the adjectives “interior” and “internal” in different
phrases. Translate them into Ukrainian.
Interior affairs, interior trade, internal jurisdiction, internal loans, internal navigation,
internal war, internal waters.
Assignment 8. Think o f as many synonyms as possible fo r the verbs “to facilitate”

and “to convey ” as possible.
Assignment 9. Translate the following Ukrainian phrases into English using the
adjectives “interim”, “provisional”, “temporary”.
, , ,
, ( ), ,
, , .
Assignment 10. Study the use o f the words “information” and “opinion” in different
phrases. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Interoffice Memoranda CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
cr- dissem ination o f - <3= fo recastin g -

leakage o f - -b u rst/ex p lo sio n
to furnish/to CJP irrelev a n t-
N
p ro v id e - / \ n u ll-
to gather - -information- ) p red ic tiv e-
\ ;
additional - v p riv ile g e d -
CJP a d eq u a te- & proprietary
d'3 c la ssifie d -
re le v a n t-
c o llecte d - <§° up-to-the-m inute -
cr* consensus o f - cr* divergent - s
consistency o f - s cr j u s t -
cr* distortion o f -
^ N -p o ll
variety o f- 'I * * \1 p a rtia l-
advisory - -opinion- <3= p riv a te -
c u rre n t- p u b lic -
d e b a tab le- se p a ra te -
d isse n tin g - w e ig h ty -
Assignment 11. Translate into English. Make use o f the above assignment if
necessary.
, , ,
,« », ;
( ), ,
, , / , /
, .
Assignment 12. Study the list o f adverbs which are used at the beginning o f a
sentence to refer to the whole sentence or paragraph which follows.
Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Accordingly, all in all, all things considered, alternatively, anyway, as a rule, as a result,
as far as we know, at the same time, in addition.
Assignment 13. Study the text. Discuss the general guidelines o f preparing
correspondence.
1. English or French, the working languages of the Secretariat, should be used for
communications within the Secretariat and with United Nations system organizations. In
English, British spelling is used as a general rule.
Lesson One 7
toUJS. CIA.V n ^ c l 'i v J
The communications should be written to Permanent Missions or Governments in
the working languages indicated on the Correspondence Unit^feriÉsheet. Where two
languages are indicated, the first should normally be used. ;
Similarly communications from the Secretary-General to the presidents of the

General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the
Trusteeship Council and to the chairpersons of other organs should be written in the
working languages of their countries as indicated in the Correspondence Unit
Worksheet. Communications from the presidents of the General Assembly, the Security
Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council and to the
chairpersons of other organs should be written in the working languages used by the
country of the sender. When such communications are sent in a language other than
English or French, they should be accompanied by a translation by the Secretariat into
either English or French.
2. If a letter or memorandum is personal and/or confidential the word “Personal”

or “Confidential” or the words “Personal and Confidential” should appear below the
reference number.
3. Where there has been previous correspondence on a subject, the text of a

communication should contain a precise reference to the last communication, with date,
reference or file number, and a brief indication of its subject, if necessary:
Ify'puxjicî^x)
“With inference to your letter of 5 April 2000 concerning...”
“Further to my letter (reference number) of (date) regarding...”
“With reference to the letter dated 30 June 1993 addressed to... by the permanent
representative o f... to the United Nations, I have the honour to inform you that..
When referring to a resolution or decision of a United Nations organ, state the

number and date of the resolution or decision, the name of the organ concerned and the
title or subject. The following forms are appropriate:
“In section 5 of its resolution 47/216 of 23 December 1992, the General Assembly
approved, with effect from 1 March 1993, a revised base salary for staff...”
“Pursuant to paragraph 17 (a) of General Assembly resolution 46/183 of 20

December 1991, the UNICEF Board of Auditors has reviewed measures taken to
implément its prior recommendations.”
8 Lesson One
Interoffice Memoranda _______________________CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
When reference to the number, title and date of a resolution or decision does not
seem to provide sufficient information, the relevant parts of the resolution may be
quoted in the communication.
Assignment 14. Suggest the Ukrainian for:
Confidential book, p e r s o n # ltamunity^ c^n/ideptial correônden^, persoral^note,

c o iifid e iif# m g r n e ^ ' p e r s o n i ^ S i i i f f i r ^ ’confiMMaT ' information, pers.
representative, confidential matters, personal rights, confidential relations, personal
violence. c u t* * * 'u tia u M *
Assignment 15. Translate the following into Ukrainian paying attention to the
underlined words and expressions. Memorize them.
ÇLi: i»
1. With reference to your letter of 5 April 2000 concerning ...”.
<%>,faUKAg
2. Further to my letter of (date) regarding... .
3. With reference to the letter dated 30 June 1993 addressed to ... by the Permanent
Representative of ... to the United Nations, I have the honour to inform you that... .
4. In s e c t i K o f its resolution 47/216 of 23 December 1992, the General Assembly

approved, with effect from 1 March j | 9 3, a
5. Pursuant to paragraph 17(a) of General Assembly resolution 46/183 of 20 December

1991, the UNICEF Board of Au&tors Has' reviewed measures taken to implement its
prior recommendations.
Assignment 16. Memorize the expressions used in the text o f Assignment 13. Give
their Ukrainian equivalents.
fa* fa * 4 M (U jd
Permanent jmssions, the President pf toe £ e n e id A s s e m b l y ^ c h a i ^ o n s ^ ^ ^ g ,
a c c o m p ^ ^ ft h # t ^ l l S % ^ j & a g q p to, fiM e r havf5*ffie h o n o u fe to -^
infogn.^& the reganC Q ftcêdfw ith effect f e n .. pursuarft to pafagraph 17(a), to &
measures, to implement prior recommendations, to provide sufficient information, to be
fsuc « fo fe *
9
Lesson One
CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE_______________________________ Interoffice Memoranda
Assignment 17. Translate the text o f the interoffice memorandum given below into
Ukrainian. Speak on the design o f the communication. Discuss the
subject matter.
1 8 I
to: Ail staff members date: 24 November

A: Radio service REFERENCE: __________
THROUGH:
S/C DE:
from: .
.. Chief, Radio Service
DE: -
subject: Credits on As Broadcast Scripts
OBJECT:
It is desirable that all scripts of the Radio Service should use

simple and uniform terminology in listing the functions of the staff
members involved in the production of the programme.
No credit should be given either to the Chief, Radio Service or to the

Chief of the Section/Unit when the latter's function is only that of
general supervision..
The credits for other staff members should avoid any implication of a
particular grade or functional title. Therefore these credits should use
verbs rather than nouns. Accordingly, they should read "Written by",
"Produced by", "Narrated by", "Assisted by", etc., or any applicable
combination of these terms.
CC: Mr. ...

M r . ...
10 Lesson One
Assignment 18. Study the text o f the interoffice memorandum given below. Speak
on the design and style o f the communication. Translate it into
Ukrainian.
7
TO: [Name to be typed] DATE : 1 February ...

A:
REFERENCE :
THROUGH :
S/C DE:
FROM: , Under-Secretary-General
DE: for Political and General Assembly Affairs
SUBJECT: Implementation of the resolutions and decisions adopted by the

OBJECT: General Assembly during its thirty-seventh session
QOCtaeTbCJ! vxejcMtK.
aofija
1- Attachi
Attached is a Joshing of the resolutions and decisions adopted by the General
Assembly during its thirty-seventh session from 21 September to 21 December . . .
Opposite each resolution or decision is the name of the department or office which
would appear to have the primary responsibility for its implementation or for
initiating action in this regard. Where more than one department or office is
indicated, the unit mentioned first is requested to contact the others as soon as
possible regarding the action to be taken.
2. The Director-General for Development and International Economic Co-operation

will exercise over-all guidance and co-ordination concerning the implementation of
all resolutions and decisions in the economic and social fields. Heads of
departments or offices having the primary responsibility for the follow-up of these
resolutions or decisions should consult the Director-General in the preparation of
General Assembly documents which have major policy or institutional
implications (such as global economic and social surveys or preparations for, and
follow-up to, international conferences and other global events in the economic and
social fields) or raise important issues affecting co-ordination and co-operation
within the Organization and the United Nations system as a whole. Further
classification, if needed, will be the subject of consultations between the
Director-General and the heads of departments or offices concerned.
3 . While in most cases action on the implementation of the resolutions and

decisions has already been initiated by department or office directly concerned,
may I remind you that in . . . the Joint Inspection Unit recommended that "the
cut-off date for replies of Governments to questionnaires should be set at the
latest at 30 June" and that in his observations the Secretary-General stated that,
without prejudice to the authority of organs concerned to set cut-off dates
in the light of special circumstances, he had no objection to setting them
normally at 3 0 June.
Lesson One _______________________________________________ ____________________________________

Assignment 19. Memorize the words and phrases given below. Suggest their
Ukrainian equivalents. Make use o f the above assignment if
necessary.
In this regard, regarding, concerning, attached, to have the primary responsibility, to

initiate action, to take an action, to exercise over-all guidance, the follow-up of the
resolutions, the preparation of the documents, major policy, global event, to raise issues,
as a whole, offices concerned, departments directly concerned, the cut-off date, without
prejudice to, in the light of special circumstances, primary responsibility, questionnaires.
f».*!'!( К "OR /,,<2

Assignment 20. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention
■ to the meaning o f the word “prejudice”.
1. Such provisional measures shall be without prejudice to the rights, claims, or position
of the parties concerned. 2. <...> without prejudice to the attainment of the foregoing
objectives and subject to the provisions of Article 80. 3. The Security Council shall,
subject to the provisions of the trusteeship agreements and without prejudice to security
considerations, avail itself of the assistance of the Trusteeship Council to perform these
functions of the United Nations. 4. This Article is without prejudice to the practice
accepted by receiving State regarding the precedence of the representative of the Holy
See. 5. Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty of all persons
enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the
receiving State. 6. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a
case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.
Assignment 21. The following suggestions are intended to help the drafter o f
correspondence to contribute effectively to the conduct o f the
business o f the United Nations. Make use o f some general
guidelines fo r drafting.
Tne correspondence of the Organization must be concise, clear and accurate in content,
direct and dignified in style, correct in form and attractive in appearance.
„ k jo c so u a S i *e
Regardless of the urgency, take time to answer the questions “Why am I writing? To
whom am I writing? What, if any, action do I expect as a result of what I have written?”
This will make it easier to draft more clearly and concisely.
(a) Why am I writing?
(i) Is it to give someone information?
12 Lesson One
(If so, what information? For what purpose?)
(ii) Do I need information?

(If so, what information? For what purpose?)
(iii) Is some action needed?

(If so, what action? For what purpose?).
(b)To whom am I writing?
(i) Who will the reader be?
(ii) What does (and doesn’t) the reader know about the situation?
(iii) What does the reader need to know?
(iv) What questions will the reader have in mind when reading my
communication?
(v) How is the reader likely to react?
(vi) What is my relationship to the reader?
Once we know what we want to communicate, to whom and why, we can draft
correspondence clearly, correctly and concisely, using a simple style that is neither
simple-minded nor simplistic. ' ' r£*t
It is unadorned, avoiding arcane constructions and seldom-used words, and
therefore is easily understood. Nevertheless, a simple style can convey complex ideas
with subtlety and grace and without ambiguity. Here are some positive and negative
rules to be followed whenever possible to achieve simplicity and clarity writing:
Positive rules
(a) Be concrete and specific, rather than .vague and indirect.
(b) State your facts or ideas directly (subject-verb-object).
(c) Use verbs in the active rather than the passive voice.
(d) Use concrete rather than abstract words.
(e) Use short words, short sentences, and short paragraphs rather than long
words, long sentences and long paragraphs.
Lesson One 13
Negative rules
(a) Don’t use any more words than necessary to convey your meaning.
(b) Don’t use a circumlocution if a single word or phrase will do.
(c) Don’t use emphasis (bold, italics, underlining) in correspondence.
(d) Don’t use needless adjectives and adverbs (don’t overemphasize).
(e) Avoid anything which might offend the sensibilities of the readers.
Assignment 22. Study the following examples, frequently fo u n d in United Nations

documents, which show the use o f initial capital letters or lower
case letters in United Nations practice.
article, an article, article 3

But: Article when making a general or specific reference to an Article of the Charter of
the United Nations and the Statue of the International Court of Justice
chargé d’affaires ^ ^
But: Chargé d’affaires of the Permanent Mission of Andorra to the United Nations
commission(s) regional commissions

But: Commission (when used as a short title of a specific body that has already been
mentioned), Economic Commission for Africa
conimittee( s) the committee of the General Assembly

But: Committees (when used as a short title), the Main Committees of the General
Assembly
conference(s)
But: Conference (when used as a short title of a specific conference that has already
been mentioned), the World Conference on Human Rights
conference room, conference room paper

But: Conference Room 4
Contracting P arty
In the text of treaties, conventions and the like, otherwise lower case
14 Lesson One
Interoffice Memoranda_______________________________ CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
convention
But: Convention, in citing the title of a specific instrument, for example, the
Convention on the Rights of Child
council
But: when using it as a short title, as a noun or adjective, for example, Council
resolution 1979/81
Lesson One 15
CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE Informal Letters
E X H IB IT 4 Informal impersonal letter

HEADQUARTERS•SIEGE NEW YORK, NY 10017
TEL: 1(212)963.1234 • FAX: 1 (121)963.4879
REFERENCE : 4 May-
Dear Sirs,
Copies of the first set of documents issued in connection with

the forthcoming Inter-Agency Meeting on Language Arrangements,
Documentation and Publications (IAMLADP) have been sent to you and
other observers today. This advance shipment is intended to facilitate
your preparation for the consideration of the relevant agenda items.
The opening of the Meeting will take place at 10.3 0 a.m. on 29

June. However, we do not know yet which conference room will be
allocated to us.
I will be glad to provide any additional information or

assistance that you may require.
Yours sincerely,
Secretary of IAMLADP
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute

Via delle Sette Chiese 142
00145 Rome, Italy
18 Lesson Two
Informal Letters CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
E X H IB IT 5 In fo rm a l im personal letter
(S ecretariat o fficia l to a p erm a n e n t representative)

HEADQUARTERS•SIEGE NEW YORK, NY 10017
TEL: 1(212)963.1234 • FAX: 1 (121)963.4879
REFERENCE: . . . 28 June . . .
Dear Mr. Ambassador,
Further to your letter of 17 June ... to the Secretary-General, I am

pleased to enclose the Secretary-General's preface for the brochure
being printed in conjunction with the exhibition of the Italian painter
Trento Longaretti, along with our best wishes for successful event.
I remain,
Yours sincerely,
Principal Officer
Enclosure
His Excellency
Mr. . . .
Permanent Representative of Italy
to the United Nations
Geneva
Lesson Two 19
ASSIGNMENTS
1. What are informal letters used for?

2. When is an informal style more appropriate?
3. . What form may a salutation and corresponding complimentary close take?
4. What form is not used?
5. What forms are appropriate only in impersonal letters? What about circular letters?
Assignment 24. Write out the key words necessary fo r making a summary o f the
text.
Assignment 26. Study the text. Find and learn the following phrases. Suggest their
Ukrainian equivalents:
Under-Secretary-General, assistant Secretary-General, senior Members, the public,
impersonal letters, government official, on behalf of, to transmit, in forwarding this
resolution, to draw the attention to, to review and appraise the progress, the agreed areas
and issues, to hold consultations, additional measures, the above mentioned operative
paragraph, to be brought to the attention, forthcoming seminar, to provide information,
relevant agenda items.
A lig n m e n t 27. Study the list o f adverbs which are used at the beginning o f a
Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents:
Basically, briefly, by contrast, characteristically; equally, essentially, even so,

eventually; finally, firstly, fundamentally, furthermore; generally speaking.
Assignment 28. Give Ukrainian equivalents fo r the following words form ed by

adding suffix -ee. Note that this suffix originally denoted “one who
is acted upon”; the sense is inherently passive. Thus:
acquittee = one who is acquitted
20
Lesson Two
Arrestee, conscriptee, detainee, educatee, ejectee, entrolee, expelee, inauguree, indictee,

invitee, liberee, permittee, returnee, selectee, separatee, shelteree, smugglee, telephonee.
(Note: in still other words -ee doesn’t even have its primary passive sense,
e.g. arrivee = one who arrives; asylee = one who seeks asylum).
Assignment 29. Study the use o f the words “letter” and “mission” in different
* -fo r- ~ o f convocation
ClT to the ~(s) o f credence
in - and in spirit ~letter- - o f identification
circular - - o f the law
cg= credential - s —s o f recall
p a te n t- - o f transm ittal
d ip lo m a tic -
suspension o f a
goodwill
s' - prem ises
d ip lo m a tic - /
-mission- CSf" - s ta ff
term ination o f a '
peace-
diplom atic - ■
perm anent -
ex trao rd in ary -
perm anent
fact-finding -
o b se rv e r-
necessary.
, , , , ( ),
, ( );
, , / ,
, .
to the meaning o f the word “except”.
1. The Court shall remain permanently in session, except during the judicial vacations.
2. The full Court shall sit except when it is expressly provided otherwise in the Present
Statute. 3. The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and
in respect of that particular case. 4. Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission may
Lesson Two 2i
not be appointed from among persons having the nationality of the receiving State,
except with the consent of that State which may be withdrawn at any time. 5. The
premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agents of the receiving State may not
enter them, except with the consent of the head of the mission. 6. His premises,
correspondence and, except as provided in paragraph 3 of Article 31, his property, shall
likewise enjoy inviolability. 7. No measures of execution shall be taken in respect of a
diplomatic agent except in the cases coming under sub-paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of
paiagraph 1 of this Article. 8. Except insofar as additional privileges and immunities
may be granted by the receiving State, a diplomatic agent who is a national of or
permanently resident in that State shall enjoy only immunity from jurisdiction, and
inviolability, in respect of official acts performed in the exercise of his functions.
Assignment 32. Make sure you know what these Latin phrases and words mean.
Ad hoc, ad interim, ad referendum, alio intuitu, bona fide, de facto, de jure, ex aequo et
bono, forro et igni, gratis dictum, idem, id est (i.e.), in extenso.
Assignment 33. Define the meanings o f the words “form al”, “informal” and
“ official” in the phrases suggested below. Memorize them.
Formal agreement, formal calls (visit), formal dinner, formal dress, formal letter, formal
opening, formal protest, formal revision(s);
for official use only, in official capacity, official communication, official condolences,
official diplomatic status, official document, official duties, official duty station, official
gazette, official language, official majority, official news, official records/official
representative, official source, official statement, official trade policy;
on an informal basis, informal atmosphere, informal conversation, informal letter,
informal meeting.
Assignment 34. Suggest the English for:
, , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
. 1 1
Assignment 35. Study the text o f the informal letter below. Speak on the design and
style o f the communication. Translate it into Ukrainian.
22
Lesson Two
Informal Letters
.CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE

POSTAL ADDRESS - ADRESSE POSTALE: UNITED NATIONS, N. Y. 10017
CABLE ADDRESS - ADRESSE TELEGRAFIQUE : ÜNATIONS, NEW YORK
REFERENCE :
’ ' 3 August
1 ®hould llke to refer to my letter of 17 June which t

addressed to you concerning the modification of parking rates in the
United Nations Garage for members of delegations. "
Subsequent to that letter, the Advisory Committee on

Administrative and Budgetary Questions reguested the Secretary-General
to submit a speoial report on all aspeots of the garage o p eration «
■ o f * t V ^ r S o r t ° r t t e UZ at itS SPring SeSSlon' Pen^rng examination
„ar. reP°rt, the Advisory Committee has formulated a schedule of
S l / a t ^ i t s ^ s e t s i S 1 b<! P reS“ Cad £° r — 1 - “
for the°n
ror the 1 r tAugust
a ™ s r y '...
1 will dnot
e îded
now that “ e Change The
be implemented. in rateS foreseen
current rafpq
its1 C°n^ lnu®.to be in effect until the General Assembly has completed
its deliberations on this question. completed
I remain, dear Mr. Ambassador,

Yours sincerely,
Under-Secretary-General
For Administration and Management
His Excellency
Mr. ... .
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
Permanent Representative of Mauritius
New York, N.Y.
Lesson Two
23
Assignment 36. Give the appropriate ordinary word to match each form al word
below. M ind that some o f the ordinary words in brackets may be
used more than once.
Annex, announce, append, approximately, assign, cease, commence, complete, conceal,

deem, desist, detain, donate, effectuate, employ.
(carry out, attach, give out, give about, stop, hide, finish, begin, hold, leave off, end,
consider, use, keep, ask, buy, go ahead, earlier, have, suggest, question, state,
immediately, hasten, try).
Assignment 37. Memorize the phrases given below. Suggest their Ukrainian
equivalents.
To refer to, subsequent to this letter, the Advisory Committee, to submit a special report,
Headquarters, pending examination, to be presented for approval, consequently, to be in
effect, to complete the deliberations.
Assignment 38. Study the use o f the words “pending” and subsequent ” in different
- phrases. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Negotiations pending between the two countries, the agreement on this is still pending, it
is the pending tray, pending draft resolution, pending issue (problem, question);
on a subsequent visit, subsequent to, subsequent claims, subsequent events, subsequent

ratification of a treaty.
Assignment 39. Translate the text o f the informal letter given below into Ukrainian.
Speak on the design and style o f the communication.
Informal Letters CHAPTER L UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
Ä
United Nations lli' Nations Unies
HEADQUARTERS •SIEGE NEW YORK, NY -10017
TEL: 1(212)963.1234 FAX: 1 (121)963.4879
REFERENCE: 10 June
Dear Mr. . . . ,
On behalf of the Secretary-General, I would like to thank you for

your letter of 17 May . . ., inviting the Secretary-General to speak at
the opening plenary of the First Global Forum on Human Development, to
be held at the United Nations Secretariat at 10 a.m. on 29 July ... .
The Secretary-General is very pleased to accept this invitation. He

looks forward to addressing this distinguished gathering on 29 July ...
Yours sincerely,
Chef de Cabinet
Mr. . . . .
Special Advisor to the Administrator
United Nations Development Programme
New York
Assignment 40. Study the following examples, frequently fo u n d in United Nations

department
In general references, for example, one of the three departments of the Secretariat
dealing with the questions; the government department concerned.
But: Department in specific references, for example, the Department of Political

Affairs, the Department of Commerce of the United States Government
Lesson Two 25
east, eastern (geographical)

East, Eastern (political), for example, East-West dialogue
government
Local or municipal government, a system of government, a change of government,
government-owned, government agency, a government department
But: Government (when representing a State, as a noun only), the Government of

India, that Government, the Government concerned, the metropolitan Government, any
Government wishing to participate
group.
But: Group of 77, Group of African States
headquarters
The headquarters of ESCAP, the Commission headquarters building
But: the Headquarters of the United Nations, the Headquarters building when referring
specifically to the United Nations building in New York
member(s)
An individual member of a committee, a State member of a United Nations organ, for
example, members of the Security Council, a member of a specialized agency or any
other organization, also a non-member State
But: States Members of the United Nations, a State not a Member of the United
Nations ,
Note: “States Members of the United Nations or members of agencies in the United
Nations system...”
observer
the United Nations military observer in San Salvador
But: Observer (a person appointed to attend a meeting without the right to vote)
Organization
when referring specifically to the United Nations
26 Lesson Two
party
in general or specific references, for example, the States parties to the Treaty
But: Party when using it in formal texts such as the text of a treaty, for example, the
Parties to the present Convention, and when referring to a specific political Party, for
example, the Conservative Party, the Socialist Party
permanent member of the Security Council
But: Permanent Mission of the Philippines to the United Nations

Permanent Observer Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations
Permanent Representative of Fiji to the United Nations
Lesson Two 27
Formal Letters
Lesson 3. FORMAL LETTERS
Formal letters are used for communication to heads of State or heads of

Government, ministers for foreign affairs, permanent representatives and observers, on
such subjects as:
a) Official statements of policy by the Secretary-General;
b) Actions taken or contemplated by the Secretary-General in connection with

decisions or recommendations of organs of the United Nations ;
c) Acknowledgements of the credentials or appointment of permanent

representatives;
d) Similar information to Governments and permanent missions on matters

involving the duties and responsibilities of the Secretary-General under the
Charter of the United Nations or under the provisions of an international
convention.
A formal diplomatic style is used for communications of a formal nature

addressed to:
a) Heads of State or Government;
b) Ministers for foreign affairs;
c) Permanent representatives of Member States;
d) Observers of non-member States.
Where formal style is required, the established phraseology of diplomatic

correspondence should be used. ' ‘..
The proper salutation for a formal letter is “Sir” or “Madam” followed by a

comma. In addressing a person with ambassadorial rank, the form “Excellency” may be
used. The salutation should begin with the same margin as the text and should be typed
six or more lines below the reference number, depending on the length of the letter.
28
Lesson Three
Formal Letters CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
The first sentence of the text should include the expression “I have the honour to
...” except in the case of formal letters from under-secretaries-general or assistant
secretaries-general to permanent representatives. These begin with “I am directed by the
Secretary-General to ...” or “On behalf of the Secretary-General, I have the honour to
...” The expression “I have the honour to ...” is usually required only in the opening
sentence. Succeeding paragraphs normally begin without this expression.
Where it is necessary to refer to a resolution or act of one of the organs of the

United Nations or to a previous communication from the Secretary-General, the
appropriate form is “I have the honour to refer to... “or“ I invite your attention to ...” .
If the request is made of the addressee, the expression “I should be grateful...” is
appropriate.
The complimentary close for formal letters is “Please accept, Excellency (Sir,
Madam), the assurances of my highest consideration”, It should be intended as a
separate paragraph.
Formal letters to ministers for foreign affairs or permanent representatives should,

as a rule, include the name of the addressee in the address. The address should also
contain personal titles such as “His Excellency” and “Ambassador ’, written in full
(never “H.E.”) . The full address should be given on the envelope, but details such as
street address and room number may be omitted on the letter itself.
(From: United Nations Correspondence Manual)
Lesson Three 29
CHAPTER I, UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
Formal Letters
EXHIBIT 6
. Formal letter
(The Secretariat official to a permanent representative, first page)
United Nations w Nations Unies

HEADQUARTERS SIEGE NEW YORK, NY 10017
TEL.: 1 (212) 963.1234 FAX.: 1 (212) 963.4879
REFERENCE : . .
29 January
Excellency,
On behalf of the Secretary-General, I should like to invite your attention to

the fact that the terms of office of the following five members of the
International Court of Justice will expire on 5 February ... :
Mr. . . . Sri Lanka)
Mr. . . . (France)
Mr. . . .(Madagascar)
-Ms. . . .(United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
Mr. . . .(Venezuela)
In accordance with Articles 4 and 13 of the statute of the International

Court of Justice, the General Assembly and the Security Council, during the fifty-
fourth regular session of the General Assembly, will elect five judges for a
period of nine years, beginning on 6 February ... .
I have the honour to refer to paragraph 1 of Article 4 of the Statute of the

Court and request you to transmit the enclosed communication to the members of the
national group of your country in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, inviting them
to nominate candidates in the election. This request is made in accordance with
paragraph 1 of Article 5 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice which
provides, inter alia, that the Secretary-General should invite the members of the
Permanent Court of Arbitration to undertake, by national groups, the nominations
"within a given time".
Her Excellency
Ms. . .' .
Permanent Representative of Austria
New York, NY
30
Lesson Three
Formal letter (continued page)
- With this provision in view, the national group has been requested to send
its nominations so as to reach the Secretary-General no later than 31 August ... .
It should be noted that in application of the foregoing provision of Article 5,
nominations made after this date may not be acceptable.
Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration.
Under-Secretary-General
For Legal Affairs
The Legal Counsel
Enclosure
31
Lesson Three
CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE Formal Letters
EXHIBIT 7
Formal letter
(The Secretary-General to the President o f the Security Council)
LETTER DATED 13 JUNE ... FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL
I have the honour to refer to resolution 1021 (...), which was adopted by the
Security Council on 22 November ... concerning the embargo on deliveries of weapons
and military equipment imposed by the resolution 713 (...). *
It will be recalled that operative paragraph 2 of resolution 1021 ( ... )

requested me to prepare in a timely way, and to submit to the Council, the reports
referred to in its paragraph 1. Those reports included a report on implementation
of Annex IB (Agreement of regional Stabilization) of the Dayton Peace Agreement,
which was to be submitted after the 180th day following my submission of a report
that the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia and the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had formally signed the Dayton Peace Agreement.
The 180ch day fell on 11 June ... . I accordingly drew the attention of the
Permanent Observer of Switzerland, in his capacity as Representative of the
Chairman-in-Office of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE), to my reporting obligations under resolution 1021 (...) and asked to be
provided with any relevant information.
I now have the honour to convey the attached communication dated 11 June ...,
which I have received from the Representative of the Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE
and which describes progress achieved in implementing Article 2 of Annex IB of the
Dayton Agreement. I shall convey to the Security Council such further information
as may be received from the Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE.
I should be grateful if you would bring this letter and its enclosure to the
attention of the members of the Security Council.
(Signed) . . .
32 Lesson Three
EXHIBIT 8
Transmittal note
(The letter from the Secretary-General to the Head o f State)

TEL.: 1 (212) 963.1234 FAX.: 1 (212) 963.4879
REFERENCE:
29 June ...
Excellency,
The Secretary-General should be grateful if you would kindly forward

the enclosed letter to His Excellency Mr. . . . , Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Denmark.
A copy of the letter is attached for your information.
Chef de Cabinet
Attachment
His Excellency
Mr. . . .
Permanent Representative of Denmark
New York, NY
33
Lesson Three
ASSIGNMENTS
Assignment 41. Study the text and answer the questions.
1. What are the formal letters used for?

2. How many subjects do the fonnal letters deal with?
3. Who are the formal letters addressed to? What style is used for communications of
a formal nature?
4. What does the formal style require?
5. What is a proper salutation for a formal letter?
6. When may the form “Excellency” be used?
7. What is the design of the text?
8. How is the reference to a resolution made?
9. ..What is the complimentary close for formal letters?
10. What should the address contain?
A lig n m e n t 42. Write out the key words necessary fo r making a summary o f the text.
Assignment 44. Give the appropriate ordinary word to match each form al word
below. M ind that some o f the ordinary words in brackets may be
used more than once.
Endeavor, expedite, extend, forthwith, indicate, inquire, institute, interrogate, intimate,

possess, present, prior, proceed, request, retain, summon, terminate, utilize;
(carry out, attach, give out, give about, stop, hide, finish, begin, hold, leave off, end,
consider, use, keep, ask, buy, go ahead, earlier, have, suggest, question, state,
immediately, hasten, try). “ ‘ ‘
Assignment 45. Study the text and exhibits. Find and learn the following phrases.
Permanent observers, heads of State or heads of Government, to contemplate actions,

acknowledgement, credentials, non-member States, under-secretaries-general,
succeeding paragraphs, complimentary close, to invite one’s attention to, the terms of
office, in accordance with Article 4, regular session, to enclose communication, to
nominate candidates, with this provision in view, the foregoing provision, to forward the
34
Lesson Three
— ------------------------------- -------------------- - CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
enclosed letter, to adopt a resolution, to impose embargo, provisions of the convention

operative paragraph 2 of resolution 1021, to submit report, to sign formally the
agreement, to draw the attention to, Chairman-in-Office, to provide anv relevant
information, the attached communication, to convey further information, to brm« the
letter to the attention of the Security Council, to prepare in a timely way.
A ssignment 46. Study the following examples, frequently fo u n d in United Nations

Power
In general or specific references to a State, for example, a great Power; also when used
adjectivally in that sense, for example, a three-Power agreement
President
of the General Assembly, of a United Nations council, of a State or of a recognized

international or national body
resident representative
the resident representative of UNDP has the responsibility...
f ^ CapitaliZe in speciflc references, for example, the Resident Representative of

UNDP m Turkey, Ms. ..., Resident Representative of UNDP in Chile
secretariat
of the Military Staff Committee, secretariat of a specialized agency or other organization
But: Secretariat in general or specific references to the Secretariat of the United

Nations
session
the fifty-fourth session of the General Assembly; the eighteenth special session
south, southern
geographical use
But: South (political and economic use): North-South dialogue
Lesson Three ______________

war
during the world wars, the cold war, the threat of a third world war
But: First World War, Second World War
west, western
geographical use (except in EGA terminology, West Africa to denote the subregion)
But: Western (political or economic use), the Western Powers
Assignment 47. Form the plural o f the compounds suggested. M ind that the
significant word in the compound should be pluralized.
Secretary-General, ambassador-at-large, deputy chief of staff, attorney general, under

secretary-general, vice-president, assistant commissioner, commander-in-chief,
assistant-secretary-general, trade union, notary public, coat-of-mail, man-of-war,
assistant director, court martial, minister plenipotentiary.
Assignment 48. Memorize the following incomparable adjectives which describe

absolute status or conditions and therefore cannot take comparative
degrees in most or more, less or least, or intensives such as very,
quite or largely. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Necessary, only, perfect, possible, preferable, principal, sufficient, true, unavoidable,

unique, universal, whole.
Assignment 49. Make sure you know what these binomials (doublets) mean.
Memorize them. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Act and deed, agreed and declared, any and all, attached and annexed, authorize and
direct, bind and obligate, by and between, by and through, by and under, by and with,
definite and certain, each and all, each and every, exact and specific, execute and
perform, fit and proper, for and in behalf of, full and complete, made and signed, make
and enter into, provisional and exceptional.
36 Lesson Three
Assignment 50. Make sure you know what these Latin words and phrases mean.
In loco, in mice, inter alia, inter partes, inter se, in toto, intra vires, loto sensu, loco
citato, mala fides, modus vivendi, mutatis mutandis, per contra, per extensum, post
facto, post hoc, prima facie.
Assignment 51. Match Latinisms in the sentences given below with their definitions
in brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. The company rejected the offer in toto.

2. The law of nature is, or at least includes, a branch of natural law, namely, the rules of
national justice as applicable to the relations of states inter se.
3. The function of diplomatic mission consists, inter alia, in ... protecting in the
receiving State the interests of the sending State.
4. Calling the shareholder’ meeting is an intra vires function of the board of directors.
5. A complete catalogue of types of mala fides is impossible but the following types are
among these which have been recognized injudicial decisions.
6. There is no clear distinction of a modus vivendi from other treaties. The most
distinguishing feature is its provisional character.
7. What was said regarding the first contract applies mutatis mutandis to all later ones.
(with the necessary changes; among other things; between or among themselves; as a
whole; within the powers of; dishonesty o f belief or purpose; a temporary, provisional
arrangement concluded between subjects o f International law and giving rise to binding
obligations on the parties.)
Assignment 52. Study the use o f the word “ protocol” in different phrases. Suggest
<3P additional ~ optional ~

diplom atic ~ CT* - form alities
N. <3= ~ form s
«■ final ~ \
®” final signature ~ \ C3P ~ incidents
-protocol- 1
r®“ international ~ arrangem ents / <ar ~ service
rules o f international ~ y/ <§r ratification ~
local ~ c3= ~ o f signature
Lesson Three 37
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
Assignment 54. Define the meanings o f the words "permanent ”, “ <o n-going ”,
“ constant ” and “ standing ” in the phrases suggested bellow.
Memorize them.
Permanent representative, permanent mission, permanent neutral country, permanent

neutrality, permanent observer, permanent treaty; '
on-going conference, on-going conflict, on-going process, on-going war;
standing committee, standing army, standing invitation, standing price;
constant threat.
, , , ,
, , , .
Assignment 56. Study the text. Discuss the subject matter. Render it in Ukrainian.
A further general category of correspondence worthy of comment is the many types of

letters states address to the Secretary-General and other UN office-holders in the course
of a dispute. These may serve one of a number of purposes such as putting a complaint,
establishing a case, indicating that UN recommendations have been complied with, or
internationalizing a dispute by seeking to put it before the Security Council.
Letters to the Secretary-General or President of the Security Council are most frequently
used by states to set out their view on an issue before the Council or Assembly. Small
states in particular have relied heavily upon transmitting rapidly to the Secretary-
General information on military attacks by more powerful neighbours and seeking

support through personal diplomacy by their resident representative to the UN.
38 Lesson Three
Reports undertaken by UN envoys, representatives and other mediators are sometimes

circulated to UN members as letters.
Letters are the commonest for expressing concern for circulation to the Security Council
or as a more general document within the UN. Thus a state can attempt to focus the
attention of the Security Council on specific aspects of a cease-fire violation, or other
aspects of a mandate. In this form the letter can become close to a protest note. Finally
the note should be taken of the use of correspondence by the UN Secretary-General for
two important purposes: to initiate or recommend action, and defend action taken.
Letters have also been used by the Secretary-General to provide detailed explanations of
the legal and administrative basis for action taken.
To be worthy of, to put a complaint, to establish a case, to comply with

recommendations, to put a dispute before the Security Council, to set one’s view on an
issue before the Assembly, personal diplomacy, to focus the attention on, a cease-fire
violation, a protest note, to initiate action, to provide detailed explanation.
Assignment 58. You may fin d the phrases given below useful Memorize them.
affirmed
defined.
laid down
requester
referred toin a Security Council document
specified,
set fort,
provided
stipulated«
envisaged
Lesson Three 39
Assignment 59. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the underscored words
and phrases.
1. The Government shall have the option of providing in kind the facilities referred to in
paragraph 4 above, with the exception of items (b) and (e). 2. Money payable under the
provision of this Article, shall be paid by the Government and administered by the
UNDP in accordance with Article V, paragraph 5. 3. Without restricting the generality
of the foregoing, the Government shall take such steps to this end as are specified in the
Project Document. 4. If the dispute cannot be settled in accordance with the preceding
sentence... the matter shall at the request of either Party be submitted to arbitration
following the same provisions as are laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article, except that
the arbitrator not appointed by either Party or by the arbitrators of the Parties shall be
appointed by the Secretary-General of the Permanent Court of Justice. 5. The terms and
conditions for each agreed project... shall be set forth in a Plan of operations to be
signed by the Government. 6. Each member may denounce this Convention at the
expiration of each period under the terms provided for in this Article. 7. Capital
represented by immovable property as defined in Article 6. paragraph 2. may be taxed in
the Contracting State where such property is situated. 8. The provisions of this Article
shall not affect the tax exemption envisaged in Article 4 and Article 7, paragraph 1. 9 . 1
have the honour to bring to your attention the contents of General Assembly Resolution
58/257 of 23 December 20... as requested in paragraph 5 of that Resolution.
Assignment 60. Translate the following United Nations communications into

Ukrainian.
Letter dated 20 January ... from the Permanent Representative of Angola to

the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council
I have the honour to forward herewith the assessment of the work of the
Security Council for the month of November . .., during the Presidency of
Angola (see annex). 1
In the absence of any objection by the members of the Council to the
present assessment, I kindly request that it be circulated as a document of
the Security Council.
(Signed) . . .
Ambassador
Permanent Representative
40 Lesson Three
Letter dated 8 January ... from the President of the General Assembly
to the President of the Security Council
I have the honour to bring to your attention the contents of General Assembly
resolution 58/257 of 23 December ..., adopted under agenda items 120 entitled
'Programme budget for the biennium ... - 121 entitled 'Proposed programme
budget for the biennium ... - ...' and 161 entitled 'Financing of the United
Nations Mission in Cote d'Ivoire', as requested in paragraph 5 of that resolution.
Attention is drawn in particular to paragraphs 3 and 4 of the aforementioned

resolution, in which the General Assembly decided, as a provisional and exceptional
measure, to finance the United Nations Missions in Cote d'Ivoire up to the
expiration of its current mandate in accordance with the scale of assessments for
the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations under regular budget and
also decided that the issue of the most appropriate funding for the Mission upon
the renewal of its mandate should be considered by the Assembly at the first part
of its resumed fifty-eighth session, in the context of established norms and
practice.
The Fifth Committee, to which this item has been allocated for consideration,
is scheduled to hold its first resumed session from 8 March to 2 April ....
(Signed) . . .
President of the General Assembly
Letter dated 21 January ... from the Secretary-General and High

Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European
Union to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
In accordance with the statement by the President of the Security

Council of 12 December ... (S/PRST/. . ./33) , I attach a report on the
activities of the European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and
Herzegovina (EUPM) covering the period from 1 July to 31 December ... (see
enclosure).' I propose to continue to provide the Security Council with a
written update on the progress of EUPM every six months, as appropriate.
I should be grateful if you would transmit the present letter and its
enclosure to the President of the Security Council.
(Signed) . . .
Lesson Three 41
Letter dated 29 January ... from the Permanent Representative of

Burundi to the United Nations addressed to the
President of the Economic and Social Council
I have the honour of drawing your attention to the final communiqué of

the Forum of Partners for Development in Burundi, held in Brussels on 13
and 14 January ... (see S/.../49, annex).
I should also like to inform you that on 23 January ..., the Executive
Board of the International Monetary Fund approved a US$ 104 million line of
credit for Burundi under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility. For
further information on this decision, I refer you to press release No.
04/13 of the International Monetary Fund, issued on 23 January .. . and
accessible at http:
I should be grateful if you would circulate this letter as a document
of the Economic and Social Council in the framework of the Council's
consideration of the work of its Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Burundi.
(Signed) . . .
Fifty-first session
Agenda item 124
Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses
of the United Nations
Letter dated 3 February ... from the Secretary-General to the President

of the General Assembly
Further to my letter dated 19 January ... (A/58/688), I have the honour

to inform you that Antigua and Barbuda has made the payment necessary to
reduce its arrears below the amount specified in Article 19 of the Charter
of the United Nations.
(Signed) . . .
Secretary-General
42 Lesson Three
Letter dated 6 February ... from the Permanent Representative of Ireland to

the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General
I have the honour to draw your attention to the statement on proposals

for constitutional change in Ukraine, issued on 27 of January ... by the
Presidency on behalf of the European Union(see annex).
I should be grateful if the text of the present letter and its annex
could be circulated as a document of the Security Council.
(Signed) . . .
Permanent Representative of Ireland to the United Nations
GENERAL ASSEMBLY^ SECURITY COUNCIL

Fifty-first session Fifty-first year
Item 71 of the preliminary list
GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
Letter dated 10 February ... from the Secretary-General addressed to the

President of the Security Council
With reference to the statement by the President of the Security

Council of 12 December ... (S/PRST/. ../33) , I have the honour to convey
the letter dated 21 January . . . which I received from the Secretary-
General and High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy
of the European Union, transmitting the report on the activities of the
European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina covering the period
from 1 July to 31 December ... (see annex).
I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter and its
annex to the attention of the members of the Security Council.
(Signed) . . .
Lesson Three 43
Letter dated 18 April ... from the Secretary-General addressed to the

President of the Security Council
Some months ago, my Special Representative for Cyprus, Mr. . . . , advised me

that because of other commitments he would not be in a position to remain in this
post much longer. However, he very kindly agreed to stay on until a suitable
successor could be appointed.
I wish to take this opportunity to put on record my profound appreciation for

the high degree of professionalism and devotion displayed by Mr. . . . throughout
his service as my Special Representative.
As my new Special Representative for Cyprus I have decided to appoint Mr. . .

., former Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea, effective 1 May 19... Mr. . .
. will continue as my Deputy Special Representative, resident in Cyprus, and as
Chief of Mission of the United Nations Operation in Cyprus.
I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the
members of the Security Council.
' (Signed) . . .
Letter dated 7 May ... from the Secretary-General addressed

to the President of the Security Council
I have the honour to transmit to you herewith the text of a road map to
realize the vision of two States, Israel and Palestine, living side by side
in peace and security, as affirmed in Security Council resolution 1397
(...) (see annex).
The text has been prepared by the Quartet - consisting of

representatives of the United States of America, the European Union, the
Russian Federation and the United Nations - and was presented to the
Government of Israel and the Palestinian Authority on 3 0 April ... .
I should be grateful if you would bring this text to the attention of

the members of the Security Council.
(Signed) . . .
44 Lesson Three
Formal Letters......... ............................................. ..................... CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
Letter dated 13 June ... from the Permanent Representative of Italy to the
United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General
I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a statement by the

Presidency of the European Union on the removal of nuclear warheads from
Ukrainian territory.
I would be grateful if you would have the text of the present letter
and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly under item
71 of the preliminary list and of the Security Council.
(Signed) . . .
Ambassador
Letter dated 8 October ... from the Permanent Representative of the

Russian Federation and the United States of America to the United Nations
addressed to the Secretary-General
As co-sponsors of the peace process launched at Madrid in October . .. and

witnesses to the signing at Washington, D.C., on 13 September ... of the
Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, including its
Annexes, and its Agreed Minutes, by the Government of the State of Israel and the
Palestine Liberation Organization, we have the honour to enclose the above document
(see annex).
We would be grateful if you would have the present letter and its attachments
circulated as an official document of the forty-eighth session of the General
Assembly, under agenda item 10, and of the Security Council.
(Signed) . . . (Signed) . . .
Ambassador Ambassador
Permanent Representative Permanent Representative
to the United Nations of the to the United Nations of
United States of America the Russian Federation
Lesson Three 45
Assignment 61. Memorize the established phraseology pertaining to United Nations

communications. Suggest Ukrainian equivalents.
1)
a) refer to...
inform you...
invite your attention to ...
request...
draw your attention to...
nclose the above document.
I have the honour to
orward herewith...
forward the attached letter...
transmit herewith...
convey herewith...
communicate...
b) I wish to inform...
2) I am directed by ...
I am requested by ...
On behalf o f ...
On (upon) instructions o f (from)
At the request o f ...
3) With reference to.

Further to...
4) I should be grateful...
I would appreciate it if...
It would be highly appreciated if.
46 Lesson Three
5) (Please) accept, Excellency (Sir, Madam), the assurance(s) o f my

highest consideration (esteem).
Assignment 62. Study the information given below. Translate into Ukrainian.
Model letter from the Permanent Representative to the United Nations
Letter dated 8 March ... from the Permanent Representative o f ... to the United Nations
addressed to the President of the Security Council
On instructions from my Government and further to my letter ... of (date), I

have the honour to communicate the following to you for the information of the
members of the Security Council.
I should be grateful if you would have the text of this communication circulated
as a Security Council document.
OR:
It would be highly appreciated if this letter were circulated as a document of the

Security Council.
OR:
I have the honour to request that this letter be circulated as an official document of
the General Assembly, under the item entitled and of the Security Council.
OR:
I request you to have this text circulated as a document of the General Assembly,
under the items and and of the Security Council.
OR:
I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members
of the Security Council.
OR:
, I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter and its annex to the
attention of the members of the Security Council.
Lesson Three 47
OR:
I should be grateful if you would circulate this letter as a document of the

Economic and Social Council.
OR:
We would be grateful if you would have the present letter and its attachment
circulated as an official document of the forty-eighth session of the General Assembly,
under agenda item 10, and of the Security Council. ’
OR:
I would request that this Declaration be circulated as a document of the General

Assembly under agenda item 94(d), entitled
OR:
In the absence of any objection by the members of the Security Council to the
present letter, I kindly request that it be circulated as a document of the Security
Council. '
OR:
I should be grateful if you would transmit the present letter and its enclosure to the
President of the Security Council.
OR:
I should be grateful if this letter and the attached communiqué could be circulated
as a document of the Security Council.
OR:
I would be grateful if you could arrange for the present letter and its annex to be
circulated as a document of the Security Council.
OR:
I would be grateful if you would kindly circulate the present letter and its annex as
a document of the Security Council.
OR:
I should be grateful if you would have this letter circulated as a Security Council
document. "
48
Lesson Three
Assignment 63. Translate into English. Suggest as many variants as possible.

•
«...», «...»
.
• ,
, 51- 78
.
• , ,
59 ,
.
»
6
.
® ,
- .
•
73
.
Assignment 64. Study the word order in the English and Ukrainian versions o f the
heading o f the United Nations communication.
1) Letter dated 8 March 2008 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the
United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. ^
2) ’
8 2008 ’ .
Assignment 65. Memorize the following phrases. Suggest their Ukrainian

~ ~ equivalents. Consult assignment 60 i f necessary.
Constitutional change, Presidency, nuclear warheads, preliminary list of the agenda, to

reduce the arrears, specified in Article 19, in the absence of any objections, to attach a
report, to cover the period from ... to ..., final communiqué, to hold the Forum, for
further information I refer you to, to issue press release, in the framework of, to be in a
position, successor, to take the opportunity, to put on record, to display professionalism,
former Foreign Minister, co-sponsors, interim arrangements, agreed minutes, to enclose
the above document, provisional and exceptional measure, the contents of General
49
Lesson Three
CHAPTER L UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE Formal Letters
Assembly resolution 58/275, regular budget, resumed session, established norms and
rules, biennium, the Quartet, a road map, a written update, Ad hoc Advisory Group,
effective 1 May . . . .
Assignment 66. Do the two-way translation o f the standard formats o f signatures.
1. (Signed) ____________________ 1. ( )________________________

Ambassador
Permanent Representative o f . . . ...
2. Ambassador 2.
Acting Permanent Representative ’
. ..
3. Alternate Permanent 3.
Representative
Chargé d ’Affair es a.i.
Ambassador
4. Acting Permanent Representative of... 4. ’

to the United Nations ...
Ambassador Extraordinary and ’
Plenipotentiary
5. Ambassador 5.
Permanent Observer
6. Alternate Permanent Representative 6.

Chargé d ’Affaires a.i.
Ambassador
7. Acting Permanent Representative o f... 7. ’

to the United Nations ...
Ambassador Extraordinary and ’
Plenipotentiary
8. Acting Head o f the delegation o f ... 8. ’

to the fifty-first session o f ’ -
the General Assembly o f
the United Nations and Deputy ’
Minister fo r Foreign Affairs of. . .
...
50 Lesson Three
9. Deputy Minister fo r 9.
Foreign Affairs of... ...
10. Deputy Head o f the delegation o f ... 10. ...

to the fifty-first session o f ’ -
the United Nations General Assembly
’
Assignment 67. Translate into English.

Лист
Постійних представників Угорщини та України
при ООН від 21 квітня ... року
на ім'я Генерального секретаря
Маємо честь повідомити Вам текст спільної заяви Міністрів закордонних

справ Угорської Республіки та України з питання забезпечення захисту прав
національних меншин від 4 квітня ... року.
Просимо розповсюдити текст цього листа і додаток до нього як офіційний
документ Генеральної Асамблеї по пунктах 69, 98Ь попереднього порядку
денного.
Посол Посол
Постійний представник Постійний представник
Угорської Республіки при ООН України при ООН
. Лист
Постійного представника України при ООН
від 27 квітня .. року
Маю честь цим направити Вам текст заяви Уряду України у з в 1язку з
проблемою Чорнобильської атомної електростанції, опублікованої 20 квітня
... р. (див. додаток).
Буду вдячний за найшвидше розповсюдження тексту цього листа і додатка
до нього як документа Генеральної Асамблеї по пункту 2 попереднього порядку
денного.
Посол
Постійний представник України при ООН
LessouThree 51
Лист
Постійних представників Російської Федерації та України
при 00Н від 13 серпня ... року
Маємо честь направити Угоду між Російською Федерацією і Україною про

принципи формування ВМФ Росії та ВМС України на базі Чорноморського флоту,
підписану в Ялті 3 серпня ... року.
Просимо Вас розповсюдити цей лист і Угоду, що додається, як офіційний
документ Генеральної Асамблеї по пункту 69 попереднього порядку денного, а
також Ради Безпеки.
Постійний представник Постійний представник України при 00Н
Російської Федерації при 00Н
Лист
від 20 вересня ... року
Маю честь цим н-аправити текст заяви Міністерства закордонних справ

України від 16 вересня ... р. щодо поновлення Францією ядерних випробувань
на атолі Муруроа та південній частині Тихого океану (див. додаток).
Буду дуже вдячний Вам, якщо Ви зможете належним чином довести зміст
цього листа до відома держав-членів і держав, які не є членами, що беруть
участь у роботі Конференції з роззброєння.
Посол
Глава делегації України на
сесії ... р. Конференція 3
роззброєння.
52 Lesson Three
Formal Letters CHAPTER I, UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
Лист
Постійних представників Республіки Молдова та України при 00Н
від 27 жовтня ... року на ім'я Генерального секретаря
Маємо честь цим направити текст спільного комюніке про переговори між
Президентом Республіки Молдова ... і Президентом України ... у ході офіційного
візиту ... до Республіки Молдова, яке було підписане ... жовтня ... року у
Кишинеу (див. додаток).
Будемо дуже вдячні за найшвидше розповсюдження тексту цього листа і
додатка до нього як офіційного документа Генеральної Асамблеї по пункту 69
порядку денного і як документа Ради Безпеки.
Постійний представник Постійний представник України при 00Н
Республіки Молдова при 00Н
Лист
Постійного представника України при 00Н
від 2 листопада ... року
Маю честь супроводити цим копію листа Його Високоповажності ...,

Надзвичайного і Повноважного Посла, Глави делегації України на сесії ... року
Конференції з роззброєння, від 1 листопада ... року на ім'я Генерального
секретаря Конференції з роззброєння.
Буду вдячний Вам за розповсюдження цього листа і документа, який
додається, як документа 48-ї сесії Генеральної Асамблеї по пункту 73в
порядку денного.
Посол
Постійний представник України при 00Н
Lesson Three 53
CHAPTER L UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE Formal Letters
Лист
від 19 листопада ... року
' Маю честь направити цей текст постанови Верховної Ради України про
ратифікацію Договору між Союзом Радянських Соціалістичних Республік та
Сполученими Штатами Америки про скорочення і обмеження стратегічних
наступальних озброєнь, підписаного в Москві 31 липня ... р., і Протоколу
до нього, підписаного в Лісабоні від імені України 23 травня ... р.
Буду вдячний Вам за розповсюдження тексту цієї постанови як офіційного
документа Генеральної Асамблеї по пункту 71 порядку денного «Загальне і
повне роззброєння» і Ради Безпеки.
Посол
Постійний представник України при 00Н
54 Lesson Three
Notes Verbales CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
Tesson 4. NOTES VERBALES
A note verbale (referred to in the text of a communication simply as a "note") is a

formal note written in the third person. This form is always used in replying to an
incoming note verbale; an incoming letter is answered by a letter.
Notes verbales may be addressed to:
a) A permanent representative or observer;
b) A permanent mission;
c) A minister for foreign affairs;
d) A ministry of foreign affairs.
Where direct correspondence with any other government officer or office has
been, authorized, it must be in letter form. The note verbale is not normally used for
communications with other organizations in the United Nations system and should never
be used for communications with non-governmental organizations or the public.
Typical uses of notes verbales include:
a) The exchange of information between the United Nations and Governments

or permanent missions;
b) The transmission of decisions or recommendations of United Nations or

gans;
c) Requests for and acknowledgements of information and documents;
d) The transmission of information regarding the time and place of meetings;
e) The acknowledgement of changes in the membership of permanent mis

sions or delegations;
f) Other requests or acknowledgements to Governments relating to the sub

stantive work of the United Nations.
55
Lesson Four
CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE Notes Verbales
Notes verbales addressed to officials or missions of Member States or to officials

or missions of non-member States maintaining permanent observer missions at
Headquarters should be written in the working language indicated in the Correspon
dence Unit worksheet. Where two languages are indicated, the first should normally be
used.
In a note verbale, the salutation forms part of the opening sentence of the text and
begins with the regular paragraphing. In selecting the form of the salutation, it is
important to note the following instructions:
- A note verbale may be written in the name of the Secretary-General or of the

Secretariat, but not in the name of a department or of an official of the Secretariat;
- When a note verbale is sent in the name of the Secretary-General, it is

addressed to a person, for example:
The Secretary-General of the United Nations presents his compliments to

the Permanent Representative o f ... to the United Nations and has the honour
t o ...";
- When a note verbale is sent in the name of the Secretariat, it is addressed to an

office, not a person, for example:
"The Secretariat of the United Nations presents its compliments to the

Permanent Mission o f ... to the United Nations and has the honour to ...",
A note verbale in reply to one addressed to the Secretary-General should always

be sent in the name of the Secretary-General. Thus, if a note verbale from a permanent
mission is addressed to the Secretary-General, the reply will be sent in the name of the
Secretary-General to the permanent representative, for example:
"The Secretary-General of the United Nations presents his compliments to

the Permanent Representative o f ... to the United Nations and has the honour
to acknowledge receipt of the Permanent Mission’s note ..."
A note verbale in reply to a note verbale from a minister for foreign affairs or
permanent representative should be sent in the name of the Secretary-General whether
the incoming note is addressed to the Secretary-General, to a subordinate official, to the
Secretariat or to a department. A note verbale forwarding a communication at the
request of a Member of the United Nations or its permanent mission should be in the
following form only:
56 Lesson Four
"The enclosed communication dated ... is transmitted to the permanent mis

sions of the States Members of the United Nations at the request o f ..."
The practice of the United Nations is that there is no complimentary closing for a
note verbale. If, however, a complimentary closing is considered appropriate, the
following closing should be used:
"The Secretary-General (Secretariat) avails (himself/herself)(itself) of this

opportunity to renew to the Permanent Representative (Permanent Mission)
of (Member State) to the United Nations the assurances of (his/her)(its)
highest consideration."
A note verbale contains no signature; instead, it should be initialled under the date
by the officer responsible for its dispatch. A note verbale prepared by the Cor
respondence Unit will normally be initialled by the responsible officer of that Unit.
The date should appear on the right-hand side of the last page, two to six lines
below the last line of the text, depending on the length of the note.
The address does not appear on a note verbale; it is typed only on the accom
panying envelope.
( From: United Nations Correspondence M anual)
Lesson Four 57
EXHIBIT 9
Note verbale
(Secretary-General to a permanent representative)

TEL.: 1 (212) 963.1234 FAX.: 1 (212) 963.4879
REFERENCE :
The Secretary-General of the United Nations presents his compliments to the

Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations and has the honour to
refer to the Permanent Mission's note No. 375 dated 23 August ..., transmitting the
instrument of accession by the Government of Ukraine to the Convention on Special
Missions, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 8 December ... .
The above-mentioned instrument was deposited with the Secretary-General on 27
August ..., the date of its receipt.
__ In accordance with its article 53(2), the Convention entered into force for
Ukraine on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit of the instrument, i.e. on
26 September ....
All States concerned are being advised accordingly.
5 October ...
58 Lesson Four
EXHIBIT 10
Note verbale
(Officer o f a principal organ to a permanent representative)

TEL.: 1 (212) 963.1234 FAX.: 1 (212) 963.4879
REFERENCE:
The Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to

resolution 864 (...) concerning the situation in Angola presents his compliments to
the Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations and has the honour to
transmit herewith an addendum (Annex Ill/Add.3) to the list of senior officials of
UNITA and adult members of their immediate families as an addendum to the list
previously transmitted with his communications SCA/2/98(3) of 19 February ... and
SCA/2/99 (3) of 19 February ... . The Chairman also wishes to advise that in this
.instance, the Committee is not in possession of details such as date of birth,
passport number, etc.
The Committee will update the aforementioned list on a regular basis and
transmit it, with any additions or deletions, to all States as an addendum to Annex
III.
7 July
M.R.
Annex enclosed
Lesson Four 59
ASSIGNMENTS
1. What is a note verbale?

2. When is a note verbale used?
3. Who are notes verbales addressed to?
4. Is a note verbale used for communication with non-governmental organizations or
the public?
5. What do the typical uses of notes verbales include?
6. What language should notes verbales be written in?
7. What instructions should be noted in selecting the form of the salutation?
8. What form requires a note verbale forwarding communication at the request of a
Member of the United Nations or its permanent mission?
9. Is there any complimentary closing for a note verbale?
10. What complimentary closing should be used if it is considered appropriate?
11. What does the signature block include?
text.
In addition, in circumstances, in conclusion, in consequence, in contrast, in that case, in
essence, in general, in many/some cases, in other words, in particular, in practice, in
reality, in spite of this/that, in theory, in the same way, in view of this.
Assignment 72. Study the text. Find and learn the following phrases. Suggest their
Ukrainian equivalents.
Formal note, incoming note, incoming letter, permanent observer, to authorize direct
correspondence, the public, non-member States, to present one’s compliments,
subordinate officials, to forward communication, complimentary closing, to initial.
62 Lesson Four
Assignment 73. Translate the following into Ukrainian paying attention to the
underlined words and expressions. Memorize them.
1. The Secretariat of the United Nations presents its compliments to the Permanent
Mission o f .... to the United Nations and has the honour to... . 2. The Secretary-General
of the United Nations presents its compliments to the Permanent Representative o f .... to
the United Nations and has the honour to acknowledge receipt of the Permanent
Mission’s note. 3. The enclosed communication dated ... is transmitted to the Permanent
Missions of the States Members of the United Nations at the request of ... . 4. The
Secretary-General (the Secretariat) avails (himself/herselfKitself) of this opportunity to
renew to the Permanent Representative (Permanent Mission) of (Member-State) to the
United Nations the assurances of (his/her)(its) highest consideration.
Assignment 74. Study the texts o f Exhibits. Find and learn the following words and
To present one’s compliments, the instrument of accession, the above-mentioned

instrument, to be deposited with, to enter into force, states concerned, to advise
accordingly, on request, reference material, in response to one’s note, legislative and
administrative initiatives, with a view to, supportive environment, to attach a copy, to
elaborate guidelines, addendum, senior officials, in this instance, to be in possession of,
to update, on a regular basis.
Assignment 75. Make sure you know what these Latin phrases and words mean.
Procul dubio, pro defectu, pro fact; pro re rata, pro tempore, qua supra, quid pro quo,
ratum, separatum, seriatim, sic, sine die, status quo, ultima ratio.
Assignment 76. Translate the sentences given below into Ukrainian. Define the
meanings o f the Latinisms.
1. Such principles we must have; but if they are established pro re rata by the parties
themselves, they will possess a measure of adoptability to individual cases which is
Lesson Four_____ ___________ _— ----- ------------------------- -----— -------

attainable by the more general legislation of the state itself. 2. A judge pro tempore. 3.
The discount was given as a quid pro quo for the extra business. 4. That case pecked
(sic) the young lawyer’s interests.
Nominate and appoint, order and direct, observe and implement, over and above, part
and parcel, perform and discharge, save and except, similar and like, terms and
conditions, true and correct, understood and agreed, unless and until.
Assignment 78. Study the use o f the word “note” in different phrases. Suggest their
a rriv a l- _ o ffic ia l-
<3* c o lle c tiv e - p e rso n a l-
c o n firm a tio n - ' "N ^ v e rb a l-
^ - o f invitation
Z cA° T ingt-
diplom atic~~ I\ -n o te - /; - o f protest
to initial a - ^ to file a - o f protest
N __
identical ~s --------------- re p ly -
interpretative ~ - o f understanding
third perso n ’s - - o f w arning
, , , ,
, , , , - ,
, .
Assignment 80. You may fin d the phrases given below useful. Memorize them.
the above
the abovementioned
the aforementioned
the aforesaid
the foregoing
Lesson Four
64
Assignment 81. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the underscored words.
1. In witness whereof, Borrower and the United States of America, each acting
through its respective duly authorized representative, have caused this Agreement to be
signed in their names and delivered as of the day and year above written. 2. Either
Contracting Party can propose those changes which are required to effect adjustment of
the above Article. 3. If you concur in the foregoing conditions, please sign the original
of this letter in the space provided below and return it to me. 4 . 1 am pleased to inform
Your Excellency that the Argentine Government agrees to the provisions of the
aforesaid Memorandum which stipulates the principles governing reciprocal air
transport relations ... .5 . The aforesaid document summarizes all the aspirations of the
two Parties. 6. Accordingly, I have the honour of confirming to Your Excellency, that
the Memorandum of Understanding as attached to the notes mentioned above shall be
regarded as constituting an Agreement between our two countries. 7. The Imperial
Government of Iran is entitled to supervise correct compliance of said regulations. 8.
The parties in this Agreement shall mutually agree on the cost of any of the
aforementioned services and supplies not provided.
Assignment 82. Define the meanings o f the words “personal and private in the
phrases given below. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Personal belongings/effects, personal immunity, personal note, personal notice, personal

opinion, personal representative, personal violence, personal weapon;
to appear in a private capacity, private information, private interests, private meetings,

private Member of the Parliament, private negotiations, private opinion, private session,
private talks, “private and confidential”.

, , , ,
;
65
Lesson Four
, , ,
.
Assignment 84. Study the suggestions fo r using numbers in specific types o f United
Nations communications.
To contribute effectively to the conduct of business of the United Nations, the

correspondence of the Organization must be concise, clear and accurate in content,
direct and dignified in style, correct in form and attractive in appearance. The following
suggestions for using numbers are intended to help to drafter of correspondence to meet
these criteria.
In accordance with traditional conventions, numbers may be expressed in figures or in

words; the nature of the text is the determining factor. In legal, formal, literary and
narrative style, words are used in certain contexts. In scientific, technical and statistical
texts, figures are used almost exclusively.
1. Numbers under 10 should be expressed in words (for

example, “eight”, not “8 ”).
2. Numbers should also be expressed in words in the following
contexts:
a) At the beginning of a sentence:
Four hundred and fifty women were selected;
Numbers expressed
b) In fractions in narrative text:
in words: Only two thirds o f the applicants were qualified;
c) In references to ages in non-technical, non-statistical texts:
This applies to children under nine years old.
d) Main Committees of the General Assembly are numbered
by ordinals, for example, the First Committee.
e) The numbers of sessions of the General Assembly or of
the Councils are written out, for example, the fifty-fourth
session.
66 Lesson Four
1. Numbers between 10 and 999,999 should normally be

written in figures except when they begin a sentence.
2. The following are always expressed in figures:
a) Percentages:
Only 4 per cent o f the total, compared with 16 per cent the
previous year.
b) Ratios:
Yields were 3 tons per hectare. The ratio was 10:1.
c) Results of voting:
The resolution was adopted by 15 votes to none, with 65
abstentions.
d) Dates and time of day:
On Wednesday, 21 July 1999, at 10.30 a.m.
Numbers expressed , XI , ., .
e) Numbers with fractions:
in figures: Costs were reduced by 10.75 per cent and profits almost
doubled, increasing 1.75 times over the previous year.
f) Statistics.
g) Degrees:
The temperature was 10.15 °C.
h) Dimensions, weights and measures:

The container is 10.5" long, 6" wide and 3.2" deep; it
weighs 1.2 pounds.
i) Series of figures.
j) Document symbols: A/54/1
k) Page and paragraph references: chapter V, page 13.
paragraph 2
I) Percentages should be expressed in figures and the words
"per cent" should normally be written out. The sign % may
be used in tables, but only when space is limited.
m) Time is indicated as follows: 10.25 a.m. (not 10:25 a.m.).
The 24-hour day may also be used, for example, 2100 hours
(not 21.00 hours).
n) Dates are given in the form "4 January 1999''(Forms such
____________________ as "4/1/99" are not used in official correspondence because
Lesson Four 67
of differences in usage regarding the order of the numerals

indicating the day and the month.).
o) Numbers of meetings of the General Assembly or of the
Councils are given in figures, for example, the 9th meeting.
Arabic numerals 1. To express sums of money and decimals, as in $6.50.

2. In the recording of votes, except for zero:
are used: The draft resolution was adopted by 112 votes to none, with 1
abstention.
Note: Usage as regards meetings and sessions o f the bodies may vary.
Assignment 85. Answer the following questions. Give appropriate examples.
1. What criteria should the correspondence of the United Nations meet?

2. How may numbers be expressed in accordance with traditional conventions?
3. How should numbers under 10 be expressed and in what context?
4. How should numbers between 10 and 999,999 be written?
5. How are the results of voting and document symbols expressed?
6. How are sums of money normally given?
7. Where and when may the sign % be used?
8. What is the form of dates?
9. How is the time indicated?
10. How are the main Committees of the General Assembly numbered? What about
the numbers of sessions and meetings?
Assignment 86. Memorize the established phraseology pertaining to United Nations

communications. Suggest Ukrainian equivalents.
The Permanent Mission (Representative) of ... presents (his/herXits)

compliments to ... and has the honour to ...
- inform the latter that...
- refer to the latter’s Note dated ...
68
Lesson Four
- refer to your letter of...

- acknowledge (the) receipt o f Note No. ... dated...
- forward herewith
- forward ... fo r the attention of...
- transmit herewith the report...
- transmit the attached report...
- submit the enclosed updated report...
- to recall the reply dated...
- ... and with reference to the Note dated...
- ... and, referring to the latter’s Note
- ... and hereby wishes to draw the attention to... .
Assignment 87. Translate the following United Nations communications into

Ukrainian.
NOTE VERBALE DATED 25 JUNE . .. FROM THE PERMANENT MISSION OF UKRAINE TO THE UNITED
NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
The Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations presents its

compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to
inform the latter of the measures taken by the Government of Ukraine in compliance
with paragraph 3 of Security Council resolution 1054 (...) of 26 April ... .
The Government of Ukraine, pursuant to paragraph 3(b) of resolution 1054
(...), on 24 June ... , instructed all diplomatic missions and consulates of
Ukraine abroad to restrict entry visas for members of the Government of the Sudan,
officials of that Government and members of the Sudanese armed forces until further
notice.
Since Ukraine has no diplomatic mission in the Sudan and the Sudan has no
embassy in Ukraine, paragraph 3 (a) of resolution 1054 (...) has no bearing on the
subject.
Lesson Four 69

TEL.: 1 (212) 963.1234 FAX.: 1 (212) 963.4879
REFERENCE :
PO 313 (1-1)
The Secretary-General of the United Nations presents his compliments

to the Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations and has the
honour to inform him that the twenty-first session of the Scientific and
Technical Sub-Committee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space will be held at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 13 to 24
February ... .
The annotated provisional agenda and the provisional schedule of work
are attached.
The Secretary-General would be grateful if the Permanent
Representative could communicate to him as soon as possible the names of
the representatives of his Government who will attend the session of the
Sub-Committee.
22 December ...
NOTE VERBALE DATED 14 JUNE ... FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE

OF GHANA TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE
SECURITY COUNCIL
The Permanent Representative of the Republic of Ghana to the United

Nations presents his compliments to the Secretariat of the United Nations
and has the honour to forward herewith, for the attention of the President
of the Security Council, a letter addressed to him by . . ., President of
the Republic of Ghana and Chairman of the Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS) on the situation in Western Sahara.
The Permanent Representative of the Republic of Ghana would be
grateful for the publication of this note and its attachment as a document
of the Security Council.
70 Lesson Four

TEL.: 1 (212) 963.1234 FAX.: 1 (212) 963.4879
REFERENCE :
The Secretariat of the United Nations presents its compliments to the

Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations and has the honour to invite its
Government to present a list of candidates for the deployment of police officers
for service with the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Concro
(MONUC).
_ The Secretariat requires the submission of official United Nations Personal
History Forms (P.11) certifying that the nominees meet the minimum requirements as
set^ forth in the guidelines for police officers on assignment with MONUC. These
police officers should be selected on the basis of the Mission's current
priorities, as per the concept of operations described in the special report of the
Secretary-General on elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, dated 26
May 2 ... (s/.../3 20-Paragraphs 50-57). "
The Secretariat recalls that any police officer who may be found, while
serving with a United Nations peace operation, to have engaged in an act of serious
misconduct, as defined in the United Nations Directives for Disciplinary Matters
Involving Police Officers and Military Observers of July ..., will be repatriated
and that all expenses connected with his or her repatriation, as well as with his
or her replacement, shall be borne by the Member State concerned.
The Secretariat of the United Nations avails itself of this opportunity to
renew^ to the Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations the assurances of
its highest consideration.
15 October ...
Security Council Committee established pursuant

to resolution 1267 (...) concerning Al-Qaeda and
the Taliban and associated individuals and entities
Note verbale dated 5 January ... from the Permanent Mission of Egypt
to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee
The Permanent Mission of the Arab Republic of Egypt to the United

Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council
established pursuant to resolution 1267 (...), and with reference to his
note dated 21 November ..., has the honour to submit the enclosed updated
report of the Arab Republic of Egypt to the Committee in response to
paragraph 6 of resolution 1455 (...) (see annex).
Lesson Four 71
Fifty-eighth session
Agenda item 19
Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting
of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
Note verbale dated 19 January ... from the Permanent Mission of

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Nations addressed to
the President of the General Assembly
The Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines presents its

compliments to the President of the General Assembly and wishes to
draw his attention to the former in reaffirming its interest in
becoming a member of the Special Committee on the Situation with
regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of
Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (Special Committee on
Decolonization).
In this regard, the Government of Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines hereby wishes to formerly request that the item of our
admission as a member of the Special Committee on Decolonization be
taken up by the General Assembly as soon as possible.
Security Council Committee established

pursuant to resolution 1521 ( . . . )
concerning Liberia
Note verbale dated 24 February ... from the Permanent Mission of the
Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman
of the Committee
The Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the
United Nations presents his compliments to the Chairman of the
Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1521
(...) concerning Liberia and with reference to the note dated 2 0
January ... has the honour to inform him that the Government of the
Syrian Arab Republic has instructed all the relevant bodies to
observe and implement Security Council resolution 1521 (...), in
particular paragraphs 2, 4, 6 and 10.
72 Lesson Four
Security Council Committee established pursuant

to resolution 751 (...) concerning Somalia
Note verbale dated 27 February ... from the Permanent Mission of

Slovenia to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the
Committee
The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Slovenia to the

United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the
Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 7 51
(...) concerning Somalia and has the honour, with reference to the
latter's note of 23 February ... (SCA/1/04(03) ) , to recall
Slovenia's reply dated 27 June ... to the Chairman of the
Committee, providing relevant information on the full and effective
implementation of the arms embargo against Somalia.
Assisnment 88. Memorize the following phrases. Suggest their Ukrainian

equivalents. Consult the above assignment if necessary.
In compliance with paragraph 3, pursuant to paragraph 3(b), as set forth in, in this
regard, in response to paragraph 6;
to take measures, to instruct the missions, entry visas, until further notice, to have no
bearing on, to certify, to meet requirements, current priorities, to bear the expenses,
annotated provisional agenda, provisional schedule, to take up the item, to observe and
implement Security Council Resolution 1521.
Assisnment 89. Translate the following United Nations communications into

English.
Lesson Four 73
Комитет Совета Безопасности, учрежденный

резолюцией 1267 (. . .) по организации
«Аль-Каида» и движению «Талибан» и
связанным с ними лицам и организациям
Вербальная нота Постоянного представительства Албании при

Организации Объединенных Наций от 9 января ... года на имя
Председателя Комитета
Постоянное представительство Республики Албании при Организации

Объединенных Наций свидетельствует свое уважение Председателю
Комитета и по поручению правительства Республики Албании имеет
честь препроводить прилагаемый доклад о ходе выполнения,
предусмотренный в пункте 6 резолюции 1455 (...) (см. приложение).

резолюцией 1267 (...) по организации
Вербальная нота Постоянного представительства Латвии при

Организации Объединенных Наций от 19 января ... года на имя
Постоянное представительство Латвийской Республики при

Организации Объединенных Наций свидетельствует свое уважение
Председателю Комитета Совета Безопасности, учрежденного резолюцией
12 67 (. . .), и со ссылкой на ноту Комитета имеет честь представить
доклад Латвийской Республики, подготовленный во исполнение пунктов
б и 12 резолюции 1455 (...) (см. приложение).
74 Lesson Four
Notes Verbales CHAPTER . UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
Пятьдесят восьмая сессия

Пункт 19 повестки дня
Осуществление Декларации о предоставлении
независимости колониальным странам и народам
Вербальная нота Постоянного представительства Сент-Винсента и

Гренадин при Организации Объединенных Наций от 19 января ... года на
имя Председателя Генеральной Ассамблеи
Правительство Сент-Винсента и Гренадин свидетельствует свое

уважение Председателю Генеральной Ассамблеи и вновь хотело бы
сообщить ему о заинтересованности Сент-Винсента и Гренадин в том,
чтобы стать членом Специального комитета по вопросу о ходе
осуществления Декларации о предоставлении независимости колониальным
странам (Специальный комитет по деколонизации).
В этой связи правительство Сент-Винсента и Гренадин имеет честь
официально просить о том, чтобы вопрос о приеме Сент-Винсента и
Гренадин в члены Специального комитета по деколонизации был
рассмотрен Генеральной Ассамблеей как можно скорее.

резолюцией 1267 (...) по организации
Вербальная нота Постоянного представительства Маршалловых Островов

при Организации Объединенных Наций от 10 февраля . .. года на имя
Постоянное представительство Маршалловых Островов при

Председателю Комитета и имеет честь сослаться на его ноту от 21
ноября . . . года. Постоянное представительство имеет честь настоящим
представить доклад Республики Маршалловы Острова, подготовленный во
исполнение пункта 6 резолюции 1455 (...) (см. приложение).
Lesson Four 75
Комитет Совета Безопасности,

учрежденный резолюцией 751 (...)
по Сомали
Вербальная нота Постоянного представительства Словении при

Организации Объединенных Наций от 27 февраля ... года на имя
Постоянное представительство Республики Словения при Организации

Объединенных Наций свидетельствует свое уважение Председателю
Комитета Совета Безопасности, учрежденного резолюцией 751 (...) по
Сомали, и имеет честь со ссылкой на ноту последнего от 23 февраля
... года (БСА/1/04(03)) напомнить об ответном письме Словении от 27
июня . .. года на имя Председателя Комитета, содержащем
соответствующую информацию о полном и эффективном осуществлении
эмбарго на поставки оружия в Сомали.

резолюцией 1521 (...) по Либерии
Вербальная нота Постоянного представительства Сирийской Арабской

Республики при Организации Объединенных Наций от 24 февраля ... года
на имя Председателя Комитета
Постоянный представитель Сирийской Арабской Республики при

Председателю Комитета Совета Безопасности, учрежденного резолюцией
1521 (...) по Либерии, и со ссылкой на ноту от 20 января ... года
имеет честь сообщить ему, что правительство Сирийской Арабской
Республики дало указание всем соответствующим органам соблюдать и
выполнять резолюцию 1521 (...) Совета Безопасности, в частности
пункты 2, 4, б и 10.
76 Lesson Four
- S-----------------------------------------------------------CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE
Assignment 90. Read summary table and speak on the form s o f UN communications.
Interoffice Informal Formal Notes

memoranda letters letters Verbales
Interoffice Informal letters are used for Such letters are Permanent representative
memoranda are usei1 the day-to-day addressed only to (or an observer) or a
fo r correspondence correspondence o f the heads o f State or
Addressee permanent mission; a
within the Secretariat with persons Government, minister for foreign affairs
Secretariat. They ar 2 outside the Secretariat and ministers for foreign or a ministry o f foreign
appropriate fo r fo r communications affairs and affairs.
correspondence botl addressed to other permanent
within a given duty organizations in the United representatives.
station and with Nations System.
other duty stations.
They are used to They are also used fo r letters Official statements of The exchange of
record facts, from the Secretary-General policy by the information between the
decisions or opinions or from under-secretaries- Secretary-General, United Nations and
to which reference general or assistant actions taken or Governments or
may be necessary secretaries-general to contemplated by the permanent missions, the
later, to make or permanent representatives Secretary-General in transmission o f decisions
respond to proposals or senior members o f a connection with or recommendations of
or to convey missions or delegations, decisions or
Subjects United Nations organs,
information. Each except when the subject recommendations of requests for and
memorandum should makes a formal letter more organs o f the UN, acknowledgements of
normally deal with suitable. acknowledgements of information regarding
one subject only. the credentials or the time and place o f
Where a appointments of meetings,
memorandum permanent acknowledgements of
requires supporting representatives, and changes in the
analysis or detailed similar information to membership of
statistical Governments and permanent missions or
information, these permanent missions delegations and other
should be set out in on matters involving requests or
an annex. the duties and acknowledgements to
responsibilities o f the Governments relating to
Secretary-General the substantive work of
under the Charter. the United Nations.
The salutation o f an Sir (Madam), (Your) Its salutation forms part

informal letter should begin Excellency o f the opening sentence of
with the same margin as the text and begins with
Salutation the text and be followed by the regular
a comma. paragraphing, taking
such form s as: “Dear
Sir”( “Dear Madam ”),
”Dear Sirs ”( ’’Dear
Mesdames”), ’’Dear
Mr./Miss.
Lesson Four 77
- Thank you fo r your - 1 have the The Secretary-General of

letter... honour to ... the UN presents his
- On behalf o f the - On behalf o f the compliments to... and has
Secretary-General, I should Secretary-General, I the honour... (to inform
like to transmit herewith have the honour to... him that.../ to .
Overling lines the text o f the resolution ... - 1 am directed acknowledge the receipt
- We have the honour to by the Secretary- o f his note No. 17 o f 14
inform you that ... General to ... I have August 2...)
the honour to refer
to... The Secretariat o f the UN
would be grateful i f /
appreciate it i f ...
The complimentary Accept, Sir(Madam), The Permanent Mission

closing should be centered the assurance(s) o f to the UN avails itself
above the signature block. my highest (himself/herself) o f this
consideration opportunity to extend
Complimentary Forms: “Yours truly”, (renew) to the
closing “Yours sincerely”, “I Permanent
remain, dear Mr. Representative to the
(Madam) Ambassador, UN the assurance(s) o f
Yours sincerely . . . ” its (his/her) highest
consideration.
The address should The address should The address does not
contain the name o f the contain personal appear on a note
addressee and appear on titles written in full. verbale but should be
the left-hand o f the page The fu ll address typed on the
Address containing addressee's should be given on accompanying
personal titles such as the envelope, but envelope.
"His Excellency", "Her details such as
Excellency", street address and
"Ambassador", written in room number may
full. The fu ll address be omitted on the
should be given on the letter itself.
envelope, but details such
as street address and
room number may be
omitted on the letter itself
The date - given in The date should appear in The date should be Date/month/year -1 4
the fo rm "14 the upper right-hand part in the fo rm “14 August 2010
Date
August 2008" - o f the page on the same August 2008”. The The date should appear
and the reference horizontal line as the date should appear on the right-hand side of
number should be reference number, ending in the upper right- the last page, two to six
entered in
78 Lesson Four
Notes Verbales
CHAPTER I. UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCF.
at least fifteen spaces from hand p a rt o f the lines below the last line
the appropriative the right-hand edge. (14 page on the same o f the text, depending
spaces provided on August 2008) horizontal line as the on the length o f the note.
the right-hand side reference number,
o f the page. ending at least
fifteen spaces from
the right-hand edge.
Interoffice The signature should appear in the right-hand A note verbale contains
memoranda should p a rt o f the page below the complimentary close
no signature; instead it
Signature be signed or and include the official rank o f the person. should be initialled .
initialled either
under the date by the .
beside the name o f
officer responsible fo r
the sender at the
its dispatch.
top o f the page or
at the end o f the
text.
-........ .
CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE Drafting Style And Practice
CHAPTER II
UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE
Lesson 5. DRAFTING STYLE AND PRACTICE
Written communications from UNESCO to Member States and Associate

Members, international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) and the international intellectual community as a whole must be
clear and accurate in content, correct in form, direct and precise in style, and attractively
set out.
The responsibility for drafting the Organization’s outgoing communication and

for their substance and factual accuracy lies with the sectors/bureaus/offices/units
concerned. They are normally responsible for keying in the text of the communication,
checking the name, title and address of the addressee, obtaining clearance and
dispatching the original and copies. A copy of the correspondence must be kept in the
records of the originating sector/bureau/office/unit and filed in accordance with current
filing procedures and plans. An extra copy of the correspondence may be kept in
chronological files (“chronos”).
Replies to incoming communications should be prepared and dispatched

promptly. If for any reason a reply has to be delayed, an interim acknowledgement
should be sent to the author of the communication.
The staff member responsible for drafting a reply should ensure that all
questions raised in the original communication are answered and should, where
appropriate, request other sectors to provide the necessary information. All
communications, not only from national authorities and regional or international bodies,
but also from the public, should be given careful attention and answered. A form letter
may be used where a large number of communications deal with a subject on which the
policy of the Director-General has been clearly set.
When a letter from the Organization requires a reply (standard letters and
circular letters in particular), it should always indicate the name, address, telephone and
fax numbers, and e-mail address of the member of the Secretariat to whom the answer
should be sent.
The nature and importance of the subject, the status of the addressee and the
rules on the delegation of signature determine who is to sign a letter. Mail dealing with
programme execution can be signed by the ADG of the sector, or by a competent staff
member to whom that authority has been delegated, it being understood that he or she
has to obtain the necessary clearance and send copies to those concerned.
80 Lesson Five
Drafting Style And Practice CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE
Correspondence to be signed by these staff members is normally limited to technical

matters and follow-up action. It will not initiate or establish policy decisions.
Letters to Heads of State or Government are signed by the Director-General;

letters to Ministers are, according to circumstances, signed by the Director-General, the
DDG, the appropriate ADG. Standard letters to NGOs and IGOs bear the signature of
the Director-General or ADG. Communications sent to Permanent Delegates (such as
invitations to information meetings preceding statutory meetings of the governing bodies
on the thematic meetings organized by the sectors) are signed by ADG.
In the absence of the Director-General, the senior official standing in for him or
her (the Deputy Director-General or an Assistant Director-General) signs on behalf of
the Director-General; the latter’s name appears on the correspondence.
Official written communications (which at UNESCO are mostly letters)

addressed to Heads of State or Government, Ministers, National Commissions,
Permanent Delegates of Member States and observers from non-Member States are
drafted according to strict protocol and established diplomatic usage. A less formal style
may be used for letters to members of the public or officials of other institutions of the
United Nations system.
Correspondence signed by officials of the Organization is usually drafted in

English, French or Spanish, accordingly to the preference of the addressee. Great care
should be taken in the use of official and personal titles in the address, salutation,
complimentary ending and text of communications.
Where there has been previous correspondence on a subject, the text of a

communication should contain a precise reference to the last communication, with an
indication of the date, subject and, where appropriate, the reference numbers, e.g. “In
reply to your letter ... of 5 April .. . concerning ...” or “Further to my letter ... of ..
In case where the Deputy Director-General, an Assistant Director-General or a

Director signs a reply to a letter addressed to the Director-General, the first sentence
should read: “I am pleased [or, exceptionally: I have the honour] to reply to your letter
of ... addressed to the Director-General, concerning ...” or “On behalf of the Director-
General, I acknowledge with thanks receipt of your letter of ..., concerning ...”. The
form “The Director-General has asked me to reply to your letter of ..., concerning ...”,
is also acceptable when the aim is to give a less formal tone to the letter.
When reference is made to a General Conference resolution or an Executive

Board decision, its number, the session at which it was adopted and the body concerned
should be indicated:
Lessou.Five 81
a) General Conference resolutions
In the body of the text:
“Resolution 31 adopted by the General Conference at its 29th session”
In passing reference:
“(.29C/Resolution 31)” or “(29C/Res31)”.
b) Executive Board decisions
In the body of the text:
“In accordance with decision 3.1. adopted by the Executive Board at its 150th
session” or “In accordance with 150Ex/Decision 3.1. ”.
In passing reference:
“(150Ex/Decision 3.1.)” or “(150Ex/Dec. 3.1.)”.
If reference to the number, title and date of a resolution or decision is not

enough, the relevant paragraphs may be cited or even, in some cases, the entire text of
the resolution or decision may be attached to the communication.
Letters of invitation to a meeting should indicate the languages in which the

proceedings will take place and in which interpretation will be provided. These
languages may be specified when there are two or three of them, or indicated by the
phrase “the working languages of the General Conference” in the case of six languages
(Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish) referred to in Rule 53 of the
Rules of Procedure of the General Conference.
All letters from the Director-General to a Head of State or Government should

be routed via the Permanent Delegation of the country concerned under cover of a
forwarding letter.
( From: UNESCO Correspondence M anual)
82 Lesson Five
ASSIGNMENTS
1. What requirements must written communication from UNESCO meet?

2. -Who is responsible for drafting the Organization’s outgoing communications?
3. How should a copy be kept and filed?
4. What should be done if for any reason a reply has to be delayed?
5. What should a letter from the Organization always indicate when it requires a
reply?
6. Whom are the letters to Heads of State or Government signed by?
7. Whose signature do standard letters to NGOs and IGOs bear?
8. Who signs the letters in the absence of the Director-General?
9. Who are the official written communications addressed to?
10. What languages is correspondence usually drafted in?
11. What is the correct form of reference made to resolutions and decisions?
12. What are the working languages of the General Conference of UNESCO?
Assignment 93. Memorize the phrases below. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
To draft communications, to key in the text of the communication, the records, outgoing
communication, incoming communication, interim acknowledgment, extra copy, to
provide the necessary information, international bodies, public bodies, circular letters,
programme execution, to delegate the authority, follow-up action, to initiate policy
decisions, to bear the signature, senior official, to specify a language, to draft a letter, the
proceedings, the entire text, the body concerned, to acknowledge receipt, forwarding
letter, to route the letters, under cover of a forwarding letter, to provide interpretation.
Assignment 94. Translate the following into Ukrainian:
1. In reply to your letter ... of 5 April 19... concerning ... .2 . Further to my letter ... of
... . 3. I am pleased to reply to your letter of... addressed to the Director-General
concerning ... 4. On behalf of the Director-General, I acknowledge with thanks receipt
of your letter of... concerning ... . 5. The Director-General has asked me to reply to
Lesson Five 83
your letter of concerning ... . 6. In accordance with the decision 3.1. adopted by the
Executive Board at its 150th session ....
Assignment 95. Make sure you know what these abbreviations mean.
UNESCO, IGOs, NGOs, DDG, ADG.
Assignment 96. Give Ukrainian equivalents o f the words form ed by adding suffix -
. Please note that this suffix has also a dative sense, in which it
acts as the passive agent noun fo r the indirect object. Thus: referee
= to whom something is referred.
Abandonee, advancee, allocatee, allottee, consignee, covenantee, deliveree, dislosee,

grantee, indorsee, lessee, patentee, pledgee, remittee, trustee, vendee.
Assignment 97. Define the meanings o f the words “acting”, “interim”,

“provisional” and “temporary” in the phrases suggested below.
Translate into Ukrainian.
Acting chairman, temporary chairman, temporary trade agreement, interim agreement,

interim acknowledgement, to hold an interim appointment, interim option, interim
report, interim secretary, in the interim, on a provisional basis, provisional annoted
agenda, provisional authorization, provisional capital of a country, provisional draft
articles, provisional government, to decide provisionally.
’ ; ;
; ; ; ;
; , ;
; .
Assignment 99. Study the use o f the word “draft” in different phrases. Suggest their
am ended ~ resolution
-agreem ent final ~ resolution
am endm ent
-draft- original ~ resolution
regulation revised ~ resolution
resolution
84 Lesson Five
, , , ,
/ , ,
.
Assignment 101. Read the text. Discuss the subject matter. Render it in English.
International organizations
International organizations are formal institutional structures transcending national

boundaries which are created by multilateral agreement among nation-states. Their
purpose is to foster international cooperation in areas such as security, law, economic
and social matters and diplomacy. They are relatively recent phenomena although many
commentators, from the Ancient Greeks onwards, have advocated their creation in one
guise or another. In fact they began to emerge in the context of the nineteenth-century
European state system where there were specific and self-conscious attempts to facilitate
international intercourse and to provide a functional enabling procedure for common
international endeavours.
The first of these was the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine in 1815
and the most well-known was the International Telegraph Union of 1865 which was the
precursor of the modem International Telecommunications Union (ITO). In the
twentieth century these organizations have proliferated to such an extent that on almost
every issue, over and above the traditional state-to-state diplomatic network there exists
a more or less permanent framework of institutions through which collective measures
can be realized.
Modem international organizations are of two basic types, the “public” variety known as
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and the “private” variety, the international
non-govemmental organizations (INGOs). Foremost examples of the former would be
the League of Nations and the United Nations and of the latter, the International Red
Cross and Amnesty International.
Common characteristics of both types are voluntary membership, permanent

organization, a constitutional structure, a permanent secretariat and a consultative
conference. IGOs are established by treaty thus their competence is initially limited to
the specifics of the convention, but organizational task expansion to meet new
contingencies will commonly follow if the IGO is to respond to change. In this way,
although states retain ultimate authority international organizations not only provide a
means for cooperative action but also multiple channels of communication which on
varying levels overlie traditional diplomatic structures. For example, it has been
Lesson Five 85
estimated that at present over 380 public and 4,700 private international organizations
are operative on a day-to-day basis in world politics.
Although doubts persist as to whether they are autonomous international actors with a
defined legal personality, few deny that they have made an enormous contribution to the
management of international relations.
’ , (UNESCO) -
,
, 4 1946 , (
20- ) , 16 1945
44 .
190 .
,
. , ,
-
2 .
,
2 , ,
, ,
. , 58
- ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.
: -
, , ( ),
, - ; , ;
; ,
.
12 1954 .
.
86
Lesson Five
, ,
,
(1978).
,
.
, , ,
, ,
. -
( ).
Lesson Five 87
CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE------------------------------------------------t e f f l É l i t e B f e .
Lesson 6. PRESENTATION OF CORRESPONDENT
A. Letters in general
All letters should be on UNESCO letterhead paper; for letters to be signed by the
Director-General, special headed paper (Director-General) should be used The text
should be aligned on the left under the initial "r” of “reference” and justified on the
rig t. The reference consists of the symbol of the originating sector/bureau/office/unit
followed by a file number and a serial number. The date should appear on the right on
the same horizontal line as the reference and should be in the form “15 October 2005”
As far as possible, it should be the date on which the letter was actually signed. Except
m. ec.Caises of the Director-General or the Director of the Executive Office, who are
identified by their title at the top of the letter, the name of the signatory should be
followed by his or her title. These two indicators together with the signature form the
signature block. The address, which consists of the name, title and address of the
addressee should appear, with the same margin as the text, in the bottom left-hand
comer of the first page, even if the letter mns to more than one page. The contractions
r Mrs or Ms should be used. In the letter to Ambassadors and Permanent Delegates
with the rank of Ambassador, the title “His Excellency” or “Her Excellency” (which
may be abbreviated to “H.E.”) precedes the name of the addressee.
Example: H.E. Mr John Smith

Ambassador
Permanent Delegate of the United Kingdom to UNESCO
UNESCO House
Enclosuies (Encl.) should be mentioned in the text, preferably drawing attention to

them by three dots in the left-hand margin opposite the lines referring to them The total
number should be indicated at the end of the text. ....
B. Letters for the signature of the Director-General or the Deputy

Director-General 1
.... A letter for the signature of the Director-General or the Deputy Director-General
must first be prepared m draft form, in double spacing. After revision - where necessary
- and clearance (the purpose of the clearance process is to ensure that the Organization’s
policies, regulations and statutory text, and Executive Board decisions and General
Conference Resolutions have been respected; obtaining clearance does not make the
person drafting the letter any less responsible for its context) the draft letter is returned
to the originating sector/bureau/office/unit to be produced in final form on the Director-
Lesson Six
CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE Presentation Of Correspondence
D. Notes Verbales
Notes verbales are generally used for routine communications and matters of
secondary importance. Unlike letters, notes verbales do not include salutation, address or
signature block. The date appears at the bottom of the text with the Organization's
official stamp. The text is drafted in the third person and the subject matter is usually
introduced by a complimentary phrase ("...presents his or her compliments to... and has
the honour to A note verbale is always used to reply to an incoming note verbale.
( From: UNESCO Correspondence Manual )

Presentation O f Correspondence CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE
EXHIBIT 13 Letter
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture

Organization de las Naciones Unidas para la Education, la Ciencia y la Cultura
7, place de Fontenoy 75352

Paris 07 SP
L,rue Miollis The Assistant Director-General
75732 Paris Cedex 15 for Social and Human Sciences
Fax:
Ref.:
D ear M r ,
T he D irector-G eneral has asked m e to reply to your letter o f 8 January . . . , inviting him to jo in you
as a distinguished guest at the 47th Pacific A sia T ravel A ssociation A nnual C onference to be held in M anila,
P hilippines, from 29 M arch to 2 A pril . . . , on the them e "Inspiring Progress: Influencing Prosperity".
M uch to his regret, the D irector-G eneral is unable to accept your kind invitation ow ing to his very
heavy tim etable on those dates. Y our m eeting is nevertheless o f the greatest interest to U N E SC O in view of
the O rganization's active involvem ent in the prom otion o f culturally appropriate and sustainable tourism in
th e service o f the cultural heritage and cultural identities and for the benefit o f local com m unities.
F or this reason, and notw ithstanding the personal nature o f the invitation extended to M r . . . , we
should appreciate it if U N E S C O could b e represented at the C onference and be inform ed o f its outcom es. If
you agree to this suggestion, I should b e grateful if you w ould contact for this purpose M r . . . , U N E SC O
R egional A dv iser fo r C ulture in A sia (920 Sukhum vit R oad; B angkok 10110 - tel: . . ., fax: . . ., e-m ail: . .
.). I know that he w ould w elcom e th e opportunity to participate in your m eeting.
I w ish you every success in your Conference.
Y ours sincerely,
M r .. .
C h ie f E xecutive O fficer
P acific A sia T ravel A ssociation
San Francisco, CA
U n ited States o f A m erica
Lesson Six 91
CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE_________________________________ Presentation O f Correspondence
EXHIBIT 14 Letter fo r the signature o f the Director-General

7, place de Fontenoy
75352 Pans 07 SP
Tel: The Director-General

Fax:
Reference:
Dear Mr ...,
Thank you for your letter of 15 July . . . concerning your projected film on the genesis and
functioning of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, with reference also to other microcredit schemes in
Africa and the United States inspired by the ideas of the Bank's founder, Professor . . . . Your initiative
is an excellent one and deserves every support, particularly since it should make a significant
contribution to making known this innovative means of helping the poor to help themselves, not only in
the developing world where poverty is endemic but also in developed countries where it is also far too
much in evidence, with its indissociable scourges of illiteracy and sickness.
I therefore have much pleasure in granting UNESCO's sponsorship to this worthwhile venture. I
hope that this expression of the Organization's moral support will be useful to you in your efforts to
secure funding for your film.
- It is particularly appropriate- that this film should receive UNESCO's sponsorship since it is to
benefit from thé cooperation of Professor . . . himself who, in . . . , was awarded the Organization's
biennial "International Simon Bolivar Prize" in recognition of his outstanding contribution to
promoting the freedom, independence and dignity of peoples.
I wish you every success in this undertaking and look forward to viewing the finished film,
dedicated to a cause which is dear to us all, namely the further development of microcredit and the
eventual eradication of poverty worldwide.
Yours sincerely,
M r .. .
Kemest International Arts Management 20, passage de la Bonne Graine
75011 Paris
92
Lesson Six
E X H IB IT 15 Forwarding letter for a communication from

the Director-General to a Head of State

7, place de Fontenoy
75352 Paris 07 SP
1, rue Miollis 75732 The Assistant Director-General

Paris Cedex 15 for External Relations
Tel:
Fax:
Ref.: (Ref o f Sector concerned) No date (will be stamped once letter signed)
Sir,
Please find enclosed the letter which the Director-General is sending to the President of
(country).
I should be pleased if you would kindly transmit the letter to its addressee. A copy of that letter
is also enclosed for your information.
Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration.
Addressee
Lesson Six 93
EXHIBIT 16 Circular letter
7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP

1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris CEDEX 15
adresse postale:
téléphone:
télégrammes:
téléx:
téléfax:
reference:
MINEDAFVII - Letter of invitation to Member States

Sir/Madam,
In pursuance of resolution 1, paragraph 2.A.(j), adopted by the General Conference at its 29th
session, and at the generous invitation of the Government of the Republic of South Africa, UNESCO will
convene in Durban, from 20 to 24 April ..., the seventh Regional Conference of Ministers of Education
of African Member States (MINEDAF VII). The Conference is being organized in cooperation with the
Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) of the United
Nations.
In conformity with decision 3.4.1 adopted by the Executive Board at its 152nd session, I have the
honour to invite your Government to be represented at the Conference, with the right to vote.
The six previous regional conferences on educational policy and co-operation in Africa focused on
the following themes: Adoption of an outline plan for African educational development (Addis Ababa,
1961); Consideration of the financing of national education plans (Abidjan, 1964); Problems of education
and scientific training in Africa (Nairobi, 1968); Educational reforms and innovations (Lagos, 1976);
Review of the implementation of the Addis Ababa Plan and new guidelines for the next 20 years, in
particular with respect to the eradication of illiteracy, the renewal of science and technology teaching,
and higher education for the development of African societies (Harare, 1982). The sixth Conference
(Dakar, 1991), coming as it did after the World Conference on Education for All (Jomtien, 1990) and
the proclamation of 1990 as International Literacy Year by the United Nations, focused on basic
education and literacy and identified strategies for the decade.
To Ministers responsible for relations with UNESCO
94 Lesson Six
Presentation Of Correspondence CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE
C L 2476 page 2
T he seventh C onference w ill deal m ainly w ith the them e o f "Lifelong E ducation for A ll in A frica" and,
in particular, w ill exam ine developm ents in education in A frica since the beginning o f the 1990s, so as to chart
future courses o f action in the context o f O A U 's D ecade o f E ducation in A frica, U N E SC O 's L ifelong E ducation
for A ll program m e, and the U nited N ations System -w ide Special Initiative on A frica.
I enclose the provisional agenda (E D -98/M IN E D A F T), the provisional rules o f procedure (ED -
98/M IN E D A F /2) and the general inform ation note (E D -98/M L N E D A F/T N F. 1). T he w orking languages w ill be
E nglish and French, b o th in plenary sessions and in the com m issions an d interpretation w ill be provided
accordingly. T he m ain w orking docum ent w ill be prepared in the tw o languages, and w ill be forw arded to you in
due course.
G iven the im portance o f th e item s on the provisional agenda for M IN E D A F V II, it w ould be
appreciated if the M inister o f E ducation and the M inister or senior official responsible for econom ic planning
could take p art in the C onference.
In accordance w ith the established practice fo r intergovernm ental conferences o f this nature, the travel
and subsistence expenses o f participants are borne by th eir governm ents.
I should be grateful if you w ould kindly inform m e as soon as possible, and in any case before the
beginning o f M arch . . . , o f your G overnm ent's decision regarding participation in the C onference. T he nam es
and official titles o f the delegates designated to attend should b e addressed to:
T h e D irector U N E S C O D akar O ffice

12, A venue R oum e D akar, Senegal
Fax:
e-m ail:
A ccept, Sir/M adam , the assurances o f m y highest consideration.
Director-General
E nclosures: 3
cc: N ational C om m issions for U N E SC O

P erm anent D elegations to U N E SC O
Lesson Six 95
EXHIBIT 17 Note verbale
7, place de Fomenoy. 75352 Paris 07 SP

1, rue MioUis, 75732 Pans CEDEX 15
adresse postale:
téléphone:
télégrammes: Unesco Paris Ref :
T he D irector-G eneral o f the U n ited N ations E ducational, Scientific and C ultural O rganization has the
hon o u r to invite the U nited N ations, the S pecialized A gencies, the International A tom ic E nergy A gency and
intergovernm ental organizations to be represented at the 155th session o f th e E xecutive B oard, w hich will be held
in Paris from 19 O ctober to 6 N o v e m b e r. . . . T he provisional agenda o f the session (docum ent 155 EX/1 (Prov.))
is annexed hereto.
T he first plenary m eeting w ill be h eld on M onday 19 O ctober at 10 a.m. in R oom X . A t that m eeting the
B o ard w ill adopt its agenda, decide w hich item s to refer to its com m issions and com m ittees and draw up a
tim etable o f w ork for the session.
T h e D irector-G eneral w ould appreciate receiving as soon as p ossible the nam es o f th e representatives
designated to attend this session on b eh alf o f their organization, an d avails h im self o f this opportunity to renew
the assurances o f his highest consideration.
Paris, 14 S e p te m b e r...
96 Lesson Six
ASSIGNMENTS
1. What paper should be used for UNESCO letters?

2. Where should the text of a letter be aligned and justified?
3. What does the reference consist of?
4. Where should the date appear and what is the correct form of the date?
5. What is the signature block?
6. What are the full forms of contractions Mr, Mrs and Ms?
7. How should the attention be drawn to the enclosures?
8. How must a letter for a signature of the Director-General first be prepared?
9. What is the duty of CAB?
10. When should the family name and the name of the city be capitalized?
11. Should the letter for signature by the Director-General be dated?
12. What is attached to a letter before it is submitted to the Director-General?
13. What are circular letters?
14. What are standard letters?
15. What might a circular letter involve?
16. What categories are meetings divided into?
17. What unit is responsible for checking the translation of the answer?
18. What are notes verbales used for?
19. What do notes verbales not include?
20. What person is the text of a note verbale drafted in?
21. What complimentary phrase is usually used to introduce the subject matter?
Assignment 105. Memorize the words and phrases below. Suggest their Ukrainian
equivalents.
Letterhead paper, originating sector, signatory, enclosure, to draw attention to, to

prepare in draft form, to be produced in final form, to finalize a letter, complimentary
ending, background material, identically-worded letters, legal obligation, questionnaires,
financial contributions, subject matters, different language versions, routine
communications, matters of secondary importance, official stamp, incoming note
verbale.
Lesson Six 97
Assignment 106. Memorize the established phraseology pertaining to UNESCO

correspondence. Suggest Ukrainian equivalents.
• I am pleased to reply to your letter of ... addressed to the Director-General ....

• On behalf of the Director-General I acknowledge with thanks receipt of your letter
of (dated) ....
• The Director-General has asked me to reply to your letter of (dated) ...
concerning ....
• In reply to your letter of (dated) ....
• Please find enclosed the letter concerning... .
• Further to my letter of (dated)...
• I should be pleased if you would kindly transmit the letter ....
• Accept, Sir (Madam), the assurances of my highest consideration.
• The Director-General avails himself of this opportunity to renew the assurances of
his highest consideration.
Assignment 107. Suggest the Ukrainian fo r the following. Consult exhibits if

necessary.
In pursuance of, in conformity with, the right to vote, to deserve very support, to make a
significant contribution, innovative means, endemic poverty, worthwhile venture, to
benefit from the cooperation, eradication of poverty, provisional rules, plenary sessions,
to provide interpretation, given, the established practice, to bear subsistence expenses, to
adopt the agenda, to refer to the items, to draw up a timetable, outcomes,
notwithstanding.
Assignment 108. Make sure you know what the following words mean.
Addendum ( pi. - d a ), annex, appendix ( pi. - ices), enclosure, supplement.
Assignment 109. Study the use o f the word “data” in different phrases. Suggest
adequate ~ C jr
detailed ~
aggregated ~ CJP discrepant ~
available ~ Ci“ pertinent ~
basic ~ provisional ~
complete ~ data c r- raw ~
conflicting ~ summary ~
crude ~ dP reliable ~
~ processing supporting ~
98 Lesson Six
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Assignment 111. Study the information given below:
SALUTATIONS COMPLIMENTARY ENDINGS
Reigning monarchs:
Your Majesty, Please accept, Your Majesty, the assurances

o f my most profound respect.
Crown Prince of Japan:
Your Imperial Highness, Please accept, Your Imperial Highness, the

expression o f my profound respect.
(Royal) Highnesses:
Your (Royal) Highness, Please accept, Your (Royal) Highness, the

expression o f my profound respect.
Presidents of Republics:
Your Excellency, Please accept, Your Excellency, the

assurances o f my highest consideration and
respect.
President of the United States:
Dear Mr President, Yours sincerely,
Prime Minister of Great Britain:
Dear Prime Minister, Yours sincerely,
Lesson Six
99
CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE Presentation O f Correspondence
Ministers, Secretaries of State, etc., in formal communications:
Sir/Madam, Accept, Sir/Madam, the assurances o f my

otherwise: highest consideration.
Dear Minister/Secretary o f State/etc, otherwise:
Yours sincerely,
Ambassadors:
Dear Ambassador, Yours sincerely,
Secretary-General of UN:
. Dear Secretary-General, Yours sincerely,
Heads of UN agencies:
Either by name - e.g. Dear Mr Speth - or Yours sincerely,

Dear Colleague,
The Pope:
Your Holiness, Please accept, Your Holiness, the assurances

o f my deepest respect.
Cardinal:
Your Eminence, Please accept, Your Eminence, the

assurances o f my profound respect
Archbishop:
Dear Archbishop, Yours sincerely,
Monsignor:
Dear Monsignor (name), Yours sincerely,
100 Lesson Six

Patriarchs of Orthodox Churches
Your Beatitude, Please accept, Your Beatitude, the

assurances o f my highest consideration and
profound respect.
Nota Bene: A letter beginning "Dear Sir/Madam " should end "Yours faithfully," and
not "Yours sincerely,
Assignment 112. Give the appropriate complimentary ending to match each

salutation below. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Your Majesty, Your Imperial Highness, Your Royal Highness, Dear Mr President, Your
Holiness, Your Eminence, Dear Archbishop, Your Beatitude.
Assignment 113. Memorize the following words and phrases frequently used in
UNESCO correspondence. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
ad hoc i.e. (but id est)

a.i. (but ad interim) incommunicado
attaché interim
charge d'affaires laissez-passer
chef de cabinet liaison
communiqué note verbale
curriculum vitae . (plural: notes verbales)
(plural: curricula vitae) ombudsman (plural: ombudsmen)
detente per annum
diktat per capita
e.g. (but exempli gratia) per diem
émigré procès-verbal (plural: procès-verbaux)
etc. (but et cetera) versus (abbreviation: vs. or v.)
forum (plural: forums) via
honorarium (plural: honorariums) vice versa
Assignment 114. Study the suggestions fo r using numbers and dates in UNESCO
correspondence communications:
In accordance with traditional conventions, numbers may be expressed in figures or

spelt out in words. The nature of the text is the determining factor. In legal, formal, literary
and narrative style, words are used in certain contexts; in scientific, technical and statistical
texts, figures are used almost exclusively.
Lesson Six 101
. In general, numbers under 10 should be expressed in words (e.g. eight, NOT 8).
Numbers should also be spelt out in the following contexts:
- at the beginning of a sentence;
- in approximate or isolated references to dimensions, weights and measures in
non-technical,
- non-statistical texts;
- infractions in narrative text.
Examples: • One hundred and fifty years ago, there were only 105 societies. Four
hundred and fifty women were chosen for the test. (Better: A total of 450 women were
chosen for the test.); ■ The problem has worsened in the past hundred years. ■ half an
inch; ■three quarters of the population (NOT 3/4 of the population).
Numbers from 10 on should normally be expressed in figures. In addition, the

following are always expressed in figures: percentages; ratios; results of voting; dates
and time of day; numbers with decimal or simple fractions; statistics; degrees;
dimensions; weights and measures; except when they are obviously intended to be
approximate or when they occur in isolated references in a non-technical context; series
of figures; document symbols; page and paragraph references.
Examples: ■ Only 4 per cent of the total, as compared with 14 per cent the
previous year... ; ■adopted by 7 votes to none, with 13 abstentions.
N.B. The percentage sign % may be substituted for the words "per cent",
particularly in enumerations.
In English, numbers between 10 and 999,999 should normally be written in

figures, numbers in the millions should be written as follows: 1 million, 3.4 million,
BUT 3,424,000 (Oil-producing capacity o f 2 million tonnes per year a grant o f US$1.5
million).
In the usage of UNESCO, as in that of the United Nations generally, "billion" is

taken to be equivalent to a thousand million, and NOT to a million million, as in British
usage. Four-figure numbers and over, unless set out in tabular form, require commas. (m
9,999 ; • 13,673 421,876,123). Decimals are shown by the use of a decimal point (and
NOT by a comma): 7.4; 14.36; 3.333.
The day, expressed in cardinal numbers, is followed by the month and the year
without commas, e.g. 2 December 1996.
When the day of the week is specified, it should be set out as in the following
example: Tuesday, 27 October 1998.
Periods of two days should be referred to as in the following example: The meeting
was held on 16 and 17 March (NOT from 16 to 17 March).
102 Lesson Six

Periods longer than two days should be referred to as from (date) to (date), e.g.
The meeting was held from 16 to 25 March (NOT 16-25 March, and NEVER from 16-25
March).
The time of day should be designated with reference to the 12-hour system as
follows: 9 a.m. (NOT 9.00 a.m.), noon, 1.15p.m., 3p.m., 9.05p.m. (NOT 9.5 p.m.),
midnight. *
Decades should be referred to as follows: In the 1980s, in the mid-1960s, etc.
Centuries should be designated not by numbers, and especially not by roman

numerals, but by letters in lower case, e.g. During the eighteenth century...
Assignment 115. Read the text. Render it in English. Speak on the role o f
Specialized agencies in the solving o f social and economic
problems as a necessary step in the direction o f the creation o f an
orderly and stable international society.
Associated with the UN framework but not strictly a part of it, Specialized
agencies are autonomous functional organizations dealing on an international level with
economic, social, cultural, educational medical, agricultural and other diverse fields.
Each has its own headquarters, staff and budget. Membership is independent of UN
membership but since the aim is universality, there is considerable overlap.
Each agency was established by multilateral treaty and maintains a special and
close relationship with the UN through the coordinating role adopted by its Economic
and Social Council. Their organizational structures are broadly similar: (a) an assembly
or conference which is the basic policy-making organ; (b) a council which is the
executive agency; (c) a secretariat and director-general which provides the overall
administration.
There exist to date seventeen specialized agencies. These are as follows:

International Labour Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations
Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Health Organization,
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance
Corporation; International Development Association; International Monetary Fund;
International Civil Aviation Organization; Universal Postal Union; International
Telecommunication Union; World Meteorological Organization; Intergovernmental
Maritime Consultative Organization; World Intellectual Property Organization;
Lesson Six 103

International Fund for Agricultural Development; United Nations Industrial

Development Organization and World Trade Organization.
These specialized agencies can be seen as part of the functionalist approach to

world peace which views the solving of common social and economic problems as a
necessary step in the direction of the creation of an orderly and stable international
society. However, the present structure for controlling these operations and their budgets
is often a matter of bitter dispute. In addition, north-south issues have led to fundamental
divisions among member states, so much so that the future of some of these agencies
often seems in doubt.
Assignment 116. What do the following abbreviation stand for?
ILO, FAO, UNESCO, WHO, IBRD, IFC, IDA, ICAO, UPU, ITU, WMO, IMCO,
ITAD, UNIDO, WTO.
Assignment 117. Read and translate the text given below paying attention to the
underscored words and phrases.
RECOMMENDATION ON THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF

TRANSLATORS AND TRANSLATIONS AND THE PRACTICAL MEANS TO
IM PROVE THE STATUS OF TRANSLATORS
The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization, meeting in Nairobi from 26 October to 30 November 1976, at its
nineteenth session,
Considering that translation promotes understanding between peoples and co
operation among nations by facilitating the dissemination of literary and scientific
works, including technical works, across linguistic frontiers and the interchange of ideas,
Noting the extremely important role played by translators and translations in
international exchanges in culture, art and science, particularly in the case of works
written or translated in less widely spoken languages,
Recognizing that the protection of translators is indispensable in order to ensure
translations of the quality needed from them to fulfil effectively their role in the service
of culture and development,
Recalling that, if the principles of this protection are already contained in the
Universal Copyright Convention, while the Berne Convention for the Protection of
Literary and Artistic Works and a number of national laws of Member States also
104 Lesson Six

Presentation O f Correspondence
CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDFNrF
contain specific provisions concerning such protection, the practical application of these
principles and provisions is not always adequate,
o f the opinion that if, in many countries with respect to copyright
translators and translations enjoy a protection which resembles the protection granted to
authors and to literary and scientific works, including technical works, the adoption of
measures of. an essentially practical nature, assimilating translators to authors and
specific to the translating profession, is nevertheless justified to ameliorate the effective
application of existing laws,
Having decided, at its eighteenth session, that the protection of translators
a ° subJect of a recommendation to Member States within the meaning of
Article IV, paragraph 4, of the Constitution,
Adopts, this twenty-second day of November 1976, the present
Recommendation.
The General Conference recommends that Member States apply the following
provisions concerning the protection of translators and translations by taking whatever
egislative or other steps may be required, in conformity with the constitutional
provisions and institutional practice of each State, to give effect, within their respective
territories, to the principles and standards set forth in this Recommendation.
The General Conference recommends that Member States bring this
Recommendation to the attention of the authorities, departments or bodies responsible
for matters relating to the moral and material interests of translators and to the protection
translations, of the various organizations or associations representing or promoting
the interests of translators, and of publishers, managers of theatres, broadcasters and
other users and interested parties.
The General Conference recommends that Member States submit to the
Organization, at such times and in such form as shall be determined by the General
Conference, reports on the action taken by them to give effect to this Recommendation.
A ssignment 118. Translate into English paying attention to the underlined words
and phrases.
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Lesson Six
105
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106 Lesson Six

Presentation O f CorresnnnApnrp
CHAPTER II. UNESCO CORRESPONDENCE
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Lesson Six
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108 Lesson Six

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Lesson Six 109

CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE Notes Verbales
CHAPTER III
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
Lesson 7. NOTES VERBALES
Written communication, in fact, whatever its form, is, despite the developments in
other forms of communication, still central to diplomacy. It is the means by which states
put their position on record, explain the details of their policies, record protest, support
claims, seek collective approval and carry out many other actions which make up the
business of international relations.
In modem diplomatic practice states generally use four methods for com
municating directly with one another and other international actors. These are notes,
letters, memoranda and aides-mémoires. In addition political leaders and other national
personalities communicate with one another directly or indirectly through speeches,
statements, communiqués and interviews with the press, although the variety of state
practice makes it difficult to lay down hard-and-fast rules as to when one method
showed be used rather than another.
Notes are the most widely used form of diplomatic correspondence. It is necessary
to distinguish those notes which form a correspondence and may either be in the first or
third person, from notes or letters which are used to bring an agreement into effect. The
note is probably, despite the range of usage, the most formal of the four methods under
discussion. When used in the third person the note generally commences with customary
courtesies (The Embassy o f . . . presents its compliments to) and concludes in a sim ilar
manner (avails itself o f the opportunity, etc.). In certain circumstances, for example
protest notes or in third-person correspondence sometimes with an international
organization, customary formalities may be partly or wholly dispensed with. Paragraphs
in the note are not normally numbered and the note is initialled but not signed. In some
state practice, for example Japan, the third-person note is styled a note verbale. In these
instances, the title note verbale is put at the head of the note, but there are no other
significant differences. The note verbale is used in diplomatic practice within the United
Nations, as an alternative to a letter, for the circulation to members of statements, or
reports.
Diplomatic notes are used for a variety of purposes ranging from routine matters
of administration between an embassy and host foreign ministry, registration of treaties,
granting or refusing overflight clearance, peace proposals through to official protests at
the actions of other states.
no Lesson Seven
Notes Verbales CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
When states find it necessary to protest at certain actions this may be done
verbally, by calling the ambassador or chargé to the foreign ministry. Alternatively,
depending on the context and type of protest, a protest note may be issued. When put in
the form of a note, the purpose is usually to place on record for political or legal
purposes the state s position. This may form the basis for a claim or counter-claim at a
subsequent date, or be a means of seeking political support in a wider forum.
A number of reasons for protests can be distinguished, such as seeking to stop a

policy developing (e.g. to contest a state’s offshore maritime legislation); secondly, to
protect interests (e.g. to maintain or counter a boundary claim by another state, or the
occupation of territory); thirdly, to affirm the right to do something (e.g. offshore
exploration); or fourthly condemn an action (e.g. repeated or serious violation of air or
sea space, arrest of vessels: breaches of cease-fire) with a view to exerting pressure to
get violations stopped.
■In some circumstances states transmit protest notes through the United Nations in
order to publicize their case by putting it on record, or have the matter discussed by the
Security Council.
A number of other uses of notes need to be distinguished. First of all a collective

note is one which is presented by several parties to a government or international
institution on a matter upon which they wish to make joint representation. The text may
be delivered by the current chairman, secretary-general or individual ambassadors as
appropriate. In a similar way letters may take a collective form.
Apart from collective notes or letters, other uses take the form of identical and
similar notes.
In the case of similar notes, states may agree after consultation to draft broadly
similar though not identical language. This may occur when a number of states consult
each other concerning the effect of reservations made by another state when acceding to
an international treaty. Again, groups of states may agree to use similar language when
reserving their positions on an issue. '
( From: Modem Diplomacy by R. P. Bars ton )
Lesson Seven
111
EXHIBIT 18 Note Verbale
№ . . .
The Embassy of Australia presents its compliments to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Republic of Ukraine and has the honour to advise that Australia's
candidate for the position of Director-General of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the Honourable ... QC MP, will be
visiting Kiev on 5-6 July ...
Mr. ... wishes to meet with the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, and
Ministers responsible for portfolios which have an interest in UNESCO's program
areas. The Embassy of Australia would be grateful for the assistance of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the organisation of Mr. ... program and
appointments.
The Embassy of Australia avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine the assurances of its highest consideration.
MOSCOW 17 June ...
112 Lesson Seven

4kttes Verbales_____
------------------------CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
EXHIBIT 19 First-person form al note
EMBASSY OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
No. . . .
Tokyo, January 7,
Excellency:
I nave the honor to refer to Your Excellency's note of January 7, ...

on the transfer of equipment and materials under the Mutual Defense
Assistance Agreement between the United States of America and Japan signed
on March 8, .... ~
I also have the honor to inform Your Excellency that the proposal made
In the note under reference is acceptable to the Government of the United
States of America, and that the Chief of the Military Assistance Advisory
Group, Japan, or his appointees, are designated as the authorities on the
part of the Government of the United States of America for the purpose
indicated in the said note.
Accept,, Excellency, the renewed assurances of my highest
consideration. "
(signature)
His Excellency
Minister for Foreign Affairs,

Tokyo
Lesson Seven
113
CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE_____________ Notes Verbales
EXHIBIT 20 Note diplomatique
The Government of the United States of America, in consultation with

the British and French Governments, has considered the Soviet Government's
note of April . . . proposing a conference of the Ministers of Foreign
Affairs of the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and
France, with Austrian representatives participating, in order to discuss
the question of concluding a State Treaty for the reestablishment of an
independent democratic Austria and in order to sign that Treaty.
The Government of the United States welcomes the Soviet Government1s

view that the possibility now exists of concluding the Austrian State
Treaty. It would be pleased to participate at the earliest possible moment
in a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the four powers together with the
representatives of Austria in order to sign the Treaty.
Embassy of the United States of America,
Moscow, April 22, ... .
114 Lesson Seven

EXHIBIT 21 Protest note
22 MAY ...
The French authorities have been aware for some time of the grave
concern felt by the New Zealand Government at various reports concerning
France's plans to conduct test explosions of nuclear devices in the South
Pacific region. The New Zealand Government has sought clarification of the
intentions of the French Government in this respect through the New
Zealand Embassy both in interviews with officials of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and in the Embassy's Note of March 19 ... . In that Note
it was indicated that if reports concerning the French Government's
intention to test in the South Pacific were confirmed, the New Zealand
Government would wish to convey certain other views to the French
authorities. In spite of recurrent and increasingly detailed reports,
which have' produced growing public anxiety in New Zealand, it has
continued to await official confirmation, in response to the Embassy's
Note, that a decision to proceed with the establishment of a nuclear
testing centre in the area has been taken.
On and about 2 May . . . , reports of a press conference given in

Papeete by General ... , head of a French civil and military mission,
appeared both in the French metropolitan press and in New Zealand. It
appeared from the statements attributed to General ... that a decision to
establish a nuclear test zone in the area of Mururoa Atoll had been taken.
Oral confirmation that a nuclear test zone had been decided on in the area
described was subsequently given by the Ministry in response to enquiries
by the Embassy. -
In these circumstances, and even though it is understood that a

period of some years may elapse before the first test can be held, the New
Zealand Government feels compelled without further delay to present its
views to the French authorities ....
The New Zealand Government must therefore protest strongly against

the intention of the French Government to establish a nuclear testing
centre in the South Pacific. It urges that the French Government
reconsider, in the light of the views advanced in this Note, any decisions
which may already have been taken.
Lesson Seven 115

CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE___________________________________________ Notes Verbales
EXHIBIT 22 Note collective
The undersigned representatives of Germany, Austria-Hungary, France,

Great Britain, Italy, and Russia, duly authorized in that behalf,
address, in the name of their respective Governments, a pressing appeal
to the feelings of humanity and moderation of the President and of the
American people in their existing differences with Spain. They earnestly
hope that further negotiations will lead to an agreement which, while
securing the maintenance of peace, will afford all necessary guaranties
for the reestablishment of order in Cuba.
The powers do not doubt that the humanitarian and purely
disinterested character of this representation will be fully recognized
and appreciated by the American nation. *
For Great Britain:.

Julian Pauncefote
For Germany:
Holleben
For France:
Jules Carbon
For Austria-Hungary:
Von Hengelmuller
For Russia:
De Wollant
For Italy:
G. C. Vinci
Washington, April 6, 1898
116 Lesson Seven

Notes Verbales_____
_________CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
EXHIBIT 23 Identical note
. The German Federal Foreign Office presents its compliments to Her

Britannic Majesty's Embassy and has the honour to communicate to the
Embassy the following text of a note of today's date of the Government of
the Federal Republic of Germany to the Government of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
In the course of the negotiations which took place between the

Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the
People's Republic of Poland concerning this Treaty, it was made clear by
the Federal Republic that the Treaty between the Federal Republic of
Germany and the People's Republic of Poland does not and cannot affect the
rights and .responsibilities of the French Republic, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, and the United States of America as reflected in the known
treaties and agreements. The Federal Government further pointed out that it
can only act in the name of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The Government of the French Republic and the Government of the United
States of America have received identical notes.
Lesson Seven
117
ASSIGNMENTS
Assisnment 119. Study the text and answer the questions:
1. What are the four methods for communicating directly with one another and other
international actors used by the states in modem diplomatic practice?
2. What is the most widely used form of diplomatic correspondence? Why?
3. What are the diplomatic notes used for?
4. What are protest notes?
5. What are the reasons for drafting notes?
6. What is the collective note?
7. What are similar or identical notes?
Assisnment 120. Write out the key words necessary for making a summary of the text.
Assisnment 122. Study the English text. Find and learn the following words and
phrases:
To make up the business of international relations, at a subsequent date, to contest a

state’s offshore maritime legislation, to exert pressure, to reserve ones position on an
issue, current chairman, to affirm the right to do smth., to condemn an action, host
foreign ministry, to initial a note, breach of cease-fire, to make reservations.
Assisnment 123. Suggest the English for:
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, , , ’ (
).
Assisnment 124. Study the list o f adverbs which are used at the beginning o f a
sentence to refer to the whole sentence or paragraph which
follows. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Lastly, meanwhile, moreover, more interestingly/seriously/specifically, neutrally,

nevertheless, nonetheless;
on average, on reflection, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the
whole;
potentially, presumably, probably.
118 Lesson Seven

Assignment 125. Memorize the following incomparable adjectives which describe

absolute status or conditions and therefore cannot take
comparative degrees in most or more, less or least, or intensives
such as very, quite or largely. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
Absolute, adequate, certain, entire, essential, final, first, fundamental, ideal, main, major,
minor.
Assignment 126. Suggest fo r the form al words given below their ordinary
equivalents. M ind that some o f the ordinary words may be used
more than once.
Emoluments, employ, endeavour, evidence, expedite, expend, expiry, extend, forthwith,

inaugurate, indicate, initiate, inquire, institute.
(begin, state, immediately, end, hasten, try, pay, use, spend, give, begin, ask).
Assignment 127. Study the use o f adjectives “contemporary ”, “current”, “modern”

and “present” in different phrases. Translate them into Ukrainian.
Contemporary event, contemporary diplomacy, contemporary society, current chairman,

current trends, current conflict, current opinion, modem diplomacy, modem history,
modem ideas, in modem times, present Cabinet, present goods.
, , / , ,
, , , , ,
.
Assignment 129. Suggest the Ukrainian fo r the following words and expressions
contained in the texts o f exhibits:
In consequence of, to give consideration to, to throw light on, to be compatible with, to
take due note of, to be aware of, in response to;
lawful interests, just and lasting peace, free elections, to engage in detailed discussion,
to resolve fundamental questions, to impose limitations, a step backwards, grave
Lesson Seven 119

concern, growing public anxiety, oral confirmation, nuclear testing center, to take
decisions, duly authorized in that behalf.
Assignment 130. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Memorize the
underlined words and phrases.
1. The General Assembly may consider the general principles of cooperation in the
maintenance of international peace and security..., and may make recommendations
with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council. 2. The further
responsibilities, functions and powers of the General Assembly with respect to matters
mentioned in paragraph 1(b) above are set forth in Chapters IX and X. 3. The Secretary-
General shall notify the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the
maintenance of international peace and security. 4. The General Assembly shall not
make any recommendation with regard to that dispute on situation unless the Security
Council so requests. 5. Any member of the United Nations which is not a member of the
Security Council or any state which is not a member of the Security Council or any state
which is not a member of the United Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under
consideration by the Security Council, shall be invited to participate, without vote, in the
discussion relating to the dispute. 6. The proceedings of the General Assembly in respect
of matters brought to its attention under this Article will be subject to the provisions of
Articles 11 and 12. 7. The Trusteeship Council shall, when appropriate, avail itself of the
assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the specialized agencies in regard
to matters with which they are respectively concerned.
Assignment 131. Interpret the following French words and expressions in English.
Consult a dictionary i f necessary.
Communiqué, Chargé d’affaires, coup d’état, coup de grâce, détente, devoir, éclat, en
masse, entente, laissez-faire, laissez-faire policy, laissez-passer.
Assignment 132. Suggest the French and English (where possible) for:
, , ,
( ) , ( ),
120 Lesson Seven

Notes Verbales------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CQRRESPONDF.NPF
, , , ( )
, ( ).
Assignment 133. Study the following phrases with postpositive adjectives. Suggest
Attorney general, body politic, chattels personal, condition precedent, condition

subsequent, court martial, date certain, law merchant, queen regent.
Give and take under one’s hand and seal, hand-to-mouth, hard-and-fast (rule, decision)
ins and outs, bread-and-butter (issues), laws and regulations, rules and regulations, lion
and the fox, names and titles, null and void, out-and-out.
Assignment 135. Match the following Latinisms with their definitions in brackets.
Per capita, sine die, res judicata, ipso facto, pro rata, prima facie, per se;
(m proportion, equally to each individual, at first view/ on the first impression, without
any future date being designated, proportionately, according to an exactly calculated
factor, a matter finally decided on its merits by a court, by (of, in) itself or oneself or
themselves).
A ssignment 136. Study the following idioms used in diplomatic language. Suggest
their Ukrainian equivalents. *
Geneva brassard, Old Gloiy, gnomes of Zurich, Iron curtain, Jim Crow, John Bull old
money, old pro. ’
Ass im m m t U L Read and translate the texts o f the notes given below. Point out the
so-called “here-and-there” words.
Lesson Seven
121
The Premier of Bermuda presents his compliments to the

Honourable American Consul General and has the honour to refer to
Article 1(g) of the Agreement of 15th January ... between the
Government of the United States of America and the Government of
Bermuda on Preclearance and to recall recent diplomatic
correspondence between the Government of the United States of America
and Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as well as recent
conversations between officials of the Governments of the United
States and Bermuda regarding that provision.
It is the present understanding of the Government of Bermuda
that the language of Article 1(g) aforesaid does not fully or
accurately reflect the intention and understanding of the Government
of the United States in entering into that Agreement, namely that all
persons subject thereto should be granted the same privileges and
immunities as are accorded to the administrative and technical
personnel of a diplomatic mission and to their families under the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, without
restriction.
The Government of Bermuda, being willing in a spirit of co
operation to accord to all the persons affected thereby the
privileges and immunities indicated in the preceding paragraph,
therefore proposes in accordance with Article V of the Agreement
aforesaid that Article 1(g) thereof should be amended by deleting
from that provision the words "as given effect in the Consular
Relations Act, ..., of the Government of Bermuda". The Government of
Bermuda would appreciate the Honourable Consul General's confirmation
of the correctness of its understanding in this matter and the
concurrence of the Government of the United States of America to the
amendment proposed above.
[Signed]
. . . Premier
CONSULATE GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA HAMILTON, BERMUDA

August 29, ...
The Consul General of the United States of America presents his
compliments to the Honorable Premier of Bermuda and has the honor to refer
to the Premier's Note of 28 August ... regarding Article 1 (g) of the
Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the
Government of Bermuda on Preclearance, and to confirm that the Government
of the United States of America concurs in the understandings contained in
that Note and in the amendment of that Article proposed therein.
United States Consul General

For the Government
of the United States of America
122 Lesson Seven

Assignment 138. Study the list o f “here-and-there” words. Make use o f the
definitions suggested.
hereby: (used in official statements, etc.) by means o f or as result of;
herein: in or into this place, thing, document, etc.;
hereinafter: in a subsequent part or from this point on in this document, statement;
hereof: o f or concerning this;
hereto: to this place, thing, matter, document, etc.;
hereunder: (in this documents, etc.) below this; subsequently; hereafter;
thereafter: after that, according to that;
thereby : connected with or with reference to that;
therefore: fo r or in return fo r that;
therein: in or into this place, time, or thing;
thereof: concerning that or it;
thereto: to that;
thereupon: upon that thing, point, subject, matter;
therewith: with or in addition to that.
to uhere-and-there” words.
1. A protocol of the ratifications deposited shall thereupon be drawn up by the

government of the United States of America which communicates copies thereof to all
the signatory states. 2. Such agencies thus brought into relationship with the United
Nations are hereinafter referred to as specialized agencies. 3. The services of operational
experts selected by the Executing Agency, to reform functions of an operational,
executive or administrative character as civil servants of the Government or as
employees of such entities as the Government may designate under Article 1, paragraph
2, hereof. 4. Such sums shall be subject to adjustment whenever necessary to reflect the
actual cost of any such items purchased thereafter. 5. The obligations of the Government
hereunder shall not be modified by any agreements it may enter into with other entities
cooperating With it in execution of a project. 6. This agreement may be modified by
written agreement between the Parties hereto. 7. The obligations assumed by the Parties
under Article IV and VIII hereof shall survive the expiration or termination of this
Agreement. 8. Desiring to define the status, privileges and immunities in the United
Lesson Seven 123

Kingdom of the Organization and of the persons therewith have agreed as follows. 9.
The Government of Finland shall have the right to recommend that the extradition
request be withdrawn, specifying the reasons therefore. 10. Any dispute with respect to
matters covered by this Agreement not satisfactory adjusted through consultations shall,
upon request of either Contracting Party, be submitted to arbitration in accordance with
the procedures set forth herein. 11. The Agreement and all amendments thereto shall be
registered with the International Civil Aviation Organization. 12. ... and to propose on
behalf of my Government, that the Memorandum of Understanding of ... , a copy of
which is hereto attached, be accepted as an amendment of the US-Korea Air Transport
Agreement of ... , as amended on March . . . . 13. The Agreement shall remain in force
for a period of ten years. Thereafter it shall continue in force until the expiration of
twelve months . . . . 14. I have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the French
Government takes note of this communication and agrees to the proposals contained
therein. 15. “Agreement” shall mean Agreement in this Agreement in the annexed Route
Schedule and any amendments thereto. 1 6 .1 hereby confirm that this note in reply, and
Your Excellency’s Note with its Annex, would constitute an agreement between the two
Governments in this matter. 17. The Memorandum of Agreement may be amended by
written agreement between the parties thereof. 1 8 .1 hereby declare that the Republic of
Austria recognizes as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation
to any other State which accepts or has accepted the same obligation, the jurisdiction of
the International Court of Justice in all legal disputes referred to in paragraph 2 of
Article 36 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. 19. All transfers hereunder
are conditional upon the prior accomplishment of the determinations required by Section
607 (b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended. 20. The assistance described
in this authorization is hereby requested and the terms and conditions of this agreement
and of AID Regulation (attached and incorporated herein by reference), except as
otherwise specifically provided herein are hereby accepted. 21. Thereafter, this
Convention shall come into force for any Member twelve months after the date on which
its ratification has been registered. 22. Upon the terms and conditions stated herein,
A.I.D. agrees to lend to the Borrower, pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as
amended, an amount not to exceed eight million six hundred and fifty thousand United
States dollars ($8,650,000). 23. As requested by the Ministry's note (Nota Verbala nr.
08/6190 of July 13, 1977), the Embassy is hereby combining the texts of the separate
notes into this single note. 24. I am pleased to inform you that the request of the
Government of Guyana, hereinafter called the "recipient", to receive United States
Government-owned excess property has been approved. 25. If the foregoing proposal is
acceptable to the Government of the Republic of Kenya, I have the honour to propose
that this Note and Your Excellency’s reply to that effect shall constitute the mutual
124 Lesson Seven

decision of our two Governments to modify the Agreement in accordance with Article 7
thereof.
Assignment 140. Study the text, comment on the types o f diplomatic notes.
TYPES OF DIPLOMATIC NOTES
Diplomatic notes are used for correspondence between the U.S. Government
and a foreign government. The Secretary of State corresponds with the diplomatic
representatives of foreign governments at Washington, DC, U.S. embassies abroad, and
foreign offices or ministries.
A first-person note is used for the most important correspondence. First
person notes are prepared in the Department to be signed by the Secretary, Deputy
Secretary, an under secretary, an assistant secretary, or a deputy assistant secretary. At
post, first-person notes are used for correspondence between a chief of mission and the
head of a foreign ministry or a foreign diplomatic mission. When an embassy is notified
by the foreign office that the head of the foreign ministry will be absent, the note should
be addressed to the acting head of the office, i.e., Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Acting Minister of Foreign Relations, etc.
Third-person notes are not signed, but initialed in the lower right comer of the
last page by an office director or higher in the Department. At post the chief of mission
must authorize the signing officer. Drafters should keep the third-person note in the third
person. First person or second person pronouns (e.g., I, we, you, your) must not be used.
Drafters may use one of the following third-person notes according to content:
- Note Verbale;
- Memorandum;
- Aide- Mémoire;
- Pro Memoria;
- Note Diplomatique;
- Note Collective;
- Circular Diplomatic Note.
A note verbale is an informal third-person note. It is less formal than a first
person note but more formal than an aide-mémoire. A note verbale to a foreign
ambassador or head of a foreign ministry begins with a diplomatic courtesy phrase. The
note is initialed, not signed, in the lower right comer of the last page by an office
director or above, or an officer authorized by the chief of mission.
Lesson Seven 125

A memorandum is a written statement on any subject, generally of a routine

nature, from the Department (not the Secretary of State to an ambassador) or post (not
the ambassador or chargé). It may also be written to a foreign embassy in Washington or
to a foreign ministry or mission. When preparing a memorandum, the drafter should
identify the diplomatic mission in Washington in the first sentence. For example:
“The Department (acknowledges receipt of, has received, etc.) (the note
dated..., note no. ...dated...), from the Embassy o f (name o f country) ...;”and
“The Department (informs, transmits to, etc.) the Embassy o f (name o f
country)... . ”
At post a memorandum should begin with “The Embassy o f the United States
o f America (informs, transmits, to, etc.) the Embassy Legation o f (name o f country) at
(city)... . ”
Drafters should not begin a memorandum from the Department with courtesy
phrases. At post, drafters may begin with a formula of diplomatic courtesy or end with a
complimentary diplomatic close only if it is the local custom.
The memorandum is initialed in the lower right comer on the last page by an
office director or higher, or an officer authorized by the chief of mission.
An aide-mémoire summarizes an informal diplomatic interview or
conversation and serves as an aid to memory. It does not begin with a courtesy phrase,
but must clearly state in the first two lines the title of the ambassador or foreign official
to whom it is addressed.
When an aide-mémoire is prepared in the Department, it is not signed, but
initialed in the lower right comer of the last page of text. An officer usually hands an
aide-mémoire to the ambassador (or representative). It may also be sent through regular
mail channels. At post, the chief of mission (or representative) may hand the note to the
foreign official or leave it at the foreign office. An officer authorized by the chief of
mission must initial the note in the lower right comer of the last page.
A pro memoria is a formal record of discussion. It speaks for and under the
direction of the government presenting it. At the Department, it is usually handed to a
foreign ambassador, minister (or representative). The note is initialed in the lower right
comer of the last page by an office director or higher. At post the pro memoria is usually
left at the foreign office by the chief of mission (or representative), or is handed to the
foreign official (or representative). An officer authorized by the chief of mission initials
it in the lower right comer.
126 Lesson Seven

Notes Verbales
CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
A note diplomatique is a formal note between governments which speaks for

and under the direction of the government presenting it. A diplomatic courtesy phrase or
complimentary close is not used. A note diplomatique may be signed or initialed by a
government representative from the Department or an officer authorized by the chief of
mission at post.
A note collective is a joint note addressed by two or more governments to one

or more governments. It is rarely used since it involves close relations among the
signing governments and may be regarded unfavorably by the recipient governments.
Replies are prepared individually and diplomatic courtesy phrases are omitted.
The note collective requires a full signature, not initials, by representatives of the
governments presenting it.
Acircular diplomatic note is an identical note addressed to "Their Excellencies

and Messieurs and Mesdames the Chiefs o f Mission" if it is being sent to all diplomatic
missions in Washington. The courtesy phrase "has the honour" should be used on all
circular diplomatic notes.
If the circular diplomatic note is being sent to a list of missions, a descriptive

phrase is used in the first sentence following the words "the chiefs of mission." For
example: "of the governments concerned with the..."; and "of the governments o f (list
countries names)....".
At post, the circular diplomatic note is addressed to "Their Excellencies

Messieurs the Chiefs o f Mission in (name o f country)" or, "Their Excellencies, Messieurs
and Mesdames the Chiefs o f Mission in (name o f country). ”
For a selective list of missions, one of the following descriptive phrases is used
in the first sentence following the words "the Chiefs of Mission":
- "of the governments concerned with the ...";
- "of the governments named on the enclosed list...
- "of the governments signatory to ...";
- "of the governments o f (names o f countries) ...."
In the Department, an office director or a higher level official must initial the
circular diplomatic note in the lower right comer of the last page.
At post, an officer authorized by the chief of mission must initial the circular
diplomatic note.
(From: US Department o f State Foreign Affairs Handbook)
Lesson Seven
127
Assignment 141. Study and memorize the established phraseology pertaining to

diplomatic correspondence. Suggest Ukrainian equivalents.
The Embassy presents its compliments and has the honour:

- to acknowledge the receipt of the Ministry ’s note ... o f ...
- to communicate the following...
- to communicate what follows ...
- to attach the copy o f ...
- to enclose a copy o f ...
- to refer to...
- to propose ...
- to forward herewith the original letter ...
- to transm it...
- to request for a courtesy call by ...
- to suggest...
- to inform...
- to notify ...
- to advise ...
- to thank in advance for complying with this request...
- ... and has further the honour to confirm ...
- ... and has the further honour to propose...
- ... to express its pleasure a t ...
- ... of confirming to Your Excellency...
Assignment 142. Study and memorize the customary courtesies pertaining to

diplomatic correspondence. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
The Embassy is pleased to inform that ... ; the Embassy is also pleased to
acknowledge the receipt of the Ministry’s note ... of (dated) ... ; the Embassy would
appreciate the Ministry’s assistance in ...; the Embassy would be grateful for ...; an
urgent response would be highly appreciated; the Embassy would be grateful for the
valuable support o f ...; the Embassy is pleased to confirm that.
128 Lesson Seven

The Embassy avails itself of this opportunity (takes the opportunity) to renew to
... the assurances of its highest consideration (esteem); the Embassy is pleased with the
opportunity to renew to ... the expression of its highest consideration;
Assignment 143. Translate into English paying attention to the established

diplomatic phraseology.
1. .
(...) ’ ’ -
.
2.
(...) 0107 3 2006
,
- ... -
(...) .
3.
(...) 0107 3
2006 , ...
4.
, “Unity for
Consensus”, , 21
.
5.
...
CESU
001/02 25 2001 ,
.
6.
, 200/2005 30 2005 ,
Lesson.Seven 129
,
,
, 3 9 2005 .......
7.
.
8.
.
9.
.
10.
....
Assignment 144. Study the use o f the word “diplomacy” in different phrases.
back-and-forth- ping-pong -
balance-of-power~ \ secret/subterranean-
behind-the-scenes- \
1
Cg“ short-sighted-
gunboat- -diplomacy- / shuttle-
half-hearted - treacherous-
law-key- turtle-pace-
patient-
130 Lesson Seven

Notes Verbales
necessary.
; ; ,
; (« ») ; / ;
, ; ;
/ ; .
Assignment 146. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Define the notion o f
the term “gunboat diplomacy
Gunboat diplomacy. The phrase refers to the use of warships as an instrument of

foreign policy. It is particularly associated with British imperial policies in the
nineteenth century. Britain's general naval strategy was to keep most of the fleet in home
waters and occasionally dispatch a squadron to a particular region so as to restore order,
to enforce the payment of debts or engage in punitive intervention.
The overall puipose was to initiate sudden, limited intervention to defuse a crisis
and to discourage repetition of the alleged offence. In this way, gunboat diplomacy is
associated with active coercion, albeit of a limited kind, rather than with a passive show
of force. The term is a species of 'naval diplomacy' though in contemporary strategic
analysis, the latter normally refers to a 'signalling' role rather than one involving actual
combat. Naval warships are used as highly visible symbols of power to reinforce policy
directives or to deter possible obstacles to their success.
Indeed, although the classical period of imperial gunboat diplomacy may be over,
the use of warships as instruments of foreign policy short of all-out actual engagement is
still considered important.
Contemporary naval diplomacy involves a wide variety of tasks including the use
of warships to signal intentions to an adversary, deploying them in order to negotiate
from strength, or using them for display puiposes ('showing the flag') to reinforce or
create a more compliant or supportive mood. In this way, the high profile 'presence' of
naval forces has become the rationale underlying their peacetime strategic utility.
A ssignment 147. Read the text. Render it in English. Speak on the widening content
o f diplomacy.
Lesson Seven
131
THE CHANGING NATURE OF DIPLOMACY
Diplomacy is concerned with the management of relations between states and

between states and other actors. From a state perspective diplomacy is concerned with
advising, shaping and implementing foreign policy.
As such it is the means by which states through their formal and other
representatives, as well as other actors, articulate, coordinate and secure particular or
wider interests, using correspondence, private talks, exchanges of view, lobbying, visits,
threats and other related activities.
Diplomacy is often thought of as being concerned with peaceful activity,
although it may occur for example within war or armed conflict or be used in the
orchestration of particular acts of violence, such as seeking overflight clearance for an
air strike. The blurring of the line, in fact, between diplomatic activity and violence is
one of the developments of note distinguishing modem diplomacy.
The point can be made more generally too, in terms of the widening content of
diplomacy. At one level the changes in the substantive form of diplomacy are reflected
in terms such as 'dollar diplomacy', 'oil diplomacy', 'resource diplomacy', 'atomic
diplomacy' and 'global governance' diplomacy.
Certainly what constitutes diplomacy today goes beyond the sometimes rather
narrow politico-strategic conception given to the term. Nor is it appropriate to view
diplomacy in a restrictive or formal sense as being the preserve of foreign ministries and
diplomatic service personnel.
Rather, diplomacy is undertaken by officials from a wide range of 'domestic'
ministries or agencies with their foreign counterparts, reflecting its technical content;
between officials from different international organizations such as the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations (UN) Secretariat, or involve foreign
corporations and a host government transnationally; and with or through NGOs and
'private' individuals.
The work of diplomacy can be broken down into six broad areas, within which
there are a number of subdivisions.
The first and most important of these is representation. This consists of formal
representation, including presentation of credentials, protocol and participation in the
diplomatic circuit of the national capital or institution. Arguably the most important
132 Lesson Seven

aspect is substantive representation. This includes the explanation and defence of
national policy through embassies and other outlets; negotiations and interpreting the
foreign and domestic policies of the receiving government.
Second, and related to this, is the function of acting as a listening post. Next to
substantive representation, an embassy, if it is functioning correctly, should identify key
issues and domestic or external patterns which are emerging, together with their
implications, in order to advise or warn the sending government. As Humphrey
Trevelyan notes, '... apart from negotiating, the ambassador's basic task is to report on
the political, economic and social conditions in the country in which he is living, on the
policy of its government and on his conversations with political leaders, officials and
anyone else who has illuminated the local scene for him’. Above all, timely warning of
adverse developments is one of the major functions of an embassy, requiring
considerable expertise, judgment and political courage.
A third function of diplomacy is laying the groundwork or preparing the basis

for a policy or new initiatives. '
- Fourth, in the event of actual or potential bilateral or wider conflict, diplomacy

is concerned with reducing friction or oiling the wheels of bilateral or multilateral
relations. Fifth, an extension of this, is contributing to order and orderly change. As
Adam Watson suggests: ’the central task of diplomacy is not just the management of
order, but the management of change, and the maintenance by continued persuasion of
order m the midst of change’. The converse of this can also of course be put in that
diplomacy may be a vehicle for the continuation of a dispute or conflict.
In other words differing state and non-state interests and the absence of
generally accepted norms concerning local, regional or international order produce quite
substantial differences between parties, in which diplomacy through direct initiatives,
informal, secret contacts or third parties simply cannot provide bridging solutions.
Finally, at a more general level, an important function of diplomacy is the
creation, drafting and amendment of a wide body of international rules of a normative
and regulatory kind that provide structure in the international system.
Assignment 148. Translate the texts o f circular notes into Ukrainian. Write out
useful words and expressions.
Lesson Seven
Canadian Embassy
CIRCULAR NOTE
The Embassy of Canada presents its compliments to the Diplomatic and Consular
Missions and International Organizations accredited to the Republic of Korea and has
the honour to inform the latter that H. E. ..., will be absent from Seoul for the period
Monday, January 1, ... to Tuesday, January 16,... inclusive.
Commencing Monday, January 1, ..., Mr. ... , Minister-Counsellor (Commercial),
will act as Chargé dAffaires a.i.

The Embassy of Canada avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the
Diplomatic and Consular Missions and International Organizations the assurances of its
highest consideration.
December 18, ...
Lesson Seven
EMBASSY OF IRELAND SEOUL
CIRCULAR NOTE
The Embassy of Ireland presents its compliments to the Diplomatic and Consular
Missions and International Organisations in the Republic of Korea and has the honour to
inform them that Ambassador ... will be absent from the Republic of Korea from
Wednesday, 20 December....
During the Ambassador's absence, Mr. ... , First Secretary, will assume charge of
the Embassy in the capacity of Chargé d'Affaires ad interim.
The Embassy of Ireland avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Diplomatic
and Consular Missions and International Organisations accredited to the Republic of
Korea the assurances of its highest consideration.
18 December ...
Lesson Seven 135

SEL/13/4
The New Zealand Embassy presents its compliments to Diplomatic and Consular
Missions and International Organizations accredited to the Republic of Korea and has
the honour to inform them that the Ambassador of New Zealand ... will be absent from
Korea from 21 December ... until 26 January ... During his absence Mr. ... , Counsellor
and Deputy Head of Mission will act as Chargé dAffaires a .i..
The New Zealand Embassy takes this opportunity to renew to Diplomatic and
Consular Missions and International Organizations accredited to the Republic of Korea
the assurances of its highest consideration.
New Zealand Embassy
SEOUL
20 December...
CIRCULAR NOTE
The Embassy of the Republic of Costa Rica in Korea presents its compliments to
the Diplomatic Missions and International Organizations accredited to the Republic of
Korea and has the honor to advise that H.E. ... , Ambassador of the Republic of Costa
Rica, has returned to Seoul and resumed charge of the Embassy.
The Costa Rican Embassy avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the
Diplomatic Missions and International Organizations accredited to the Republic of
Korea the assurances of its highest consideration.
Seoul, April 19, ...

All Diplomatic / Consular Missions and
International Organizations
SEOUL ^
136 Lesson Seven

Notes Verbales
A ssignment 149. Translate into Ukrainian. Write out the key words and phrases
pertaining to granting visas.
c • T^ ! ,EmbaSSy of the United States of America presents its compliments to the Ministry of
oreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and has the honor to refer to the Ministry's note of
January 7 ,..., which reads as follows:
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China presents its compliments to
the Embassy of the United States of America in China and, with reference to the visa requirements for
crew members of aircraft and vessels of the People's Republic of China and the United States of
America, has the honor to confirm that the two sides, after consultation, have reached the following
understanding: &
1. The two sides agree, on a reciprocal basis, to issue gratis multiple entry-and-exit visas, valid
for two years, to crew members operating scheduled or charter flights, as agreed upon of the
designated airline(s) of the other side. ’
2. The two sides agree, on a reciprocal basis, to issue gratis multiple entry-and-exit visas valid
for two years, to vessel crew members who are nationals of the other side. The Chinese side will issue
visas on the seaman books or passports of the United States held by American crew members. The
American side will issue visas on the seaman books or passports of the People's Republic of China held
by Chinese crew members. “
3. Such visas may only be used for travel by aircraft or vessel crew members in connection with
their duties. Travel to or within the People's Republic of China or the United States of America for any
other purpose may only be done after application to the visa authorities of the other side for the
appropriate visa or permit.
4. Such visas shall be issuable at the diplomatic or consular posts of the two sides.
The present understanding will be effective as from the date of the exchange of notes between
the Mimstry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and the Embassy of the United States
of America in China.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China avails itself of this
opportunity to renew to the Embassy of the United States of America the assurances of its highest
consideration."
On behalf of the Government of the United States of America, the Embassy confirms the above
contents.
c
AT- • Th! Embassy ° f the United States of America avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs the assurances of its highest consideration.
Beijing, January 1, ...
Embassy of the United States of America
Lesson Seven
137
Assignment 150. Do the two-way translation o f the texts o f the notes suggesting visa
facilitation. Pay attention to the underlined words and phrases.
Think o f your own English language version.
1. 1. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of

Ukraine presents its compliments to the Foreign
and Commonwealth Office of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
and has the honour to refer to the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office's Note No. ESU 001/01
. ESU 001/01 25 of 25 October 20... suggesting a simplified
20... , procedure for granting visas to officials of our
respective Governments.
.
2. - , , 2. The arrangements suggested in the Note

, , are acceptable to the Government of Ukraine,
, , which therefore confirms that in respect of visa
applications made for officials of the
Government of the United Kingdom the
. following arrangements will apply:
3. 3. When an official of the Government of

the United Kingdom wishes to travel to Ukraine
on official business for a period of up to six
, months. Ukraine will use its best efforts to grant
, him a visa within three working days from the
date the application is received by the Embassy
of Ukraine in London. In urgent cases, the
. . Embassy will strive to process the application as
fast as possible.
.
4. 4. If an official of the Government of the

United Kingdom wishes to travel to Ukraine on
official business for a period of more than six
, months, including to take up a post at the British
, Embassy in Kyiv, at British Consulates, at
, mutually recognized and officially established
cultural centers, or at permanent missions to
international organizations located in Ukraine.
, Ukraine will use its best efforts to grant him a
, visa within one month from the date the
, application is received by the Embassy of
Ukraine in London. In urgent cases, the Embassy
. , will strive to process the applications within
138 Lesson Seven

seven working days.

.
5. • - 5. The grant of all visas to any official of the

Government of the United Kingdom is subject to
. the laws and regulations of Ukraine. An
- application for a visa for any official of the
Government of the United Kingdom should be
supported by a Note Verbale.
.
6. _________ 6. The above arrangements will apply,

, mutatis mutandis, mutatis mutandis, to officials of the Government
, of Ukraine who wish to visit the United
Kingdom on official business.
.
7. . 7. This is to confirm that the Note of the

Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United
Kingdom and the present Note will be regarded
, as recording the mutual understanding of our two
, Governments on the matter, which will come
. into effect on today's date and remain in effect
indefinitely, subject to termination by either
. - Government on three months written notice to
the other.
ІНТТТОГП
.
8. 8. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of

, Ukraine avails itself of this opportunity to renew
to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland the assurances of its highest
. consideration.
25 ... 25 October ...
Assignment 151. Read the text o f the note suggested below. Translate into
Ukrainian giving special attention to the underlined words and
phrases.
Lesson Seven 139

EMBASSY OF SWITZERLAND
No. ...
The Embassy of Switzerland in Ukraine presents its compliments to the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and has the honour to communicate the following.
The United Nations General Assembly, at its emergency session on 20 July ... ,
adopted Resolution ES-10/15 Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,
including in and around East Jerusalem.
It entrusted Switzerland, as the depositary of the Geneva Conventions, with the
following mandate:
[The General Assembly] Calls upon all States parties to the Fourth Geneva
Convention to ensure respect by Israel for the Convention, and invites Switzerland, in its
capacity as the depositary of the Geneva Conventions, to conduct consultations and to
report to the General Assembly on the matter, including with regard to the possibility of
resuming the Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention;
Switzerland accepted this mandate, immediately appointed an envoy and established
the first contacts. The principle that has guided Switzerland in accomplishing this mandate
is based on the constants of its humanitarian policy: promotion of the universality of and
respect for international humanitarian law; and rejection of any attempt to politicise or
instrumentalise international humanitarian law. In addition, Switzerland is closely
following the political developments in the Middle East, which has evolved since the
adoption of the abovementioned resolution.
In carrying out its mandate. Switzerland deemed it necessary to begin consultations
with the parties directly concerned. Israel and the Palestinian Authority, and to proceed
with the actors involved in the peace process (Quartet and Permanent Members of the
Security Council) and other important actors in the region (Arab League and others).
The consultations were conducted in a constructive atmosphere. The first results
already indicate a consensus on the following points: .
- ______ Support for a broad interpretation of the mandate, aiming to achieve greater
respect for the IV Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, while
giving special attention to the separation barrier. The applicable legal framework
and the obligations of all parties concerned have been determined by the
International Court of Justice in its Advisory Opinion of 9 July ... and can not be
________put into question. ________________
140 Lesson Seven

- A new conference of High-Contracting Parties is not considered opportune. The

mandate and the consultations in this context should, on the other hand, permit
clear improvements to the situation of civilians in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory.
- The mandate should not have negative implications on the efforts of the
international community to re-launch the peace process.
During these consultations, it has been proposed that a list be compiled of the
measures needed to reach a clear improvement to the situation of the civilian population in
the Occupied Palestinian Territory, as well as an inventory of the improvements achieved
since the adoption of resolution ES-10/15. — -
Promoting dialogue between the parties to the conflict, even at the expert level, on
the topic of international humanitarian law was emphasized as important. Some of our
|nterlocutors recalled that an improvement to the humanitarian situation depended on an
improvement at the political level. Others, by contrast, argued that improvements in the
humanitarian situation could also contribute to progress at the political level. International
humanitarian law and respect for it can in this way be seen as confidence-building
measures.
Switzerland remains open to any suggestions or comments by the High Contracting
Parties to the IV Geneva Convention.
Switzerland plans to submit its report to the General Assembly in May/June ....
The Embassy of Switzerland avails itself of the opportunity to renew to the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine the assurances of its highest consideration.
Kyiv, 30 March ...
Assignment 152. Suggest the English fo r the following words and phrases.
( ); ( );
; ; - ; ; ,
; ; ;
; ; ;
; ; ; ;
( ).
Lesson Seven
141
Assignment 153. Read and translate the text o f the Note Verbale given below.
Paying special attention to the underlined words and phrases.
The Department of State presents its compliments to the Embassy of Ukraine in

the United States of America and has the honor to refer to the Agreement Between the
Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics Regarding Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between Their
Customs Services, signed at Washington on June 2,... (the ... Agreement).
It has the further honor to propose that the ... Agreement henceforth apply as
between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of
Ukraine; that all pertinent references in the ... Agreement to the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics or to the "Central Administration of the National Customs Control at
the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" be deemed to be to
Ukraine and to the "State Customs Committee of Ukraine" respectively; and that,
notwithstanding the provisions of Article 12 (1) thereof, the ... Agreement shall enter
into force upon entry into force of the agreement hereinafter described.
If the foregoing is acceptable to the Embassy, the Department has the honor to
propose that this note, together with the Embassy's reply to that effect, shall constitute
an agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the
Government of Ukraine, which shall enter into force on the date of receipt of the
Embassy's note by the Department of State.
The Department of State takes this opportunity to renew to the Embassy of
Ukraine the assurances of its highest consideration.
Department of State,
Washington, November 21,...
Assignment 154. Translate into Ukrainian taking note o f the stylistic peculiarities.
Make up a list o f useful words and expressions.
1. If the foregoing is acceptable to the Government of the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland, I have the further honour to propose, that this note together
with Your Excellency’s note in reply to that effect, shall constitute an agreement
between our two governments, effective from the date of Your Excellency’s note in
reply. 2. If the foregoing proposal is acceptable to the Government of the United
Kingdom, I have the honour to suggest that the present Note, together with your reply to
that effect, shall constitute an Agreement between the Government of the Argentine
142 Lesson Seven

Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which shall
enter into force three months after the date of your reply. 3. If these proposals are
acceptable to His Majesty’s Government of Nepal, I have the honour to propose that the
present Note and its appendix together with your reply in that sense shall constitute an
Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland and His Majesty’s Government of Nepal in this matter which shall
enter into force on the date of your reply and shall be known as the United
Kingdom/Nepal Retrospective Terms Agreement. 4. If the foregoing proposals are
acceptable to the Government of the French Republic, I have the honour to suggest that
in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 (1) and (3), the extension of the
Agreement to the Isle of Man shall enter into force three months after the date of your
reply. 5. In this connection, I have the honour to inform Your Excellency that the revised
rout schedules set out in the Annex to the abovementioned Note that was agreed to in
principle during the discussions which took place in London from 17-20 July .... are
acceptable to the Government of Malaysia. I hereby confirm that this note in reply, and
Your Excellency’s Note with its Annex, would constitute an Agreement between the
two Governments in this matter and that this Agreement shall enter into force as from
this day’s date. 6. 1 have the further honour to propose that, if your Government accepts
the foregoing understanding, this note and your reply to that effect shall constitute an
agreement between our two Governments which enters into force on the day of your
reply. 7. It would be appreciated if you would confirm to me that the above arrangement
is acceptable. 8. In order to comply with certain technical and legal requirements, the
United States intends to treat these documents as constituting an agreement between our
two Governments as contracting parties to GAAT, effective January 1, .......9. The
Secretariat of the International Atomic Energy Agency would appreciate receiving
confirmation by the United States Mission, as a result of advance consultations on this
matter between the three Parties involved, that the exchange requested by the Mexican
Government is acceptable to the United States Government on the understanding set
.
forth above. 10 I have the further honour to propose, if these understandings are
acceptable to your Government, this note and your Government’s reply note concurring
therein shall constitute an agreement between our two Governments which shall enter
into force on the date of your Government’s note... . 11. The Embassy of the United
States of America has the honour to propose that this note, together with the note in
reply of the Ministry of External Affairs stating that such conditions are acceptable to
the Government of Dominica shall constitute an agreement between the two
Lesson Seven 143

governments on this subject, to be effective from the date of the Ministry’s note reply.
12. If the foregoing is acceptable to the Government of Mexico, this note and your reply
will constitute an agreement between our two governments. 13. Her Britannic Majesty’s
Embassy further proposes that, if the above is acceptable to the Government of the
United States of America, this Note and the Department’s reply in that sense will
constitute an arrangement between the two Governments which will come into effect on
the date of the Department’s reply and will remain in effect until terminated by either
Government on ninety day’s written notice to the other. 14. Upon receipt of a note of
confirmation from Your Excellency on behalf of the Government of People’s Republic
of China indicating that the foregoing provisions are acceptable, this note and your reply
thereto shall constitute an agreement between our two Governments on this subject, and
enter into force on the date of your reply. 15. If the foregoing is acceptable to the
Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt, I have the honour to propose that this note
and your note in reply confirming acceptance will constitute an agreement between our
respective Governments, effective from the date of first arrival of U.S. military
personnel in Egypt. 16. If the foregoing proposal is acceptable to the Government of
Japan, I have the honour to suggest that the present Note and Your Excellency’s reply to
that effect should be regarded as constituting an agreement between the two
Governments in this matter. 17. Accordingly, I have the honour of confirming to Your
Excellency, that the Memorandum of Understanding as attached to the notes mentioned
above shall be regarded as constituting an Agreement between our two countries, which
shall remain in effect until October 31, ... , unless otherwise agreed. 18. In the event that
the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil agrees with the proposals included
in Article 1 to Article 21, I have the honour to propose that this note and the reply of
Your Excellency, expressing the agreement of your Government, constitute a Subsidiary
Agreement between our two Governments to enter into force on the date of Your
Excellency’s reply. 19. The Embassy understands that this Note, together with the
Ministry’s note verbale accepting the above proposals and granting reciprocal Romanian
visa facilitation for holders of United States passports, will constitute agreement
between the two governments on this subject. 20. If your Government agrees to the
foregoing proposals, I have the honour to propose that this Note and your reply to that
effect constitute an agreement between the two Governments, which shall enter into
effect on the date of your reply and which shall remain in effect until October 31, ...,
unless otherwise agreed. This note and Your Excellency’s note of the same date and
term shall constitute an agreement between our Governments beginning today.
144 Lesson Seven

Assignment 755
gMgASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMKT?TP a
Lesson Seven
145
N o . ...
6th September, .. .
The Embassy of India in Ukraine presents its compliments to the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and has the honour to request for a
courtesy call by H.E. Mr. ..., Ambassador of India to Ukraine on H.E. Mr.
..., First Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.
The Ambassador would like to discuss matters relating to the expansion of
the United Nations Security Council. He will be accompanied by Mrs. ... ,
Counsellor in this Embassy.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is requested that the appointment may
kindly be given at an early date at the convenience of H.E. Mr. ..., First
Deputy Minister.
The Embassy of India in Ukraine avails itself of this opportunity to
renew to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine the assurances of its
M r . ...,
Head, State.Protocol Department
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
Kyiv
Fax:
146 Lesson Seven

Notes Verbales
Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Kyiv
Attn:
Head of Department,
Department of UN and International
Organisations,
Fax:
Copy to:
Lesson Seven
~ " ---------------------- — ---------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------- 147
. . . '
The Embassy of Japan in Ukraine presents its compliments to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and, referring to the Embassy's note
No. 151-05 dated 15 June ... has the honour to forward herewith the
original letter of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Mr. . ..
addressed to H.E. Mr. ..., Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, on the
Draft Framework Resolution on UN Security Council Reform.
The Embassy of Japan in Ukraine avails itself of this opportunity to
01 July, ...
Attachment: Above mentioned
ROYAL NETHERLANDS EMBASSY KYIV UKRAINE

No. . . .
The Royal Netherlands Embassy presents its' compliments to the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and has the honour to forward herewith to the
Ministry two copies of a Notification No. 1/... regarding the Conventions
concluded at The Hague on 1 October .. . during the International Peace
Conference of ... .
The. Royal Netherlands Embassy avails itself of this opportunity to
Kyiv, 16 June ...

Treaties Department
Kyiv, Ukraine
148 Lesson Seven

to the MinistryYof fF o r ^ gnn A f t i SrsataenSd °h presents its compliments
Secretary of state ^ 1 ^ -der
Secretary of State ... to Kiev on October 24 2fin h ' e accompany
proposes to meet with amroDn'afp t t w ■ ■ Under Secretary ...
morning of October 26 t o d i s c u s f t h e n o ^ 1^ i ? T reria?ent officials on the
the President in his UN address; = non-proliferation policy outlined by
nuclear issues, and r e n t e d i s s u e s . C°mpreh— êst Ban, the status of
i n c l u d ^ J J p r e T e n t S v e s ’ fromi;LtheeN a t adini
g ^ interagenc^ team which will
State and Department of Defense ^ lisT^f Counci1' Department of
The Embassy of the United States o ±S included.
opportunity to renew to the MinistJye of%or?rgniCL f ^ ars1SthttSelf °f ^
Its highest esteem. gn Arrairs the assurance of
Embassy of the United States of America

Kiev, October 15, ... '
to t h f ’w S S S T o V Foii^Mfairs" Presents its compliments

senior working group meJtSg be h S d “ n tte eve of“s” ? Pr°P°Be *
Kiev on issues related to SSD 7® ^ °f Secretary •• • visit to
on the afternoon of Saturday, October 23 * S U g g e s ^ that the meeting begin
Secretary of State. ' " ’ ’ before the arrival of the
Secretary of Defense for ^ c l ^ a r ^ e c u r i t y ^ 8 i10^ 02^ 1® • ••' Assistant

Members will include Ms -i a y and Counter proliferation.
Director, Russian toin^n Ind p f " 1 5° ^ President and Senior
Council staff; DeputT to ^
the Under r.
Secretary
u of ^tate
State tor
for International
infpr - ■ ’*i 'Security
& ‘ Affairs
' Senior Adviser to
tohe
f or^ tr ^ s^ 2 - r S i s £ a:fiforeign
o“
SfiSr
fs ^
l
n — -
- ***■
Its highest esteem. Affairs the assurance of
Lesson Seven
149
Embassy of Ukraine
October 15, ...
The Embassy of Ukraine
No. . . .
The Embassy of Ukraine presents its compliments to the Malta High

Commission and has the honour to inform them of the decision of the
Government of Ukraine to present Ukraine's candidature for UNESCO
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Executive Council at the
elections to be held at the 3 6th session of the Executive Council on 23 June
- 4 July ... .
Having established its high international reputation in the field of
oceanographic studies and technologies Ukraine has taken an active part in
the activities of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
since ... . Since .. . Ukraine has been successively re-elected to the
Commission's Executive Council.
The Government of Ukraine would be grateful for the valuable support
of Malta of Ukraine's candidature for UNESCO Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission Executive Council.
The Embassy of Ukraine avails itself of this opportunity to renew to
the Malta High Commission the assurances of its highest consideration.
London
10 June ...
Malta High Commission

London WlJ OLE
Assignment 156. Translate the texts o f the notes verbales suggested below from
Ukrainian into English.
№...
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150 Lesson Seven

Notes Verbalex
s = i - T ir ~ = £ 5 = î f=
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Lesson Seven
151
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152 Lesson Seven

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Lesson Seven 153

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154 Lesson Seven

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Lesson Seven
155
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156 Lesson Seven

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Lesson Seven 157

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158 Lesson Seven

Letters CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
CHAPTER III
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
Lesson 8. LETTERS
Along with notes, letters are extensively used for diplomatic correspondence.
Letters of correspondence should be distinguished, like notes, from letters which bring
agreements into effect, although the opening and closing formalities are generally the
same. Of the several uses of letters a number are worth highlighting. In the first place, a
personal letter from one head of government (or foreign minister) to another is often
used after changes of government or if relations between the states have been 'frozen' for
some time due to a dispute. The letter may be delivered by an ambassador or, more
often, by a special envoy. A personal letter from one head of state to another may be
used to supplement a note, as well as make a diplomatic initiative or appeal.
Letters are most commonly used to raise questions and explain policy, as well as
set out intended lines of action.
In crisis diplomacy, states find it necessary sometimes to duplicate or reinforce
the channels of communication. This might be safeguard to ensure that their policy is
actually getting through, or, alternatively, an attempt to influence opinion in the other
state by use of a wide number of channels.
In disputes, identical letters are issued by associated or allied states for a variety
of purposes such as providing information, rebutting an opponent's claims and setting
out policy. In some state practice an identical letter may actually take the form of a
collective declaration. Common to the declaration or joint letter is the intention of
conveying solidarity and commonly defined purposes.
Draft letters should be distinguished from speaking notes. The draft letter is in
effect a form of an advanced copy of a text. Its purpose is to alert another state as to the
likely contents and use it as a vehicle for conveying reassurance or clearing up
misunderstandings.
The last usage of letters is that of the conduct of negotiations by correspondence.
In exchanges of this type states might seek to obtain agreement about interpretations o f a
treaty or draft article, establish general principles or question certain interpretations.
Exchanges of letters between heads of government have become an important
element in the conduct of personal diplomacy.
( From: Modem Diplomacy by R. P. Barston)
Lesson Eight 159

CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE Letters
EXHIBIT 24 Letter
UN Secretary-General
to Minister for
Foreign Affairs
2 8 August . . .
_ Excellency,
With the consent of your Government, and after consultation with

the heads of the various organizations of the United Nations system, I
have the honour to designate Mr. ... as the Resident Coordinator of the
United Nations System's Operational Activities for Development in
Ukraine. The functions of the Resident Coordinator are outlined in
paragraph 34 of the annex to General Assembly resolution 32/197 of 2 0
December . . . , which provides for arrangements for the better
coordination of operational activities for development by the United
Nations system at the country level.
Mr. ... will, in accordance with these provisions, have on behalf
of the United Nations system, overall responsibility for and exercise
team leadership for the coordination of operational activities for
development in Ukraine. He will be responsible to me for discharging
these functions which will be carried out in conformity with the
priorities established by your competent national authorities.
These arrangements do not affect relations between your Government
and individual organizations of the United Nations system or the direct
lines of authority and communication between the representatives of
these organizations at the country level and their own executive heads.
It would be appreciated if your Government could keep the Resident
Coordinator informed of matters relevant to the exercise of his
functions to ensure the better coordination of the system's operational
activities.
In addition to the foregoing, the Administrator of the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), with the consent of your
Government and pursuant to the relevant agreement between UNDP and your
Government, has appointed Mr. ... as UNDP Resident Representative. He
has also been appointed as Representative of the World Food Programme
(WFP) and as Representative of the United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA). Mr. ... will be directly responsible to the Administrator and
to the Executive Director of WFP and to the Executive Director of
UNFPA, as well as to the heads of those organizations that utilize the
UNDP Resident Representative as their representative, for all matters
concerning their respective activities.
Guided by the intentions of the General Assembly, I have the
honour to invite you to arrange for Mr. ... , in the performance of his
functions, to receive the cooperation of the appropriate authorities in
160 Lesson Eight

Letters- CHAPTER III. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
Ukraine and to express the confidence that this designation will serve
to strengthen the collaboration between your Government and the
organizations of the United Nations system engaged in operational
activities for development in your country.
Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest
consideration.
(signed)
His Excellency
Mr. . . .
Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
Kiev
EXHIBIT 25
Canadian Embassy Ambassade du Canada

OTTAWA, ONTARIO KlA 0G2
January 27, ...
RBR No.
His Excellency ...

Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
Kyiv, Ukraine ■
Excellency:
I have the honour to refer to the Joint Declaration on the

Establishment of Diplomatic Relations signed on January 27, ..., and to
inform you that the status of the Consulate General of Canada in Kyiv,
Ukraine, has been raised to the status of a Canadian Embassy.
I have the further honour of advising you that I have appointed Mr.
... to be Charge d'Affaires a.i.
Secretary of State for

External Affairs
Lesson Eight 161

EXHIBIT 26
MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE
Kyiv, 16 February ...
Excellency,
I have the honor to inform you that President of Ukraine,

H.E. Mr. ... by his Decree of 23 January ... has appointed H.E. Mr.
... as Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the Council of Europe.
Mr. ... is an experienced and qualified diplomat. From March
... to February ... he was Chargé d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent
Representation of Ukraine to the Council of Europe. Before being
appointed Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the Council of
Europe he occupied the post of Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the Republic of Ireland.
I am confident that diplomatic skills, knowledge and
experience of Mr. ... will significantly contribute to further
development of cooperation between Ukraine and the Council of Europe
considered by the Government of Ukraine among its priorities.
I would highly appreciate it if Your Excellency could render
Mr. ... necessary assistance in performing his functions as Permanent
Representative, of Ukraine to the Council of Europe.
Availing myself of this opportunity, please accept,
Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration.
His Excellency
Mr. ...
Secretary-General
of the Council of Europe
Strasbourg
162 Lesson Eight

EXHIBIT 27
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY

STATE SECRETARY
M r . ...
State Secretary
Minis t r y of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
Kyiv Budapest, 23 May, ...
Dear Mr. State Secretary,
As the term of m y assignment is coming to its end, I would like

to take this opportunity to express m y most sincere gratitude to you,
your Government and the M i n istry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine for the
excellent co-operation which strengthened the good-neighbourly
relations between our c o u n t r i e s .
During the last p a r l iamentary pe r i o d the Hungarian Government
laid special emphasis to improve our co-operation.
In m y opinion the efforts to enhance the Hungarian-Ukrainian
bilateral relations proved to be efficient, the past four years based
on mutual respect and benefit for b o t h of our countries played a
significant role to improve our relations, taking into consideration
our national interests.
Similar to the first ten years of Ukraine's independence, Hungary
is prepared to assist the political aspirations and endeavours of
Ukraine, aiming at the enhancement of the economic reform process, the
further democratization of the society and the acceleration of
Ukraine's integration to European institutions.
I can assure you that in m y new capacity as the Chairman of the
Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee I will p a y special attention to
our bilateral relations. I shall carry only good memories of our c o
operation and look forward to meeting you again.
Dear Mr. State Secretary, allow me to wis h you success and good
health in the exercise of your duties, w i t h m y best wishes I remain.
Yours sincerely,
(signed)
Lesson Eight 163

EXHIBIT 28
THE AMBASSADOR
OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Washington, June 27, ...
Excellency:
I have the honor to inform your Excellency that I will be leaving

Washington, D.C., today upon completion of my mission as Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Federal Republic of Germany to the
United States of America.
Pending the arrival of my successor, Dr. ..., Deputy Chief of Mission,
will act as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim.
In taking leave of your Excellency, I wish to express my sincere
appreciation for your cooperation in maintaining and strengthening the good
and friendly relations which so happily exist between our two countries and
missions.
(signed)
His Excellency
Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
of . . .
Washington, DC
, ASSIGNMENTS
Assisnm ent 157. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. Why should letters of correspondence be distinguished from the letters which

bring agreements into effect?
2. What letters are worth highlighting?
3. What is a personal letter?
4. What are identical letters used for?
5. What form may an identical letter take in some state practice?
6. What are draft letters?
7. What is the difference between draft letters and speaking notes?
8. What is the role of letters in the conduct of negotiations by correspondence and
personal diplomacy?
9. What communication has become an important element in the conduct of personal
diplomacy?
164 Lesson Eight

text
To bring agreements into effect, opening and closing formalities, to be worth

highlighting, in the first place, changes of government, “frozen” relations, due to
dispute, special envoy, to supplement a note, to make a diplomatic initiative, to raise
questions, crisis diplomacy, allied states, associated states, to set out policy, to clear up
misunderstanding, to question certain interpretations, to record protests.
Remarkably, secondly, seemingly, significantly, similarly, subsequently, theoretically,

therefore, thus, to all intents and purposes, to put it briefly, to put it in a nutshell, to
summarize (the situation), to sum up, typically.
equivalents.
Interrogate, intimate, necessitate, occasion, portion, possess, present, preserve, prior,

proceed; * *
(go (ahead), keep, have, cause, suggest, question, require, part, give, earlier).
Assignment 163. Suggest the Ukrainian fo r the following words and expressions
contained in the texts o f exhibits.
Joint declaration, to raise the status of the Consulate general, to render assistance, good-
neighbourly relations, political aspirations and endeavours, accelerate integration, with
the consent of the Government, operational activities, overall responsibility, it would be
appreciated, in addition to the foregoing, guided by the intentions.
Consult a dictionary.
Éclaircissement, franchise de l’Hôtel, savoir vivre, savoir faire, hors de combat, milieu,
rapprochement, reconnaissance.
Lesson Eight 165

’ ( ); ( );
; ( ), ; ,
; ( ); .
Assignment 166. Make sure you know what these binominals (doublets) mean.
Leads and lags, pro(s) and con(s), act and deed, aid and abet, pro and contra, ways and
means, read and approved, receipts and expenses, scope and time, stars and stripes,
check and balances, custody and control.
Assignment 167. Study the following phrases with postpositive adjectives. Suggest
Letters patent, notary public, president elect, secretary general, sum certain, sum total,
matters philosophical.
Assignment 168. Interpret the following Latin words and expressions in English.
Lapsus calami, lapsus lingual, manu military, mutatis mutandis, nolo episcopary,
notandum, onus probandi, versus, ad hoc, bona fides, brevi manu.
Assignment 169. Suggest the Latin for:
, , , , ,
, , , ,
, .
Assignment 170. Study the following idioms used in diplomatic language. Suggest
Dogs of war, “eyes only”, whip hand, white tie, wild cat, little ladies in tennis shoes,
maiden speech, lame duck, salami speech, man-on-the-horseback, second-guess, last
hurrah, hard-boiled observers.
Assignment 171. Study the use o f the word “diplomacy” in different phrases.
166 Lesson Eight

m u ltila te ra l-
ato m ic -
c o n feren ce- peacekeeping-
c ris is - / p e rso n a l-
d o lla r- \
'“diplomacy- p re v en tiv e -
econom ic - p u b lic -
env iro n m en t re so u rc e -
sum m it -
global g o v e rn a n c e -
Assignment 172. Read the text. Translate into Ukrainian. Discuss the subject
matter. Give the definition o f the term “dollar diplomacy
Dollar diplomacy
Phrase particularly associated with the foreign policy of President Taft (1909-13) and
now commonly used to describe US efforts to secure their objectives through financial
and economic instruments of control. Initially the target area was Central and Latin
America, but the policy was extended to China and the Far East, as well as post-Second
World War Europe (the Marshall Plan).
The assumptions behind it were that extensive US investments would create economic
progress, political stability and compliance in areas that the United States considered
strategically important. It also, of course, had the benefit of furthering the interests of
US business. Dollar diplomacy does not rule out the option of military or political
intervention.
In fact, the establishment of extensive financial commitments abroad might make it

more likely in periods of instability and upheaval. This is especially true of the Panama
Canal, the completion of which coincided with the origin of the phrase. Other notable
examples are Guatemala (1954), Cuba (1961) and the Dominican Republic (1965). This
policy, along with its successor 'missionary diplomacy' - the term given to Woodrow
Wilson's missionary zeal in attempting to export democracy - has led to considerable
'Yankee-phobia' in Latin America which the Good Neighbor policies of the 1930s were
designed to dispel.
Dollar diplomacy is a good example of economic statecraft serving specific and self-
regarding goals. During the Cold War era American economic power was extensively
Lesson Eight 167

used in pursuit of both 'possession' and ’milieu' goals. The results were often mixed but
in the case of the Marshall Plan the objectives were realized. The manner in which the
Cold War ended has, if anything, substantiated many of the latent assumptions behind
dollar diplomacy. As reference to the Clinton Doctrine shows, the United States
continues to assert its economic preferences in the post-Cold War period.
— -
.
. , 1912
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; .
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, « ».
, .
-
, ,
.
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1911
,
.
,
.
Assignment 174. Study and memorize the established phraseology pertaining to

diplomatic correspondence. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.
- It gives me great pleasure to inform...

- I am pleased to reply...
- I am most pleased to acknowledge receipt of your letter of...
- I am pleased to advise...
- I am authorized to propose (to state) that...
- I am requested to propose that...
168 Lesson Eight

- Upon instructions from my Government I have the honour to transmit herewith

the letter of...
- I have hereby the honour to...
- I have the honour to inform the following understanding reached between...
- This is to confirm the understanding of the Government...
- This is in response to your letter confirming our earlier discussions during which
you requested on behalf of your Government...
- I am in receipt of your letter of... relating to...
- I take this opportunity to reiterate to you the assurances of my highest
consideration and personal esteem...
- Please receive, Mr. Ambassador, my assurances of deepest respect...
- Please accept, Excellency, the renewed assurances of my highest consideration.
- Availing myself of this opportunity, please accept, Excellency, the assurances of
my highest consideration.
( . notificare - , ) -
, .
,
,
,
' , ,
, .
.4^
( ) - .
, , ,
,
, - ,
, . , ,
. ,
, , .
,
. , ,
, .
Lesson Eight 169

Assignment 176. Study the use o f the following form s o f address. Suggest
FOREIGN LEADERS
Premier, President, Prime Minister
Her Excellency Joan K. Evans, Prime Minister o f ...
Salutation: Excellency: or Dear Madame Prime Minister:
DIPLOMATS
UN Secretary-General
His Excellency Kofi Annan, Secretary-General o f the United Nations
Salutation: Excellency: or Dear Mr. Secretary-General:
FOREIGN AMBASSADOR
Her Excellency Joan K. Evans, Ambassador o f ...

Salutation: Excellency: or Dear Madame Ambassador:
AMERICAN AMBASSADOR
The Honorable James T. Snyder, American Ambassador or (if in Canada or Latin

America) The Ambassador o f the United States o f America
Salutation: Sir: or Dear Mr. Ambassador:
FOREIGN CHARGÉ D ’AFFAIRES
Joan K. Evans, Esq., Chargé d A ff aires o f ...

Salutation: Madame: or Dear Ms. Evans:
AMERICAN CHARGÉ D ’AFFAIRES
James T. Snyder, Esq., American Chargé d Affair es or (if in Canada or Latin America)
James T. Snyder, Esq., The United States Chargé d Affaires
Salutation: Sir: or Dear Mr. Snyder:
FOREIGN CONSUL
The Consul o f ... or The Honorable Joan K. Evans, ... Consul or The Honorable Joan K.
Evans, Consul o f ...
Salutation: Madame: or Dear Ms. Evans:
170 Lesson Eight

AMERICAN CONSUL
The American Consul or (if in Canada or Latin America) The Consul o f the United
States o f America or James T. Snyder, Esq., American Consul or (if in Canada or Latin
America) James T. Snyder, Esq., The Consul o f the United States o f America
Salutation: Sir: or Dear Sir: or Dear Mr. Snyder:
Assignment 177. Read and translate the texts given below. Define the notions
“diplomatic language”, international language”, “official and
working languages”.
- , -
, ,
.
, - . XX
.
’ .
, .
:
,
, .
. « » (
, ), «
»( , ).
6 : ,
, , , . ,
, 6 .
DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE
The expression “diplomatic language” is used to denote three different things. In

its first sense it signifies the actual language (whether it be Latin, French or English)
which is employed by diplomatists in their converse or correspondence with each other.
In its second sense it means those technical phrases which, in the course of centuries,
have become part of ordinary diplomatic vocabulary. And in its third, and most
Lesson Eight 171

Letters
common, sense it is used to describe that guarded understatement which enables

diplomatists and ministers to say sharp things to each other without becoming
provocative or impolite.
Diplomacy, as it was once said, "is the application of intelligence and tact to the
conduct of official relations between the governments of independent states." The need
o intelligence is self-evident, but the equally vital need of tact is often disregarded. It is
t is latter need which has led diplomatists to adopt a paper currency of conventionalized
phrases m place of the hard coins of ordinary human converse. These phrases, affable
though they may appear, possess a known currency value. *
Thus, if a statesman or a diplomatist informs another government that his own
government "cannot remain indifferent to", some international controversy, he is clearly
understood to imply that the controversy is one in which his government will certainly
intervene. If m his communication or speech he uses some such phrases as "His
Majesty's Government view with concern" or "view with grave concern" then it is
evident to all that the matter is one in which the British Government intend to adopt a
strong line. By cautious gradations such as these a statesman is enabled, without using
threatening language, to convey a serious warning to a foreign government. If these
warnings pass unheeded he can raise his voice while still remaining courteous and
conciliatory. If he says, "In such an event His Majesty's Government would feel bound
carefully to reconsider their position," he is implying that friendship is about to turn into
hostility. ' '
„ If he wams a forcign government that certain action on their part will be regarded
as an unfriendly act," that government will interpret his words as implying a threat of
war If he says that "he must decline to be responsible for the consequences," it means
that he is about to provoke an incident which will lead to war. And if he demands, even
n terms of exquisite politeness, a reply before "six o'clock on the evening of the 25th,"
then his communication is rightly regarded as an ultimatum.
■r^ le ac^vantage of this conversational form of communication is that it maintains
an atmosphere of calm, while enabling statesmen to convey serious warnings to each
other which will not be misunderstood. The disadvantage is that the public and
sometimes even the statesmen themselves are not acquainted with the actual value, in
diplomatic currency, of the expressions used. On the one hand, an ignorant or incautious
use of one of these phrases may give to a given situation a gravity which it does not
possess. On the other hand, when a really serious crisis arises, the public is apt to
assume from the mildness of the language used that the crisis cannot be as grave as "the
alarmists" had given them to suppose.
In extreme cases, moreover, the habit of diplomatic ambiguity, or of diplomatic
understatement, leads to actual misunderstanding. I remember before the war reading a
despatch from some Consul-General in which he informed the Foreign Office that one
of the Vice-Consuls under his charge "does not, I much regret to report, take that care of
172
Lesson Eight
Letters
his health which his medical advisers would recommend." The poor man was, in fact, in
the last stages of delirium tremens.
Such exaggeration of the practice is not common, and in all important
international controversies these paper-currency phrases are most carefully scrutinized
before they are used. It may be said that the advantages of phrasing communications
between governments, or important pronouncements on foreign affairs, in "diplomatic
language, fai outweigh any disadvantages which the system may possess.
(From: Diplomacy by H. Nicolson)
A ssignment 178. Read the text. Write out and memorize unknown words and word
combinations. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
FINE ART OF DIPLOMATIC JARGON

(By William Safire)
WASHINGTON — "The idea is to get the parties together at one locale out of the
public eye, said Alexander Vershbow, the foreign service officer who now speaks for
the National Security Council, “where our team can then shuttle between the delegations
m a more efficient fashion than they have been able to do by having to fly." ..
Thats what proximity talks means?" he was asked by a reporter following the
negotiations among Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, and Croats. "
"Yes," Vershbow replied, "proximity talks - that’s the buzzword for this notion of
shuttling, but Within one site."
Proximity means nearness," from the Latin proximus, "nearest"; it's the noun
form of the interchangeable adjectives proximate and approximate, which mean "close
enough for government work."
Where did this new diplomatic phrase originate? I called Peter Rodman, now at
the Nixon Center in Washington, who was Henry Kissinger's longtime alter ego. "The
technique, not the phrase, was pioneered by Ralph Bunche on the island of Rhodes in
948 and 49, negotiating one of the cease-fires in Israel's war for independence "
Rodman recalled. ’
........."He brought people who would not talk directly into the same building, and he
would go back and forth. The phrase itself? First I heard it was also in the Middle East,
early 70s, maybe around the time of the interim agreement on the Suez Canal Trv Joe
Sisco."
Joseph Sisco, the veteran diplomat, now does crisis evaluation for companies
doing business around the world. Reached him in Germany, and - bingo! "I was the one
Lesson Eight
173
who coined proximity talks," he stated without equivocation. “It was in 1970 or '71, the
time of the meetings between Israelis and Egyptians. Indirect talks had not worked, and
direct talks were not then feasible. So we used the 'Rhodes formula': they stayed in
separate hotel suites in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York, and the Americans would
shuttle back and forth."
How was the phrase coined? “The Israelis were calling it 'bellhop diplomacy,' and
I didn't think that would do. So I called it proximity talks."
Why the word proximity? Why not nearness talks, for example?
- "Look, I had a Ph.D. and was very proud of it. Nearness would have been much
too understandable."
The earliest citation from the lexicographer Robert K. Barnhart is a 1972 usage o f
proximity discussions in Time magazine: "Arab states refuse to deal directly with Israel,
but Egypt is amenable to proximity discussions, in which representatives of the two
nations would closet themselves in separate hotel suites while U.S. Assistant Secretary
of State Joseph Sisco shuttles between them."
While he was at it, Sisco also claimed coinage of a related phrase: "On the first
trip that Henry Kissinger took to the Middle East after the Yom Kippur War, I remember
saying to Marvin Kalb and Ted Koppel, ‘Welcome to shuttle diplomacy! .
A shuttle is a device in weaving that carries the thread of the woof between the
threads of the warp; the metaphor was adopted for the subway in New York that runs
between Times Square and Grand Central Station, was picked up by Eastern Airlines to
denote its New York to Washington run, and was a natural for a description of diplomats
flying back and fortli between capitals.
"A common grammatical error," writes Spiro T. Agnew of Ocean City, Maryland,
"is the use of singular subjects and verbs with plural pronouns, brought about by
feminist sensitivity to 'his' to refer to both sexes."
This observation, made by many anti-permissivist readers over the years, is
indisputable. In "Each to their own," for example, the singular antecedent each does not
agree with the plural their. But if you use "Each to his own," your pronoun (or adjective
of possession) seems to leave out half of mankind — or humankind, as we are now
collectively called. One answer, of course, is to say, "Each to his or her own," but that is
labored, takes forever to say, and sounds pedantic. We have in the disagreeing pronoun
the most awkward result of the desire to eradicate sexism in language (or, put another
way, to assert the feminist prerogative). Is there a way out?
My Maryland correspondent offers one: "My suggestion would be for the
authorities of English to make a forthright declaration that their is a correct alternative to
be used with a singular human subject."
174 Lesson Eight

Abandon pronoun-antecedent agreement? Cave in to the radic-lib forces of usage

permissiveness? Not me; that would scatter those members of the word-maven
constituency seeking moorings.
Here comes the voice of Self-Anointed Authority: until the need passes to reject
the idea of the male gender's embracing the female, or until; unisex pronoun takes root
(s/he?), use this alternative: recast the sentence as “All to our own.
(From: New York Times Service)
Assignment 179. Read and translate the text given below. Speak on the problem
discussed.
DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS
Diplomacy could be circuitously defined as the activity of the diplomat. The focus of
diplomacy is usually an international agreement, past, present or future. It need not be a
written agreement, although it usually is. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
explicitly recognizes this definition of international agreements. This realistic admission
helps to define the domain of diplomacy. Diplomatic activity between one international
written agreement and its successor is punctuated by a series of verbal agreements which, in
turn, are built upon various exchanges contained in diplomatic documents.
F( has been known to pre-occupy some diplomats unduly. Form has also pre
occupied a number of scholars and writers about diplomacy. In Sir Ernest Satow's classic
work, A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, diplomatic documents are categorised. Thus
diplomatic documents could contain demands or offers as in a Memoir and in an Aide-
memoir, or in the more official Note verbale, signed or unsigned, or in other diplomatic
Notes. Once agreement is reached in part or in toto this is either implicit or explicitly stated
as in an exchange of Notes verbales constituting an international agreement.
The more manifest form of an agreement could be held to start with an agreement
initialled between lower officials "ad referendum" to higher governmental authority.
Diplomatic documents range in importance from the unofficial Procés-verbal of a meeting,
to Protocols, to Treaties. Similarly, Sir Harold Nicolson's reference work Diplomacy also
classifies diplomatic documents.
Is a hierarchical order of diplomatic documents useful or necessary? By giving more
or most importance to fully fledged treaties and the least importance to the modem "non
paper" a diplomatic primer for students is at hand. But is this enough?
Lesson Eight 175

This traditional method of assessment of diplomatic documents does not really

contribute much to knowledge. It does not amount to proper diplomatic analysis. It is
superficial as it only treats diplomatic documents at face value. Students emerge all the
poorer for it, obsessed with form for form's sake.
Instead, it is proposed to dissect diplomatic documents. This should enable students
of diplomacy — as well as diplomats themselves — to sharpen their sense of diplomacy by
developing analytical diplomatic talents. However greater the complexity of the data of
their future cases these can be crunched better with these more mature analytical diplomatic
talents. Dissection of diplomatic documents can take place on a number of different levels.
Dissection results open up more fruitful dimensions of analysis.
First, the "balance of interests" approach: a diplomatic document concluded between
two governments, say an international agreement of ten paragraphs, can be dissected by
unpacking it into its substantive points. This unfolding can then be developed further by
attributing paternity to each of the various inputs into the treaty. Inputs may be whole
articles, paragraphs, clauses or sub-clauses of the agreement. They may also be side-letters,
ancillary exchanges o f Notes verbales, Agreed Minutes of interpretation etc. Usually
paternity corresponds to the interests of a particular government. Each input is thus tagged
according to whose interest is best served by it. Which party secured, input by input, more
pluses and least minuses, for its national interest? The balance of interests is thus the result
of a rough quantification of each side's score.
In trying to attribute points to the two sides then, not only will the number of clauses
count. Further refinements of this diplomatic analysis are in order. Definitions and
meanings of each input will have to be re-assessed. It will be necessary to assess, for
example, whether a favourably tagged clause was seen in one country to count for more
than one clause in the given circumstances. In other words, whether a degree of diplomatic
ambiguity in meaning in a particular clause — or even a single word — gave it a different
value in the two different countries.
See, for example, the concession of UN Secretary General Kofi Annan to Iraqi
Deputy P.M. Tariq Aziz in paragraph 3 of the 23/2/98 Memorandum of Understanding that
UNSCOM would respect the "dignity" of Iraq; a term which means much, much more in
Arabic than in English.
This method of analysis might, at the limit, be totally irrelevant in, say, a treaty of
unconditional surrender. There is hardly any "balance" of interests there. Without resorting
to such far-fetched examples is this method of analysis useful in contemporary diplomacy?
There is hardly any balance of interests noticeable in a number of standard treaties.
Take, for example, standard treaties on visa abolition, cultural and sports
cooperation, and the like. When a standard treaty contains a clause or two bearing only one
party's interest then there is a clear imbalance of interests. Indeed this provides the student
with a starting point for this method of analysis.
( From: Knowledge and Diplomacy )
176 Lesson Eight

Assignment 180. Translate into English paying attention to the underlined words
and word combinations.
Лист міністра закордонних справ УРСР А. Зленка

міністрові закордонних справ Франції Р. Дюма
by authorization 6.11.1990 р.
За_дорученням Голови Верховної Ради Української PCP Леоніда Кравчука

маю честь повідомити Вас як представника країни host-country
— організатора зустрічі у
верхах держав — учасниць Наради з безпеки і співробітництва у Європі
(Париж, 19 - 21 листопада 1990 p.), що Українська PCP звертається до всіх
країн — учасниць НБСЄ з проханням надати Україні статус спостерігача на
Паризькій та всіх інших зустрічах у рамках НБСЄ. . .
у Декларації про державний суверенітет України, яка прийнята 16 липня
1990 року Верховною Радою Української PCP і виражає волю народу України,
підкреслюється, що «Українська PCP виступає рівноправним учасником
міжнародного спілкування, активно сприяє зміцненню загального миру і
міжнародної безпеки, безпосередньо бере участь у загальноєвропейському
процесі та європейських структурах». ... ..... "
Україна, яка є європейською державою, одним із фундаторів Організації
Об'єднаних Націй, учасницею післявоєнного врегулювання в Європі і, зокрема,
Паризької мирної конференції 1946 року, виступає за розвиток за
гальноєвропейського співробітництва, вітає зміцнення довір'я в Європі,
сприяє процесам зменшення військового протистояння, скорочення озброєнь,
остаточного виключення воєнної небезпеки і загрози застосування сили з
міждержавних відносин на континенті. —
Україна повністю поділяє і підтримує принципи і цілі Хельсінкського
Заключного акта та інших документів Наради з безпеки і співробітництва в
Європі.
Висловлюючи прагнення зробити свій внесок у будівництво
загальноєвропейського дому і виходячи з положень Декларації про державний
суверенітет, Українська PCP заявляє про свій намір стати повноправним
учасником Наради з безпеки і співробітництва в Європі.
Враховуючи в той же час, що для цього необхідна згода всіх учасників

Наради, для чого може бути потрібним певний час, Українська PCP звертається
до учасників Наради з проханням про те, щоб до вирішення цього питання
Україні на даному етапі був наданий статус спостерігача на Паризькій
зустрічі в верхах та на інших форумах, які проводяться в рамках Наради з
безпеки і співробітництва в Європі.
Буду дуже вдячний Вам як представнику країни — організатора Паризької
зустрічі за невідкладне повідомлення суті цього листа всім іншим учасникам
НБСЄ. Хочу запевнити у нашій готовності до проведення консультацій з Вами
та представниками інших учасників НБСЄ щодо всіх аспектів поставленого нами
питання.
Прошу розглядати цей лист як офіційне звернення до держав — учасниць
НБСЄ про надання Українській PCP статусу спостерігача на Паризькій та всіх
інших наступних зустрічах у рамках НБСЄ.
„ А. ЗЛЕНКО
Нью-Йорк, 6 листопада 199 0 року
Lesson Eight 177

CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda, communiqués. aides-mémoire and speaking notes
Lesson 9. Memoranda, communiqués, aides-mémoire and speaking notes
Memorandum is essentially a detailed statement of facts and related arguments. It

resembles a note, but is stylistically far freer, has no opening or closing formalities and
need not be signed. It may have a security classification and for convenience is often
delivered with a covering letter. A common use of memoranda is in disputes to support a
claim or establish a case. A particular line of policy of interpretation can be similarly set
out to another government or organization in a memorandum.
Finally, memoranda are frequently used in connection with treaties. In this usage
the memorandum is to present to the other party a particular interpretation or
understanding of a clause or section of the agreement. The memorandum may become
the subject of a later exchange of letters. As compared to notes, the memoranda have
neither address nor concluding compliments.
Communiqué is a specific form of a diplomatic document. This is a French term

which is used to indicate an official announcement by two or more sides.
Aide-mémoire is used widely and like a memorandum is extremely versatile in

terms of the contexts within which it can be used. It is rather less formal, however, than
a memorandum. In essence an aide-mémoire is drafted on the basis of discussions which
have been held and is used to put forward new proposals such as a visit, conference,
trade fair, an interpretation of policy or provide new information. Another use is in the
sense of an initiative. As a rule, this document is presented during a talk with the
intentioiTof drawing the attention of the counterpart to what has been said, to the
importance of the question raised, and, in some ases, to emphasize that the person who
presents the papers expects certain measures to be taken on the part of the receiver. Like
notes, an aide-mémoire may touch upon substantial issues, though it happens quite
rarely. More often, it concerns everyday practical matters. Aides-mémoire are never
signed, but are sometimes initialled.
A quite different usage of note is in the sense of 'speaking notes', or bout de

papier, which may be left at the end of a call or a meeting to act as a form of aide-
mémoire to reduce the likelihood of misunderstanding about the points made. These are
not third- or first-person notes as such, have no formalities of introduction or conclusion
but resemble rather memoranda. As such they tend to contain formal statements
recording details of conference meetings or intercessional consultations. They bear no
seal and are unsigned.
( From: Modem Diplomacy by R. P. Barston )
178 Lesson Nine

Memoranda, communiqués, aides-mémoire and speaking notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
EXHIBIT 29 Memorandum
Memorandum of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's

Republic of China of 13 July .•. on Sino-Vietnamese Relations
For some time the Vietnamese authorities have fabricated numerous

lies and made unbridled slanderous attacks on China attributing to China
the cause of the seriously deteriorated Sino-Vietnamese relations and of
the turbulence in Indo-China and South-East Asia, in an attempt to
confuse the right and wrong and cover up their acts of aggression and
expansion so as to invent excuses for their intensified pursuance of the
policy of regional hegemony. Therefore, the Chinese side deems it
necessary to state the truth of the matter in order to set the record
straight.
I. Why Sino-Vietnamese Relations Continue to Deteriorate
Since the end of Vietnam's war of resistance against United States

aggression, the Vietnamese authorities have taken a whole series of
measures to worsen Sino-Vietnamese relations. At present, they are
stepping up these anti-China activities. Their professed willingness to
improve Sino-Vietnamese relations is a sheer gesture meant to deceive
p e o p l e . ...
II. The Root Cause of Tension in Indo-China lies in the Vietnamese

Authorities' Attempt to Seek Regional Hegemony
The^Vietnamese authorities assert that the present tension in Indo

China is caused by the so-called 'Chinese ambitions' rather than the
policies of aggression and expansion they have pursued with the support
of the Soviet Union. They even try to make people believe that the
invasion and occupation of Kampuchea by 200,000 Vietnamese troops is for
the purpose of dealing with the 'China threat'. However, the deeds of
the Vietnamese authorities have provided an explicit answer as to who
has single-handedly created turbulence and disaster in this region.
After the unification of Vietnam in ..., the Vietnamese authorities

went ahead with an ambitious plan in an attempt to establish their
hegemonic rule in Indo-China. After it succeeded in gradually bringing
Laos under its total control, Vietnam launched a large-scale war of
aggression at the end of ..., and occupied large parts of the Kampuchean
territory and its capital Phnom Penh. At present, there are 50,000
60,000 Vietnamese troops and nearly 10,000 Vietnamese experts, advisers
and secret police in Laos, controlling Laos' military, political,
economic, cultural, propaganda and external affairs. ...
Lesson Nine 179

CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda, communiqués. aides-mémoire and sveakine notes
EXHIBIT 30 Pro memoria
PRO MEMORIA
The Government of the United States has taken due note

of the reply of the Japanese Government to the pro memoria left at the
Japanese Foreign Office by the American Ambassador on January 31, 1940, in
regard to the bombing of the Haiphong Yunnan Railway.
In the circumstances under which the Japanese authorities are
conducting military operations in China, the Government of the United
States does not admit the relevancy to the question under consideration of
the reference made by the Japanese Government to the Chinese-French Railway
Construction Agreement of 1903, nor does it admit lack of responsibility on
the part of the Japanese Government for any loss of American life, or dam
age to American property that may be caused by the current Japanese
military operations in China. The Government of the United States hereby
makes full reservations of its rights and of the rights of its citizens in
the matter.
Embassy of the United States of America,
Tokyo, March 11, 1940
EXHIBIT 31 Joint Communiqué

JOINT COMMUNIQUÉ
ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
BETWEEN
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM AND THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND
The Government of His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei
Darussalam and the Government of the Republic of Poland guided by the
principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and desirous of
promoting a spirit of mutual understanding and of strengthening the
existing bonds of friendship between the peoples of the two countries, have
decided to establish diplomatic relations at Ambassadorial level as of the
date of signing this Joint Communiqué.
Done in New York, on 2 0 March ...
For the Government of For the Government of the

His Majesty the Sultan Republic of Poland
and Yang Di-Pertuan
of Brunei Darussalam
H . E .... H.E. D r . ...

Ambassador Extraordinary Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary and Plenipotentiary
Permanent Representative Permanent Representative
of Brunei Darussalam to the of Poland to the
United Nations, New York United Nations, New York
180 Lesson Nine

Memoranda, communiqués. aides-mémoire and sveakine notes CHAPTF.R TTI.T)IPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
EXHIBIT 32 Aide -mémoire
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Candidature of the Honourable ... QC MP for the Position of Director-General
• Australia has been an active supporter of UNESCO since joining as one

of the founding members in 1946.
• Australia is the tenth largest contributor to the regular budget.
• Mr. Evans's candidacy reflects Australia's desire to contribute
further to strengthen UNESCO's important role in the United Nations
system.
• ■ It is timely that a Director-General of UNESCO comes from the Asia-
Pacific region (Australia is in the Asia-Pacific Group - Group IV for
UNESCO). “ '
• Mr. Evans is eminently qualified for the position of Director-General.
• He has the political and intellectual stature and international
standing to direct the organization in the pursuit of its ideals and
obj ectives.
- His commitment to the United Nations system, and in particular to
the promotion of peace, shaped his policy approach during his
term as one of Australia's longest serving Foreign Ministers.
- As a statesman, he has made many major internationally recognized
contributions, including his roles in developing the United
Nations peace plan for Cambodia, for which he was nominated for
the Nobel Peace Prize, and in bringing the Chemical Weapons
Convention to conclusion,
- He was also one of the driving forces behind the establishment of
the„Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the ASEAN
Regional Forum, the Asia Pacific's premier economic cooperation
and security dialogue bodies.
• Mr. Evans has also served as Attorney-General, Minister for Resources
and Energy, and Minister for Transport and Communications in
..Australian Governments, in each of which roles he has been intimately
involved in shaping and implementing policy in areas directly within
UNESCO's mandate.
• He is also a candidate who can marry this standing with the
demonstrated capacity to run a large organization.
- All his Ministerial posts have involved administrative and
budgetary responsibilities comparable to or greater than those
borne by the Director-General of UNESCO.
- As Minister for Transport and Communications he was responsible
for integrating over 12000 personnel into a single mega
department .
- As Minister for Foreign Affairs he was responsible for the
administration of a department and associated agencies of nearly
5000 people, an annual core budget of over AUD 500 million and an
annual development assistance budget of over AUD 1 billion.
Lesson Nine 181

CHAPTER IH.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda. communiqués. aides-mémoire and sveakins notes
EXHIBIT 33 Speaking Notes

Meeting with Mr ... Deputy Director, Second
European Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 25 June, ...
Construction of New British Embassy, Kyiv
The Agreement between the Government of the UK and the

Government of Ukraine on the Design and Construction of Embassy
Buildings in London and Kyiv signed in London on 15 October, ... (by
. . . ) includes a Customs A nn ex on the procedures to be followed for
the import and export of diplomatic consignments containing materials
and equipment for the construction of the b u i l d i n g s .
The Agreement provides for the import and export of materials on
provision of a Declaration certifying that the consignment contains
exclusively construction materials and equipment for use in the
fitting out of the ne w buildings of the embassy.
Since the Agreement was signed the British Embassy has bee n in
close contact w i t h the Ukrainian Customs authorities to ensure that
the arrangements set out in the Agreement will be followed.
But the Ukrainian Customs authorities are insisting that the
Declaration should specify the name and quantity of the goods. This
is not required b y the Agreement.
The Embassy w ould be grateful for the assistance of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs in ensuring that the terms of the Agreement will
be complied w i t h b y the Ukrainian Customs authorities.
ASSIGNMENTS
1. What is a memorandum?
2. How does it differ stylistically from a note?
3. What is a common use of a memorandum?
4. How is it delivered?
5. What is a communiqué?
6. What is an aide-mémoire and how is it drafted?
7. What is an aide-mémoire used for?
8. What issues may an aide-mémoire touch upon?
9. Are aides-mémoire signed?
10. What are speaking notes?
11. What person are speaking notes drafted in?
12. Do speaking notes have any opening or closing formalities?
13. What do speaking notes (or bout de papier) contain?
1 8 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________Lesson Nine
Memoranda. communiqués. aides-mémoire and sveakins notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
text.

Opening and closing formalities, security classification, for convenience, covering letter,
to establish a case, a clause of agreement, to put forward proposals, to hold discussion,
trade fair, counterpart, substantial issues.
Assignment 185. Study the word “policy” in different phrases. Suggest their
«- carrot-and-stick~ / g iv e-an d -tak e-

big s tic k - i ~ policy ~ 1 see-saw ~
Csr stop-and-go~ w ait-an d -see-
-o fp in -p ric k s ^ k id -g lo v e -
, ,
, , , «
».
Ultimately, unbelievably, understandably, undoubtedly, unfortunately, with hindsight.
equivalents.
Purchase, remainder, request, retain, remove, suborn, summon, terminate, utilize;
(use, send for(call), take away, ask, rest, keep, buy, bribe, end).
Assignment 189. Study the use o f the adjectives “common” and “general” in
different phrases. Translate into Ukrainian.
Common advantage, common efforts, common interest, common law, Common Market,
common people, common statement, in common;
Lesson Nine 183

CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda. communiqués. aides-mémoire and speaking notes
Director General, general consent, general debate, general-favourite, general discussion,

general election, general notion, general obligation, general policy, general prospects,
general statement, general views, general welfare.

, , , , ( ),
, , ( ),
, , ’ ,
, .
Assignment 191. Suggest the Ukrainian fo r the following expressions contained in

the texts o f exhibits:
To fabricate lies, to make unbridled attacks, to invent excuses, pursuance of the policy,
to provide an explicit answer, to launch a large-scale war of aggression, subject to the
provisions, to conduct military operations, to make full reservations of the rights,
diplomatic consignments, Customs authorities, to shape and implement the policy, to run
an organization, to bear responsibilities, annual core budget.
Consult a dictionary i f necessary.
Aide-mémoire, bout de papier, procès-verbal, raison d’état, raison d’etre, rapporteur,
’ , , , (
), ( ), , ,
.
Manners and customs, boom and bust, demand and supply, Do’s and Don’ts, ingress
and egress, (with) fire and sword, mergers and take-overs, reserve and tact, space and
time, taps and bugs, touch-and-go.
Assignment 195. Interpret the following Latin words and expressions in English.
184 Lesson Nine

Memoranda, communiqués. aides-mémoire and speaking notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
De facto, de fide, ex ante, ex more, ex officio, ex-parte, ex post, extenso.
Assignment 196. Suggest the Latin for:

, / , ( ),
, , ,
/ ( ), / .
Assignment 197. Study the following idioms used in diplomatic language. Suggest
Small-fry politician, man-of-the-people, the say-so, pie in the sky, red tape, red herring,
shoptalk, shadowbox, hung jury.
Assignment 198. Read, translate and summarize the following information in one-
third o f its size.
' , — ,
. —
,
. '
: « »,
« » . ., .
- , , '
, ,
.
— ,
, ,
.
, ' .
,
,
.
Non Paper ( - “ ,,) —
, .
-
, , .
,
.
LessoirNine 185
CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda, communiqués, aides-mémoire and speakins notes
, ,
, .
, ,
. Non Paper
. Non Paper
.
- ,
—
.
,
'
- .
Assignaient 199. Translate into English paying attention to the underlined

expressions.
'
, 20 . . .
...
. . .
-
.
. . .
.
, 15 ...
. .
, 10 ...
186 Lesson Nine

Memoranda, communiqués, aides-mémoire and speakine notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
and expressions.
... - ... 15
,
, — —
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
, .
. ,
- ,
- .
_
.
, 15 ...
Lesson Nine 187

CHAPTER IH.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda, communiqués, aides-mémoire and speakins notes
Assignment 201. Translate into English giving special attention to the underlined
clichés in translation.
Спільне комюніке
щодо встановлення консульських відносин між Україною і
Сполученим Королівством Великобританії та Північної Ірландії
, ,
, - ,
,
,
,
,
,
24
19 61 ,
, ,
.
14 . . . ,
,
.
Від імені Уряду України Від імені Уряду Сполученого

Королівства Великобританії
та Північної Ірландії
Начальник Консульського Заступник Державного Секретаря

управління Міністерства Міністерства закордонних справ
закордонних справ України та у Справах Співдружності
188 Lesson Nine

Memoranda, communiqués, aides-mémoire and sveakins notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
Assignment 202. Translate the following into English considering the Pattern.
PATTERN
The President of Ukraine established the Anticrises Centre, Wlth
> in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine.
1.
.
.
2. « .
»,
.
3. ,
.
4. ,
.
- ,
, .
5. ,
. , ' ,
.
6. 2000 . , ,
,
.
Lesson Nine 189

CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda, communiqués. aides-mémoire and sveakins notes
7. -
.
.
8. , " "
,
.
.
9. ,
, ,
,
.
.
10. -
.
.
11.
. ,
.
12.
-
.
, .
13.
,
,
' ' ,
.
14. ,
, .
, - .
15. 36 ,
, .
16. , , 2,
.
,
190 Lesson Nine

Memoranda. communiqués, aides-mémoire and speaking notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
,
.
17. ,
. ,
,
.
18. , ,
, ( ,
),
.
19. ,
, ,
. ,
, : ,
.
20. ,
. ,
.
21. ,
. -
^ , ,
, .
22.
.
.
23. ,
. , ,
,
'
.
24. - ,
.
,
Lesson Nine 191

CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda. communiqués. aides-mémoire and speaking notes
,
.
25. - ,
. , ,
, .
26. ,
,
. ,
' ,
.
27. , ,
- .
.
28. ,
, ,
.
, .
29.
.
.
30. ,
, ,
, .
Assignment 203. Do the two-way translation o f the words and expressions used in
Communiqués.
1
( ) ... The Government (State) delegation of
( ) ... ... led by...
This was the first official visit to
’ - ... Ukraine by the Prime Minister of ...
During the delegation stay in Kyiv
and its tour of the country the delegation
was accompanied by ..., Deputy Minister
192 Lesson Nine

Memoranda. communiques, aides-memoire and speaking notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
... for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine ... and

. other officials.
’ - During (in the course of) his visit the
..., Prime Minister had meetings and
... discussions (talks) with..., taking part in
which were:
The discussions (talks) were held
. (took place) in an atmosphere of
friendship and mutual understanding.
... The talks had as their objective...
( , In (during, in the course of) these
), meetings (discussions, talks) conducted
, ( , (held) in a friendly atmosphere (spirit) a
) 3 comprehensive exchange of views was
held on a wide (broad) range of problems
pertaining (relating) to the further
( , development of our mutual relations and
) ( on major (topical, current) international
, problems (on problems of mutual
). /common interest / concern).
Views were exchanged (There was an
... exchange of views) on a number of
questions concerning...
The two sides exchanged views on a
. number of international issues.
The two sides noted with satisfaction
( ) the identity of proximity (closeness, close
similarity) of views of the two states on a
. number of major international problems.
^ 1
Both sides express their confidence
, , that the visit and the talks that took place
, constitute a new major contribution to
the further development of friendship and
all-round (comprehensive) cooperation
. between our two countries.
The two sides reaffirmed the positive
value of the established practice of
, ... regular consultations between ...
Noting the special importance of
, meetings at the highest level as a factor
Lesson Nine 193

CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda, communiqués, aides-mémoire and speaking notes
promoting effectively the development

, and deepening of interstate relations, the
sides agreed to hold regular meetings
between leaders of the two countries.
.
... ... He invited (extended an invitation) ...
to make (to pay) an official visit to ... at a
. mutually convenient time.
The invitation was accepted with
( ). gratitude (with pleasure).
3
Special attention was given to a review
... of the situation concerning . . .
It was noted with profound satisfaction
... •••
... The two sides took note of (noted)...
... Particular note was taken o f ...
... They recognized the importance ...
... They noted with regret...
... They regard it as important th a t...
, They expressed their conviction th a t. ..
...
... They shared their view th a t...
, ... The two sides welcomed the fact that
•••
... They acclaim the results of ...
, They reaffirmed the importance which
... they attach to ...
They reaffirmed their intention
( , , ) (resolve, interest in, support for) ...
The two sides gave a high appraisal of

...
•••
... They highly appreciate ...
, They commended the work done by ...
...
In this context they stressed the special
... significance o f ...
The two sides expressed their
... unanimity as regards the need o f ...
194 Lesson Nine

Memoranda, communiqués. aides-mémoire and sveakins notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE
They spoke also in favour of the

further development of...
They declared their intention to strictly
... observe ...
, ... The sides agreed th a t...
The two sides reached agreement on ...
...
, ... The two sides are unanimous in th a t...
, ... It was agreed th a t...
... Desirous of promoting ...
... Guided by the desire ...
Assignaient 204. Translate the following sentences into English giving peculiar
attention to the clichés frequently fo u n d in the texts o f
Communiqués.
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4. ...
.
5.
, .
6. .
7.
,
.
8.
,
.
9. , , ,
Lesson Nine 195

CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda. communiqués. aides-mémoire and syeakins notes
10. .
,
.
11. « ».
12. ...,
.
13.
.
14. ,
-
.
15. ,
,
.
16. «...»-«...»
, ,
.
17. ’
.
18.
, .
19.
, .
20.
,
.
21.
.
22. ’
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
196 Lesson Nine

Memoranda. communiqués. aides-mémoire and speaking notes CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPQNDENCE
’ , ,
.
23.
.
24. ,
, ,
.
25.
...
.
Assignment 205. Read the following text. Speak on the topic suggested.
WHO ARE DIPLOMATS?
It seems to me that there are more "failed people" in the diplomatic service of
every country, than in any other profession, people who have stumbled through the
wrong door and now no one can escort them out and they themselves cannot find the
exit and go back. In other walks of life such a "lost" person is unnoticed, he sings in the
choir which he does not help but nor does he harm it, so his voice and his ear cannot be
appraised. In the diplomatic service circumstances oblige the majority of people sooner
or later to act independently, to show who they are and what they can do.
I have not read much that has been written about the diplomatic profession, but
everything I have read has seemed to me superficial and inadequate. And I would find it
very difficult to have to give a specific definition and describe the basic characteristics
of this calling. I could only say something about it in a negative way. And only on the
basis of experience.
It is not only that diplomacy "is not for everyone", but one can say unreservedly
that only a small number of people really have the gift and vocation for this work. It is,
of course, far harder to say what those people are like and what they ought to be like.
But, let us try.
They are people of sound but straightforward intelligence, people of simplified
and limited sensitivity and a cool heart, but not without heart or any sensitivity; capable
of deception, but not closed and mysterious, still less underhand; strong, but not rough;
quick and decisive, but not hasty or impulsive; realistic, sober, but not dry and dull.
They need to know a certain amount, but there should be no trace of erudition or
pedantry in what they know, and their knowledge should agreeably surprise and perhaps
impress those with whom they are speaking, but never embarrass, offend or shame them.
LessonNine 197
CHAPTER III.DIPLOMATIC CORREPONDENCE Memoranda. communiqués, aides-mémoire and speaking notes
It is the same with their courage: they need to have it, and it should be sound and
reliable, but they should display it only in extreme circumstances and bear it as they bear
arms which everyone knows they have, but are never seen.
They must also have imagination, but only in a certain degree, enough for a man to see
every issue from every point of view and with all its possibilities and immediate
consequences; anything more than that is both dangerous for them and damaging to the
work they are doing.
Who could confirm and list everything that those who wish to devote themselves
to this service ought to be?
They should be versatile and straightforward. Not arrogant, but naturally self
assured, even at times proud; they should not despise small details (never, in any
circumstances!) but they should know how to stay somewhere on the borderline of
pettiness and pedantry; they should be conscientious in everything, but without
excessive zeal; value the moment and always make use of it, but also know how to leave
time to have its effect; they should have many, varied interests in people, objects, art,
games and entertainments, but not surrender themselves to passion or the intimacy in
which a man completely forgets himself; they should be a bit human, and never
inhuman; ready for everything and capable of anything, but not heartless or monsters.
That means, in effect: living constantly on two levels, the personal, human one
and the official, inhuman one, but never in any way showing or betraying to anyone on
which level you are at any given moment, or better still: not yourself being completely
aware of it, which is the surest way of not betraying yourself.
In a word, you need to be a person of a particular kind without appearing to be,
but always and in everything to give the impression of an ordinary, average man. You
need to have a hundred abilities, but strictly controlled in many different ways. In
general one could say of people of this kind that their ability lies more in a good and
proper balance between different qualities than in the value of those qualities
themselves. So that, roughly speaking, while each of those qualities is average, the
whole that they constitute should be original and above average.
( From: Knowledge and Diplomacy )
198 Lesson Nine

Agrément CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS
CHAPTER IV
DIPLOMATIC ACTS
Lesson 10. AGRÉMENT
Appointment of a new head of mission is a complex process. To avoid

embarrassment, his or her name is informally sounded. If the host country does not
object, formal application for agrément, or consent, is made by the envoy being
replaced.
Diplomatic courtesy requires that before a state appoints a new chief of

diplomatic mission to represent it in another state, it must be first ascertained whether
the proposed appointee is acceptable to the receiving state. The acquiescence of the
receiving state is signified by its granting its agrément to the appointment.
Earlier described as 'agréation', agrément is a formal agreement by a receiving

state to accept a named individual as head of a diplomatic mission. Obtaining such
agreement before an individual is dispatched (in practice, before a name is publicly
announced) is a firm requirement under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
(1961):
. The sending State must make certain that the agreement of the receiving State has
been given for the person it proposes to accredit as head of the mission to that State.
The receiving State is not obliged to give reasons to the sending State for a refusal
of agreement (Article 4).
A refusal of agrément may be prompted by objections either to the personal

character or past record of the proposed new head of mission. This does not require
justification but often comes out. In 1997 the Turkish government refused agrément to
Ehud Toledano, who had been nominated by the Israeli government as its new
ambassador to Ankara. Turkish officials stated that Toledano, an academic specializing
in Ottoman history, had given a pro-Armenian account of the massacre of 1.5million
Armenians by Turkish troops in the First World War in an Israeli radio interview in
1981. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations also states that a receiving state
'may' require the names of service attaches to be submitted beforehand for its approval
as well. It appears to be customary for all members of interests sections to require
agrément.
Lesson Ten 199

CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS Agrément
EXHIBIT 34 Application fo r Agrément
The Embassy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in Ukraine presents its

compliments to the Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of Ukraine and has the honour to inform that the Federal Gove^nênt of
Nigeria has appointed an Ambassador to Ukraine in furtherance to the
development of the cordial bilateral relations subsisting between the two
countries.
In this regard, the Government is seeking Agrément for Ambassador... .
The Curriculum Vitae of the Ambassador is herewith forwarded for necessary
action.
The Embassy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in Ukraine whilst
awaiting a favourable and early response avails itself of this opportunity
to renew to the Protocol Department of the esteemed Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of Ukraine the assurances of its highest consideration.
5th February, ...

Protocol Department
Of Ukraine
EXHIBIT 35 Agrément
The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Sweden presents its compliments to

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and has the honour to confirm
that it has pleased His Majesty the King to give His agrément to the
nomination of Mr. =— . as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
Ukraine to Sweden with residence in Stockholm.
The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Sweden avails itself of this
opportunity to renew to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine the
assurances of its highest consideration.
Stockholm 11 November ...
200 Lesson Ten

ASSIGNMENTS
Assignment 207. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What is done to avoid embarrassment when appointing a new head of mission?

2. Who makes formal application for agrément?
3. What does diplomatic courtesy require?
4. How is the acquiescence of the receiving state signified?
5. What is agrément?
6. What does Article 4 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961)
provide?
7. What prompts a refusal of agrément? Give examples, if any?
8. What does Article 7 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961)
also state?
Assignment 209. Study the text. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents fo r the following
key expressions.
To apply for agrément, to grant agrément, to obtain agrément, to give agrément, to

require agrément, refusal of agrément.
Assignment 210. Study the word “consent” in different phrases. Suggest their
by mutual ~ ^ ''s implicit ~

common ~ / \ implied ~
general ~ I -consent- } cr prior-
tacit ~ validly given
A ssignm ent^! 1. Suggest the English for:
, , , ,
.
Lesson Ten 201

Assignment 212. Reproduce the text below in English.

( . agrément — ) —
.
,
, (
) . -
, ( , ,
, , ).
, ,
, .
;
.
. ,
,
. , , .
.
Assignment 213. Do the two-way translation o f the texts suggested.
1. The receiving State shall permit and protect 1.

free communication on the part of the mission
for all official purposes. In communicating with .
the Government and the other missions and
consulates of the sending State, wherever ,
situated, the mission may employ all appropriate ,
means, including diplomatic couriers and ,
messages in code or cipher. However, the '
mission may install and use a wireless .
transmitter only with the consent of the
receiving State.
.
2. The official correspondence of the mission 2.

shall be inviolable. Official correspondence .
means all correspondence relating to the ,
mission and its functions. .
3. The diplomatic bag shall not be opened or 3.

detained. , .
202 Lesson Ten

4. The packages constituting the diplomatic bag 4. ,

must bear visible external marks of their , ,
character and may contain only diplomatic ,
documents or articles intended for official use.
,
.
5. The diplomatic courier, who shall be 5. ' ,

provided with an official document indicating
his status and the number of packages ,
constituting the diplomatic bag, shall be , -
protected by the receiving State in the '
performance of his functions. He shall enjoy .
personal inviolability and shall not be liable to
any form of arrest or detention.
.
6. The sending State or the mission may 6.

designate diplomatic couriers ad hoc. In such ' ad
cases the provisions of paragraph 5 of this hoc. 5
Article shall also apply, except that the , ,
immunities therein mentioned shall cease to
apply when such a courier has delivered to the '
consignee the diplomatic bag in his charge. .
7. A diplomatic bag may be entrusted to the 7.

captain of a commercial aircraft scheduled to ,
land at an authorized port of entry. He shall be ,
provided with an official document indicating . -
the number of packages constituting the bag but
he shall not be considered to be a diplomatic , ,
courier. The mission may send one of its - ' .
members to take possession of the diplomatic
bag directly and freely from the captain of the
aircraft.
.
Assignment 214. Translate the text given below into English.
- ( . 4
). ( . agrément - , ) -
Lesson Ten 203

CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS Agrement
,
,
.
,
, .
.
' '
,
.
(
) .
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
, '
.
.
.
, , , .
'
.
Assignment 215. Reproduce the following in Ukrainian.
1. The receiving State may at any time and without having to explain its decision,
notify the sending State that the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic
staff of the mission is persona non grata or that any other member of the staff of the
mission is not acceptable. In any such case, the sending State shall, as appropriate, either
recall the person-concerned or terminate his functions with the mission. A person may
be declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the territory of the receiving
State.
204 Lesson Ten

ate
No: . . .
The Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia presents its compliments to

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and has the honour to inform,
that the Government of the Republic of Macedonia has decided to propose the
appointment of Mr. ... as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
the Republic of Macedonia to Ukraine.
The Embassy is enclosing the Curriculum Vitae of Mr. . . . and would
highly appreciate it if the esteemed Ministry could notify if this
appointment is agreeable to the honourable Government of Ukraine.
The Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia avails itself of this
Kyiv, November 13, ...
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE
Re f .: . . .
Date : 4 April ...
The Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan in Moscow presents its

compliments to the Embassy of Ukraine to the Russian Federation , and with
reference to the latter's note verbale No. . . . dated February 9, ... and
its enclosure, the note verbale of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Ukraine, No: . . . dated 27 January ..., nominating H.E. Mr. ... as
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, with residence in Cairo, Arab
Republic of Egypt, has the honour to communicate herewith the Agrément of
the High Authorities to the Nomination.
The Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan in Moscow avails itself of
this opportunity to renew to the Embassy of Ukraine to the Russian
Federation-the assurances of its highest consideration.
206 Lesson Ten

Agrément
CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS
April 19, .
. The R°yal Nepalese Embassy presents its compliments to the Embassy of

Ukraine and with reference to the esteemed Embassy's Note No. ... dated 15
April ... has the honour to state that this Embassy had received the
Agrément ^ on the appointment of His Excellency Mr. ... as Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of Nepal to Ukraine with
residence in Moscow. (A copy of Note No. ... dated 30 August . . . from the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine is enclosed..)
The Royal Nepalese Embassy avails itself of this opportunity to renew

to the Embassy of Ukraine the assurances of its highest consideration.
The Embassy of Ukraine

MOSCOW
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Eritrea presents its

compliments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and has the
honour to inform that the Government of the State of Eritrea has accepted
the appointment of Mr. ... as non-resident Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to Eritrea.
^ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Eritrea avails itself
of this opportunity to renew to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
the assurances of its highest consideration.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Republic of Ukraine
Kyiv |
Lesson Ten 207

CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS___________________________________________________________ Agrément
Assignment 217. Translate the texts o f the following notes into English.
№...
Посольство ... В Україні засвідчує свою повагу Міністерству

закордонних справ України і, на підставі рішення Президента (назва
іноземної держави), має честь просити дати згоду Української Сторони на
призначення пана . . . Надзвичайним і Повноважним Послом (назва іноземної
держави) в Україні.
Біографічна довідка пана . . . додається.
Посольство (назва іноземної держави) в Україні користується цією
нагодою, щоб поновити Міністерству закордонних справ України запевнення у
своїй високій повазі.
Додаток: зг., на 1 арк.
МІНІСТЕРСТВО ЗАКОРДОННИХ СПРАВ УКРАЇНИ
... '
Міністерство закордонних справ України засвідчує свою повагу

Посольству (назва іноземної держави) в Україні і, у відповідь на ноту
Посольства № ... від 7 вересня .. . року, має честь повідомити про згоду
Української Сторони на призначення (ім 'я, прізвище) на посаду
Надзвичайного і Повноважного Посла (назва іноземної держави) в Україні.
Міністерство закордонних справ України користується цією нагодою, щоб
поновити Посольству (назва іноземної держави) в Україні запевнення у своїй
високій повазі.
м. Київ, 12 жовтня ... року

Посольство (назва іноземної держави)
м. Київ .
Міністерство Закордонних Справ України засвідчує свою повагу

Міністерству Закордонних Справ Грузії і, у відповідь на ноту № . . . від 23
жовтня .. . року, має честь повідомити про згоду Української Сторони на
призначення пана ... Надзвичайним і Повноважним Послом Грузії в Україні.
Міністерство Закордонних Справ України користується цією нагодою, щоб
поновити Міністерству Закордонних Справ Грузії запевнення у своїй високій
повазі.
м. Київ, 1 листопада ~7Т'. року
Міністерству Закордонних Справ Грузії

м. Тбілісі
208 Lesson Ten

Aerement CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS

Посольству Республіки Македонія в Україні і, у відповідь на ноту Посольства
№ . . . від 13 листопада ... року, має честь повідомити про згоду
Української Сторони на призначення пана .. . Надзвичайним і Повноважним
Послом Республіки Македонія в Україні.
поновити Посольству Республіки Македонія в Україні запевнення у своїй
м. Київ, 2 4 грудня ... року

Посольство Республіки Македонія в Україні
м. Київ

Посольству Республіки Вірменія в Україні і має честь повідомити, що
Президент України . .. має намір призначити пана . . . Надзвичайним і
Повноважним Послом України в Республіці Вірменія.
Міністерство Закордонних Справ України просить повідомити Міністерству
Закордонних Справ Республіки Вірменія про цей намір Президента України і
про запит агреману для названої особи.
Біографічна довідка пана . . . додається.
поновити Посольству Республіки Вірменія в Україні запевнення у своїй
Додаток: згадане, на 1 арк. Київ, " " листопада ... року
Посольство Республіки Вірменія в Україні

м. Київ
Lesson Ten 209

№.. . .
Посольство Алжирської Народної Демократичної Республіки в Україні

засвідчує свою повагу Міністерству закордонних справ України і має честь
повідомити, що Алжирський уряд призначив пана . . . Надзвичайним і
Повноважним Послом Алжирської Народної Демократичної Республіки в Україні.
Пан . . . замінить пана . . ., місія якого в Україні закінчується ЗО
вересня ... року.
- Уряд Алжирської Народної Демократичної Республіки був би вдячний
Урядові України за надання агреману на призначення пана . . ., біографія
якого надсилається у додатку.
Посольство Алжирської Народної Демократичної Республіки в Україні
користується дією нагодою, щоб поновити Міністерству закордонних справ
України запевнення у своїй вельми високій повазі.
MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES

DE L'UKRAINE
№ . . . .
Посольство Словацької Республіки в Україні засвідчує свою повагу

Міністерству Закордонних Справ України і, на підставі рішення Президента
Словацької Республіки, має честь просити видати згоду Української сторони
на призначення пана . . . Надзвичайним і Повноважним Послом Словацької
Республіки в Україні.
Біографія знаходиться в додатку до цієї ноти.
Посольство Словацької Республіки в Україні користується нагодою, щоб
поновити Міністерству Закордонних Справ України свою глибоку повагу.
Додаток: біографія, 1 арк.

м. Київ, "14 " вересня ... року.
Управління Державного Протоколу
м. Київ
210 Lesson Ten

Letters of Credence and Letters of Recall CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS
Lesson 11. LETTERS OF CREDENCE AND LETTERS OF RECALL
Letter of credence is a formal letter sent by one head of state to another head of
state that formally grants diplomatic accreditation to a named individual (usually but not
always a diplomat) to be their ambassador in the country of the head of state receiving
the letter. A letter of recall is the opposite, a letter sent from one head of state to another
head of state recalling an ambassador, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because
the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and is being replaced by another envoy.
In parliamentary democracies, heads of state accept or reject letters of credence on
the basis of advice (that is, instructions from the government which put the head of state
under obligation) from their state's government. In reality, however, they are almost
invariably accepted, as both states will have informally discussed the issue prior to the
formal ceremony. If a problem were to arise, it would be sorted out in these eailier
government to government contacts.
Letters of credence are the most formal form of exchange between states short of
state visits, with formal modes of address such as titles and styles being used.
Until a head of state formally accepts a letter of credence, an ambassador-
designate does not formally assume diplomatic status, including the possession of
diplomatic immunity. In many states, a minister in the government or in cabinet will
attend (that is, be present with) the head of state at the actual ceremony, to symbolize the
fact that the acceptance or rejection of the letter of credence is on the basis of
government advice.
In foreign diplomacy, credentials are documents that ambassadors, ministers,
plenipotentiary, and chargés d'affaires provide to the government, to which they are
accredited, for the purpose, chiefly, of communicating to the latter the envoy's
diplomatic rank. It also contains a request that full credence be accorded to his official
statements. Until his credentials have been presented and found in proper order, an
envoy receives no official recognition. The credentials of an ambassador or minister
plenipotentiary are signed by the chief of state, those of a charge d affaires by the foreign
minister. Diplomatic credentials are granted and withdrawn at the pleasure of the issuing
authority, based on widely varying criteria.
Article 13 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) provides:
1. The head of the mission is considered as having taken up his functions in the
receiving State either when he has presented his credentials or when he has notified his
arrival and a true copy of his credentials has been presented to the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs of the receiving State, or such other ministry as may be agreed, in accordance
with the practice prevailing in the receiving State which shall be applied in a uniform
manner.
2. The order of presentation of credentials or of a true copy thereof will be
determined by the date and time of the arrival of the head of the mission.
211
Lesson Eleven
CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS Letters o f Credence and Letters o f Recall
E X H IB IT 36 Letters o f credence
fj
To His Excellency Mr Leonid Kravchuk, President of Ukraine.
Sendeth Greeting!
Our Good Friend!
Being desirous to foster relations of friendship and good

understanding between Our Realm and Ukraine We have made choice of Our
Trusty and Well-beloved Simon Nicholas Peter Hemans, Esquire, Commander of
Our Royal Victorian Order, to reside with You in the character of Our
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
The experience which We have had of Mr Hemans' s talents and zeal for
Our service assures Us that the selection We have made will be perfectly
agreeable to You; and that he will discharge his Mission in such a manner
as to merit Your approbation and esteem, and to prove himself worthy of
this new mark of Our confidence.
We therefore request that You will give entire credence to all that Mr
Hemans shall communicate to You in Our name, more especially when he shall
express to You the assurance of the lively interest which We take in
everything that affects the welfare and prosperity of Ukraine.
Given at Our Court of Saint James's, the Twenty-second day of May, One
thousand Nine hundred and Ninety-two, In the Forty-first Year of Our Reign.
Your Good Friend,
ELIZABETH R.
212 Lesson Eleven

Letters of Credence and Letters o f Recall CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS
EXHIBIT 37 Letters of credence
BILL HAYDEN
GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF AUSTRALIA
In the name of Australia and b y virtue of the powers exercisable

by me under the Constitution of Australia:
To His Excellency Mr Leonid Kravchuk, President of Ukraine:
Mr President,
Being desirous to establish the representation in Ukraine of the

interests of Australia and to promote relations of amity and concord
between Ukraine and Australia, I have appointed Cavan Oliver Penton
Hogue to reside near You in the character of Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary of Australia.
Mr Hogue's high character, ability and commitment to duty assure

me that he will discharge the duties of his Mission in such a manner
as to merit Your approval and esteem.
I therefore request that You, Mr President, receive him

favourably and give full credence to all that he m a y communicate to
You in the name of Australia, and especially w h e n he renews to You
the assurance of m y continuing interest in and good wishes for the
welfare and prosp e r i t y of Ukraine.
BILL HAYDEN
At Government House in Canberra, the
fourteenth day of February
' One Thousand Nine Hundred and Ni n e t y Two
Lesson Eleven 213

CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS Letters o f Credence and Letters of Recall
EXHIBIT 38 Letter o f Commission from the Sultan o f Brunei

Darussalam to the Queen o f the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
HIS MAJESTY SULTAN HAJI HASSANAL BOLKIAH MU'IZZADDIN

WADDAULAH IBNIAL-MARHUM SULTAN HAJI OMAR 'ALI
SAIFUDDIEN SA'ADUL KHAIRI WADDIEN,
Sovereign and Chief of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei,
Sovereign and Chief of the Most Esteemed Family Order, Sovereign and Chief
of the Most Eminent Order of Islam of Brunei, Sovereign and Chief of the
Most Illustrious Order of Paduka Laila Jasa Keberanian Gemilang, Sovereign
and Chief of the Most Exalted Order of Paduka Keberanian Laila Terbilang,
Sovereign and Chief of the Most Gallant Order of Pahlawan Negara Brunei,
Sovereign and Chief of the Most Blessed Order of Setia Negara Brunei,
Sovereign and Chief of the Most Distinguished Order of Paduka Seri Laila
Jasa, Sovereign and Chief of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of
Brunei, Sovereign and Chief of the Most Faithful Order of Perwira Agong
Negara Brunei, Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order
of Saint Michael and Saint George, Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara, Most
Esteemed Royal Family Order (First Class) Kelantan, Most Esteemed Royal
Family Order (First Class) Johore, Most Esteemed Royal Family Order (First
Class).Negeri Sembilan, Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum,
Grand Order of Mugunghwa, Most Esteemed Royal Family Order of Sri Indera
Mahkota Pahang, Order of the Republic of Indonesia Adipurna, Collar of the
Nile, The Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali, The Civil Order of Oman, Most
Esteemed Royal Family Order (First Class) Selangor, Most Esteemed Royal
Family Order (First Class) Perlis, Most Esteemed Royal Family Order (First
Class) Perak, The Ancient Order of Sikatuna Rank of Rajah, Al Khalifia,
Ouissam El Mohammdi Grand Collier, The Most Auspicious Order of the
Rajamitrabhorn, Darjah Utama Bintang Sarawak, The Order of Tumasek First
Class, First Gallantry Order of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Distinguished
Service Order (Military),
SULTAN AND YANG DI-PERTUAN

OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Al-Wathiqu Billah We
214 Lesson Eleven

His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah M u'izzaddin W a d daulah Ibni

A l - Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien,
Sovereign and Chief of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei,
Sovereign and Chief of the Most Esteemed Family Order, Sovereign and
Chief of the Most Eminent Order of Islam of Brunei, Sovereign and
Chief of the Most Illustrious Order of Paduka Laila Jasa Keberanian
Gemilang, Sovereign and Chief of the Most Exalted Order of Paduka
Keberanian Laila Terbilang, Sovereign and Chief of the Most Gallant
Order of Pahlawan Negara Brunei, Sovereign and Chief of the Most
Blessed Order of Setia Negara Brunei, Sovereign and Chief of the Most
Distinguished Order of Paduka Seri Laila Jasa, Sovereign and Chief of
the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Brunei, Sovereign and Chief
of the Most Faithful Order of Perwira Agong Negara Brunei, Honorary
Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael
and Saint George, Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara, Most Esteemed
Royal Family Order (First Class) Kelantan, Most Esteemed Royal Family
Order (First Class) Johore, Most Esteemed Royal Family Order (First
Class) Negeri Sembilan, Collar of the Supreme Order of the
Chrysanthemum, Grand Order of Mugunghwa, Most Esteemed Royal Family
Order of Sri Indera Mahkota Pahang, Order of the Republic of Indonesia
Adipurna, Collar of the Nile, The Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali, The
Civil Order of Oman, Most Esteemed Royal Family Order (First Class)
Selangor, Most Esteemed Royal Family Order (First Class) Perlis, Most
Esteemed Royal Family Order (First Class) Perak, The Ancient Order of
Sikatuna Rank of Rajah, Al Khalifia, Ouissam El Mohammdi Grand
Collier, The Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn, Darjah Utama
Bintang Sarawak, The Order of Tumasek First Class, First Gallantry
Order of the Malaysian A rmed Forces, Distinguished Service Order
(Military), Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam its
Territory and all its Dependencies.
by the Grace of Allah, Lord of the Universe, His Majesty the Sultan
and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam.
To Our Good Friend!
o fdie Û /iited o f^rea t itam and SAQtdiemv J&elmid

Sendeth Greeting!
Being desirous to maintain, without interruption, the relations of
friendship and good understanding w h i c h happily subsist between Brunei
Darussalam and
i/ie ty(?iUedSfânÿdem of^reat ê
<^ntaùri and SAGkAewi Ireland
We have selected Our Trusty and Well-beloved
Jatio,
to be accredited to You in the character of Our High Commissioner.
Lesson Eleven 215

CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS_________________________________ Letters o f Credence and Letters o f Recall
Having already had ample experience of
o f(ptfiAatima of
talents and zeal and his long service of Brunei Darussalam
assures Us that he will fulfil all duties of his Mission in such a
manner as to merit Your approbation and esteem and to prove himself
worthy of this n e w m ark of Our confidence.
We request that You give entire credence to all that
shall have occasion to communicate to You in Our name, more

especially w hen he shall express to You Our assurances of all
matters of interests for the welfare and prosp e r i t y of
(Ae tyf/itted of(j^reat cmd SAQtfAemi Irela n d

And so We commend You to the p r otection of A llah the Almighty.
Given at Our Court, 'jfitem a SA^mul<jfincwv
Bandar Seri Begawan, the 23 day of
S M u A c M m m Hijrah of the Prophet, One Thousand Four Hundred and
Eleven ( / 9 9 0 AD .) in the Year of Our Reign.
Your Good Friend

signed
HIS MAJESTY
SULTAN AND YAN G DI-PERTUAN
OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
216 Lesson Eleven

EXHIBIT 39 Letters o f Recall

——---------- —— ---------------------------------------------------------r----------------------- ------------
Elizabeth the Second,
by the Grace of God of the United
Kingdom Of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland and of Her other
Realms and Territories Queen,
Head of the Commonwealth,
Defender of the Faith
To His Excellency
Mr .. .
President of ...
Sendeth Greeting!
Our Good Friend!
Our Trusty and well-beloved Sir . .., Knight Commander of Our Most
Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, who has for some
time resided with You in the character of Our Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary, being now on the point of retiring from Our Diplomatic
Service, We have thought fit to notify You of the termination of his
Mission in that capacity.
We are Ourselves so satisfied with the zeal, ability, and fidelity
with which Sir . . . has executed Our orders on all occasions during his
Mission that We trust his conduct will also have merited Your approbation,
and in this pleasing confidence We avail Ourselves of the opportunity to
renew to You the assurances of Our constant friendship, and of Our earnest
wishes for the welfare and prosperity of ... .
Given at Our Court of Saint James's, the Eighth day of May, One
thousand Nine hundred and Ninety-two, in the Forty-first Year of Our Reign.
Your Good Friend,
(Signed) ELIZABETH R.
ASSIGNMENTS
1. What is a letter of credence?

2. What is a letter of recall?
3. How do heads of state accept or reject letters of credence?
4. When does an ambassador-designate formally assume diplomatic state?
5. What are credentials in foreign diplomacy?
6. Who sign the credentials of an ambassador and these of a chargé d’affaires?
7. What request does a letter of credence contain?
8. How are diplomatic credentials granted and withdrawn?
Lesson Eleven 217

CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS Letters of Credence and Letters o f Recall
text.
Letter of credence, letter of recall, to grant diplomatic accreditation, to reassign a

diplomat, heads of state, to accept/reject letters of credence, to present credentials, to
grant credentials, to withdraw credentials, ambassador-designate, the possession of
diplomatic immunity, to attend the ceremony, on the basis of government advice, to
accord full credence to one’s official statements, the issuing authority.
Assignment 222. Read and translate the text. Discuss the subject-matter.
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
A Foreign Ambassador Accredited to the United Kingdom and a

Commonwealth High Commissioner
An Ambassador accredited to the Court of St James’s is accorded the style of 'His
or Her Excellency' within the United Kingdom and Colonies. A Commonwealth High
Commissioner in the United Kingdom is accorded the same style and precedence as an
Ambassador.
- The partner of an Ambassador or High Commissioner is not entitled to the style of
'His or Her Excellency' and is referred to and addressed by name in official documents,
unless titled in their own right.
Precedence within the Diplomatic Corps is accorded to an Ambassador and High
Commissioner in a common roll from the time they take up their duties in London. The
London Diplomatic List, published at two-monthly intervals by HMSO, contains, after
the alphabetical list, a list of the heads of diplomatic missions in London in order of
precedence.
Chargés d ’Affaires rank after all Ambassadors and High Commissioners. If two
or more are present, they rank among themselves in accordance with the precedence to
their respective Ambassadors.
Other members of the Diplomatic Corps of equal rank are usually placed in
alphabetical order, but the relative importance of their countries may be taken into
account.
It is always correct to describe an Ambassador or High Commissioner by adding
the country after the name: for example, 'His Excellency the Ambassador of Jordan' or
'His Excellency the High Commissioner for Canada'. (Note the word 'for' in respect of
Commonwealth countries.)
218 Lesson Eleven

In a letter to an Ambassador or High Commissioner, it is usual to mention 'Your

Excellency' in the opening paragraph. In a long letter, Subsequent references may be
made to 'you' or 'your', as in 'I am most grateful to you for your assistance', but 'Your
Excellency' is again stated in the closing section.
Traditionally, letters to Ambassadors have tended to be very formal. However,
this is now thought of as old-fashioned and, although still technically correct, is rarely
used. Therefore, it is acceptable to use the social form in almost all correspondence.
A British Ambassador accredited to a foreign country is known as ‘His or Her
Excellency’ within the country to which he or she is accredited and often by courtesy
when travelling outside it on duty, but not in the United Kingdom. Similarly, an
Ambassador who is Head of a United Kingdom Mission abroad (for example, to the
United Nations) is styled ‘His or Her Excellency’.
A lady Ambassador is called Ambassador, and not Ambassadress. Her husband is
not given any style as such.
A Chargé d'Affaires is the style for the Deputy Ambassador. In the temporary
absence of the permanent head of a diplomatic mission, or between appointments as
such, a Chargé d'Affaires ad interim (ai) is generally appointed to conduct business.
Within the Commonwealth, he or she is generally appointed as and styled Acting
High Commissioner.
When there are no plans to accredit an Ambassador, the Chargé d'Affaires en titre
is occasionally named as the permanent head of a mission.
Chargés d'Affaires and Acting High Commissioners represent their governments
rather than their Heads of State and are not accorded the style of Excellency.
An Acting High Commissioner is usually addressed by name, but it is not
incorrect to address him or her by appointment thus: 'My dear Acting High
Commissioner'.
Ministers Plenipotentiary, Ministers, Minister-Counsellors, Counsellors, Advisers,
First, Second and Third Secretaries, Attaches etc. and Diplomats who are not head of
their mission are usually addressed by name, but Consuls and Consul-Generals are
usually addressed as such.
A Consul General, Consul or Vice-Consul who holds Her Majesty's Commission
is entitled to the letters 'HM' before the appointment.
Other Consuls, Vice-Consuls and Consular Agents, appointed other than by the Crown,
are known as the British Consul, Vice Consul etc. and do not have the prefix 'HM'.
The officer in charge of a Consular appointment, during the absence of the
incumbent, temporarily takes on the incumbent's rank but is addressed as 'the Acting
British Consul General, Consul' etc.
Consuls of the other Commonwealth countries are addressed as 'the Australian
Consul' etc.
( From: Debrett’s Correct Form )
Lesson Eleven 219

CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS Letters o f Credence and Letters of Recall
Assignment 223. Study the table.
Foreign Ambassador British Ambassador Chargé d’Affaires and

accredited to the Court of accredited to Foreign High Commissioner
St. James Country
Beginning of letter ~ ... .1
Formal ‘Your Excellency’ ‘S ir’ or ‘M adam ’ ‘S ir’ or ‘M adam ’
Social ‘Dear Am bassador’ ‘Dear Am bassador’ Dear Chargé d ’Affaires
‘Dear High Commissioner’ or by name
Ending o f letter j
Formal 7 have the honour to be, 7 have the honour to 7 have the honour to
with the highest be, Sir or Madam, Your be, Sir or Madam, with
consideration, Your Excellency’s obedient the highest
Excellency’s obedient servant’ consideration, Your
servant’ Excellency’s obedient
servant’
Social Yours sincerely Yours sincerely 7 have the honour to
be, Sir or Madam, Your
Excellency’s obedient
servant’
! Verbal address
Formal ‘Your Excellency’ should be ‘Your Excellency ’
mentioned at least once in should be mentioned at Chargé d ’Affair es
the conversation, and least once in the or by name
thereafter ‘S ir’ or ‘M a ’a m ’ conversation, and
or by name thereafter ‘S ir’ or
‘Ma ’am ’ or by name
Social ‘Am bassador’ or ‘High ‘Am bassador’ or by
Commissioner’ or by name name
Description in conversation
Formal His or H er Excellency His or Her Excellency ‘The Guatemalan
Social ‘The French Am bassador’ Chargé d ’Affaires’ or
or ‘the Ambassador o f the ‘The British the Chargé d ’Affaires o f
Ivory C ost’ or ‘the Am bassador’ or ‘the Guatemala
Am bassador’ or by name Am bassador’ or by ‘The British Chargé
‘The Canadian High name (as applicable) d ’Affaires’ or by name
Commissioner’ or ‘the High (as applicable)
Commissioner fo r Canada’ ‘The Acting High
or ‘the High Commissioner’ Commissioner fo r Shri
or by name Lanka ’ or by name
Joint form o f address
His or Her Excellency the French Ambassador and Madame or Monsieur le Blanc
(or appropriate title). Similarly for a High Commissioner and his or her partner.
220 Lesson Eleven

and phrases.
Посольство Австралії засвідчує свою повагу Міністерству закордонних справ України

та має честь повідомити Міністерству, що Уряд Австралії офіційно визнав незалежність
України та висловлює бажання встановити дипломатичні відносини з Україною. Копії
державних заяв про визнання та визначення політики Австралії додаються до цієї Ноти.
Посольство також має честь повідомити, що Уряд Австралії висловлює бажання
акредитувати пана ... як посла в Україні за сумісництвом. Копія біографії пана ...
додається. 3 економічних міркувань на даний момент не існує можливості заснувати
постійне дипломатичне представництво, але, як відомо Міністерству, пропонується
призначити почесного консула, що постійно проживає в Києві, як тільки будуть вжиті всі
практичні заходи.
Посольство буде вдячним Міністерству за надання інформації щодо форми
акредитування. Один із можливих видів полягає в тому, що посли, акредитовані в
колишньому СРСР, автоматично акредитуються в усіх зараз незалежних державах, які раніше
входили до складу СРСР, і тому достатнім буде простий обмін нотами, які підтверджують
продовження акредитування. Оскільки пан ... був колишнім Послом в Радянському Союзі, до
якого входила Україна, можливо Уряд України буде вважати достатнім обмін нотами, які
підтверджують, що Пан ... є Послом в Україні з 26 грудня ... року. Якщо Уряд України
погоджується з цією пропозицією, офіційна відповідь на цю Ноту, в якій висловлюється
згода вважати пана . . . Послом в Україні з 26 грудня, затверджувала б прийняття цієї
домовленості Австралією та Україною.
Однак, у випадку, якщо Уряд України вважає необхідним окреме офіційне
представлення вірчих грамот Президенту ... , Посольство було б вдячним Міністерству за
надання якнайшвидшої відповіді для того, щоб приготувати вірчі грамоти. Посольство
також' було б вдячним за інформацію щодо ходу цієї процедури, а також правильного титулу
Президента. У цьому випадку акредитування розпочинається від дня представлення вірчих
грамот.
Австралія висловлює бажання прийняти даний план дій чи розглянути інший план дій,
який Уряд України вважає належним.
Посольство Австралії користується нагодою, щоб поновити Міністерству закордонних
справ України запевнення у своїй високій повазі.
м. Москва, 30 грудня ... року
, ,
— .
Lesson Eleven 221

—
, , ,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
,
, .
.
,
, , .
- ,
.
.
Assignment 226. Read the text. Discuss the subject matter. Describe the Ceremonial
o f presentation o f Credentials to the President o f Ukraine.
It is the custom for The Deputy Secretary of State to receive or behalf of The Secretary
newly arrived designated Ambassadors. The date and hour of the appointment with The Deputy
Secretary will be set and confirmed by telephone between the mission and Protocol. The newly
designated Ambassador should dress in business attire or such national dress as would be
appropriate in his or her country. Upon arrival at the Department of State, the designated
Ambassador will be met by a Protocol officer and a representative of the appropriate
geographical bureau, escorted to the office of The Chief of Protocol for a brief courtesy call,
and then to the office of The Deputy Secretary. The newly designated Ambassador should carry
a copy of the Letter of Recall, a copy of the Letter of Credence, and a copy of the written
remarks to The President for presentation to The Deputy Secretary. It is not customary for an
embassy staff member to accompany the Ambassador-designate. If necessary, an interpreter
will be furnished by the Department.
On arrival at the office of The Deputy Secretary, the protocol representative precedes the
newly designated Ambassador into the office for presentation to The Deputy Secretary. An
informal conversation, normally of less than ten minutes duration may follow, during which the
newly designated Ambassador presents to The Deputy Secretary copies of the Letter of Recall
of the predecessor, the Letter of Credence, and the written remarks which will be presented to
The President. The "Ambassador-designate" at this moment becomes the "appointed
Ambassador." Customarily, no serious business affairs are discussed during the call unless they
222 Lesson Eleven

are raised by The Deputy Secretary. After presentation of copies of the documents referred to
above, the appointed Ambassador may conclude the call.
The appointed Ambassador is now accredited as chief of the mission and as a diplomatic
agent with whom the Department will transact any business on all matters affecting relations
between our countries. At this time the appointed Ambassador may apply to the Department for
an identification card as Ambassador and, if entitled, for a card evidencing the sales tax exemp
tion privilege.
The appointed Ambassador's precedence on the diplomatic list is established by the date
on which he calls upon The President to present credentials.
An appointed Ambassador should not call formally upon other United States officials or
members of the Diplomatic Corps until presentation of credentials to The President.
(From: Office o f the C hief o f Protocol US Department o f State,

Washington D. C.)
Assignment 227. Get acquainted with the speeches at the presentation o f Letter o f
Credence. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the
underlined words and phrases. Compose the speeches o f your
own. Reproduce in pairs.
REMARKS
OF THE AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF UKRAINE TO THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, H.E. MR. ...
TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, R.H. MR. ...
February 3, ...
Mr. President,
On behalf of the President of Ukraine, H.E. Mr. ... , I have a great
honor to present to you my letter of credence, as Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the United States of America and the
letter of recall of my predecessor.
On behalf of the President of Ukraine, H.E. Mr. ..., I would like to
convey to you and the American people the best wishes of peace and
prosperity in the new millennium.
Mr. President,
It is a great honor and immense responsibility to represent Ukraine in
the United States of America - a genuine leader of a democratic world.
Our countries enter the 21st century as close friends and partners.
These cordial and partner-like relations have been developing over the
years of ever intensifying dialogue and cooperation, and we are proud that
both countries managed to have built a reliable mechanism of strategic
partnership that withstood__trial_by time.
- A newly born democracy, Ukraine nevertheless has strong democratic
traditions,' and now is pursuing economic, social and administrative
Lesson Eleven 223

reforms, as well as continues dedicated efforts to strengthen the rule of
law and combat corruption. The people of Ukraine are committed to the
highest standards of democratic governance protection of human rights and
freedoms. In foreign policy European and Euro-Atlantic integration remains
our priority goal.
These aspirations the Ukrainian people have clearly demonstrated
during the presidential elections held in November ..., giving the
President unquestionable mandate for decisive action. Today Ukraine has
the Prime Minister and the new Government with well-established reformist
credentials, who are willing and ready to exert all efforts to successfully
complete the process of transition. In this difficult and painful process
of systemic transformation Ukraine also relies on the understanding and a
continuing support of our strategic partner — the United States of America.
Mr. President,
As Ambassador of Ukraine to the United States of America, I will spare
no efforts to develop friendly Ukrainian-American relations, cooperation
and genuine strategic partnership between our nations, and I rely on your
support in accomplishing my mission.
Thank you very much, Mr. President.
THE PRESIDENT'S REPLY

TO THE REMARKS OF THE NEWLY APPOINTED AMBASSADOR OF UKRAINE UPON THE
OCCASION OF THE PRESENTATION OF HIS LETTER OF CREDENCE
,
February 3 ...
Mr. Ambassador:
I am pleased to accept your Letter of Credence from President . ..,
which establishes you as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
Ukraine to the United States of America, and I acknowledge the Letter of
Recall of your distinguished predecessor. Thank you for your greetings on
behalf of the President, the government and the people of Ukraine. I extend
a warm welcome to you and your family on your arrival in Washington.
Ukraine is a partner and friend to the United States and key to
building a secure and undivided Europe. The United States promotes
Ukraine's development as a stable, independent, democratic, market-oriented
and prosperous state, with good relations with its neighbors and strong
links to the West.
In this spirit of friendship and strategic partnership, Ukraine has
been'a_ top priority for me and the U.S. Government from the early days of
my first term. Since that time, Ukraine has taken many important steps that
have contributed in fundamental ways to the stability and security of its
region. I saw it for myself when I visited your beautiful country. You can
be proud of what you have achieved.
Since independence, Ukraine has made much progress toward a democratic
society and market economy. Now the ground has been prepared for further
progress, based on President ... clear mandate for far-reaching economic
reform and his appointment of a strong reformer as Prime Minister. As
Ukraine moves along the path of reform, it will continue to find the United
States at its side. We support your aspirations to integrate into European
and Euro-Atlantic structures. Continued progress on economic and political
reform will create the basis for this integration, as it does for future
accession of Ukraine to the WTO.
224 Lesson Eleven

Mr. Ambassador, you and I know that our people look at their daily
lives, not at political promises, to judge for themselves whether they and
their country are on the right track to a bright future. The new Ukrainian
government which you represent here in Washington has a unique opportunity
to intensify Ukraine's integration with the successful market democracies
of the Euro-Atlantic community, and thereby to ensure a brighter future for
its people. With a new mandate for reform, this is a defining moment in
Ukraine's history. The transformation of your country into a fully stable
and democratic European state can be a model for others throughout the
region. I encourage your government to press ahead in this direction and to
achieve early, tangible progress, on reform. As you do so, please be
assured that the United States stands ready to extend whatever assistance
we can to continue to help our partner and friend Ukraine move down the
path to success.
I again congratulate and welcome you.
Assignment 228. Study and memorize the established phraseology pertaining to the
speeches at the presentation o f letters o f credence.
E xcerpts fr o m the A m b a ssa d o r’s rem arks a n d the P re sid e n t’s reply
on the occasion o f the p resentation o f C redentials
1. It is my great honour to present to Your Excellency ..., President of ... the

Letter of Credence by which President ... has appointed me Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary of ... to the Republic of ... as well as the Letter of Recall of my
predecessor, the Honourable....
2. I have the honour to present to you a letter from the governor-general of ... ,
accrediting me as ambassador o f ... to ... .
3. On behalf of the President of ... I have a great honour to present to You my
letter of credence as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of ... to ... and the
letter of recall of my predecessor.
4. I’m designated to accept this Letter of Credence from the governor-general of
... accrediting you as ...’s Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to . . . . I also
acknowledge the Letter of Recall of your distinguished predecessor ....
5. I’m pleased to accept your Letter of Credence from President ... , which
establishes you as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of ... ,
and I acknowledge the Letter of Recall of your distinguished predecessor . ... Thank you
for your greetings on behalf of your government and wish you all the best during your
tour as an Ambassador of the Republic of ... to ... .
Assignment 229. Read through the texts o f exhibits. Write out useful words and
phrases.
Lesson Eleven 225

CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS Letters of Credence and Letters o f Recall
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, .
Assisnm ent 231. Translate the following into Ukrainian.
June 20, ...
Excellency,
I have the honour to inform Your Excellency that I have today
presented to the President of the United States of America, the
Honorable . . ., the Letters of Credence accrediting me as Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of India to the
United States of America.
I avail myself of this opportunity to express to Your Excellency
my sincere desire to maintain and further strengthen the friendly and
cordial relations, which so happily exist between our Missions and
our two countries.
Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest
consideration.
H.E. .
of . . .
Washington D.C.
226 Lesson Eleven

Canadian Embassy Ambassade du Canada
The Embassy of Canada in Ukraine presents its compliments to the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and to all Diplomatic and Consular
Missions in Kyiv and has the honour to advise that Ambassador ... has
arrived in Kyiv on 2 January ....
The Embassy would also like to advise that Mr. ..., Counsellor,
has completed his tour of duty at the Canadian Embassy in Kyiv.
Pending the presentation of Letters of credence of the new
Ambassador, Mr. ..., Counsellor, will act as Charge d'Affaires.
The Embassy of Canada avails itself of this opportunity to renew
to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and to all Diplomatic and Consular
Missions in Kyiv the assurances of its highest consideration.
Kyiv, 8 January ...
April 17, . ..
The Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan presents its compliments to

the Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Ukraine and with reference to the
esteemed Ministry's note No. ... dated 28 December ... on the acceptance of
nomination of Mr. ... as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
the Republic of the Sudan to Ukraine, the Embassy of the Republic of the
Sudan seeks the kind assistance of the esteemed Ministry to arrange for the
presentation of the Credentials to H.E. the President of Ukraine by the
Ambassador-designate as soon as practical and to inform this end with the
proposed date of presentation.
The Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan avails itself of this
opportunity to renew to the Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Ukraine the
THE FOREIGN MINISTRY OF

THE REPUBLIC OF UKRAINE
Kyiv
Lesson Eleven 227

The High Commission for the Republic of Zimbabwe presents its

compliments to all Diplomatic Missions and International Organizations
accredited to the Court of St. James's and has the honour to inform them of
the arrival In London of His Excellency ... on 26 August ... .
Pending the presentation of the Letters of Credence to Her Majesty
Queen Elizabeth II, H.E. ... has assumed duties as High Commissioner for
the Republic of Zimbabwe to the Court of St. James's.
The High Commission for the Republic of Zimbabwe avails itself of this
opportunity to renew to the Diplomatic Missions and International
Organisations accredited to the Court of St. James's the assurances of its
LONDON
27 August ...
Diplomatic Missions accredited

to the Court of St. James's
LONDON
12 July ...
Your Excellency
I have the honour to inform Your Excellency that I have today
presented to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II the Letters of Credence
accrediting me as High Commissioner for the Republic of Singapore to the
Court of St James's.
I avail myself of this opportunity to express to Your Excellency my
sincere desire to maintain and further strengthen the cordial relations
that so happily exist between our two countries and missions.
All Heads of Missions

accredited to the Court of St James's
228 Lesson Eleven

PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ICELAND

TO
HIS EXCELLENCY MR. ...
PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE
Great and Good Friend,
, Being desirous of cultivating and fostering the relations of
friendship and good understanding which so happily subsist between Iceland
and Ukraine, I have made choice of Mr. ... to represent Iceland in the
character of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Ukraine.
Having already had ample experience of Mr. ...'s talents and zeal for
my service I doubt not that he will fulfill the important duties of his
mission in such a manner as to merit Your Excellency's approbation and
esteem and to prove himself worthy of this new mark of my confidence.
-l request that Your Excellency will accordingly give entire credence
to all that Mr. ... shall have occasion to communicate to You in my name in
respect of Iceland, more especially when he shall express to Your
Excellency my cordial wishes for Your happiness and shall assure You of the
invariable attachment and highest esteem with which I am,
Your Excellency's Good Friend
Reykjavik, 21 June ...
President of the United States o f America

To His Excellency
President o f ...
Excellency:
• •••/ who served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
the United States of America to your Government, has resigned his mission.
Because he is unable to present his letter of recall in person, I have
asked his successor to present it to you.
. 1 .a™ confident that M r ..... in fulfilling the trust imposed upon
him, dedicated himself to strengthening the good understanding and friendly
relations existing between our two Governments. I sincerely hope that he
succeeded in gaining your esteem and good will. *
Very truly yours,
By the President:
(Signed) ...
(Countersigned)
..., Secretary of State
Washington, 12 May ...
Lesson Eleven 229

Assignment 232. Translate the following into English.
( II,
( ‘ ,
, ( ,
,
(
:
( ( ,
^
...
( ( ( ( ...,
- , ( .
,
.
( , '
( ( .
: (...)
« » ...
.
230 Lesson Eleven

Letters o f Credence and Letters o f Recall________________ ___________ ______ CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTlS
(
...
(
.
( ( + !
9/ ,
...
^ (
[ , ... { ,
, , ( (
( .
( ,
( ( .
: ^
^
^
.% ' >
« » _______ ...
Lesson Eleven
231
CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC ACTS_________________________________ Letters o f Credence and Letters of Recall
Assignment 233. Translate into English the samples o f Letters o f Credence and
Recall.
( ', )
( )
,
,
__________________________ _________
( ).
,
.
, (
) .
( )
. ,___________...
( )
( ', , )
,
,
( ) ,
----------- --------------------------------------------------
.
________________________________________ ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
, , .
( ), 28 ...
( )
232 Lesson Eleven

Letters o f Credence and Letters o f Recall
CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATIC A P T S
( ' , )
( )
,
, 3
( ).
' , --------------------------------------- ------
, ( ),
.
, (
) .
( )
Lesson Eleven
CHAPTER V. CONSULAR INSTRUMENTS
Commission and Exequatur
CHAPTER V
CONSULAR INSTRUMENTS
Lesson 12. COMMISSION AND EXEQUATUR
The usual criterion used for the distinction between diplomats and consuls is the
representative character of the former of which the latter are devoid. However, this
distinction is not altogether correct. Undoubtedly diplomatic agents have a general
representative character since in all matters and relations they represent their country in
another state to which they are accredited. Consuls, on the other hand, as state organs,
also represent their country in another state, but only in matters within their competence.
Thus, the representative character of consuls is, like their competence, specific, and
secondary to that of diplomatic agents. 1
The title Consul is used for the official representatives of the government of one
state in the territory of another, normally acting to assist and protect the citizens of the
consul's own country, and to facilitate trade and friendship between the people of the
country to whom he or she is accredited and the country of which he or she is a
representative.
This distinguishes the consul from the ambassador or chargé d'affaires, who is,
technically, a representative from one head of state to another. Thus, while there is but
one ambassador representing a nation's head of state to another, and his or her duties
îevolve around diplomatic relations between the two countries, there may be several
consuls, one in each of several main cities, providing assistance with bureaucratic issues
to both the citizens of the consul's own country travelling or living abroad, and to the
citizens of the country the consul is in who wish to travel to or trade with the consul's
country.
^ The office of a Consul is termed a Consulate, and is usually subordinated to the

state’s main representation in that foreign country, nowadays usually an Embassy or
High Commission (commonly in the capital city of the host nation). A consul of the high
rank is termed a consul general , and his or her office —a “consulate general”.
Some consuls are not career officials of the represented state at all; some are
locally-engaged staff with the nationality of the sending country; (see Chapter 1, Section
1, Article 22 of convention), and in smaller cities, or in cities that are very distant from
full-time diplomatic missions, a foreign government may decide that some form of
representation is nevertheless desirable, and may appoint a person who has not hitherto
been part of their diplomatic service to fulfill this role.
234
Lesson Twelve
In some instances, the honorary consul may not be a citizen of the sending
country, and may well combine the job with their own (often commercial) private
activities, in which case they are usually given the title of honorary consul. Many
members of the public are not aware that honorary consuls are not full-time diplomats.
Subject to the provisions of Articles 11, 12, 13 and 14 of the Vienna Convention
on Consular Relations (1963) “The head of a consular post shall be provided by the
sending State with a document, in the form of a commission or similar instrument, made
out for each appointment, certifying his capacity and showing, as a general rule, his full
name, his category and class, the consular district and the seat of the consular post.
The sending State shall transmit the commission or similar instrument through
the diplomatic or other appropriate channel to the government of the State in whose
territory the head of a consular post is to exercise his functions.
^ receiving State agrees, the sending State may, instead of a commission or
similar instrument, send to the receiving State a notification containing the particulars
required by paragraph 1 of Article 11. -
The head of a consular post is admitted to the exercise of his functions by an

authorization from the receiving State termed an exequatur*, whatever the form of this
authorization.
A State which refuses to grant an exequatur is not obliged to give to the sending
State reasons for such refusal.
The head of a consular post shall not enter upon his duties until he has received an
exequatur.
Pending delivery of the exequatur, the head of a consular post may be admitted on
a provisional basis to the exercise of his functions. In that case, the provisions of the
present Convention shall apply.
As soon as the head of a consular post is admitted even provisionally to the

exercise of his functions, the receiving State shall immediately notify the competent
authorities of the consular district. It shall also ensure that the necessary measures are
taken to enable the head of a consular post to carry out the duties of his office and to
have the benefit of the provisions of the present Convention”.
A n exequatur is a patent w hich a head o f state issues to a foreign consul w hich guarantees the consul's rights
and privileges o f the office and ensures recognition in the state to w hich the consul is appointed to exercise such
pow ers. If a consul is not appointed by com m ission, the consul receives no exequatur; the governm ent will
usually provide som e other m eans to recognize the consul. T he exequatur m ay be w ithdraw n, b u t in practice
w here a consul is obnoxious, an opportunity is afforded to his g overnm ent to recall him
Lesson Twelve
235
CHAPTER V. CONSULAR INSTRUMENTS Commission and Exequatur
EXHIBIT 40 Commission
g.m THE PRESIDENT OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC
fm
Having accepted the appointment of Mr. ... as Consul General of Greece
in Odessa in order that he extends lawful assistance and protection to our
citizens residing or travelling through this area for commercial or other
purposes.
We request the Government of Ukraine to permit him full and free
exercise of his consular activities and to extend to him all rights,
privileges and facilities extended to the Consul of other Nations.
In witness thereof, this Commission was signed by us, countersigned by
our Minister of Foreign Affairs and sealed with the Great Seal of the
Republic.
In Athens, the twenty fourth of May of the year . . .
THE PRESIDENT OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC
THE MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
EXHIBIT 41 Commission
BOTSCHAFT DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND

Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany
No. . . .
The Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of the Federal Republic of Germany presents

his compliments to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign
and Commonwealth Affairs and, with reference to the letter (Ref. No.) of 9
June ..., has the honour to transmit herewith the Commission of Appointment
for
Herr . . .
as Consul General (career) of the Federal Republic of Germany for the
Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicox Islands with residence at Kingston,
Jamaica.
The Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of the Federal Republic of Germany would be
grateful if Her Majesty's Exequatur could be granted and avails himself of
his opportunity to renew to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for
Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs the assurance of his highest
consideration.
London, ...
L.S.
Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State
for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
London SW1
DER OOTSCHAFTER DER
BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND
236 Lesson Twelve

EXHIBIT 42 Exequatur
The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade presents its compliments

to M ln'S,
t rY,°f Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and has the honour to refer
o the Ministry's Note . . . Which nominates a head of a consular post in
accordance with Article 11 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.
Relations300'
3 nCe Wlth Artlcle 12 of the Vienna Convention on Consular
is by this Exequatur admitted to the exercise of his functions as

Australia C°nSUl °f Ukraine at Melbourne with jurisdiction throughout
The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade avails itself of this

CANBERRA
24 November
Chief of Protocol
ASSIGNMENTS
Assignment 234. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What is the title Consul used for?

2. What distinguishes the consul from the ambassador or chargé d’affaires?
3. What is the Consulate usually subordinated to?
4. Are honorary consuls full-time diplomats?
5. What instrument shall the head of a consular post be provided by the sending
state? “
6. What document admits the head of a consular post to exercise his functions in the
receiving state?
7. Is the state obliged to give reasons to the sending state if it refuses to grant an
exequatur?
8. When may the head of a consular post be admitted on a provisional basis to the
exercise of its functions? '
9. What measures are taken by the receiving state to enable the head of a consular
post to carry out the duties of his office?
Lesson Twelve 237

text.
To facilitate trade and friendship, to be accredited to, bureaucratic issues, High

Commission, consul general, consulate general, career official, locally-engaged staff,
full-time diplomatic missions, honorary consul, private activities, the public, full-time
diplomats, to exercise powers.
, , ( ), ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , ’ ,
, .
Assignment 239. Study the word “office” in different phrases. Suggest their
h older o f an to leave(to resign) ~

:‘ party in ~ / 4 to extend the term o f ~
for ~ use / \ to refuse an ~
to assum e (to I -office- I to run for the ~ o f the
\ !
com e into, to enter \ч / president
/
upon, to take) ~ to perform the ~ o f
to be in(to hold) ~ chairm an
, , , (
), ’ ,
, , ’ ,
, .
238 Lesson Twelve

Commission and Exequatur CHAPTER V. CONSULAR INSTRUMENTS
Assignment 241. Read the text. Find pertinent words and word combinations.
Translate them into Ukrainian.
Consulates are more numerous than diplomatic missions (e.g. embassies), since
the latter are posted only in a foreign nation's capital (exceptionally even outside the
country, in case of a multiple mandate, e.g. a minor power may well accredit a single
Ambassador with several neighbouring states of modest relative importance that are not
considered important allies), while consular ones are also posted in various cities
throughout the country, especially centers of economic activity, or wherever there is a
significant population of its citizens (expatriates) in residence.
Consulates are subordinate posts of their home country's diplomatic mission
(usually an embassy, in the capital city of the host country). Diplomatic missions are
established in international law under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,
while consulates-general and consulates are established in international law under the
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Formally, at least within the US system, the
consular career (ranking in descending order: Consul-General, Consul, Vice-Consul,
Honorary Consul) forms a different hierarchy from the diplomats in the strict sense.
However, it is common for individuals to be transferred from one hierarchy to the other,
and for consular officials to serve in a capital carrying out strictly consular duties within
the 'consular section' of a diplomatic post, e.g. within an embassy.
Activities of a consulate include protecting the interests of their citizens
temporarily or permanently resident in the host country, issuing passports; issuing visas
to foreigners and public diplomacy. However, the principal role of a consulate lies
traditionally in promoting trade-assisting companies to invest and to import and export
goods and services both inwardly to their home country and outward to their host
country.
Assignment 242. Translate into English m indful o f the words and expressions
given in brackets.
,
,
(a consular officer) , (with the consent)
, (be
authorized to perform diplomatic acts).
(to affect one’s consular status)
(not confer upon smb. any right
to claim diplomatic privileges and immunities).
Lesson Twelve 239

(e) helping and assisting nationals, both e)

individuals and bodies corporate, of the (
sending State; ) ;
(f) acting as notary and civil registrar and f) ' ,

in capacities of a similar kind, and
performing certain functions of an ' ,
administrative nature, provided that there
is nothing contrary thereto in the laws , ,
and regulations of the receiving State;
;
(g) safeguarding the interests of g) (
nationals, both individuals and bodies )
corporate, of the sending State in cases «mortis causa»
of succession mortis causa in the
territory of the receiving State, in
accordance with the laws and regulations .
of the receiving State.
Assignaient 244. Translate the following into English.
, —
« ». ,
,
' .
,
. ,
15 1993 . :
1. «
.
2.
.
3.
' , .
4.
.
5.
Lesson Twelve 241

,
, -
(inter-governmental organization). ,
(to be entitled) ,
(to accord)
(customary international law) . ,
- ,
,
.
Assignment 243. Do the two-way translation.
Consular functions
Consular functions consist in: :
(a) protecting in the receiving State the )

interests of the sending State and of its
nationals, both individuals and bodies ( ) ,
corporate, within the limits permitted by ;
international law;
(b) furthering the development of ) ,

commercial, economic, cultural and ,
scientific relations between the sending '
State and the receiving State and ,
otherwise promoting friendly relations
between them in accordance with the
provisions of the present Convention; ;
(c) ascertaining by all lawful means ) '

conditions and developments in the ,
commercial, economic, cultural and ,
scientific life of the receiving State, ,
reporting thereon to the Government of
the sending State and giving information ;
to persons interested;
(d) issuing passports and travel

documents to nationals of the sending d)
State, and visas or appropriate
documents to persons wishing to travel ,
to the sending State; ;
240 Lesson Twelve

' , ,
, » ( . , . 2, 3, 4, 5, ).
. ,
,
. ,
, .
16 ... (
)
. ... .
... . ...
, ,
, - ,
, - '
.
...
Assignment 245. Study the excerpts from Consular Convention. Translate into
Ukrainian.
CONSULAR CONVENTION BETWEEN ... AND ...

The President o f ... and the President o f ...,
Prompted by the desire to develop and strengthen the friendly relations between
the two countries in the spirit of the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference on
Security and Co-operation in Europe, and especially those provisions regarding the
conclusion of consular conventions,
Have decided to conclude a Consular Convention and for that purpose have
appointed as their plenipotentiaries:
The President o f ..., Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary o f ...
The President o f ..., Minister for Foreign Affairs o f ... .
who, having exchanged their full powers, found in good and due form, have
agreed as follows:
242 Lesson Twelve

Article 2.
1. A consular post may be established in the receiving State only with that State's
consent. ’
2. The seat of the consular post, its classification, the consular district and the size
of the consular staff shall be established by agreement between the sending State and the
receiving State.
Article 3.
1. The sending State shall obtain confirmation through the diplomatic channel that
the person it intends to appoint as head of the consular post has met with the approval of
the receiving State.
2. The sending State shall transmit to the receiving State, through the diplomatic
channel, the consular commission relating to the appointment of the head of the consular
post. The commission or other instrument shall show the full name of the head of the
consular post, his class, the seat of the consular post and the consular district.
3. The head of a consular post may not enter upon his duties until the exequatur
granted by the receiving State has been received. The exequatur shall be granted as soon
as possible. Pending delivery of the exequatur, the receiving State may permit the head
of a consular post to exercise his functions on a provisional basis. In that case the
provisions of this Convention shall apply.
Article 4.
1- If the head of a consular post is unable for any reason to carry out his or her
functions or the position of head of consular post is temporarily vacant, the sending
State may designate a consular officer of the consular post in question or of another
consular post in the receiving State, or a member of the diplomatic staff of its diplomatic
mission in the receiving State, to act provisionally as head of the consular post. The
receiving State shall be notified in advance, through the diplomatic channel, by the
sending State.
2. A peison designated to act provisionally as head of a consular post shall enjoy
the same rights, facilities, privileges and immunities as are accorded under this
Convention to the head of the consular post.
3. When a member of the diplomatic staff of the diplomatic mission of the
sending State is designated to act provisionally as head of a consular post, his diplomatic
privileges and immunities shall not be affected ...
Article 47.
1. This Convention shall be ratified. It shall enter into force on the thirtieth day
after the exchange of instruments of ratification, which shall take place at Paris.
2. This Convention shall remain in force indefinitely and may be denounced by
either of the High Contracting Parties by means of written notification. In that case, it
shall cease to have effect six months after the date of its denunciation.
Lesson Twelve 243

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the plenipotentiaries of the High Contracting Parties,

duly authorized to that end, have signed this Convention and have thereto affixed their
seals.
DONE at Berlin on 16 June ..., in duplicate in the ... and ... languages, both texts
being equally authentic.
For the President For the President
[Signed] [Signed]

A consular officer shall have the right:
- To receive and certify declarations by nationals of the sending State;
- To receive, certify and accept for safekeeping wills, testaments and other documents
relating to unilateral legal acts by nationals of the sending State;
- To receive, certify and accept for safekeeping contracts concluded between nationals
of the sending State, provided they do not concern the establishment, transfer or
annulment of rights to immovable property in the receiving State;
- To authenticate signatures of nationals of the sending State on documents and on
copies of and extracts from documents;
- To legalize documents issued by the competent authorities or officials of the
receiving State and intended for use in the sending State;
- To translate documents and certify translations;
- To issue other documents in exercise of their consular functions assigned to them by
the sending State, in accordance with the laws of that State, provided that such
documents are not contrary to the laws of the receiving State.
Instruments and documents specified in paragraph 1 of this article shall have the
same legal validity and evidential value in the receiving State as corresponding
instruments and documents authenticated or certified by the competent authorities of the
receiving State, provided that they are not contrary to the laws of the receiving State.
:
- , , , ,
, ,
,
, , , , :
- -
;
244 Lesson Twelve

- ;
- .
, , 1 ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
. '
Assignaient 248. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention
to the underlined words and expressions.
1. ( - )
, .
2.
, , , -
, , , ' .
3.
, ,
.
4. ,
.
5.
- ,
'
( ). *
6. ,
.
7.
, ,
.
8. ,
,
,
,
.
( )
Lesson Twelve 245

Assignment 249. Translate the text o f Consular Commission into Ukrainian.
On behalf o f the ‘President

o f the Republic o f Hungary
‘The President o f the “
Republic o f Hungary
appointed
Mr. . . .
Hungarian citizen as Consul Qeneralo f the Republic o f Hungary zvithjurisdiction over

the region o f Transcarpatfua and the provinces o f Lviv, Ivano-fran/q.vst^ Chemivtsi, zvith
residence in the City o f Uzhorod.
I respectfully request the Qovemment and all the authorities o f Ukraine to recognize the
capacity o f Mr. . . . a s Consul Qeneral, to render assistance and support to his activity and to
accordhim all thefacilities, privileges and immunities due to him. by virtue o f his office.
I call upon all Hungarian nationals staying on the territory o f jurisdiction defined in the
first paragraph: whether on official mission or as private persons to comply zvith andfollozv suit
the instructions issued by M r.... in his legalcapacity as Consul Qeneral.
Qiven in ‘Budapest,
On the 30th day o f June in the year o f...
/Signed/ ...
Ministerfo r [Foreign Affairs

O f the Republic o f Hungary
Certified true translation:

/ .../
Chief o f Protocol
246 Lesson Twelve

Assignment 250. Translate the text o f the following consular instruments into
English.
- , (
, , ,
,
.
( ‘ ...
' 1 . ,
, ,
, , ,
^
( ( ^ (
2 ... ,
( .
...
( ...
. ,4 ...
... ‘
Lesson Twelve 247

®
, .
...
26 ...
12 ( 24 1963 :
( .
, ... ,
.
...
, III .
...
(
...
. ,4 ...
... ‘ "
248 Lesson Twelve

Appendix # 1 A GUIDE TO DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
1961
Done at Vienna on 18 April 1961. Entered into force on 24 April 1964.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 500, p. 95.
The States Parties to the present Convention,
Recalling that peoples of all nations from ancient times have recognized the status of
diplomatic agents,
Having in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations concerning the
sovereign equality of States, the maintenance of international peace and security, and the promotion of
friendly relations among nations,
Believing that an international convention on diplomatic intercourse, privileges and immunities

would contribute to the development of friendly relations among nations, irrespective of their differing
constitutional and social systems,
Realizing that the purpose of such privileges and immunities is not to benefit individuals but to
ensure the efficient performance of the functions of diplomatic missions as representing States,
Affirming that the rules of customary international law should continue to govern questions not
expressly regulated by the provisions of the present Convention,
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1
For the purpose of the present Convention, the following expressions shall have the meanings
hereunder assigned to them:
(a) The “head of the mission” is the person charged by the sending State with the duty of acting in
that capacity;
(b) The “members of the mission” are the head of the mission and the members of the staff of the
mission;
(c) The “members of the staff of the mission” are the members of the diplomatic staff, of the
administrative and technical staff and of the service staff of the mission;
(d) The “members of the diplomatic staff’ are the members of the staff of the mission having
diplomatic rank;
(e) A “diplomatic agent” is the head of the mission or a member of the diplomatic staff of the
mission;
The Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations 249

A GUIDE TO DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE Appendix # 1
if) The members of the administrative and technical staff’ are the members of the staff of the
mission employed in the administrative and technical service of the mission;
(g) The “members of the service staff’ are the members of the staff of the mission in the domestic
service of the mission;
(h) A “private servant” is a person who is in the domestic service of a member of the mission and
- who is not an employee of the sending State;
O') The “premises of the mission” are the buildings or parts of buildings and the land ancillary
thereto, irrespective of ownership, used for the purposes of the mission including the residence
of the head of the mission.
Article 2
The establishment of diplomatic relations between States, and of permanent diplomatic

missions, takes place by mutual consent.
Article 3
1. The functions of a diplomatic mission consist, inter alia, in:
(a) Representing the sending State in the receiving State;
(b) Protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its nationals, within the
- limits permitted by international law;
(c) Negotiating with the Government of the receiving State;
(d) Ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the receiving State, and
reporting thereon to the Government of the sending State;
(<?) Promoting friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving State, and developing
their economic, cultural and scientific relations. ~ ’
2. Nothing in the present Convention shall be construed as preventing the performance of

consular functions by a diplomatic mission.
Article 4
1. The sending State must make certain that the agrément of the receiving State has been given
for the person it proposes to accredit as head of the mission to that State.
2. The receiving State is not obliged to give reasons to the sending State for a refusal of
agrément.
250 The Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations

Article 5
1. The sending State may, after it has given due notification to the receiving States concerned,
accredit a head of mission or assign any member of the diplomatic staff, as the case may be, to more
than one State, unless there is express objection by any of the receiving States.
2. If the sending State accredits a head of mission to one or more other States it may establish a
diplomatic mission headed by a chargé d ’affaires ad interim in each State where the head of m issio n
has not his permanent seat.
3. A head of mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the mission may act as
representative of the sending State to any international organization.
Article 6
Two or more States may accredit the same person as head of mission to another State, unless
objection is offered by the receiving State.
Article 7
Subject to the provisions of articles 5, 8, 9 and 11, the sending State may freely appoint the
members of the staff of the mission. In the case of military, naval or air attachés, the receiving State
may require their names to be submitted beforehand, for its approval.
Article 8
1. Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission should in principle be of the nationality of the
sending State.
2. Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission may not be appointed from among persons
having the nationality of the receiving State, except with the consent of that State which may be
withdrawn at any time.
3. The receiving State may reserve the same right with regard to nationals of a third State who
are not also nationals of the sending State.
Article 9
1. The receiving State may at any time and without having to explain its decision, notify the
sending State that the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is
persona non grata or that any other member of the staff of the mission is not acceptable. In any such
case, the sending State shall, as appropriate, either recall the person concerned or terminate his
functions with the mission. A person may be declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the
territory of the receiving State.
2. If the sending State refuses or fails within a reasonable period to carry out its obligations
under paragraph 1 of this article, the receiving State may refuse to recognize the person concerned as a
member of the mission.

Article 10
1. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State, or such other ministry as may be
agreed, shall be notified of:
(a) The appointment of members of the mission, their arrival and their final departure or the
termination of their functions with the mission;
(b) The arrival and final departure of a person belonging to the family of a member of the mission
and, where appropriate, the fact that a person becomes or ceases to be a member of the family
of a member of the mission;
(c) The arrival and final departure of private servants in the employ of persons referred to in
subparagraph (a) of this paragraph and, where appropriate, the fact that they are leaving the
employ of such persons;
(d) The engagement and discharge of persons resident in the receiving State as members of the
mission or private servants entitled to privileges and immunities.
2. Where possible, prior notification of arrival and final departure shall also be given.
Article 11
1. In the absence of specific agreement as to the size of the mission, the receiving State may
require that the size of a mission be kept within limits considered by it to be reasonable and normal,
having regard to circumstances and conditions in the receiving State and to the needs of the particular
mission.
2. The receiving State may equally, within similar bounds and on a non-discriminatory basis,
refuse to accept officials of a particular category.
Article 12
The sending State may not, without the prior express consent of the receiving State, establish
offices forming part of the mission in localities other than those in which the mission itself is
established.
Article 13
1. The head of the mission is considered as having taken up his functions in the receiving State
either when he has presented his credentials or when he has notified his arrival and a true copy of his
credentials has been presented to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State, or such other
ministry as may be agreed, in accordance with the practice prevailing in the receiving State which shall
be applied in a uniform manner.
2. The order of presentation of credentials or of a true copy thereof will be determined by the
date and time of the arrival of the head of the mission.

Article 14
1. Heads of mission are divided into three classes, namely:
(a) That of ambassadors or nuncios accredited to Heads of State, and other heads of mission of
equivalent rank;
(,b) That of envoys, ministers and intemuncios accredited to Heads of State;
(c) That of chargés d ’affaires accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs.
2. Except as concerns precedence and etiquette, there shall be no differentiation between heads
of mission by reason of their class.
Article 15
The class to which the heads of their missions are to be assigned shall be agreed between States.
Article 16
1. Heads of mission shall take precedence in their respective classes in the order of the date and
time of taking up their functions in accordance with article 13.
2. Alterations in the credentials of a head of mission not involving any change of class shall not
affect his precedence.
3. This article is without prejudice to any practice accepted by the receiving State regarding the
precedence of the representative of the Holy See.
Article 17
The precedence of the members of the diplomatic staff of the mission shall be notified by the
head of the mission to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs or such other ministry as may be agreed.
Article 18
The procedure to be observed in each State for the reception of heads of mission shall be
uniform in respect of each class.
Article 19
1. If the post of head of the mission is vacant or if the head of the mission is unable to perform
his functions a chargé d ’affaires ad interim shall act provisionally as head of the mission. The name of
the chargé d ’affaires ad interim shall be notified, either by the head of the mission or, in case he is
unable to do so, by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the sending State to the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs of the receiving State or such other ministry as may be agreed.

2. In cases where no member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is present in the receiving
State, a member of the administrative and technical staff may, with the consent of the receiving State,
be designated by the sending State to be in charge of the current administrative affairs of the mission.
Article 20
The mission and its head shall have the right to use the flag and emblem of the sending State on
the premises of the mission, including the residence of the head of the mission, and on his means of
transport.
Article 21
1. The receiving State shall either facilitate the acquisition on its territory, in accordance with its
laws, by the sending State of premises necessary for its mission or assist the latter in obtaining
accommodation in some other way.
2. It shall also, where necessary, assist missions in obtaining suitable accommodation for their
members.
Article 22
1. The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agents of the receiving State may not
enter them, except with the consent of the head of the mission.
2. The receiving State is under a special duty to take all appropriate steps to protect the premises
of the mission against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the
mission or impairment of its dignity.
3. The premises of the mission, their furnishings and other property thereon and the means of
transport of the mission shall be immune from search, requisition, attachment or execution.
Article 23
1. The sending State and the head of the mission shall be exempt from all national, regional or
municipal dues and taxes in respect of the premises of the mission, whether owned or leased, other than
such as represent payment for specific services rendered.
2. The exemption from taxation referred to in this article shall not apply to such dues and taxes
payable under the law of the receiving State by persons contracting with the sending State or the head
of the mission.
Article 24
The archives and documents of the mission shall be inviolable at any time and wherever they
may be.
Article 25
The receiving State shall accord full facilities for the performance of the functions of the
mission.

Article 26
Subject to its laws and regulations concerning zones entry into which is prohibited or regulated
for reasons of national security, the receiving State shall ensure to all members of the mission freedom
of movement and travel in its territory.
Article 27
1. The receiving State shall permit and protect free communication on the part of the mission
for all official purposes. In communicating with the Government and the other missions and consulates
of the. sending State, wherever situated, the mission may employ all appropriate means, including
diplomatic couriers and messages in code or cipher. However, the mission may install and use a
wireless transmitter only with the consent of the receiving State.
2. The official correspondence of the mission shall be inviolable. Official correspondence

means all correspondence relating to the mission and its functions.
3. The diplomatic bag shall not be opened or detained.
4. The packages constituting the diplomatic bag must bear visible external marks of their
character and may contain only diplomatic documents or articles intended for official use.
5. The diplomatic courier, who shall be provided with an official document indicating his status
and the number of packages constituting the diplomatic bag, shall be protected by the receiving State in
the performance of his functions. He shall enjoy person inviolability and shall not be liable to any form
of arrest or detention. '
6. The sending State or the mission may designate diplomatic couriers ad hoc. In such cases the
provisions of paragraph 5 of this article shall also apply, except that the immunities therein mentioned
shall cease to apply when such a courier has delivered to the consignee the diplomatic bag in his
charge. "
7. A diplomatic bag may be entrusted to the captain of a commercial aircraft scheduled to land
at an authorized port of entry. He shall be provided with an official document indicating the number of
packages constituting the bag but he shall not be considered to be a diplomatic courier. The mission
may send one of its members to take possession of the diplomatic bag directly and freely from the
captain of the aircraft.
Article 28
The fees and charges levied by the mission in the course of its official duties shall be exempt
from all dues and taxes.
Article 29
The person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall not be liable to any form of arrest
or detention. The receiving State shall treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to
prevent any attack on his person, freedom or dignity.

Article 30
1. The private residence of a diplomatic agent shall enjoy the same inviolability and protection
as the premises of the mission.
2. His papers, correspondence and, except as provided in paragraph 3 of article 31, his property,
shall likewise enjoy inviolability.
Article 31
1. A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State.
He shall also enjoy immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction, except in the case of:
(a) A real action relating to private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving
State, unless he holds it on behalf of the sending State for the purposes of the mission;
(b) An action relating to succession in which the diplomatic agent is involved as executor,
administrator, heir or legatee as a private person and not on behalf of the sending State;
(c) An action relating to any professional or commercial activity exercised by the diplomatic agent
.. in the receiving State outside his official functions.
2. A diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a witness.
3. No measures of execution may be taken in respect of a diplomatic agent except in the cases
coming under subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) of paragraph 1 of this article, and provided that the
measures concerned can be taken without infringing the inviolability of his person or of his residence.
4. The immunity of a diplomatic agent from the jurisdiction of the receiving State does not
exempt him from the jurisdiction of the sending State.
Article 32
1. The immunity from jurisdiction of diplomatic agents and of persons enjoying immunity
under article 37 may be waived by the sending State.
2. Waiver must always be express.
3. The initiation of proceedings by a diplomatic agent or by a person enjoying immunity from

jurisdiction under article 37 shall preclude him from invoking immunity from jurisdiction in respect of
any counterclaim directly connected with the principal claim.
4. Waiver of immunity from jurisdiction in respect of civil or administrative proceedings shall

not be held to imply waiver of immunity in respect of the execution of the judgement, for which a
separate waiver shall be necessary.

Avvendix # 1 A GUIDE TO DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
Article 33
1. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3 of this article, a diplomatic agent shall with respect
to services rendered for the sending State be exempt from social security provisions which may be in
force in the receiving State.
2. The exemption provided for in paragraph 1 of this article shall also apply to private servants
who are in the sole employ of a diplomatic agent, on condition:
(a) That they are not nationals of or permanently resident in the receiving State; and
(b) That they are covered by the social security provisions which may be in force in the sending
State or a third State. "
- 3. A diplomatic agent who employs persons to whom the exemption provided for in paragraph 2
of this article does not apply shall observe the obligations which the social security provisions of the
receiving State impose upon employers.
4. The exemption provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article shall not preclude voluntary
participation in the social security system of the receiving State provided that such participation is
permitted by that State. * !
5. The provisions of this article shall not affect bilateral or multilateral agreements concerning
social security concluded previously and shall not prevent the conclusion of such agreements in the
future. "
Article 34
A diplomatic agent shall be exempt from all dues and taxes, personal or real, national, regional
or municipal, except: '
(a) Indirect taxes of a kind which are normally incorporated in the price of goods or services;
(b) Dues and taxes on private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving State,
.. unless he holds it on behalf of the sending State for the purposes of the m issio n ;
(c) Estate, succession or inheritance duties levied by the receiving State, subject to the provisions
of paragraph 4 of article 39; ‘
(d) Dues and taxes on private income having its source in the receiving State and capital taxes on
investments made in commercial undertakings in the receiving State;
O) Charges levied for specific services rendered;
if) Registration, court or record fees, mortgage dues and stamp duty, with respect to immovable
property, subject to the provisions of article 23.

Article 35
- The receiving State shall exempt diplomatic agents from all personal services, from all public
service of any kind whatsoever, and from military obligations such as those connected with
requisitioning, military contributions and billeting.
Article 36
1. The receiving State shall, in accordance with such laws and regulations as it may adopt,
permit entry of and grant exemption from all customs duties, taxes, and related charges other than
charges for storage, cartage and similar services, on:
(a) Articles for the official use of the mission;
(b) Articles for the personal use of a diplomatic agent or members of his family forming part of his
household, including articles intended for his establishment.
2. The personal baggage of a diplomatic agent shall be exempt from inspection, unless there are
serious grounds for presuming that it contains articles not covered by the exemptions mentioned in
paragraph 1 of this article, or articles the import or export of which is prohibited by the law or
controlled by the quarantine regulations of the receiving State. Such inspection shall be conducted only
in the presence of the diplomatic agent or of his authorized representative.
Article 37
1. The members of the family of a diplomatic agent forming part of his household shall, if they
are not nationals of the receiving State, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in articles 29 to
36.
2. Members of the administrative and technical staff of the mission, together with members of
their families forming part of their respective households, shall, if they are not nationals of or
permanently resident in the receiving State, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in articles 29
to 35, except that the immunity from civil and administrative jurisdiction of the receiving State
specified in paragraph 1 of article 31 shall not extend to acts performed outside the course of their
duties. They shall also enjoy the privileges specified in article 36, paragraph 1, in respect of articles
imported at the time of first installation.
3. Members of the service staff of the mission who are not nationals of or permanently resident
in the receiving State shall enjoy immunity in respect of acts performed in the course of their duties,
exemption from dues and taxes on the emoluments they receive by reason of their employment and the
exemption contained in article 33.
.. 4. Private servants of members of the mission shall, if they are not nationals of or permanently
resident in the receiving State, be exempt from dues and taxes on the emoluments they receive by
reason of their employment. In other respects, they may enjoy privileges and immunities only to the
extent admitted by the receiving State. However, the receiving State must exercise its jurisdiction over
those persons in such a manner as not to interfere unduly with the performance of the functions of the
mission.

Appendix # 1
A GUIDE TO DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
Article 38
1. Except insofar as additional privileges and immunities may be granted by the receiving State,
a diplomatic agent who is a national of or permanently resident in that State shall enjoy only immunity
from jurisdiction, and inviolability, in respect of official acts performed in the exercise of his functions.
2. Other members of the staff of the mission and private servants who are nationals of or
permanently resident m the receiving State shall enjoy privileges and immunities only to the extent
admitted by the receiving State. However, the receiving State must exercise its jurisdiction over those
persons m such a manner as not to interfere unduly with the performance of the functions of the
Article 39
1. Every person entitled to privileges and immunities shall enjoy them from the moment he
enters the territory of the receiving State on proceeding to take up his post or, if already in its territory
from the moment when his appointment is notified to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs or such other
ministry as may be agreed.
2. When the functions of a person enjoying privileges and immunities have come to an end,
such privileges and immunities shall normally cease at the moment when he leaves the country, or on
expiry of a reasonable period in which to do so, but shall subsist until that time, even in case of armed
conflict. However, with respect to acts performed by such a person in the exercise of his functions as a
member of the mission, immunity shall continue to subsist.
3. In case of the death of a member of the mission, the members of his family shall continue to
enjoy the privileges and immunities to which they are entitled until the expiry of a reasonable period in
which to leave the country.
4. In the event of the death of a member of the mission not a national of or permanently resident
in the receiving State or a member of his family forming part of his household, the receiving State shall
permit the withdrawal of the movable property of the deceased, with the exception of any property
acquired m the country the export of which was prohibited at the time of his death. Estate, succession
and inheritance duties shall not be levied on movable property the presence of which in the receiving
State was due solely to the presence there of the deceased as a member of the mission or as a member
ot the family of a member of the mission.
Article 40
1. If a diplomatic agent passes through or is in the territory of a third State, which has granted
lm a passport visa if such visa was necessary, while proceeding to take up or to return to his post or
w en returning to his own country, the third State shall accord him inviolability and such other
immunities as may be required to ensure his transit or return. The same shall apply in the case of any
members of his family enjoying privileges or immunities who are accompanying the diplomatic aênt
or travelling separately to join him or to return to their country. '
u- a u’ In circumstances similar t0 those specified in paragraph 1 of this article, third States shall not
hinder the passage of members of the administrative and technical or service staff of a mission, and of
members of their families, through their territories.
The Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations

259
3. Third States shall accord to official correspondence and other official communications in
transit, including messages in code or cipher, the same freedom and protection as is accorded by the
receiving State. They shall accord to diplomatic couriers, who have been granted a passport visa if such
visa was necessary and diplomatic bags in transit, the same inviolability and protection as the receiving
State is bound to accord.
4. The obligations of third States under paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this article shall also apply to
the persons mentioned respectively in those paragraphs, and to official communications and diplomatic
bags, whose presence in the territory of the third State is due to force majeure.
Article 41
1. Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty of all persons enjoying
such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State. They also
have a duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of that State.
2. All official business with the receiving State entrusted to the mission by the sending State
shall be conducted with or through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State or such other
ministry as may be agreed.
3. The premises of the mission must not be used in any manner incompatible with the functions
of the mission as laid down in the present Convention or by other rules of general international law or
by any special agreements in force between the sending and the receiving State.
Article 42
A diplomatic agent shall not in the receiving State practise for personal profit any professional
or commercial activity.
Article 43
The function of a diplomatic agent comes to an end, inter alia:
{a) On notification by the sending State to the receiving State that the function of the diplomatic
agent has come to an end;
(b) On notification by the receiving State to the sending State that, in accordance with paragraph 2
of article 9, it refuses to recognize the diplomatic agent as a member of the mission.
Article 44
The receiving State must, even in case of armed conflict, grant facilities in order to enable
persons enjoying privileges and immunities, other than nationals of the receiving State, and members of
the families of such persons irrespective of their nationality, to leave at the earliest possible moment. It
must, in particular, in case of need, place at their disposal the necessary means of transport for
themselves and their property.
260 __ The Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations

Appendix # 1
Article 45
If diplomatic relations are broken off between two States, or if a mission is permanently or
temporarily recalled: J
(a) The receiving State must, even in case of armed conflict, respect and protect the premises of the
mission, together with its property and archives; 1
(b) The sending State may entrust the custody of the premises of the mission, together with its
property and archives, to a third State acceptable to the receiving State;
(c) The sending State may entrust the protection of its interests and those of its nationals to a third
State acceptable to the receiving State.
Article 46
A sending State may with the prior consent of a receiving State, and at the request of a third
State not represented in the receiving State, undertake the temporary protection of the interests of the
third State and of its nationals.
Article 47
1. In the application of the provisions of the present Convention, the receiving State shall not
discriminate as between States.
2. However, discrimination shall not be regarded as taking place:
(a) Where the receiving State applies any of the provisions of the present Convention restrictively
because, of a restrictive application of that provision to its mission in the sending State;
(b) Where by custom or agreement States extend to each other more favourable treatment than is
required by the provisions of the present Convention.
Article 48
The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States Members of the United Nations
or of any of the specialized agencies Parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice and by
any other State invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to become a Party to the
Convention, as follows: until 31 October 1961 at the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Austria
and subsequently, until 31 March 1962, at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
Article 49
The present Convention is subject to ratification. The instruments of ratification shall be

deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

261
Article 50
The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State belonging to any of the
four categories mentioned in article 48. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 51
1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of
deposit of the twenty-second instrument of ratification or accession with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations.
2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twenty-second
instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after
deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.
Article 52
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States belonging to any of the four
categories mentioned in article 48:
(a) Of signatures to the present Convention and of the deposit of instruments of ratification or
accession, in accordance with articles 48, 49 and 50;
(b) Of the date on which the present Convention will enter into force, in accordance with article 51.
Article 53
The original of the present Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof to all States belonging to any of the four categories
mentioned in article 48.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by

their respective Governments, have signed the present Convention.
DONE at Vienna this eighteenth day of April one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one.

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A GUIDE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE Appendix # 2
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Unit one
Articles 1-10
Assignment L Translate the following participial and adjectival phrases used in

Preamble o f International documents into Ukrainian.
a) Recalling, having in mind, believing, realizing, affirming, acknowledging,

appreciating, calling upon, commemorating, concluding, concurring (with), considering,
declaring, directing, exercising, feeling, finding, maintaining, noting, observing,
recalling, regretting, reporting, seeking, striving, transmitting, trusting, urging, viewing,
warning, welcoming;
b) having accepted, having adopted, having appointed, having authorized,

having constituted, having consulted, having convened, having designated, having
discussed, having established, having examined, having heard with satisfaction, having
regard to, having included, having requested, having resolved, having undertaken;
c) alarmed, concerned, convinced, determined, disturbed, guided by,

persuaded;
d) being advised, being alarmed, being aware, being of the opinion, being of
the view.
Assignment 2. Make sure you know what these “here-and-there” words mean.
Thereto, thereupon, hereunder.
Assignment 3. Translate the following expressions into Ukrainian.
Representing states, receiving state, sending state, premises of the mission, to give
reasons for a refusal of agrément, the rules of Customary international law, ownership,
lawful means, states concerned, chargé d'affaires, subject to the provisions, to reserve
the right, to withdraw the consent, have agreed as follows.
Assignments for the Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations 277

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Assignment 5. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. For the purpose of the present Convention, the following expressions shall have the
meanings hereunder assigned to them.
2. Ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the receiving State,
and reporting thereon to the government of the sending State.
3. The sending State must make certain that the agrément of the receiving State has been
given for the person it proposes to accredit as head of the mission of that State.
4. The receiving State is not obliged to give reasons to the sending State for a refusal of
agrément.
5. The sending State may, after it has given due notification to the receiving States
concerned, accredit a head of mission or assign any member of the diplomatic staff, as
the case may be, to more than one State, unless there is express objection by any of the
receiving States.
6. Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission should in principle be of the

nationality of the sending State.
7. A person may be declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the territory
of the receiving State.
1. ,
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278 Assignments for the Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations

Appendix # A GUIDE TO DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
2. , , .
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Assisnment 7. Do the two-way translation.
1.
?
- The establishment of diplomatie relations between States, and of permanent diplomatie

missions, takes place by mutual consent.
2. ’
?
- The receiving State is not obliged to give reasons to the sending State for a refusai of
agrément.
3.
,
?

- Two or more States may accredit the same person as head of mission to another State,
unless objection is offered by the receiving State.
4.
?
- Subject to the provisions of articles 5, 8, 9 and 11, the sending State may freely appoint
the members of the staff of the mission.
5. ,
?
- Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission may not be appointed from among
persons having the nationality of the receiving State, except with the consent of that
State which may be withdrawn at any time.
Assignment 8. Give a short oral summary o f Articles 1-10.
Assignment 9. Suggest your own wording o f the English and Ukrainian texts o f
Articles 7, 8 and 9.
Assignment 10. Study the use o f words “diplomacy”, “diplomat” and “diplomatic”
in different phrases. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
^ - art of ~
- o f s miles
to follow ~ as a
career low-key ~
^ to influence ~ ^ open ~
to deal with the patient ~
situation with peace- making
great ~ 4\ ping-pong ~
CJ" active ~ // N\ public ~
back -and- forth ~ A
balance- of-power secret-
■*“ subterranean -
behind- the- shirtsleeve -
screens - short-sighted -
commercial - shuttle -
deterrent ~ treacherous -
gunboat - turtle-pace -
half-hearted ~
- immoral ~
international -

professional
skill/value of a • astute/kin-witted •
~ with long career-
experience -diplomat- 3" promising
recall of a ~ senior -
to turn out a ~
through a -
bargain ~ pouch/ mail
in ~ terms ~ quarter/circles
«° - climb-down ~ rank
^ - conduct - records
- correspondence ~ representation/mission
- custom ~ seniority
~ documents /' - service
- files / ~ settlement
- manoeuvre v
-diplomatic-
to find a ~ settlement
ce° - officer ~ support
- officials - victory
®' career - officials - way out
~ policy - withdrawal
Assi 2nment 11. Read the text. Render it in Ukrainian. Discuss the subject matter.
Give the definition o f the notions "diplomacy", "foreign policy",
"international relations".
Diplomacy
The word is often used, incorrectly, as a synonym, for foreign policy. Whereas the
latter can be described as the substance, aims and attitudes of a state's relations with
others, diplomacy is one of the instruments employed to put these into effect. It is
concerned with dialogue and negotiation and in this sense is not merely an instrument of
state, it is also an institution of the state-system itself. Since the emergence of the state-
system in Europe in the fifteenth century an organized and fairly coherent system of
permanent relations has developed among the actors and, even when these relations have
been interrupted by armed conflict, diplomacy has still been the principal means of
communication. Indeed, although it is common to separate the diplomatic and the
military means at a state's disposal, actual practice has tended to blur the distinction. As
Frederick the Great once remarked, diplomacy without force is like music without
instruments. So diplomacy as an instrument and as an institution is an essential part of
the whole rationale of international relations.

The main function of diplomacy is negotiation - which broadly means discussion

designed to identify common interests and areas of conflict between the parties. To
establish the conditions under which negotiations can take place a number of other tasks
are undertaken. The first is representation. The emissary, ambassador, is one of the
earliest political roles established in human society but it was not until the fifteenth
century in the Italian city-states that the concept of a permanent representative mission
(or legation) was formalized. During the Renaissance period a systematic and largely
professional diplomatic service was established with the purpose of obtaining
information, interpreting policies, and trends, safeguarding military and political
interests and promoting commerce and trade links. Certainly the promotion of trade has
always been a central part of the activity of diplomacy and is not, as some allege, a
comparatively recent innovation. The Venetian diplomatic service was initially a
commercial venture and there is much evidence that the spur to organized diplomacy on
a permanent and spatially static basis was just as much economic as political or military.
A second function of diplomacy besides representation of a state's interests is to
formulate and identify these goals and objectives. Preparing policy guidelines and
initiatives for their political masters to accept or reject is usually the task of a Foreign
Ministry, rather than an ambassador on location, although their views will obviously be
influential. Another function, in the larger sense, is the overall management of orderly
relations as well as being the means whereby change is effected. Finally, diplomacy is
concerned with establishing and renewing the rules and procedures which regulate the
international system. In this last sense, diplomacy is the enabling vehicle for the
operation of international law and international organizations.
The rules which established a common and coherent diplomatic system were
developed in piecemeal fashion from the fifteenth to the twentieth centuries. The
extraterritoriality rule was established during the period of Louis XIV, the notion of the
corps diplomatique emerged in the eighteenth century, and the Congress of Vienna in
1815 can be credited with laying down the procedures for precedence and with
promoting the doctrine of the formal equality of states. In the twentieth century the
Vienna conventions of 1961, 1963 and 1969 have codified international law relating to
Diplomatic Relations, Consular Relations and the Law of Treaties, thus tightening up
and giving new impetus to past and future practice. Most states now recognize and
implement these developments. The near universal acceptance of diplomacy and its
trappings has not, however, had as smooth a ride as the foregoing might suggest. It has
come under attack from all aspects of the ideological spectrum in recent times. The
Soviet Union rejected it in 1917 as did China from 1949 to the early 1970s, the United
States, especially under Woodrow Wilson, expressed qualms about it, the new states
established during the 1950s and 1960s as a result of the anti-colonial revolution were
very uneasy about it and of course Iran and Islamic fundamentalism is its most bitter
contemporary opponent. Nevertheless, after an initial period of formal ideological
rejection most states, including all of the above, have been drawn into the system,
282 ___________________________________ _ Assignments for the Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations

mainly because there exist no alternatives to it. Changes have occurred both in the
conduct of diplomacy and in the personnel associated with it. Most bommentators point
to the following developments which occurred as a result of the increasing complexity
of inter-state relations: the intrusion of ideological conflict and the opening up of
diplomatic dialogue; the change of emphasis from bilateral to multilateral dealings; the
decline in the decision-making power of the ambassador; the advent of personal
diplomacy; the increased use of experts and specialists; the involvement of ministries
not normally associated with foreign affairs; the increased number of treaties; the growth
in importance of the media and the expansion of the international community and of
non-state actors. This enhancement and enlargement of the scope of modem diplomacy
and the widening of its agenda has resulted in a change of emphasis (more on economic
issues than on traditional high politics), rather than on any major change in function.
This remains in essence the same as it has always been; namely, to manage and conduct
orderly relations in a multi-state, politically fragmented international system.
Assisnment 12. Define the following terms in English. Consult the Dictionary o f
Diplomacy or the Dictionary o f International Relations if necessary.
Conference diplomacy; dollar diplomacy; summit diplomacy.
Assienment 13. Read the text. Render it in English. Discuss the subject matter.
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Unit Two
Articles 11-20
Within the limits considered, having regard to, circumstances and conditions,
within similar bounds and on a non-discrimination basis, to form part of smth, as may be
agreed, to be without prejudice to, to be designated, to be in charge of, localities.
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1. The receiving state may equally, within similar bounds and on a non-
discriminatory basis, refuse to accept officials of a particular category.
2. Except as concerns precedence and etiquette, there shall be no differentiation

between heads of mission by reason of their class.
3. This article is without prejudice to any practice accepted by the receiving State
regarding the precedence of the representative of the Holy See.
4. The sending State may not, without the prior express consent of the receiving
state, establish offices forming part of the mission in localities often than those in which
the mission itself is established.
5. The class to which the heads of their missions are to be assigned shall be agreed
between states.

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- The head of the mission is considered as having taken up his functions in the
receiving state either when has presented his credentials or when he has
notified his arrival and a true copy of his credentials has been presented to
the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State
2. ?
- The heads of mission are divided into three classes- namely:
a) That of ambassadors or nuncios accredited to Heads of State, and other

heads of mission of equivalent rank;
b) That of envoys, ministers and intemuncios to Heads of State;

c) That of chargés d'affaires accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs.
3.
?
- Heads of mission shall take precedence in their respective classes in the

order of the date and time of taking up their functions in accordance with
Article 13.
4.
?
- The precedence of the members of the diplomatic staff of the mission shall
be notified by the head of the mission to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or
such other ministry as may be agreed.
Assignment 7. Suggest your own wording o f English and Ukrainian texts o f

Articles 11,13 and 16.
Assignment 8. Study the use o f words “ambassador”, “credentials”, “precedence*

in different phrases. Suggest their Ukrainian equivalents.
~ at large
~ 's letters o f credence
foreign ~
~ to exchange ~ s
4 ordinary ~
~ to raise to the rank o f
political ~
-ambassador' / -;t‘ resid en t ~
to act as sm b's ~ in a
5 <3P U nited N ations
negotiation
~ D esignate
~ ial talks
~ E xtraordinary and
P lenipotentiary

delivery/ p resentation o f - to e x a m in e -
to p resent/ to su b m it- to issu e -
-credentials- to m ake objection to
to ap p ro v e -
to com m unicate - to sm b sm b's
- com m ittee
rules o f - collective - by
order o f - am ong corps
am bassadors individual - by
local order o f - rank
to b e entitled to -precedence- internal - o f a
to establish - o f m ission
consular posts official -
to re sp e c t- parallel -
to y ie ld - regular ~
ro tatio n in - special -
unofficial -
Ambassador
Ambassador is a diplomatic representative or agent of one sovereign state usually

resident in another. As international relations implies a system of communications
between states, the idea of an ambassador came to be its principal enabling vehicle.
Although the practice is usually associated with the development of the European state-
system, references to it can be found in ancient China and India where Kautilya s
Arthashastra is a striking example of early articulated diplomatic practice and statecraft.
However, in neither of these ancient state-systems is there evidence of an ambassadorial
system involving permanent embassies, missions or legations. The prevailing practice,
as elsewhere in the ancient world, was the use of heralds or envoys (really, messengers)
or else temporary plenipotentiaries (agents who were authorized to work out
agreements).
The modem practice of resident ambassadors began to appear in Europe in the

fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, probably first in Venice and Milan. The idea of
diplomatic immunity was inseparable from residency and formed the basis of modem
international law. The inviolability of the ambassador's person (and later that of his staff)
was necessary feature of this system and immunity is still regarded as the bedrock of
diplomatic practice. Even its dramatic violation in Teheran (1979) when American
Embassy staff were held hostage by government forces does not disprove the universal
acceptance of the notion of immunity. Iran was, almost without exception in the
international community, strongly condemned for this clear breach of the basic mles of
diplomatic communication. However, whether the principle of immunity can be

extended to cover aspects other than personal safety and private diplomatic affairs (e.g.
parking offences or drug trafficking) is less widely accepted and subject to much current
debate.
The development of the resident ambassadorial system became fully self

conscious at the Congress of Vienna (1815) which, as well as recognizing the existence
of a corps diplomatique, strictly defined categories of representation and issued a
protocol determining the functions and order of precedence of diplomatic missions. This
protocol is still in use today: it underlines the importance of immunity and establishes
that the doyen or spokesperson of the corps diplomatique is either the papal
representative or, more usually, the longest accredited serving ambassador regardless of
the status or power of the country he (or she) represents. Vienna thus established the
ambassadorial system as a vital institution in international relations, and one that has
continued largely unchanged to the present day. In 1961 the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations underlined and endorsed the achievement of the Congress.
Some writers on diplomacy have questioned the continued need for an

ambassadorial system. The argument is that modem technology, especially in the field
of communications, as well as the decline of the traditional nation-state, has destroyed
the very foundation of the institution. However, although many governments are
concerned to prune the resources available to the diplomatic service and direct its
functions more towards trade and commerce rather than traditional matters of high
policy, it is extremely unlikely that so useful a system will disappear. The old bilateral
diplomatic pattern may well be undergoing significant change, especially with the
increasing collectivization of international life, but the need for diplomatic machinery
and representation, whether this be bilateral or multilateral, will remain for as long as the
international state-system lasts. One is bound up with the other.
Assignment 10. Define the following terms in Ukrainian.
. Ambassador, minister, nuncio, intemuncio.
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A GUIDE TO DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE Appendix #3
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Unit Three
Articles 41-53
. To conduct business, the premises of the mission, to be incompatible with, as laid

down in present Convention, to practise for personal profit, commercial activity, to
come to an end, in case of need, at the request, to be temporarily or permanently
recalled, to grant facilities, in the application of the provisions of the present
Convention, to apply any of the provisions of the present Convention, a restrictive
application of that provision, by custom or agreement, to extend to each other more
favourable treatment.
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1. All official business with the receiving State shall be conducted with or through
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the receiving State or such other ministry as may be
agreed.
2. A diplomatic agent shall not in the receiving State practise for personal profit
any professional or commercial activity.

3. The sending State may entrust the custody of the premises of the mission,
together with its property and archives, to a third State acceptable to the receiving State.
4. In the application of the provisions of the present Convention, the receiving

State shall not discriminate between States.
5. The present Convention is subject to ratification. The Instruments of ratification

shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
6. The original of the present Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French,
Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof to all States
belonging to any of the four categories mentioned in Article 48.
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- The premises of the mission must not be used in any manner incompatible with
the functions of the mission as laid down in the present Convention or by other rules of
general international law or by any special agreements in force between the sending
State and the receiving State.
2. ?
- The function of a diplomatic agent comes to an end, inter alia:
a) On notification by the sending State to the receiving State that the function
of the diplomatic agent has come to an end;
b) On notification by the receiving State to the sending State that, in

accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 9, it refuses to recognize the
diplomatic agent as a member of the mission.
3. , ,
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- The receiving State must, even in case of armed conflict, grant facilities in order
to enable persons enjoying privileges and immunities, other than nationals of the
receiving State, and members of the families of such persons irrespective of their
nationality, to leave at the earliest possible moment.
4.
?

- A sending State may with the prior consent of a receiving State, and at the
request of a third State not represented in the receiving State, undertake the temporary
protection of the interests of the third State and of its nationals.
Assignment 7. Suggest your own wording o f the English and Ukrainian texts o f
Articles 44, 47.
Assignment 8. Study the use o f words “privilege” and “ratification” in different

recognized ~ s o f c®“ consular - s, ~ s o f

diplom ats consuls
d irect/ indirect ~ . v contractual - s
~ to fly across the ' \ custom s - s
territory o f a state l
-privilege- j to accord custom s
w ithout landing \ / - s (to diplom ats)
w ithout prejudice sv ' executive -
to - s fiscal ~ s
to claim - s personal - s
to accord/ to grant - price
- s «■ tax ~ s
to enjoy - s
to concede a ~
to affect ~ s
®" rig h t o f - to h in d e r-
to be subject to to dispense w ith
to d e c la re - - is effected by
to a tte st- / (an organ)
to g ra n t- (
-ratification- I instrum ents o f -
r®‘ to refuse/ to \ / and o f accession to
w ith h o ld - the Protocol
notification o f - deposit o f -
length o f tim e f o r - date o f deposit o f
renunciation o f - the -
to req u ire - exchange o f - s/
to d e la y - instrum ents o f
to delegate the *" c o n d itio n al-
pow er o f - to sm b p artial
to im pose a legal - procedure
duty o f - - protocol
®" tacit -
- o f a treaty
2 96 Assignments for the Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations

Assignment 9. Translate into Ukrainian. Speak on the main trends o f the

development o f diplomatic privileges and immunities in the
contemporary world.
Diplomatic immunities and privileges
The reciprocal granting of certain immunities and privileges to diplomatic agents

is grounded in the concept of sovereignity and mutual respect for the political
independence and territorial integrity of states. In this sense diplomatic immunity
implies both an exemption from rules associated with domestic jurisdiction and also an
affirmation of them. Rules relating to the special status of diplomats are common to all
state-systems and are among the earliest manifestations of international law.
Communication between independent units would have been all but impossible without
rules establishing the sacrosanct nature of the emissary or herald. With the development
of resident embassies, permanent missions and legations during the late Renaissance
period in Europe, this was extended to cover location as well as personnel. It should be
noted, however, the diplomatic immunities and privileges are granted not to particular
persons but to the states or organizations on whose behalf they act. Customary rules
associated with exemptions were codified at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and more
extensively at the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961. (Incidentally, in
both cases the word 'privileges' is preferred to 'immunities'.) The following areas are
covered: the inviolability of premises and property, the personal; inviolability of
diplomatic officers, freedom of communication and transportation, inviolability of
records, archives, documents and correspondence, customs privileges (e.g. the '
diplomatic bag'), exemption from taxation and various jurisdictional privileges. Most of
these exemptions also apply to representatives of states to international organizations.
Representation to the UN and its specialized agencies is covered by the rules established
by the General Convention on the Privileges and Imminities of the UN of 1946 and
these are premised on an agreement between the United States as the host country and
the organization itself.
The functional necessity of diplomatic privileges and immunities as a general rule

for the efficient conduct of international relations is almost universally recognized.
However, this does not mean that immunities are absolute or cannot be waived by the
sending state or withdrawn by the receiving state (persona non grata). In general,
violation of these rules is considered a serious international dereliction. The near
universal condemnation of the Iranian imprisonment of US diplomats for use as hosatges
in 1979- 81, and the widespread public outcry at the US raid on the Nicaraguan
ambassador's residence in Panama in 1989, is testimony to this. Indeed, with regard to
the latter, President Bush's remark that it was a 'screw-up' clearly implies that the
violation was contrary to accepted practice.

Ratification
It usually refers to the treaty- making process. A treaty is not confirmed or valid
until the procedure for ratification is complete. This process can vary according to the
constitutional requirements of the signatory states. In the United Kingdom ratification is
by the Crown, in the United States the President negotiates treaties but under the
provisions of the 'separation- of- powers' doctrine they cannot be ratified without the
approval of a two- thirds voting majority in Senate. Most treaties are duly endorsed but
an important example of non- ratification was the Senate's failure to approve the League
of Nations Covenant in 1919, thus preventing US participation in the organization. Since
treaty- making is vital to the development of international law and is regarded as one of
the great achievements of diplomacy, instruments of ratification are regarded as crucial.
A treaty is not in force until such instruments have been exchanged or deposited in a
specific location. The twentieth century has seen enormous increase in bilateral and
multilateral treaties ( the United Kingdom and the United States are parties to over
10,000 each) and the treaties registered with the UN extend to over one thousand
volumes. Ratification therefore has the effect of creating a new body of rules for those
involved, and is part of the general dynamic of international society.
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,
, ,
' ,
,
.
.

Appendix #
" "
, .
,
, ,
.
" "
: ,
, , ,
.
,
. , ,
■Most fa v o u re d nation (MFN) is the fundamental principle of international trade

which seeks to establish and advance the principle of equality of treatment and non
discrimination among trading states. The principle may be illustrated by taking a
bilateral situation thus: under mfn principles the parties will extend to each other the
same advantages that they have extended to other third parties m the past or aie
extending to others concurrently, or intend to extend in the future. Most favoured nation
principles are typically applied to tariffs and if these principles are applied consistently,
they should lead to mutual and balanced tariffs reductions.
It is generally agreed that the mfn principles began to be applied to international

trade in the eighteenth century, reaching its peak in the last decades of the nmeteent ,
The First World War and the events thereafter led to the weakening of its application but
with the formation of the general agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) m 1947 a
concerned attempt was made to resuscitate these ideas by writing them into the 11st
article of GATT. At the same time GATT allows important exceptions to the mrn
principle. Crucially trade blocks, free trade areas and common markets are all exempt.
The emergence of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) in the 1960s further weakened the mfn principle because the Thud Wor
called for a system of positive discrimination in their favour to replace it. This caU has
been recognized system of preferences between advanced industrial countries (A )
and the Third World.
299
Assignments for the Vienna Convention On Diplomatic Relations
The mfn principle remains a testament to those who believed in a libéral equal,
non-discriminatory international trading system.
Assienment 13. Translate into English.
- ,
, '
- , , , ,
( ) , -
, , , , .
, .
, ,
, , ' , -
. , ,
,
- .
1964-76
1978 ,
,
. , ,
- .
- ,
( ).
, ,
, .
.
,
' ,
,
. -
.
Assisnment 14. Discuss the subject matter o fth e texts in Assignments 12 and 13.
300 Assignments for the Vienna Convention On Diplomatie Relations

Participial and Adjectival Phrases Used in

Preamble of International Documents
The General Assembly (Conference), ... / ( ),...
Accepting - ;
- ...
Acknowledging - ;
-
Acknowledging with appreciation -
Acting, (under, in accordance with) - ;

- / ... / ...
Adhering to (the recommendations) - ( )
Affirming - ;
- ;
- ( , )
Agreeing -
Alarmed -
Anxious (that) - ( );
-
Anxious to expedite and facilitate -
Appreciating - /
Appreciative - ;
-
Apprehending -
Approving - ;
-
Asserting that - ,
Attaching great importance -
Availing itself to -
Aware -
Bearing in mind - ;
- ; ;
- ’
Participial and Adjectival Phrases Used in Preamble of International Documents 301

Appendix # 4
Being advised - ...
Being alarmed -
Being aware of - ;
Being of the opinion - ,
Being of the view -
Believing -
Believing it desirable -
c
Calling upon - ; /
Cognizant - ;
- ; /
Commemorating - ( );
- ( ) ( )
Commending - ; ; ;
- ; ; ;
-
Commending to - ;
-
Concerned -
Concluding that . - ;
-
Concurring (in) - ;
- ;
- ...
Concurring (with) - ( ; ; )
Condemning -
Confident -
Confident in the hope that -
Conscious - ;
Considering - ; ;
Considering it appropriate and essential that -
302 Participial and Adjectival Phrases Used in Preamble of International Documents

Considering it desirable and necessary that -
Considering with deep and increasing -3

concern that
Convinced -
D
Declaring - ; ;
Deeming -
Deeming it necessary therefore -
Deeply concerned - / ;
- / ;
- /
Deeply conscious -
Deeply preoccupied - / /
Deploring - , / ’ ,
Desiring - ;
Desirous - ;
Determined - ;
-
Directing - ;
Distressed -
Distressed that -
Disturbed - /
Drawing the attention of - { )
Emphasizing - ( )( )
Encouraged by -
Endorsing - ;
Exercising (the right) - ( );

- ( )
Expressing alarm - /

Expressing appreciation - /
Expressing confidence -
Expressing its (profound, serious) concern - ( ) / /
Expressing its appreciation of -
Expressing its deep disappointment -
Expressing its deep regret - ;

-
Expressing its firmest support - ( )
Expressing its satisfaction -
Expressing the desire - ( )
Expressing the hope -
Extending its thanks -
Faithful to its resolution -
Fearing -
Feeling -
Finding -
Gratified by -
Gratified -
Gravely alarmed - /
Grieved -
Guided by the purposes -
Having accepted - ;
- ;
- ...

Having authorized ■
Having examined ■
Having resolved • ;
■
Having adopted ■ ;
Having appointed ■ ;
Having been requested - ( )
Having before it ■ ;
•
Having been apprised of • ;

- ;
-
Having considered -
Having constituted - ;
- ;
-
Having consulted - ’ ;
- ;
-
Having convened (a special session) • ( )
Having designated (the year ...) - (... )
Having discussed -
Having established • ;
-
Having given consideration -
Having granted -
Having heard with satisfaction -
Having in mind - ;
-
Having included - ...
Having perused (a report) - ( )
Having proposed -
Having reexamined - ;
-
Having regard to - ;
-
Participial and Adjectival Phrases Used in Preamble of International Documents. 305

Having reiterated -
Having requested
- ( )
Having reviewed -
Having undertaken - ;
- ’
Hopeful that
- ;
- ;
-
In pursuance (of)
-
Indignant (at)
-
Inspired by - ;
Instructing -
Inviting
-
Invoking (the provisions and principles) ( )
K
Keeping in mind - ;
- ;
-
L
Looking forward -
- M
Maintaining
- ;
-
Mindful of
-
Moved by desire - ;
-
306
Participial and Adjectival Phrases Used in Preamble of International Documents
Not having been able -
Noting - ;
- /
Noting furthermore that -
Noting with deep (grave) concern that - /
Noting with gratification -
Noting with satisfaction (the report) - ( )
Observing -
Paying (a) tribute - ’ ;

-
Persuaded - ;
-
-
Perturbed - / /
Profoundly disquieted -
Reaffirming -
Realizing -
Recalling - ’ ;
- ; ;
-
Recognizing -
Recollecting that -
Recording its deep regret -
Reemphasizing -

Referring - ;
Registering -
Regretting -
Reiterating -
Remembering - ’
Reporting - ;
-
s
Seeking -
Sharing - ;
Shocked -
Stressing - ;
- ( )( )
Striving - ;
-
Strongly desirous (of achieving) - ( )
Taking cognizance - /
Taking into account - / ;

-
Taking into consideration - ;

-
Taking note - ;
- /
Taking note with appreciation -
Taking the opportunity -
Thanking -
Transmitting -
Trusting -

u
Underlining •-
Urging - ;
-
-
V
Viewing - ;
- ( )
Viewing with the utmost apprehension - ;

-
w
Warning - ;
-
Welcoming - ;
- ;
-
Wishing - ;

Words and Expressions Used in the Operative Part

of International Documents
The General Assembly (Conference),... / ( ),
Accepts -
Accepts with appreciation -
Acknowledges -
Acknowledges with appreciation -
Addresses a solemn appeal -
Adheres to -
Adopts and opens for signature -
Adopts and proclaims -
Advises - ;
- ;
-
Affirms - ;
-
Agrees - ;
- ( ) ;
- ( , , )
- ;
-
Agrees further - ( ) ;
- / / ;
- ;
Amends -
Appeals -
Appeals with a sense of urgence -
Applauds (the award) - ( )
Appoints -
Appreciates - / ;
- ;
-
Approves - ;
Approves (in principle) - ( )
310 Words and Expressions Used in the Operative Part of International Documents
Asks -
Asserts -
Assures -
Authorizes -
Awaits with interest -
Believes -
Believes it essential -
c
Calls (the) attention (to) - ;
-
Calls for - ;
Calls upon - ; ( ; ; )
Censures -
Censures in the strongest terms -
Commends - ; ; ;
- ; ; ;
-
Commends (the proposal) to - ( ) ...

-
Commends to the attention - ;

-
Commends with appreciation -
Commissions (the President) - ( )
Compliments -
Concludes -
Concurs in - ...
- ;
- 3...
Concurs with - 3...
Condemns -
Words and Expressions Used in the Operative Part of International Documents 311
Confirms -
Congratulates -
Considers -
Considers with satisfaction -
Conveys -
Conveys its thanks -
D
Decides - ;
Declares (its profound concern that) - ( )
Deems (it essential, convenient) - ( ; )
Deeply (strongly) deplores - ( )
Deeply regrets -
Defers -
Demands -
Denounces -
Deplores - , / ’ ...
Deprecates - •
Designates -
Desires -
Determines - ;
- ; ;
Directs - ;
Directs the attention -
Dissolves (the Committee) - ( )
E
Earnestly calls -
Emphasizes - ( )( ) ;
- ;
Empowers - ;
-
Encourages - ; ;
Endorses - ;
3 1 2 ---------------------------------------- Words and Expressions Used in the Operative Part of International Documents
Endorses also the view - ;
Entrusts - ;
Envisages (setting 1 July 1962 as the date of - ( 1 1962
termination of the Trusteeship Agreement) )
Establishes - ;
- ;
Exhorts -
- ( )
Expresses -
Expresses deep concern - /
Expresses grave concern - /
Expresses its appreciation - ; ;

-
Expresses its belief (conviction) -
Expresses its gratitude (its thanks) -
Expresses its support for -
Expresses the need for further action -
Extends (the mandate) - ( )
Extends its good wishes - ;
Extends its thanks -
Extends once more the stationing -
F
Formulates the wish - ( )
H
Holds - ; ;
-
Informs - ; ;
-
Insists - ;
Instructs - ; ; ’
Invites - ; ;
-
Invites the attention - ;
Is of the opinion - ;
Issues a solemn warning to -
Keenly awaits -
Looks forward to (the meeting, an early - ( ; )

start)
Notes - ; ;
Notes (takes note) with appreciation - ( )

(satisfaction)
Notes and supports -
Notes with growing (increasing) concern - /
Notes with regret that -
Observes - ;
- ;
-
Pays (a) tribute - ( ’ );

-
Pledges (its solidarity) -
Proclaims -
Proposes - ;
Reaffirms - ;
- ( , , );
Words and Expressions Used in the Operative Part of International Documents

-
Reaffirms its call -
Reaffirms the inalienable right - ’
Realizes -
Reasserts - ;
-
Reassures (the peoples of the world) - ( )
Recalls - ;
-
Recognizes -
Recommends -
Reconstitutes - ;
Records - ;
Refers to the Economic and Social Council -
Registers -
Regrets -
Reiterates -
Rejects -
Reminds -
Renews -
Renews its authorization to -
Requests - ;
- ( );
- ( ,
; ;
; )
Resolves - ;
- ( ) ;
- ( , , )
- ;
Seizes the occasion -
Sets forth -
Solemnly adopts -
Solemnly proclaims -
Solemnly warns -
States -
Stresses - ;
- ;
-
Strongly (unconditionally) condemns - ;

-
Strongly appeals -
Strongly censures -
Strongly endorses (the opinion) - ;

- ( )
T
Takes cognizance (of the fact) - /
Takes note of - ;
- / ( )
Takes notes of - ;
-
Transmits - ;
Trusts - ;
-
u
Undertakes - ’
Urgently calls -
Urges - ; ; ;
V
Vehemently affirms -
Vigorously urges -
w
Warns - ;
Welcomes -
Welcomes with appreciation -
316 Words and Expressions Used in the Operative Part of International Documents
Latin Words and Phrases Used In International Documents
ab dato recessi — ad maximum — ;

ab initio (ab init.) — - , ,
ad meliorem fortunam —
ab intestato —
ab ovo — ad memorandum — '
abrupto — , ad minimum —
absolutio — ad modum —
contrario — ( ) ad normam — ,
actio civilis — ad notam — , '
actio de dolo — ad notata — ,
actio de dolo malo — ad oculos -— ,
actio famosa — ad personam —
actio hypothecaria — ad probandum —
actio in personam — ad ratificandum -
[ ] ad referendum —
actio in rem utilis — [ ];
actio judicati —
ad rei veritatem — '
actio mandati — , ad rem —
ad usum — ;
actiones juris — ad valorem — « »;
actio popularis — , ;
ad verbum — ;
actio sequestraria — , ad vocem — ; ;
;
actio vi bonorum raptorum — , a fortiori — ,
alieno nomine — ,
actu — , alieni juris — ;

ad acto — , ( ( )
)
ad arbitrium — , aliorum — ;
dato — annu currentis ( . .) —
ad exemplum — , ante diem —
ad extra — , ante factum — , ,
( ) ante meridiem (a.m.) —
ad finem (ad fin.) — ( a posteriori - ;
.)
ad hoc — , a prima facie -
ad idem — a priori — , , ;
die —
ad interim — ; argumenta adversaria —
;
ad legem — argumentum argentarium — ;
ad libitum — , auctoritas rei judicatae —
ad litteram -— , ( )
Latin Words and Phrases Used In International Documents 317

bona fides — , , de lege ferenda — ( )
de lege lata — ( )
calumnia — ;
de nomine —
capitalis fraus — ; , de rigore juris —
de visu — ;
casus — , dicis causa —
casus belli — ; , dictum ta - ; ;
dies fastus — ( )
casus conscientiae — dies nefastus — ( )
casus delicti — dolus — , ,
casus foederis — , dominus proprietatis — ,
'
dos adventicia — , ,
causa activa — ,
causa civilis —
( ) dura lex, sed lex — ,
causa criminalis — ;
dura nécessitas —
causa obligationis — ' elegantia juris —
causa proxima, non remota spectator — ео ipso — , ,
,
ergo — , ,
compos sui — ; errata — ,
( ) error facti —
condemnatio —
error in forma —
confirmation — ; ,
error in re — ( )
error juris — ;
consensus — ; ;
et alia (et al.) — , ,
consensus omnium —
contra —
et alii (et al.) —
contra pacem —
et cetera (etc.) — ; ,
copia vera —
corpus delicti — ;
et multa alia —
ex abrupto — ,
corpus juris —
ex adverse —
corrigenda — ;
ex aequo — ; ;
cui prodest? — ?
cuique suum —
ex analogia — [ ]
cum hoc —
ex ante — ; ,
curriculum vitae —
( ) .
ex commodo — ;
de dato —
ex condigno —
de facto — ; ;
de jure — ( ); ex congruo —
; ; ex consensu —
318 Latin Words and Phrases Used In International Documents

endix # 6 A GUIDE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
ex eonsilio — ; ex voto —
facta notoria —
ex contrario — factotum —
exempli gratia (e.g.) — fictio juris —
exeptio doli — ( ) gratis — , ;
habeas corpus —
exeptio veritatis — ( ) hoc loco — ,

hoc sensu —
exequatur — ( homo alieni juris —
) homo sui juris —
ex eventu — [ ] ibidem (ib., ibid.) — (
ex fide bona — , )
idem quod (i.q.) — ,
ex fontibus — id est (i.e.) —
ex jure — id quod erat demonstrandum — ,
ex lege — ;
ex locato — imperitia pro culpa habetur —
ex mero motu —-
ex more — implicite — ,
ex necessitate — ' in absentia — ;
ex nihilo —
ex officio — ; in abstracto — ,
' ; in actu —
ex parte —- in aequilibrio —
explicite — , , in brevi —
ex post — ; , in carne — ;
ex post facto — , in casum —
expressis verbis — ; in casum casus —
expressum facti cessare taciturn —
, in contumaciam —
ex professio — , in contumaciam — ;
exprompto — ,
ex pro mp tu — , ; in crudo — ;
ex proposito — inde — ,
ex proprio motu — ; in deposito —
in diern —
ex proprio sinu — ; in dubio •—• ,
in dubio mitius — —
— , , '
ex silentio — in dubio pro reo -— —
ex tempore - ; ,
in effectu — ;
ex termino facto — ; in esse — ,
extra ordinem — in eventum —
ex vi termini — ; in extenso — ,
in extracto —

in extremis — ; in puris naturalibus — у природному стані;

у чистому вигляді
in facsimile — in quali — по суті справи, за суттю справи
in facto — ; in — у дійсності; фактично
infamia — in rebus — насправді
in favorem — , in residuo — у підсумку; у залишку
in fidem — ; in salvo — у безпеці; у надійному місці
in fine (in f.) — ( . .) in situ — на місці знаходження
in flagrante delicto — in situ criminis — на місці скоєння злочину
in foro — in solidum — із загальною відповідальністю
in foro conscientiae — in specie — у різновиді; зокрема, в
infra (inf.) — ; окремому випадку
in future — in statu mortis — на смертному одрі
in genere — in statu nascendi — у момент зародження
in grosso — , [створення]
in hoc casu — [ ] in statu quo — без змін; в одному й тому ж
in honorem — [первісному] стані
in ipso actu — in statu quo ante — у попередньому стані
injure — in status quo — у стані, щ о існує тепер
injuria reaiis — in summa — коротко; одним словом
injuria verbalis — in suspenso — у стані невизначеності, у
in limine — - непевному стані
in limine litis — inter — поміж, між
. inter alia — між іншим
in loco — inter alios — справа, щ о трапилася між
in loco delicti — іншими ( , , )
in margine (i.m.) — in terminis — в останній інстанції
in materia — , inter nos — конфіденційно, довірчо
in médias res — ; inter partes — між сторонами
intepretatio abrogans — анулююче
in medio — ; тлумачення
in mente — ; in terrorem — для залякування
in natura — inter se — між собою
in optima forma — ; in toto — у повному складі; вцілому; без
пропусків ( )
in ordine successivorum — intra vires — у межах повноважень
in una persona — в одній особі
in originali — in usu — для вжитку
in pace -— , in usum et abusum — на користь іна шкоду
in perpetuum — in vacuis locis — у вільних місцях
in persona — , in via juris — законним шляхом
in praesenti — , invicem — поперемінно, по черзі
in praxi — ; ipsissima verba — слово в слово; абсолютно
in prima instantia — точно
in publico — ipso facto — внаслідок самого факту;
in puncto — , насправді, у дійсності; з цієї причини,
in puncto puncti — ; через це

ipso jure — внаслідок самого закону; на jus primi possidentis —

законній підставі
ipso verbo — безперечно, беззаперечно jus privatum —
jannis clausis — за зачиненими дверима jus proprietatis —
judicium — відповідати за jus protectionis — ,
позовом; стати перед судом у якості
відповідача jusprudentia —
jurisdictio contentiosa — ( jus publicum— ;
) у спірних (суперечливих) ( )
справах jus puniendi —
jurisdictio voluntaria — ( jus quaestionis —
) у конфліктних (безспірних) jus repraesentationis •—
справах
jus advitalitium mutuum — право довічного jus respondendi —
користування ( )
jus aggratiandi — право помилування jus retorsionis —
jus bonumque — право ісправедливість jus romanum -—
jus canonicum — канонічне право jus scriptum — ;
jus circa sacra — державне церковне право jus strictum — ;
jus civile — цивільне право
jus cogens — загальнообов'язкове право jus suffragii —
jus commune — загальне право justa causa — ;
jus constitutionarium — закон політичного
й суспільного устрою ( ) jus talionis —
jus criminale — кримінальне право justitia —
jus dicere — право чинити суд ітлумачити justus titulus — ( -
закони ),
jus dominii — право власності jus utendi et abutendi —
jus generis humani — природне право (
людини )
jus gentium — міжнародне право jus vitae necis —
jus haereditatis — право успадкування;
спадкове право lapsus linguae —
jus humanum — право людини lege et consuetudine —
jus in rem — речове право
jus judiciarium — закон, щ о визначає устрій lege ferenda —
діяльність судів ( )
jus militare — військова юстиція lege lata — ( )
jus naturae — закон природи
jus naturale — природне право lege necessitatis —
jus optionis — виборче право Leges duodecim tabularum — XII
jus possessions — право незалежного
володіння legis habet vigorem —
jus possidendi — право тимчасової lex —
власності lex abrogate —
jus praecedentiae — право першості lex civilis —
[переваги] lex mercatoria —
lex naturalis —

lex non scripta — negotiorum gestio — провадження

lex posterior derogat legi priori — (ведення) чужих справ без доручення
( ) ne varietur — зміні не підлягає
nomen juris — юридичний термін
lex propria — nomine et re — на словах ів дійсності
lex prospicit, non respicit — non dubitandum — не доводиться
( ) сумніватися, немає сумніву
lex scripta — nota bene (NB) — запам'ятай добре
lex specialis — (помітка на полях книги та ін.)
liberum arbitrium — ( ) nuda pactio — проста угода; угода, щ о не
litterae procuratoriae — , набула законної, визнаної римським
, ; правом форми
- nuda proprietas — право власності без
locatio conductio operarum — права користуватися результатами
( ) nudis verbis — безпідставно, без достатніх
locatio conductio operis faciendi — підстав
locatio conductio rei — nudus usus — користування, не пов'язане з
locator — отриманням матеріальної вигоди
loco citato (loc.cit; I.e.) — ob dolum — через злий задум, зі злим
умислом
locus delicti — , objectum quaestionis — предмет розгляду
locus sigilli (l.s.) — obligatione generali — внаслідок головного
mala tides — , зобов'язання
omnium consensu — за загальною згодою
mandatum cum libera — optima fide — з повною довірою
opus citatum (op.cit; op.c.) — цитований
manu armata — твір; цитована робота
manu brevi — ; pacta sunt servanda— сторони повинні
manu forti — (мають) дотримуватися
médias res — pactum pads — мирна договір (пакт)
mens legis — [ ] paritas volorum — рівність голосів
memorandum — ' ( particeps criminis — співучасник
) (спільник) злочину
missio in possessionem — parricidium — убивство одного з батьків
( ) (матері чи батька)
modus operandi — pars pro toto — частина замість цілого
modus vivendi — per aliud — за посередництвом іншого
( , per — через іншого, не безпосередньо
); per analogiam — за аналогією [за
mors sivilis — подібністю]
per annum — на рік; щорічно
mortis causa donatio — per capita — на душу населення
per consequention — за наслідком
mutatis mutandis — (результатом), щ о випливає з цього
[ ] висловлювання
natura debetur — ' per contra — з іншого боку
negïegentia crassa — per contrario — у протилежність (кому-
небудь, чому-небудь.)
per diem — у день

per exemplum — наприклад pro tempore (pro tem.) — ,

per expressum — дослівно, буквально
per idem — через посередництво того quaestio —
самого quaestio facti —
per legem terrae — за законом країни quaestio juris —
per procura — за довіреністю;через qui pro quo — ;
посередництво кого-небудь ;
per se — у чистому вигляді; саме по собі quod demonstrandum est —
per sécréta vota — закритим голосуванням
persona non grata — небажана особа, quod erat demonstrandum (Q.E.D., q.e.d.)
персона нон грата — ;
persona publica — посадова особа;
суспільний діяч quod vide (q.v.) — ( ,
persona sui juris — правомочна особа )
per taciturn consensum — за мовчазною ratio decidendi — ;
згодою
per usum — на практиці ratio legis — ;
per vota sécréta — закритим голосуванням
pleno jure — з повним правом rebus sic distantibus -—
post bellum — після війни; післявоєнний,
повоєнний rebus sic stantibus —
post factum — після здійснення факту;
заднім числом, постфактум regula juris —
post hominum memoriam - з прадавніх res communis —
часів, від споконвіку res communis omnium — '
post meridiem (p.m.) — після полудня, по ( )
обіді res controversa —
post mortem — після смерті, посмертно res extra commercium — ,
post scriptum (p.s.) — після написаного, '
постскриптум res fungibilis —
prima facie — на перший погляд; з першого res habilis —
разу res integra —
pro anno -— тепер, на цей час res inter alios acta —
probatio liquidissima — наочний доказ
probatum est — перевірено, доведено; res inter commercium —
схвалено, ухвалено res judicata — ,
pro et contra — за й проти
pro forma — для годиться, формально res mobilis —
pro interim — тимчасово restitutio in integrum —
pro memoria — для пам'яті; на пам'ять про
кого-небудь re vera — ,
pro mutua accepta — взяте у вигляді позики scilicet (scil.; sc.) — ,
pro numo — у даний момент; тепер, на цей scriptus heres —
час semper idem — ;
pro rata — відповідно, пропорційно sensu stricto —
pro tänto — відповідно ( )
sequens, sequentes (seq., sq., seqq., sqq.) —
() ( )

sic dicta — sub specie — з точки зору; під кутом зору

sigillum veri — ( - summum supplicium — смертна кара
) supra scriptum — вище написано
sine anno et loco (s.a.e.l.) — supra vide — дивися вище (за текстом)
supressio veri — приховування істини
sine die (s.d.) — tacito consensu — з мовчазної згоди
sine dubio —- tacitus consensus — мовчазна згода
sine jure — ; terra incognita — невідома земля; щось
sine letigima prole — невідоме, незвідане чи неосягненне
sine loco (s.l.) — testantibus actis — довіреність на ведення
sine loco, anno, vel nomine — (провадження) судового процесу
, testes muti — мовчазні свідки
sine loco et anno — toto corpore — цілком, повністю
ubi emoIumentum,ibis onus — права
sine qua non — [ ' ] передбачають певні обов'язки
ubi non est lex,ibi non est transgressio •— де
solam proprietatem — немає закону, там немає й порушень
ubi periculum, ibi lex — де є [загрожує]
species facti — небезпека, там ізакон
ultra vires — поза компетенцією; за межами
sponte sua, sine lege — , повноважень
unum et idem — те ж саме
stare decisis — usus fori — судовий звичай
ususfructus — вилучення прибутків,
status juridicus — ( користування чужою власністю
) ut infra — як сказано нижче
status quo — - ; uti possidetis — формула взаємного
, визнання прав сторін, щ о воюють, на
status quo ante — , зайнятій ними території
uti possidetis ante bellum — формула
status quo ante bellum — взаємного визнання прав за станом, що
існував до війни
status quo post bellum — , ut supra — як сказано вище [раніше]
( ) venditori redhibet — повернення речі назад
stricto jure — продавцеві ( '
- )
stricto, strictissimo sensu — verbatim — дослівно, слово в слово
( ) verso folio — на зворотньому боці листа
sub conditione — versus — проти, на противагу; стосовно
sub consensu — - чого-небудь
sub crimine falsi — verte — дивися на звороті (
)
subicitur juris necessitati — via — через, за чийого-небудь
посередництва
sub judice — via facti — самовільно, явочним порядком
sub modo — vice versa (v.v.) — навпаки, назад
sub poena — vide (v.) — звернися до; дивися там
sub ratione — , videlicet (viz) — а саме, тобто; наприклад

vide supra (v.s.) — ( )

vi mandati — ;
vi praesidii —
vis legis —
vis major —
vis probandi —
visum repertum —
( )
viva voce —
voluntas ultima — ;
votum separatum —

MAIN INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND

NON-GOVERNMENTAL BODIES
Accounts Division (UN Secretariat) ( ) /

( )
Ad Hoc Advisory Committee of Experts on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders
/
Ad Hoc Commission of International Jurists - /

-
Ad Hoc Committee against the Taking of Hostages /
Ad Hoc Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations /
Ad Hoc Committee of the Whole on Conventional Weapons (Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and
Development of International Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts)
( ,
)
( ,
)
Ad Hoc Committee on Communications (relating to Human Rights) (
)/ ( )
Ad Hoc Committee on Co-ordination of Activities in regard to Combatting Policies of Apartheid
/
Ad Hoc Committee on Co-ordination of Technical Assistance Activities

/
Ad Hoc Committee on Development /
Ad Hoc Committee on International Terrorism (UN) ( ) /

( )
Ad Hoc Committee on the Drafting of an International Convention against Apartheid in Sports (UN)
( ) /
( )
Ad Hoc Committee on the Drafting of an International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (UN)
( )/
( )
Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean (UN) ( )!
( )
Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN)
( )!
( )
Ad Hoc Committee on the Review of the Role of the United Nations in the Field of Disarmament (UN)
’ ( )!
( )
Ad Hoc Committee on the World Disarmament Conference (UN)
( )! ( )
Ad Hoc Committee to Study the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National
Jurisdiction (replaced by Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National
Jurisdiction)
/
326 Main International, Regional And Non-Governmental Bodies

Ad Hoc Political Committee (of the General Assembly) ( )/

( )
Ad Hoc Sub-Committee on Namibia (UN Security Council) ( )/
( )
Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, ACC (ECOSOC) ,
( )/ , ( )
Administrative Management Service (UN Secretariat) - ( )!
- ( )
Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, ACABQ (UN)
, ( )/
, ( )
Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (USA)
( )/ ( )
Advisory Committee on Science and Technology /
Advisory Committee on the Application of Science and Technology to Development, ACAST (ECOSOC)
, ( )!
, ( )
Advisory Committee on the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
/
Advisory Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy

/
African Development Bank, AfDB , / ,
African Division (UN Secretariat) ( )/ (
)
Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization, AAPSO , /
,
Amnesty International « », MA / « », MA
Andean Group /
Anti-Imperialist Solidarity Committee /
ANZUS , / ,
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, ABEDA ,
/ ,
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, AFESD
/
Arab League /
Asian Development Bank, AsDB , / ,
Association of South-East Asian Nations, ASEAN - , /
- ,
Atlantic Institute (of International Affairs) ( ) /
( ),
Atlantic Treaty Association, , / ,
'
Baltic and International Maritime Conference, BIMC , /

,
Bank for International Settlements, BIS , / ,
BMP ‘ ' ‘
BENELUX Economic Union , , /
, ,
Board of Auditors (UN) ( )! ( )
Board of Directors (IF ) ( )! ( )
Board of Governors (IAEA, IFC, IMF, IBRD) ( , , , )!
( , , , )
Budget Division (UN Secretariat) ( )! ( )
Main International, Regional And Non-Governmental Bodies. 327

Caribbean Community, CARICOM , KAPIKOM / ,

Central Treaty Organization, CENTO , /
,
Centre against Apartheid (UN Secretariat) ( )/
( )
Centre for Disarmament (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport (UN Secretariat) ,
( )/ , ( )
Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs (UN Secretariat)
( ) /
( )
Centre for Studies and Research in International Law and International Relations
/
Church World Service, CWS , / ,

Club of Rome /
Codification Division (UN Secretariat) ( )/ (
)
Commission for Cultural Relations ’ /
Commission for Intellectual Co-operation /
Commission for Nuclear Energy /

Commission for Social Development (ECOSOC) ( )/
( )
Commission for Social Sciences, Humanities and Culture (UNESCO)
( )/ ( )
Commission for Space Research /
Commission for Space Technology /

Commission of the Churches on International Affairs, CCIA (WCC) , ( )
/ , ( )
Commission of the European Communities, CEC (EC) , ( )
, ( )
Commission on Commodity Arrangements and Policies /
Commission on Exploration and Use of Outer Space of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
/
Commission on Human Rights (ECOSOC) ( ) /

( ) '
Commission on Human Rights and Social Development /
Commission on Human Settlements, CHS (ECOSOC) , ( )/

, ( )
Commission on International Commercial Arbitration (ICC) ( )/
( )
Commission on International Development (IBRD) ( ) /
( )
Commission on International Monetary Relations (ICC) ( )
( )
Commission on International Trade Law, UNCITRAL (UN) ,
( )! , ( )
Commission on International Trade Practice (ICC) ( )!
( )
Commission on Legal Questions of Outer Space /
Commission on Narcotic Drugs (ECOSOC) ( )!

( )
Commission on Outer Space /
'

Commission on the Exploration and Utilization of Outer Space (USSR Academy of Sciences)
( )/
( )
Commission on the Status of Women (ECOSOC) ( )/
( )
Commission on Transnational Corporations, CTC (ECOSOC) ,
( )/ , ( )
Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, CSOP , /
,
Committee established in pursuance of Security Council Resolution 253 (1968) (Sanctions Committee) ,
253 (1968) ( )/ ,
253 (1968) ( )
Committee established under General Assembly Resolution 32/174 (UN) ,
32 / 174 ( ) / , 32/174
( )
Committee for Conventional Armaments /
Committee for Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
/
Committee for Development Planning, CDP (ECOSOC) , ( )/
, ( )
Committee for Economic Development, CED , /
,
Committee for Nuclear Energy /
Committee for Programme and Co-ordination, CPC (ECOSOC) ,
( )/ , ( )
Committee of Eighteen (on Disarmament) ( ) / (
)
Committee of Experts (UN Security Council) ( )/ (
)
Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR , /
,
Committee on Arrangements for a Conference for the Purpose of Reviewing the Charter (UN)
( )/ ( )
Committee on Commodities (UNCTAD) ( )/
( ) ' ' '
Committee on Conferences (UN) ( )/ ( )
Committee on Contracts (UNIS) ( )/ ( )
Committee on Contributions (UN) ( )/ ( )
Committee on Crime Prevention and Control, CCPC (ECOSOC)
, ( )/ , ( )
Committee on Disarmament, CD (Conference of the Committee on Disarmament) (
)/ ( )
Committee on Economic Co-operation among Developing Countries (UNCTAD)
, ( ) /
( )
Committee on Food Aid Policies and Programmes (ECOSOC)
( )/ ( )
Committee on International Economic Policy /
Committee on International Law (the Hague) ( )/

( ) '
Committee on International Terrorism (UN) ( ) /
( )
Committee on Invisibles and Financing Related to Trade, CIFT (UNCTAD)
, ’ , ( ) / ,
, ( )
Committee on Manufactures (UNCTAD) ( )/
( ) '
Committee on Natural Resources, CNR (ECOSOC) , ( ) /
, ( )
Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, CNGO (ECOSOC) ,

(EKOCOP)I , KHO ( )
Committee on Relations with the Host Country (UN) ( )/
( )
Committee on Review and Appraisal, CRA (ECOSOC) ( )/
( ).
Committee on Science and Technology for Development, CSTD (ECOSOC)
, ( )/ , ( )
Committee on Shipping (UNCTAD) ( )/
( )
Committee on Space Research, COSPAR , /
,
Committee on the Admission of New Members (UN Security Council) (
)/ ( )
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UN) ( )/
( )
Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People (UN)
’ ( )/
( ) '
Committee on Transfer of Technology (UNCTAD) ( )/
( )
Committee to Review United Nations Public Information Policies and Activities (UN)
( ) /
( )
Commonwealth ( ) /( )
Communications, Records and Commercial Services Division (UN Secretariat) ’ ,
( )/ , ( )
Communist International, COMINTERN , /
,
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, CMEA, Comecon , /
,
Council of Arab Economic Unity, CAEU , /
,
Council of Europe /
Credentials Committee (UN) ( )/ ( )
Dag Hammerskjold Library (UN Secretariat) ( ) /

( )
Department of Administration and Management (UN Secretariat)
( )/ ( )
Department of Conference Services (UN Secretariat) (
)/ ( )
Department of International Economic and Social Affairs (UN Secretariat)
( )/
( )
Department of Political Affairs, Trusteeship and Decolonization (UN Secretariat) ,
( ) / ,
( )
Department of Political and Security Council Affairs (UN Secretariat)
( )/ (
) '
Department of Public Information, DPI (UN Secretariat) , (
)/ , ( )
Department of Technical Co-operation for Development (UN Secretariat)
( )/ (
) ■
Development Advisory Services Division (UN Secretariat)
( )/ ( )
Diplomatic Conference of International Maritime Law
/
Disarmament Commission (UN) ( )/ ( )

Appendix # 7 --------------------------------------------------------------- A GUIDE TO DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Disarmament Committee /
Division for Policy Co-ordination (UN Secrétariat) ( ) /
( )
Division of Economic and Social Information (UN Secrétariat)
( )/ ( )
Division of General Assembly Affairs (UN Secrétariat) ( )/
( ) '
Division of Human Rights (UN Secrétariat) ( ) /
( )
Division of Opérations (UN Secrétariat) ( )/
( )
^ Visi0n 0f Persomiel Administration (UN Secrétariat) - (
)! - ( ) '
Division of Public Administration and Finance (UN Secrétariat) -
( )/ - ( )
Division of Recruitment (UN Secrétariat) ( )/ ( )
Economie and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific, ESCAP (ECOSOC)
™ ™ ° - 0 ( ) / ,
( )
and Sodal 1’ EC°SO C , /
,
Economie Commission for Africa, ECA (ECOSOC) ( ) /
, ( )
Economie Commission for Europe, (ECOSOC) ( )/
, ( )
/ Commission for Latin America, ECLA (ECOSOC) ,
( )/ , ( )
, * 0 Commission for Western Asia, ECWA (ECOSOC) ,
( )/ , ( )
Economie Community of West African States, ECOWAS , /
,
Editerai and Official Records Division (UN Secrétariat)
( )/ ( )
Editorial Control Section (UN Secrétariat) ( ) /
( )
Electronic Data Processing and Information Systems Division (UN Secrétariat)
™ ( )/ (
European Alliance of Press Ageneies /

European Atomic Energy Community, EURATOM , /
, 1 ..........
European Atomic Forum , / ,
European Broadcasting Union, EBU, EUROVISION , /
,
European Centre for Nuclear Research, CERN , /
,
European Centre for the Co-ordination of Research and Documentation in the Social Sciences, ECSS
, /
, *
European Communities /
European Cultural Centre, ECC , / ,
European Economie Community, , /
,
European Free Trade Association, EFTA , /
,
European Orgamzation for Nuclear Research /
European Parliament, , / ,
European Society of Culture ' , /

,
European Space Agency, ESA , / ,
European Space Operations Centre, ESOC , /
,
Executive Board (UNESCO, WHO) ( , )/ ( , )
Executive Committee (WMO) ( )/ ( )
Executive Council (UPU) ( )/ ( )
Executive Office of the Secretary-General (UN Secretariat) (
)/ ( )
External Relations Division (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Field Operations Division (UN Secretariat) ( ) /

( )
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO
’ , / ,
Foreign Affairs Committee /
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT , /

,
General Assembly ( UN) ( )/ ( )
General Committee (UN) ( )/ ( )
General Legal Division (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Geneva Committee on Disarmament /
Governing Body (ILO) ( )/ ( )
Hague Academy of International Law /
Institute for Namibia at Lusaka (UN) ( ) /

( )
Institute of International Law , / ,
Inter-American Development Bank, IDB , /
,
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization, IMCO ,
/ ,
Internal Audit Division (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
International Academy of Astronautics, , /
,
International Academy of Aviation and Space Medicine - /
-
International Aeronautical Federation, FAI , /
,
International Air Safety Association, IASA , /
,
International Association of Democratic Lawyers, IADL - , /
- ,
International Association of Legal Science, IALS , /
, .
International Association of Universities, IAU /
,
International Astronautical Federation, IAF , /
,
International Automobile Federation, FIA , /
,
International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA , /

Appendix # 7------------------- ------------------------------------ -- ----- A GUIDE TO DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
,
International Bank for Economic Co-operation, IBEC /
,
МБРР /Il‘ternati0naI BanJ for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD
/ ,
Internati° nal Bar Association> , / ,
International Broadcast Institute, - , /

- , 1
International Bureau (UPU) ( )/ ( )
International Chamber of Commerce, ICC , / ,
International Civil Aviation

Organization, ICAO /
,
International Civil Service Commission, ICSC (UN) , ( ) /
, ( )
iv w Internat,onal Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes of Racism and Apartheid Regimes in Southern Africa
, /
,
nm„ • Internatl0nal Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes of the Military Junta in Chile
L e S “ 0 0 ™ ’ 7 ™ * ~ * -
Internati0nal Commission of Jurists, ICJ , / ,
International Commission of Military History , /

,
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU
, /
International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP
, / ,
International Committee for Security and Co-operation in Europe
/
International Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations for Human Rights
/
International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC /
, ’
International Computation Centre, ICC , /
, ^
M ,P MIr nati0nal Confede™tion for disarmament and Peace, ICDP ,
1 / ,
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, ICFTU , /
,
™ a^ Dternati0naL “ / ° r Phi,OSOphy aild Humanistic Studies, ICPHS
, / ,
International Council of Women, ICW , / ,
Ass° ciati0u’ ^ , /
0"31 8 ’ ^ ‘ 0 ™ , /
International Federation of Philosophical Societies, IFPS , /
,
International Finance Corporation, IFC , /
корпорация, М Ф К
1 InStltUte ° f SpaCe LaW’ IISL ° /
International Institute of Strategic Studies, IISS /

,
International Labour Office, ILO , / ,
MoTnat'()nal Lab°Ur Or8a,lizati0n’ ILO , /
Main International, Regional And Non-Governmental Bodies 333

International Law Association, ILA , / ,
International Law Commission, ILC (UN) , ( )/

, ( ) ' ’
International Lenin Peace Prize Committee /
International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg /
International Military Tribunal for the Trial of War Criminals

/
International Monetary Fund, IMF , / ,
International Narcotics Control Board, INCB (ECOSOC)
, ( )/ , ( )
International Nuclear Information System, INIS , /
,
International Olympic Committee, , /
,
International Organization for Commerce, IOC , MOT /
,
International Organization of Journalists, IOJ , /
,
International Peace Academy, IPA , / ,
International Peace Research Association, IPRA , /
,
International PEN - , / - ,
International Political Science Association, JPSA , /
,
International Radiation Protection Association, IRPA
, / ,
International Radio and Television Organization, OIRT ,
/ ,
International Red Cross , / ,
International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (ECOSOC)
- ( ) /
( )
International Sea-Bed Authority /
International Sociological Association, ISA , MCA /
, MCA
International Student Conference, ISC , MCK /
,
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, INTELSAT
’ , / ,
International Telecommunication Union, ITU ' , MCE /
,
International Trade Law Branch (UN Secretariat) - ( )/
( )
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea /
International Union for Child Welfare, IUCW , /

,
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN
, / ,
International Union of Lawyers , MCA / , MCA
International Union of Students, IUS , MCC / ,
International Writers Guild, IWG , / ,
International Youth and Student Movement for the United Nations, ISMUN
, / ,
International Youth Confederation, IYC , /

,

Interparliamentary Union, IPU /

Interpretation and Meetings Division (UN Secretariat)
( )/ ( )
Investments Committee (UN) ( )/ ( )
Islamic Development Bank, IDB , / ,
Joint Committee on Host Country Relations ' /
Joint Inspection Unit, JIU (UN) ’ , ( )/ ,

( )
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ’ , /
,
Latin American Integration

Association, LAIA , /
,
Legal Committee, Sixth Committee (UN General Assembly) ,
( )/ , ( )
Legal Sub-Committee on the Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (ICAO)
( )/ ( )
Liaison Committee of Women's International Organizations ' ,
/ ,
Maritime Safety Committee ( ) ( )/ ( )

Medical Service (UN Secretariat) ( ) / (
)
Meeting Servicing Branch (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Military Staff Committee (UN Security Council) - , ( )/
, ( )
Negotiating Committee on the Financial Emergency of the United Nations (UN)

’ ( ) /
( )
Nordic Council /
North Atlantic Assembly , / , CA
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO , /
,
Nuclear Test Explosion Control Committee /
Office for Development Research and Policy Analysis (UN Secretariat)

( ) / (
оощ - - - -
Office for Programme Planning and Co-ordination (UN Secretariat)
( )/ ( )
Office for Science and Technology (UN Secretariat) ( )/
( )
Office of Financial Services (UN Secretariat) ( )/
( )
Office of General Services (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Office of Legal Affairs (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Office of Personnel Services (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Office of Secretariat Services for Economic and Social Matters (UN Secretariat) ,

A GUIDE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE Avvendix # 7
( )/ ,
( )
Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs (UN Secretariat)
( )/
( )
Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Special Political Affairs (UN Secretariat)
( )/
( )
Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Special Political Questions and Co-ordinator of Special Economic
Assistance Programmes (UN Secretariat)
( ) /
( )
Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO) ’
( )/
( )
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR (ECOSOC)
’ , ( ) /
, ( )
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD ,
/ ,
Organization for International Economic Relations, 1ER ’ , /
,
Organization of African Unity, OAU , OAC /
,
Organization of American States, OAS , /
,
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OAPEC - ,
/ - ,
Organization of the Islamic Conference, OIC , OIK /
,
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC - , /
- ,
Outer Space Affairs Division (UN Secretariat) ( )/
( )
Outer Space Committee /
Peace Observation Commission (UN) ( )/

( )
Permanent Committee (UNCTAD) ( )/ ( )
Plenipotentiary Conference (1TU) (MCE) / ( )
Political Affairs Division (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Political Consultative Committee of the States Parties to the Warsaw Pact
- , / -
,
Population Commission (ECOSOC) ( ) /
( ) ..
Population Division (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
Preparatory Commission of the International Atomic Energy Agency
/
Preparatory Committee for the International Conference on Human Rights
/
Preparatory Committee for the New International Development Strategy ( UN)
( )/
( ) '
Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament
, /
,
Main International, Regional And Non-Governmental Bodies

336
Preparatory Committee for the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other
Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Océan Floor and in the Subsoil thereof
Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conférence on Science and Technology for Development
’ /
Preparatory Committee for the World Conférence of the United Nations Decade for Women (ECOSOC)
/
( )
Preparatory Committee of the World Congress for Peace, Security and National Independence
, /
,
Press and Publications Division (UN Secrétariat) ( )/
( )
Procédural Committees ( UN) ( )/ ( )
Programme, Calendar and Documents Planning Unit (UN Secrétariat) ,
( ) / ,
( )
Protocol and Liaison Service (UN Secrétariat) ’ ( ) /
( )
Publishing Division (UN Secrétariat) ( ) /
( )
Pugwash Conférences on Science and World Affairs
/
Purchase, Transportation and Buildings Services Division (UN Secrétariat) ,
( )/ ,
( )
Radio and Visual Services Division (UN Secretariat) - (

)/ - ( )
Reactor Hazards Committee /
Reactor Safeguards Committee /
Regional Commissions (ECOSOC) ( )/ ( )

Relief Co-ordination, Preparedness and Prevention Division (UNDRO) ,
( )/ ,
( )
Research Committee (UNITAR) ( )/
( )
Secretariat of the Administrative Tribunal (UN Secretariat)

( )/ ( )
Secretariat of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People (UN
Secretariat) ’ ( ) /
( )
Secretariat of the United Nations ’ /
Secretariat Services Division (UN Secretariat) ( )!

( )
Section for Sea and Ocean Affairs (UN Secretariat) ( )!
( )
Security and Safety Service (UN Secretariat) ( )/
( )
Security Council (UN) ( )/ ( )
Security Council and Political Committees Division (UN Secretariat)
( )!
Main International, Regional And Non-Governmental Bodies___________________________________________ 337
( )
Security Council Committee on Council Meetings away from Headquarters (UN)
( ) /
( )
Sistema Econömico Latinoamericano / Latin American Economic System, SELA, LAES
, / ,
Socialist International, SI , , /
, ,
South-East Asia Treaty Organization, SEATO - /
- ,
Special Committee against Apartheid (UN) ( )!
( )
Special Committee on Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Principle of Non-Use of Force in International
Relations (UN)
( ) /
( )
Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations (UN)
, 33- ( )! , 33-
( )
Special Committee on Preferences (UNCTAD) ( )/
( )
Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the
Organization (UN) ’
( ) /
( )
Special Committee on the Complete and General Prohibition of Nuclear Weapon Tests
/
Special Committee on the Distribution of the Funds Released as a Result of the Reduction of Military Budgets
(UN) , ( ) /
, ( )
Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression (UN)
( )/ ( )
Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of
Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, Committee on Decolonization (UN)
,
, 24- ( ) /
, , 24- ( )
Special Committee on the World Disarmament Conference
/
Special Committee on the World Treaty on the Non-Use of Force in International Relations
/
Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied
Territories (UN) , ,
( ) /
- ( )
Special Intergovernmental Committee on International Trade
/
Special Unit on Palestinian Rights (UN Secretariat) ( )/
( )
Standing Armaments Committee (WEU) ( EC) /
( )
Standing Commission on Foreign Trade (CMEA) ( ) /
( )
Statistical Commission (ECOSOC) ( )/ ( )
Statistical Office (UN Secretariat) ( ) / (
) ‘
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI
, / ,

Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (ECOSOC)

( )/
( )
Sub-Committee on a Treaty for the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapons Tests
/
Sub-Committee on International Co-operation in the Political Field
/
Trade and Development Board (UNCTAD) ( )/

( )
Trade Unions International, TUI , /
, '
Translation Division (UN Secretariat) ( ) /
( )
00 Treasury Division (UN Secretariat) ( )/ (
Treaty Section (UN Secretariat) ( )/ ( )

Trilateral Commission /
Trusteeship Council (UN) ( )/ ( )
United Nations (UN) ’ ( )/ ( )

United Nations Administrative Tribunal /
United Nations Atomic Energy Commission ’ /
United Nations Centre for Disarmament, UNCD ’ , /

,
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, UNCITRAL ,
/ ,
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UNCOPUOS ’
, /
,
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD ,
/ ,
United Nations Council for Namibia /
United Nations Development Programme, UNDP (ECOSOC) ’ ,
(. )/ , ( )
United Nations Disarmament Commission, UNDC ’ ( ) /
( )
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, UNDOF ’
’ , / ,
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO ’
, , / , ,
United Nations Emergency Force ’ , /

,
United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP ’
, / ,
United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control, UNFDAC (ECOSOC) ’
, ( )/
, ( )
United Nations Fund for Namibia ’ /
United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO ’

, / ,
United Nations Institute for Training and Research, UNITAR - ,
/ - ,
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, UNIFIL ’ ,
/ ,

United Nations (International) Children's (Emergency) Fund, UNICEF (ECOSOC)

’ , ( )/ , ( )
United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board ’
’ /
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan, UNMOGIP
’ /
United Nations Office at Geneva ’ /
United Nations Organization, UNO, UN ’ , / ,
United Nations Peace-Keeping Force in Cyprus, UNFICYP ’

, /
, ■ • ■
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA
’ , /
,
United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees ’
/
United Nations Scientific Advisory Committee, UNSAC - ’
, / - ,
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ’
/
United Nations Special Fund ’ /
United Nations Special Fund for Land-locked Developing Countries ,

, / ,
United Nations Staff Pension Committee /
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine ’

’ , /
,
United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa ’ /
United Nations University, UNU ’ /

,
United Towns Organization, UTO , /
,
Universal Postal Congress (UPU) ( )/ ( )
Universal Postal Union; UPU , / ,
Vienna Institute for Development, VID , BIP / ,

Visa Committee (UNSecretariat) ( )/ ( )
War Crimes Commission, WCC (UN) , ( ) /

, ( )
War Resisters' International, WRI ’ , /
,
Western European Union, WEU , / ,
West European Satellite Commission /
Women's International Democratic Federation, WIDF , /

,
World Assembly of Youth, WAY , / ,
World Confederation of Labour, WCL , / ,
World Conference on Religion for Peace, WCRP « », /
« »,
World Federation of Democratic Youth, WFDY , /
,

World Federation of Scientific Workers, WFSW , /

,
World Federation of Trade Unions, WFTU , /
,
World Federation of United Nations Associations, WFUNA ,
/ ,
World Food Council, WFC (UN) , ( )/ ,
( ) '
World Food Programme, WFP , / ,
' ‘ ‘
World Health Assembly (WHO) ’ ( ) /
( )
World Health Organization, WHO ’ , /
,
World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO , /
,
World Jewish Congress, WJC , / ,
World Meteorological Congress (WMO) ( ) /
( )
World Meteorological Organization, WMO , /
,
World Muslim Congress, WMC , BMK / ,
' ‘ . . .
World Peace Council, WPC , / ,
World Veterans Federation, WVF /

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CHAPTER L UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENCE

United Nations Nations Unies

FROM: Assistant Secretary-General

There will be a meeting of all programme managers at 10 a.m

S 11 Consider temporary assistance requirements

Assignment 1. Study the text and answer the questions:

Assignment 3. Give a short oral summary o f the text.

Duty' station, to record decisions, to make proposals, to convey information, official

Stimulus bacterium, forum, appendix, criterion, analysis, formula, memorandum,

F o r e - “frontpart o f”, “fro n t”: forearm, foremost, foreground, foresee;

inter - “between”, “among”: interstate, interlinear, inter-continental, intertwine, inter

sub - “under”: subnormal, sublet, subdivide, subcontract, subsection;

super - “above”: superstructure, superscript;

trans - “across”, “from one place to another”: transatlantic, Trans-Siberian, transplant,

extra - “outside”: extracurial, extrajudicial, extralegal, extraordinary.

(Hntra - means “within”, “in”. Thus intrastate means “within state”)

Assignment 8. Think o f as many synonyms as possible fo r the verbs “to facilitate”

cr- dissem ination o f - <3= fo recastin g -

Similarly communications from the Secretary-General to the presidents of the

2. If a letter or memorandum is personal and/or confidential the word “Personal”

3. Where there has been previous correspondence on a subject, the text of a

“Further to my letter (reference number) of (date) regarding...”

When referring to a resolution or decision of a United Nations organ, state the

“Pursuant to paragraph 17 (a) of General Assembly resolution 46/183 of 20

Assignment 14. Suggest the Ukrainian for:

Confidential book, p e r s o n # ltamunity^ c^n/ideptial corre^onden^, persoral^note,

4. In s e c t i K o f its resolution 47/216 of 23 December 1992, the General Assembly

5. Pursuant to paragraph 17(a) of General Assembly resolution 46/183 of 20 December

to: Ail staff members date: 24 November

It is desirable that all scripts of the Radio Service should use

No credit should be given either to the Chief, Radio Service or to the

CC: Mr. ...

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR

TO: [Name to be typed] DATE : 1 February ...

SUBJECT: Implementation of the resolutions and decisions adopted by the

2. The Director-General for Development and International Economic Co-operation

3 . While in most cases action on the implementation of the resolutions and

Lesson One _______________________________________________ ____________________________________

In this regard, regarding, concerning, attached, to have the primary responsibility, to

f».*!'!( К "OR /,,<2

(a) Why am I writing?

(i) Is it to give someone information?

(If so, what information? For what purpose?)

(ii) Do I need information?

(iii) Is some action needed?

(b)To whom am I writing?

(i) Who will the reader be?

(iii) What does the reader need to know?

(v) How is the reader likely to react?

(vi) What is my relationship to the reader?

(a) Be concrete and specific, rather than .vague and indirect.

(b) State your facts or ideas directly (subject-verb-object).

(d) Use concrete rather than abstract words.

(b) Don’t use a circumlocution if a single word or phrase will do.

(c) Don’t use emphasis (bold, italics, underlining) in correspondence.

(d) Don’t use needless adjectives and adverbs (don’t overemphasize).

Assignment 22. Study the following examples, frequently fo u n d in United Nations

article, an article, article 3

commission(s) regional commissions

conimittee( s) the committee of the General Assembly

conference room, conference room paper

E X H IB IT 4 Informal impersonal letter

United Nations Nations Unies

Lesson One ___________