1176 – Byzantine–Seljuq wars: Seljuq Turks prevented Byzantine forces from taking

the interior of Anatolia at the Battle of Myriokephalon in Phrygia.

1630 – Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded the city of Boston.
1970 – The Jordanian army entered Amman as part of operations to oust Palestinian
fedayeen from the country in what became known as Black September (smoke over Amman
pictured).
1980 – Solidarity, a Polish trade union, was founded as the first independent labor
union in an Eastern Bloc country.