CHANAK

YANATI
ONALL
AWUNIVERS
ITY,
NYAYANAGAR,
MITHAPUR,
PATNA–8
00001

“
MARS
HAL L
INGBYS UBS
EQUENTPURC
HASERvs.
MARS HAL
LINGBY
SUBSEQUENTMORTGAGEE-
ACOMPARATIVES
TUDY”

F
INALDRAF
TSUBMI
TTEDI
NTHEF
ULF
ILMENTOFTHEC
OURS
ETI
TLED

PROPERTYL
AW

S
UBMI
TTEDTO:

Dr.
VIJAYK
UMARVI
MAL

TEAC
HERAS
SOC
IATE

S
UBMI
TTEDBY:

NAME:K
UMARIDI
KSHAC
HANDRA

C
OURS
E:B.
A.
,L
L.B(
Hon
s.
)

ROL
LNO:
193
0
nd
S
EMES
TER:
2

DECL
ARATI
ONBYTHECANDI
DATE

1
Ih
ere
byd
ecl
aret
hatt
hewo
rkr
epo
rte
dint
heB.
A.
,LL
.B(
Hon
s.
)Pr
oje
ctRe
por
ten
tit
led

“
MARS
HAL
LING BY S
UBS
EQUENT PURC
HAS
ER v
s. MARS
HAL
LING BY S
UBS
EQUENT

MORTGAGEE”s
ubmi
tte
datC
han
aky
aNa
tio
nal
LawUn
ive
rsi
tyi
sana
uth
ent
icr
eco
rdo
fmywo
rk

c
arr
iedo
utu
nde
rth
esu
per
vis
iono
fDr
.Vi
jayK
uma
rVi
malIh
aven
ots
ubmi
tte
dth
iswo
rk

e
lse
whe
ref
ora
nyo
the
rde
gre
eord
ipl
oma
.Ia
mfu
ll
yre
spo
nsi
bl
efo
rth
eco
nte
ntso
fmyPr
oje
ct

Re
por
t.

S
IGNATUREOFC
ANDI
DATE

NAMEOFC
ANDI
DATE:
KUMARIDI
KSHAC
HANDRA

C
HANAK
YANATI
ONALL
AWUNI
VERS
ITY,
PATNA.

ACK
NOWL
EDGEMENT

2
Iwo
uldl
ik
etot
han
kmyf
acu
ltyMr
.Vi
jayK
uma
rVi
malwh
oseg
uid
anc
ehe
lpe
dmeal
otwi
th

s
tru
ctu
rin
gmyp
roj
ect
.

Io
wet
hep
res
enta
cco
mpl
is
hme
nto
fmyp
roj
ectt
omyf
rie
nds
,wh
ohe
lpe
dmei
mme
nse
lywi
th

ma
ter
ial
sth
rou
gho
utt
hep
roj
ecta
ndwi
tho
utwh
omIc
oul
dn’
tha
vec
omp
let
edi
tint
hep
res
ent

wa
y.

THANKYOU,

NAME:
KUMARIDI
KSHAC
HANDRA

C
OURS
E:B.
A.
,L
L.B.
(Ho
ns.
)

ROL
LNO:
193
0
nd
S
EMES
TER–2

TABL
EOFC
ONTENT

3
1
.INTRODUC
TION.
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
.0
5

 AI
MANDOBJEC
TIVE

 HYPOTHES
IS

 RES
EARC
HMETHEDOL
OGY

 S
OURC
EOFDATA

 L
IMI
TATI
ONOFS
TUDY

2
.OBJEC
TANDS
COPEOFTRANS
FEROFPROPERTYAC
T..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
.09

3
.MARS
HAL
LINGBYS
UBS
EQUENTPURC
HAS
ER…
………
………
………
……….
12

4.
MARS
HAL
LINGBYS
UBS
EQUENTMORTGAGEE.
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
.1
7

5
.CONC
LUS
ION.
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
23

BI
BIL
IOGRAPHY

4
 1
.INTRODUCTI
ON

Mo
rtg
agei
sth
eon
eki
ndo
ftr
ans
fera
ndi
tist
heo
nek
indo
fti
tl
etr
ans
fero
fsp
eci
fic
1
i
mmo
vab
lep
rop
ert
y.S
ect
ion5o
fth
eTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t,1
882de
fin
es“
tra
nsf
er
o
fpr
ope
rty
”.Tr
ans
fero
fpr
ope
rtyme
ansa
nac
tbywh
ichal
iv
ingp
ers
onc
onv
eys
p
rop
ert
ytoo
neo
rmo
reo
the
rli
vin
gpe
rso
ns.
Pro
per
tyme
ans
:(1
)th
eth
ingi
tse
lf,
or(
2)
s
omeo
ral
lth
eri
ght
sinat
hin
gs.
Thep
rov
isi
ono
fSe
cti
on3o
fth
eTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rty
Ac
t,1
882d
oesn
otp
rov
idef
orac
omp
reh
ens
ived
efi
nit
iono
f‘i
mmo
vab
lePr
ope
rty
’,
h
owe
ver
,ito
nlyme
nti
onst
hat‘
i
mmo
vab
lep
rop
ert
y’d
oesn
oti
ncl
udes
tan
din
gti
mbe
r,
g
rowi
ngc
rop
s,o
rgr
ass
.Ac
cor
din
gtoS
ec.
3(2
6)o
fth
eGe
ner
alC
lau
sesAc
t,1
897t
he
“
Immo
vab
lep
rop
ert
ysh
all
inc
lud
ela
nd,
ben
efi
tst
oar
iseo
uto
fla
nd,
andt
hin
gsa
tta
che
d
t
oth
eea
rtho
rpe
rma
nen
tlyf
ast
ene
dtoa
nyt
hin
gat
tac
hedt
oth
eea
rth
”.“
Att
ach
edt
o
t
hee
art
h”me
ans
:

Ro
ote
dint
hee
art
h(l
ik
etr
eea
nds
hru
bs)

I
mbe
dde
dint
hee
art
h(l
ik
ewa
ll
set
c)

At
tac
hedi
nsu
chawa
ywh
ichg
ive
spe
rma
nen
tbe
nef
ici
ale
njo
yme
nt.

S
o,I
mmo
vab
lePr
ope
rty
:

1
.Iti
ncl
ude
sla
nd,
ben
efi
tst
oar
iseo
uto
fla
nd,
andt
hin
gsa
tta
che
dtot
hee
art
h.

2
.Ift
het
hin
gisf
ixe
dtot
hel
ande
vens
li
ght
lyo
riti
sca
use
dtog
ode
epe
rint
hee
art
h
b
yext
ern
ala
gen
cy,
the
niti
sde
eme
dtob
eimmo
vab
lep
rop
ert
y.

3
.Ift
hep
urp
oseo
fan
nexa
tio
nofat
hin
gist
oco
nfe
rap
erma
nen
tbe
nef
itt
oth
ela
ndt
o
wh
ichi
tisa
tta
che
d,t
heni
tisi
mmo
vab
lep
rop
ert
y.

S
o,a
sag
ain
sts
aleo
rgi
ft,t
hemo
rtg
agei
ssi
mpl
yth
etr
ans
fero
fani
nte
res
tint
he
p
rop
ert
ymo
rtg
age
d.Th
epu
rpo
seo
fitt
ole
ndmo
neya
ndi
tma
ybei
mme
dia
tel
yorl
ate
r
o
n.Mo
rtg
agec
rea
tesp
ecu
nia
ryl
iab
il
it
y.

Me
ani
ngo
fmo
rtg
age
:-
1
AC
TNO.
IVOF1
882

5
 Mo
rtg
agei
sac
onv
eya
nceo
fti
tl
etop
rop
ert
yth
ati
sgi
vena
sse
cur
ityf
ort
hep
ayme
nt
o
fad
ebto
rth
epe
rfo
rma
nceo
fad
utya
ndt
hatwi
llb
eco
mev
oidu
ponp
ayme
nto
r
2
p
erf
orma
ncea
cco
rdi
ngt
oth
est
ipu
lat
edt
erms

.
Acc
ord
ingt
ose
cti
on5
8(a
)oft
heTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t18
82,“
Amo
rtg
agei
sth
e
t
ran
sfe
rofa
nin
ter
esti
nsp
eci
fici
mmo
vea
blep
rop
ert
yfo
rth
epu
rpo
seo
fse
cur
ingt
he
p
ayme
nto
fmo
neya
dva
nce
dort
obea
dva
nce
dbywa
yofl
oan
,ane
xis
tin
gorf
utu
red
ebt
,
o
rth
epe
rfo
rma
nceo
fane
nga
geme
ntwh
ichma
ygi
ver
iset
oap
ecu
nia
ryl
iab
il
it
y”.

 Th
etr
ans
fer
ori
sca
ll
edamo
rtg
ago
r;

 Th
etr
ans
fer
eeamo
rtg
age
e;

 Th
epr
inc
ipa
lmo
neya
ndi
nte
res
tofwh
ichp
ayme
nti
sse
cur
edf
ort
het
imeb
ein
g
a
rec
all
edt
hemo
rtg
age
-mo
ney
;an
d

 Th
ein
str
ume
nt(
ifa
ny)b
ywh
icht
het
ran
sfe
rise
ffe
cte
disc
all
edamo
rtg
age
-
d
eed
.

Ac
cor
din
gtos
ect
ion5
3-DTPAc
t,1
882
,

Ani
mmo
vab
lep
rop
ert
yun
derr
egi
ste
redmo
rtg
agemu
stn
otb
ere
-mo
rtg
age
dor
s
oldwi
tho
utt
hewr
itt
enc
ons
ento
fth
emo
rtg
age
e,a
nda
nyr
e-mo
rtg
ageo
rsa
le
ma
deo
the
rwi
semu
stb
evo
id.
[Ame
nde
dbyt
heAc
tNo
.XXVIo
f20
04]

Marshal
li
ng me an
st oa rr
a n
geo rre g
ulate.Th erea re
se
parater ulesforma r
shall
ingi nrespecto fs alea nd
mort
gage.Inrespectofsale,th
er ul
eo fmar s
hall
ingisthat
asubse
quentp u
rchaserhasarighttocl
a i
mma rshal
lin
g.
Fo
ri nstanc
e,t her
ea ret hre
ep rop
e r
tiesA,B a ndC
su
bjectedtomo r
tgage.Themo r
tg a
gorsell
sAt oMr.Xf ree
fr
oma nye n
cumbrances.
Mr .Xise nt
itl
edt oinsis
tt hatthe
mort
gagees houl
dr eal
izeh i
smo rtgagemo neyo u
to ft he
pr
opertiesBa ndCa sfara spossibl
e.Ifth ewholeoft he
deb
ti snotc apabl
eo fb ei
ngr eali
zedf romBa ndC ,the
mort
gageeh asarighttop roc
eeda gai
nstA. Inthate ve
nt,
th
ep urc
haserMr .
Xh asar i
ghttoclai
mf romt hemortgago
r,
th
ea mountreal
izedfromA. Thi
sr ul
eappliesintheabsence

2
Bl
ack
’sL
awd
ict
ion
ary
,9t
hed
iti
on,
pag
eno
.11
01

6
 ofanycontrac
ttothecontr
ary.
Inrespectofmortgag
e,the
subse
quentmo r
tgage
ei senti
tl
edt or e
gulat
eo rmarshal
l
theo r
deri nwhic
ht hed e
btist ob er eal
ize
db yp ri
or
mortgag
ees.F orinst
ance,Mr.X mo rtg
agesA a n
dB
proper
tiestoMr.Ya n
dt h
enmortga
ge sBa l
onetoMr.Z.If
Mr.Ys eekstor e
ali
zeh i
smo rt
gageo utofB,Mr .Zc an
compelMr.Ytopro
ceedfirs
tagai
nstAa ndreali
zethedebt
fromit.
IfMr .
Yisunabl
etoreal
izethewh o
leamountdueto
hi
mf romA,heisent
itl
edtorecov
ertheb al
ancefro
mB.

Ac
cor
din
gtoS
ect
ion
-56
.-Ma
rsh
all
in
gbys
ubs
equ
entpu
rch
ase
r

I
fth
eown
ero
ftwoo
rmo
rep
rop
ert
iesmo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oon
epe
rso
nan
dth
en
s
ell
son
eormo
reo
fth
epr
ope
rti
est
oan
oth
erp
ers
on,
theb
uye
ris
,int
hea
bse
nce
o
fac
ont
rac
ttot
hec
ont
rar
y,e
nti
tl
edt
oha
vet
hemo
rtg
age
d-d
ebts
ati
sfi
edo
ut
o
fth
epr
ope
rtyo
rpr
ope
rti
esn
ots
oldt
ohi
m,s
ofa
rast
hes
amewi
lle
xte
nd,
but
n
ots
oast
opr
eju
dic
eth
eri
ght
soft
hemo
rtg
age
eorp
ers
onsc
lai
min
gun
derh
im
o
rofa
nyo
the
rpe
rso
nwh
oha
sfo
rco
nsi
der
ati
ona
cqu
ire
dani
nte
res
tina
nyo
f
t
hep
rop
ert
ies
.

S
ect
ion5
6,8
1–S
aleo
fmo
rtg
age
dpr
ope
rty–Ma
rsh
all
in
g--I
nvi
ewo
fth
esa
le
a
gre
eme
ntwh
ichr
esu
ltsi
ntod
ecr
eef
ors
pec
ifi
cpe
rfo
rma
nce
,th
epl
ain
tif
fis
e
nti
tl
edt
oin
sis
tup
ond
efe
nda
ntNo
s.1t
o3t
oha
vet
hemo
rtg
aged
ebts
ati
sfi
ed
o
uto
fth
epr
ope
rti
esn
ots
oldt
oth
epl
ain
tif
fan
dina
nyc
asei
fth
esa
le
p
roc
eed
sar
eno
tsu
ffi
ci
entt
hent
opr
oce
eda
gai
nstt
hes
aids
uit
p
rop
ert
ies
. 
M/sJ.
P.Bu
ild
ers&An
oth
erv
.A.
Rama
dasRa
o&An
oth
er,2
011
(2)
L
.A.
R.1
2(S
C).

AI
MSANDOBJECTI
VE

Th
epu
rpo
seo
fth
est
udi
esa
rea
sfo
ll
ows
:

1
. Th
ere
sea
rch
ert
end
stoa
nal
yzet
hep
rin
cip
leo
fma
rsh
all
in
g.

2
.Th
ere
sea
rch
ert
end
stoa
nal
yzea
nde
val
uat
eth
eco
nce
pto
fma
rsh
all
in
gpr
ovi
dedi
n
Tr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t,1
882
.

7
HYPOTHES
IS

Th
ere
sea
rch
erp
res
ump
tio
nist
hat“
TheC
onc
epto
fMa
rsh
all
in
gun
derTr
ans
fero
rPr
ope
rty
Ac
t,1
882
.”e
xpl
ain
sth
eme
ani
ngo
fth
ewo
rd“
Mar
sha
ll
in
g”a
ndt
hec
onc
epto
fma
rsh
all
in
gby
s
ubs
equ
entp
urc
has
era
ndma
rsh
all
in
gSe
cur
iti
esa
spr
ovi
dedi
nth
eac
t.I
tal
sos
howst
he
l
imi
tat
ion
stot
hed
oct
rin
eofma
rsh
all
in
g.Ana
tte
mpth
asb
eenma
det
oan
aly
zet
he‘
pri
nci
pleo
f
ma
rsh
all
in
g’b
yva
rio
usr
uli
ngso
fth
eSu
pre
meC
our
t.

RES
EARCHMETHEDOL
OGY

Th
ere
sea
rch
erwi
ll
ber
ely
ingt
ota
ll
yonDo
ctr
ina
lme
tho
don
lyt
oco
mpl
etet
hep
roj
ect
.

S
OURCEOFDATA

Th
ere
sea
rch
erwi
ll
ber
ely
ingo
nse
con
dar
yso
urc
eso
nlyt
oco
mpl
etet
hep
roj
ect

1
. Pr
ima
ryS
our
ces
:Tr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t18
82

2
.Se
con
dar
ySo
urc
es:
Boo
ksa
ndwe
bsi
tes

L
IMI
TATI
ONOFS
TUDY

Th
ere
sea
rch
erh
ast
imel
imi
tat
iono
fti
memo
neya
nds
our
cest
oco
mpl
etet
hep
roj
ectf
urt
her
e
mph
asi
swi
llb
eon
lyg
ive
ntoMa
rsh
all
in
gbys
ubs
equ
entp
urc
has
erv
s.Ma
rsh
all
in
gbys
ubs
equ
ent
Mo
rtg
age
e.

8
2
.OBJECTANDS
COPEOFTRANS
FEROFPROPERTYACT

TheTrans
f erofPropertyAc tcamei n
t oexiste
ncein1882
. Befor
et h
atthet r
ansferof
 
  i
mmovablep r
opertywe regovern
e db yprin
cipl
esofEnglishla
wa ndequi
ty.PreambleofAct
setsou
tth eobject
ivesofl e
gisl
ation.Thep u
rposeifActist odefi
nedand‘cer
tain’
pa r
tsofthe
Lawoftransf e
rofp ro
p e
rt y.
Scopeoft hisActisli
mited.
Ita ppl
iesonl
ytot r
ansferbyt h
ea c
t
ofparti
esn otbyoperati
ono fla
w. AlsothisActdealswithat r
ansferofpropert
y in
t e
rv i
vos
,
i.
e.
,atransferbetweenlivin
gp er
sons.Itc o
ntain
stransferofb o
thmo v
ableandimmovable
prope
rtyb utama j
orportionofthee nactmentisappli
cabletothetransf
e r
sofimmo vabl
e
prope
rtiesonly.
TheAc tisnotexhau s
t iv
e.

Defini
tio
ni nSecti
o n3isnotexhausti
ve.I
tsay sonl
ythat‘i
mmovabl
ep r
o per
ty’doesnotinc
lude
standi
ngtimb e
rg r
owingc r
opsorgrass.
Defini
tionofimmovabl
ep r
opertyinSect
ion3 (
26)of
GeneralCl
au se
sAc t,1
89 7
,isal
sonotexhaust
ive .
Itdefi
nesimmovabl
ep ro
p e
rtyasits h
all
in
cludela
nd, ben
e f
itstoa ri
sesoutoflan
d,andt h
ingsatt
achedtoearth
.Thuswef i
n dthatwhil
e
Transfe
rofp r
opertye xcl
udescert
ainthi
ngs.General
Claus
esAc t
,in
cludescer
tainthing
su n
der
thehead‘i
mmo vableproperty’
.Bycombin
gbothd efi
nit
ions
,wema ysaythat,th
ete rmincl
udes
l
and ,
benefitstoarisesoutoflands
,andthi
ngsa tt
achedtotheearth
,exceptstandingti
mber,
growin
gcrop sandgrass.
3

 
 (
A)L
and:
Itmeansadeter
minatepor
tionoftheeart
hssurface,whi
chmaybecov e
redbywa t
er,
t
hecol
umnofsurf
aceabov
et h
es u
rface
, t
hegrou
ndb en
eatht h
es u
rface
. Al
lth
eo bjec
tswhic
h
a
reonorund
erthesur
faceini
tsnatura
l St
ateareinc
ludedinthetermland
.Alsoal
lobje
cts
p
lace
dbyhumanagen
cyonorunderth
es ur
facewiththein
t e
ntionofpermanen
ta nne
xatio
nare
i
mmovabl
eprop
erty,
e.g
.,
Buil
ding,
wall
,fences
.

 
  
 (
B)Benefi
tstoa
riseou
tofla
nd:
 Apartfro
mp hy
sic
alpoi
ntofvie
w,ever
yb en
efitsari
seout
o
flandisa
lsore
gar
d e
dasimmov
abl
ep ro
p e
rty.Reg
istr
ati
onActals
oinc
lud
esasimmo v
able
p
ropert
ybenefi
tstoari
seou
tofla
n d
,heredi
taryal
lo
wances
,ri
ghtofway,l
ig
hts,f
erriesan
d

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ort
ant
-de
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iti
ons
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9
f
ish
eri
es.In
 Anan
dBe h
erav.S
tateofOri
ssa,
AIR19 5
6S C17,t
herig
httocat
chawayfis
hfrom
c
hil
kal
ake,ove
r  
anumberofyears
,washel
dtobeane q
u i
vale
ntof 
profi
tsapen
dre 
inEngl
and
a
ndabenfit
stoaris
eoutoflan
dinInd
ia.
Simil
arl
y,arig
htt oco
ll
ectarenta
ndprof
itsof
i
mmovabl
eproper
ty,ri
ghtt
ocoll
ectdu
esfromafairorheatormarketo
nalandar
eimmovabl
e
p
roper
ty.

 
  
(C)
Thi
ngsattac
hedtoearth
: 
Sect
ion3oftran
sferofp
roper
tydefi
nest
hee xpr
essi
on
‘
atta
che
dt oear
th’asin
clu
din
g(1)
thing
sroot
edintheear
th,
(2)t
hin
gsembed
de di
ntheear
th,
(3)
t
hing
sattach
edtowh a
tissoembedded
,and(
4)cha
t t
ela
ttac
hedtoear
thorbuil
din
g4.

1
)Thi
ng srootedinearthinc
ludetreesa nds h
rubs,exceptstand i
ngt imb er,gr
owingcropsand
g
rasses(Secti
on3 ,
TPA) .
Wh ethertressre garde
da smo v
ab l
eo rimmo va bl
ed ependsuponthe
c
irc
ums tance
so fthecase.Iftheintentionisthattreessh o
uldc on
t i
n uet ohavethebenefitof
f
urthersustenanceornutri
me ntbythes oil(l
and),e
.g.
,enj
o i
ningt h
e i
rf ru
its,th
ens uc
ht r
e eis
i
mmova bl
ep r
o pert
y.Butift hein
tentionist ooutthemd ownso onero rlaterforthep u
rpose
u
til
isi
ngt hewo o
df orbui
ldingorothe
ri ndustrialpurp
ose,theywo u l
db etimberandof
a
ccor
din g
lyber egarde
da smo vab
leprope rty(Shantabaiv
. S
tat eofBo mba y,
AIR1 958SC5 32)
d
eterminingwh e
therthet r
e eismovableo rimmovable,t
hei n
te nti
o nifp artyisimportantifthe
p
artiesintendthatthetrees hou
ldcontinuet ohavethebe nefitoff ur th
e rnut
rimenttob e
a
ffordedb ysoil
,thetreeisimmo v
ablep roperty.Butifintentionist owit hd
rawt hetreef r
om
l
and,
an dthelandisprovi
d i
ngitonlyasawa rehouse,i
tistob et re
a te dasmo vabl
ep ro
perty.

(
2)Thi
ngsembe
ddedinearth
: Itin
clud
essuchthi
ngsashous
e,bui
ldi
ngs
,etc
.,h
oweve
rcerta
in
t
hingsli
keananc
hori
mb e
dde dinthelan
dtoholdashi
pisnotaimmovabl
eprope
rty 
  
to
d
et e
rminewheth
ersuchthi
ngsa r
emo vab
leorimmovabl
eproper
ty,de
pendsupo
ncir
cumst
anc
es
o
fe achcas
eandther
ea r
et woma i
nc o
ndit
ion
st oi
ndic
ateint
entio
n:

t
hed
egr
eeormo
deofann
exati
on,
e.g
.ti
e-u
pseat
sfast
enedtot
hef
loo
rofc
ine
mah
all
sar
e
i
mmo
vab
lep
rope
rtyonb
ric
k-wo
rkandti
mbera
ndtep
estri
es;

th
eobjec
tofann e
xati
on,
for
,e.
g.
,Bl
ock
sofsto
nepla
cedoneonth
etopo
fothe
rwit
hou
tany
mate
rorcementforth
epurp
oseoffor
min
gadrywall
,wil
lbe
comepa
rtofl
and,
soi
mmova
ble
pr
opert
y,butn
o tthes
ton
esdepo
sit
edinth
ebuil
der
’sya
rd.

(
3)Th
ing
sattac
h e
dtowhatissoembe
d d
edmustb
eforthepermane
ntbe
nefi
ci
alen
joy
ment 
of
t
hetowhic
hitisatt
ached
,assec
tio
ns a
ysfor
,e.
g.
,do
orandwind
owsofaho
usear
eimmov
abl
e
p
roper
tytobepermane
nt,l
ikeel
ect
ricfan
sorwi
dowb l
in
ds,
theyaremo
vabl
epro
pert
y.

(
4)C
hattelatt
a c
he dtoearthorbui
ldi
ngi fachat
tel,i
.
e.,movabl
eproper
tyisatta
chedtoeart
h
o
rbuil
ding
,ifisimmo vabl
eprope
rty.Th edegr
ee,manner
, exte
ntandstren
gthofatt
achment
a
rethema i
nfe a
t urestoberega
rdedi nd e
ter
minin
gt h
eq uest
ion.
Stand
ingti
mber,g
rowing
c
ropsandgras
sesa reregarde
dass everablef
romlandandt h
eyareregard
edasmovabl
e
p
roper
t y.
Howe v
e riftheyandthelando nwhi
chtheystandissol
d,s
uchstan
din
gtimber,
growi
ng
c
ropsorgras
seswi ll
p a
sstopurcha
ses.

4
I
d.

1
0
(d
) S
tandin
gtimber:
 Thewo rdstandi
ngtimberincl
udesBaboo
lTree,
Shish
am,Nimb,
PapalBanya
n,
Teak,Bamboo,
etc.
Th efruitberati
ngtreeli
keMa ngo,Mahua
,Jackf
ruit,
Jamun,et
c.
,areno
t
standi
ngtimber
,andt heyareimmovablepro
p e
r t
ies( 
Fati
mabibi
v.Arrfan
aBegum,AIR1980All
394)
.Butifinte
ntio
ni stocutt h
emd ownsoonerorl
aterforthepur
p o
seutil
is
ingthe
ma sti
mber,
andnottousethemf orthep u
rposeofe n
joyi
ngtheirfrui
ts,
theyareregar
dedasmovabl
e
propert
y.(
T.A.San
kunn i
v .
B.J.Phi
li
ps,AIR1972Ma d2 7
2).
5

 
(e)
Growi
ngcro
ps: 
Gro
win
gcropsi
ncl
ude
screep
ersl
ikep
an,a
ngoo
r,et
c.,
mil
let
s(Whe
at,
S
ugarc
ane,
etc.
),
Vegli
keLau
ki,
Kaddo
,etc
.Th
esecro
psdon
’th
aveanyownin
depen
den
t
e
xiste
ncebey
ondthei
rfi
nalpr
oduc
e.

(f
)Grass
es:I
tcanonl
yb eus
edasf o
dder,
andnoo
theru
seispo
ssi
bl
e.Ther
eforeitismo
vable
.
Butacont
racttocu
tg r
asswil
lbeanin
teres
tinch
atte
l,s
oisi
mmova
b l
eprop
er t
y.Thefol
lo
wing
hasbe
enjudi
cia
llyrec
ogni
sedasimmov
ablepr
oper
ty:

(
1)Ri
ghtt
oco
ll
ectr
ento
fimmo
vab
lep
rop
ert
y.

(
2)Ri
ghtt
odu
esf
romaf
airo
nap
iec
eofl
and
.

(
3)Ar
igh
toff
ish
eri
es.

(
4)Ar
igh
toft
err
y.

(
5)Ar
igh
tofwa
y.

(
6)He
red
ita
ryo
ffi
ces
.

(
7)Th
ein
ter
esto
famo
rtg
age
eini
mmo
vab
lep
rop
ert
y.

Mine
rals
: 
Upo
ntran
sferofi
mmovab
lep
rop
erty,
thi
ngsno
tonlyr
oote
dtoi
t,buta
lsoa
nyth
ing
fo
unddeepdownbe
lowthepr
ope
rtygo
esal
ongwit
hthetra
nsfe
r.Al
lmi
ner
alsbe
lowthel
and
so
leareimmo
vabl
eprope
rty
.

Mo
vab
lePr
ope
rty

Tran
sferofpro
pe rt
ydoesno
tdefi
nemo v
abl
eprope
rty.I
nGener
alClaus
esAct,i
tisdefin
edas
“Pr
opertyofeve
r ydes
cri
pti
onexcep
timmovab
leprop
erty”
.So
mee xampl
esareri
g h
tof
wors
hip
,royal
ty,machi
ner
ynota
t t
achedtoe
arthwhi
chcanbesh
ift
e d
,ad e
cre
ef orarr
earof
ren
t,et
c.

At
tes
tat
ion

Atte
s tati
onhasbeendefi
nedinSecti
on3o fTran
s f
erofPr oper
tyActa s
un
der:—”atte
st e
d”,
  
  
  
inrel
ationtoani
n str
ument,meansandshal
lbed e
e medalwaystohave
meantattestedbytwo  
ormorewitness
e seachofwhomh a
ss e
enthee xecutan
ts i
gnoraffix
hi
sma rktotheinst
rument,
orhasseensomeo t
herperson
’ssig
nt h
einstrumentinthepres
ence
an
db yt h
edirecti
onoftheexecuta
ntap erson
alackno
wledgmentofhissigna
tureormark,orof

5
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l
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lbi
tes
.i
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pa-
int
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uct
ion
-imp
ort
ant
-de
fin
iti
ons
/

1
1
 t
hesi
gnatur
eofsucho
t h
erp e
rson,
andeac
hofwhomha
ssig
nedtheins
trumentinthepr
esenc
e
o
ftheexecut
ant
,butitsha
llnotbenec
ess
arytha
tmoret
hatoneofsuchwitn
essessh
allh
ave
b
eenpr
e s
entatthesa
met ime,an
dnopart
icu
larfo
rmofa
ttest
ationsh
a l
lbenece
ssary
.

To‘
atte
st’mean
stosi
gnandwit
nessan
yfacto
fexec
uti
onb
yt h
eexecu
tant
.Itmean
sthata
per
sonhass
ign
edthedo
cumentbywayoft
esti
mon
yofth
efacttha
thesawitexe
cuted
6.

3
.MARS
HAL
LINGBYS
UBS
EQUENTPURC
HAS
ER

Ac
cor
din
gtot
hed
efi
nit
iond
efi
nedi
nBl
ack
’sL
awd
ict
ion
ary‘
mar
sha
ll
in
g’me
ans
:

Ar
ran
gin
g,r
ank
ing
,ord
isp
osi
ngi
nor
der
;pa
rti
cul
arl
y,i
nth
eca
seo
fag
rou
pors
eri
eso
f
c
onf
lic
tin
gcl
aimso
rin
ter
est
s,a
rra
ngi
ngt
hemi
nsu
cha
nor
dero
fse
que
nce
,ors
o
d
ire
cti
ngt
hema
nne
roft
hei
r 
sat
isf
act
ion
,ass
hal
lse
cur
eju
sti
cet
oal
lpe
rso
ns
c
onc
ern
eda
ndt
hel
arg
estp
oss
ibl
eme
asu
reo
fsa
tis
fac
tio
ntoe
ach
.

F
irs
tEmer
gen
ceo
fTh
eDo
ctr
ineo
fMa
rsh
all
in
g 

7
Th
edo
ctr
ineo
fma
rsh
all
in
gwa
sfi
rste
mer
gedi
nth
efa
mou
sca
seAl
  d
ric
hv.Co
oper.
 I
nth
at
c
ase
 Lo
rdEl
don
 st
ate
d:
“
Ifac
red
ito
rha
stwof
und
s,t
hei
nte
res
toft
hed
ebt
ors
hal
lno
tber
ega
rde
d,b
utt
hec
red
ito
r
h
avi
ngt
wof
und
ssh
all
tak
eth
atwh
ich
,pa
yin
ghi
mwi
ll
lea
vea
not
herf
undf
ora
not
herc
red
ito
r.
”

Co
ndi
tio
nso
fAppl
ic
ati
ono
fth
eDo
ctr
ineo
fMa
rsh
all
in
g:
a
. 
  
  
The
res
hou
ldb
eac
ommo
nde
bto
r,
b
. 
  
 Al
l 
pro
per
tie
ssu
bje
cte
dtot
hep
rio
rmo
rtg
agec
ann
otb
ere
-mo
rtg
age
dan
don
lyap
ort
iono
f
t
hemc
anb
ere
-mo
rtg
age
d,
c
. 
  
  
 I
twi
lln
otp
rej
udi
cet
her
igh
tso
rin
ter
est
sofp
rio
rmo
rtg
age
eort
hir
dpa
rtywh
oha
sac
qui
red
a
nin
ter
esti
nan
yoft
hep
rop
ert
iesf
orc
ons
ide
rat
ion
.
d
. 
  
 Af
tert
her
e-mo
rtg
age
,nof
urt
hermo
rtg
ageo
fsa
mep
rop
ert
yca
nbema
de.

S
ect
ion5
6inTh
eTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t,1
882
1
[56
.Mar
shal
li
ngbys
ubs
eque
ntp u
rcha
s e
r.—Ifth
eo wn
eroftwoormorepr
ope
rtie
smo r
tga
g e
s
t
hemtoon
eperso
nandt
hensel
lsoneormoreofthepr
ope
r t
iest
oa n
othe
rpers
on,th
ebuyeris
,

6
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sl
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re.
net
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chi
nsr
eek
uma
r/t
ran
sfe
r-o
f-p
rop
ert
y-5
609
429
3
7
I
d.

1
2
i
nth
ea b
senceofacon
tracttothecont
rary
,en
tit
ledtohavethemor
tga
ged
-de
b tsat
isf
iedout
o
ftheprop
ertyorpro
pertie
sn o
tsoldtohi
m,s
ofarasthesamewil
lext
end
,butnotsoasto
p
rej
udic
etherigh
tsofthemo r
tgag
eeo rpe
rso
nscla
imin
gunderhi
morofan
yotherpers
onwho
8
h
asforc
onsi
derati
onacq
uiredanin
teresti
nanyofthepro
perti
es.
]

Th
iss
ect
ioni
nco
rpo
rat
est
her
uleo
fma
rsh
all
in
gbyap
urc
has
er,Ma
rsh
all
in
gme
ansa
rra
ngi
ng
s
ome
thi
ng.
Her
e,i
tha
sbe
enu
sedi
nth
ese
nseo
fpu
rch
ase
r’sr
igh
ttoma
kea
rra
nge
men
tswi
th
r
ega
rdt
osa
leo
fmo
rtg
age
dpr
ope
rti
esi
nsu
chma
nne
rth
atmo
rtg
aged
ebti
ssa
tis
fie
dou
tof
9
t
hep
rop
ert
yno
tso
ldt
ohi
m. Th
eru
leo
fla
wen
act
edi
nth
iss
ect
ioni
sth
at,
ift
heo
wne
roft
wo
o
rmo
rep
rop
ert
iesmo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oon
epe
rso
nan
dla
tero
nse
ll
san
yon
eofs
uchp
rop
ert
ies
t
hen
,th
ebu
yeri
sen
tit
ledt
ocl
aimt
hatmo
rtg
aged
ebtb
esa
tis
fie
dfi
rstf
romt
hep
rop
ert
ies
n
ots
oldt
ohi
m.I
not
herwo
rds,
i
nsu
chs
itu
ati
ons
,th
ebu
yerh
asar
igh
ttos
ayt
hata
sfa
ras
p
oss
ibl
eth
eli
abi
li
tie
ssh
oul
dbed
isc
har
gedf
romo
the
rpr
ope
rti
esa
ndt
her
eaf
ter
,ifn
eed
ed
,
pro
per
tys
oldt
ohi
msh
oul
dbet
ouc
hed
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

A,
whoi
sown
ero
fpr
ope
rti
esX,
Yan
dZmo
rtg
age
sth
esep
rop
ert
iest
oMa
ndt
ake
sal
oano
f
Rs
.20
,00
0.At
hens
ell
spr
ope
rtyXt
oB.
Her
e,Xi
son
eoft
hep
rop
ert
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hent
he
r
ema
ini
ngRs
.20
00ma
yber
eco
ver
edf
romp
rop
ert
yXs
oldt
o8.
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ver
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ect
ioni
tse
lf
p
rov
ide
s,i
fbe
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enAa
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,
e.b
etwe
ens
ell
era
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uye
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her
eisa
nyc
ont
rac
tco
ntr
aryt
oth
is
r
ule
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yag
reea
nyo
the
rar
ran
geme
nts
ubj
ectt
owh
ichh
eco
nse
nte
dtot
akep
rop
ert
y.

Ma
rsh
all
in
gun
dert
hiss
ect
iona
ppl
ieso
nlyb
etwe
enb
uye
ran
dse
ll
era
ndn
ota
sbe
twe
eno
the
r
s
ubs
equ
entp
urc
has
ers.
Ther
uleo
fma
rsh
all
in
gisb
ase
donp
rin
cip
leso
feq
uit
yan
dju
sti
cea
nd
j
ust
iced
ema
ndst
hatwh
ereap
ers
onp
urc
has
ess
omep
rop
ert
yfr
eef
romi
ncu
mbr
anc
es,
his
a
bso
lut
ein
ter
ests
hou
ldn
otb
epr
eju
dic
ed.
The
ref
ore
,th
eru
leu
nde
rth
iss
ect
ione
xis
tsf
ort
he
1
0
b
ene
fito
fth
ebu
yer
,no
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eown
er(
sel
le
r)h
ims
elf
. Sol
onga
sth
epr
ope
rtyc
ont
inu
est
obe

8
Trans
ferofprop
er t
yact188
2
9
Ruleofmarsh
all
ingbysub
seque
ntmortga
geeinth
ecas
esofmort
gagehasbee
nd eal
twithun
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c t
ion-81o
fthis
act
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PBuil
dersv.
Ra mada
sRa o
,(
2011
)1SC
C42 9
,th
eviewo
fsomeoftheHig
hCourtswasthatt
heequi
tabledoct
rin
e
ofmarsha
ll
ingi
sme antfo
rthebene
fitofbuye
rsonl
ywasi
mpli
edl
ya p
prove
dint h
iscas
e.Th
eS u
premeC o
urtals
o

1
3
t
hep
rop
ert
yoft
heo
wne
ran
diss
ubj
ectt
omo
rtg
age
,th
eop
tio
noft
hemo
rtg
age
etop
roc
eed
1
1
a
gai
nsta
nyo
ral
lth
eit
emse
xis
ts.Bu
t,a
sso
ona
san
oth
erp
rop
ert
yiss
old
,th
epu
rch
ase
r,
c
ann
ote
xer
cis
ema
rsh
all
in
gag
ain
sto
the
rsu
bse
que
ntp
urc
has
er.

Ma
rsh
all
in
gbyp
urc
has
eri
sexe
rci
sab
leo
nlyi
nbe
twe
ent
heb
uye
ran
dth
ese
ll
er.
Iti
sno
t
p
ermi
tte
dtob
eexe
rci
sedd
etr
ime
nta
lag
ain
stt
her
igh
tso
fmo
rtg
age
eso
rot
herp
ers
on
c
lai
min
gun
derh
imo
r,a
nyp
ers
onh
avi
nga
nin
ter
esti
nan
yoft
hep
rop
ert
ies
.Ho
wev
er,
whe
the
r
t
hema
rsh
all
in
gbyp
urc
has
erc
aus
esp
rej
udi
ce(
lo
ss)
tot
hemo
rtg
age
eso
rno
t,i
saq
ues
tio
nof
1
2
f
actwh
ichh
ast
obep
lea
dedb
yth
epe
rso
nwh
osa
yst
hath
eha
sbe
enp
rej
udi
ced
.

Th
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gun
dert
hiss
ect
ioni
sav
ail
abl
etoap
urc
has
erwh
eth
erh
eha
sno
tic
eof
t
hemo
rtg
ageo
rno
t.

Ob
jec
tofDo
ctr
ine

Do
ctr
ineo
fMa
rsh
all
in
gisme
antt
opr
ovi
din
gju
sti
cet
obo
tht
hep
art
iest
oth
emo
rtg
age
.It
s
ma
ina
imi
stos
eet
hata
nyo
fth
ecr
edi
tor
sisn
otd
epr
ive
dofs
ati
sfa
cti
on.
Her
eeq
ual
it
yof
t
rea
tme
ntl
iesa
mon
gdi
ffe
ren
tsh
are
sofc
red
ito
rs.
Iti
sane
xamp
leo
fth
ema
xim;
“
Equ
ali
tyi
sEq
uit
y”.
S
o,t
heb
asi
sofMa
rsh
all
in
gist
hat“
themo
rtg
age
esh
oul
dno
tac
tins
uchwa
ywh
ichc
anh
amp
er
t
her
igh
tofo
the
rmo
rtg
age
e”.
Th
e‘Do
ctr
ineo
fMa
rsh
all
in
g’u
nde
rTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t,1
882i
sde
fin
eda
sfo
ll
ows
:

Es
sen
tia
lCo
ndi
tio
nsf
ora
ppl
ic
abi
li
tyo
fSec
tio
n

Es
sen
tia
lco
ndi
tio
nsf
ora
ppl
ic
abi
li
tyo
fse
cti
ona
re:

observ
edtha
tthepleaofmar
shal
lingisapurequest
ionoflawandthe
refo
rei
tca
nber
ais
edf
ort
hef
irs
tti
mei
n
appealwi
tho
uthavin
gbeenspe
cific
a l
lypl
e a
dedbeforetheTri
alco
urt.
1
1
Sa
imDit
taMa lv
.Bul
aqiRam,(
1947)Lah
.230,
226I
C3 66.
1
2
Brah
maPraka
shv.Manbi
rsi
ngh,AIR1 963SC160
7.

1
4
 (
i) Own
ero
ftwoo
rmo
rep
rop
ert
ymo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oon
epe
rso
n;

(
ii
) Exe
rci
seo
fth
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gsh
oul
dno
tpr
eju
dic
eth
eri
ght
soft
hemo
rtg
age
e
o
rot
herp
ers
onsc
lai
min
gun
derh
imo
rofa
nyo
the
rpe
rso
nac
qui
ri
ngi
nte
res
tint
he
p
rop
ert
iesf
orc
ons
ide
rat
ion
;an
d

(
ii
i) Th
erei
soc
ont
rac
ttot
hec
ont
rar
y.

Expl
ain
ati
ont
oSec
tio
n56

 S
oasn
ott
opr
eju
dic
e

Bu
tth
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gun
dert
hiss
ect
ionc
ann
otb
eexe
rci
sedb
yon
epu
rch
ase
rofa
mo
rtg
age
dpr
ope
rtya
gai
nsta
not
herp
urc
has
ero
fmo
rtg
age
dpr
ope
rtyp
rov
ide
dpr
ope
rti
esa
re
s
oldf
reef
rome
ncu
mbr
anc
e.Un
ders
uchas
itu
ati
onaq
ues
tio
nwi
lln
ota
stowh
icho
neo
fth
e
p
rop
ert
ieswi
llb
epr
ima
ril
yre
spo
nsi
bl
efo
rdi
sch
arg
eofd
ebt
.Bo
thp
rop
ert
ieswi
llc
ont
rib
ute
1
3
f
ort
hed
isc
har
geo
fmo
rtg
aged
ebti
nth
era
tioo
fth
eirv
alu
e. S
oifAo
wne
roft
wop
rop
ert
ies
Xa
ndYmo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oB,
andt
her
eaf
ters
ell
sXt
oCa
ndYt
oD.
Nei
the
rC,
norDc
ane
xer
cis
e
t
her
igh
tofma
rsh
all
in
g.I
fCe
xer
cis
esh
isr
igh
t,t
her
igh
tofDi
spr
eju
dic
ed.Un
ders
ucha
s
itu
ati
on,
asa
lre
adys
tat
ed,
bot
hth
epr
ope
rti
esXa
ndYwi
llc
ont
rib
uter
ate
abl
y(a
cco
rdi
ngt
o
1
4
t
hei
rva
lue
s).
Sta
tin
gth
ere
aso
nfo
rth
is,
Gho
sh

‘
Rob
bin
gPe
tert
opa
yPa
uli
sno
tap
rin
cip
leo
fEq
uit
y,a
ndt
her
eisn
oso
undr
eas
on,i
nth
e
a
bse
nceo
fsp
eci
alc
irc
ums
tan
ces
,fo
rpr
efe
rri
ngo
nep
urc
has
erf
orv
alu
etoa
not
her
.’

Asa
lre
adys
tat
edt
her
igh
tofma
rsh
all
in
gca
nno
tbee
xer
cis
eds
oast
opr
eju
dic
eth
emo
rtg
age
e
o
ran
yot
herp
ers
onc
lai
min
gun
derh
im.
Whe
the
rap
rej
udi
ceh
asb
eenc
aus
edo
rno
tisaq
ues
tio
n
o
ffa
ct,
iti
sfo
rth
epe
rso
nwh
osoa
ll
ege
stop
rov
eth
epr
eju
dic
e,a
ndi
tisa
lwa
ysl
in
kedwi
th
1
5
t
hev
alu
eoft
hep
rop
ert
iesi
nvo
lve
d. S
eei
ll
ust
rat
ion

(
1)
.Ift
hemo
rtg
age
eisn
ota
blet
ore
ali
zeh
iswh
oleo
fth
emo
rtg
aged
ebto
uto
fpr
ope
rti
esY
a
ndZh
isr
igh
tisp
rej
udi
ceda
ndi
nth
atc
aseh
eha
sar
igh
ttop
roc
eeda
gai
nstp
rop
ert
yX,
als
o.

I
tma
yben
ote
d,t
hatt
hiss
ect
iona
ppl
ieso
nlyt
oca
seswh
eret
her
eisac
ommo
nde
bto
ran
dno
t
1
3
K.
K.Raov
.K.
V.Rao,
AIR1 973AP46.
1
4 t
h
LawofMort
agag
es,5 Ed
n.,p
.393
.
1
5
BrahmPr
akas
hv.ManbirSi
ngh,AI
R196
3SC1
603
.

1
5
t
oca
seso
fmo
ret
hano
ned
ebt
ormo
rtg
agi
ngt
hei
rse
par
atep
rop
ert
iesj
oin
tlyf
orc
ont
rac
tin
ga
d
ebt
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

Aa
ndBo
win
gse
par
atep
rop
ert
iesj
oin
tlymo
rtg
aget
hei
rpr
ope
rti
est
oCf
orc
ont
rac
tin
gad
ebt
a
ndBs
ubs
equ
ent
lys
ell
shi
spr
ope
rti
est
oD.t
hemo
rtg
age
eCi
nexe
cut
iono
fhi
smo
rtg
age
d
ecr
eei
sen
tit
ledt
opr
oce
eda
gai
nsta
nyo
fth
eit
emso
fth
epr
ope
rti
es.S
ect
ion5
6ha
sno
a
ppl
ic
ati
ona
ndt
her
efo
reDc
ann
otc
lai
mth
att
hemo
rtg
age
eCs
hou
ldp
roc
eedi
nth
efi
rst
1
6
i
nst
anc
eag
ain
stp
rop
ert
iesb
elo
ngi
ngt
oA.

 No
tic
e-wh
eth
erMa
ter
ial

Ri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gase
mbo
die
dinS
ect
ion5
6ca
nbee
xer
cis
edb
yth
esu
bse
que
ntp
urc
has
er,
wh
eth
erh
eha
sth
eno
tic
eorn
oto
fth
efa
ctt
hatt
hep
rop
ert
ywh
ichh
eha
spu
rch
ase
diss
ubj
ect
t
omo
rtg
agea
lon
gwi
tho
the
rpr
ope
rti
es.Th
eri
ghta
vai
lab
let
oth
esu
bse
que
ntp
urc
has
eri
s
i
nde
pen
den
tofn
oti
ce,a
ndt
hati
sma
dec
lea
rbya
men
dme
nti
nse
cti
on8
1ofTr
ans
fero
f
1
7
Pr
ope
rtyAc
t,1
882
. I
not
herwo
rds
,fo
rth
eap
pli
cab
il
it
yoft
hed
oct
rin
eofma
rsh
all
in
g,n
oti
ce
1
8
i
sno
tre
lev
ant
.

 Co
ntr
actt
oCo
ntr
ary

Th
eri
ghta
vai
lab
leu
nde
rSe
cti
on5
6,t
hati
sma
rsh
all
in
gexi
stso
nlywh
eret
her
eis“
noc
ont
rac
t
t
oth
eco
ntr
ary
”.Th
eco
ntr
actt
oth
eco
ntr
aryn
eedn
ota
lwa
ysb
eexp
res
s,i
tma
ybei
mpl
ied
1
9
f
romt
hef
act
san
dsu
rro
und
ingc
irc
ums
tan
ces
. Th
us,
fori
nst
anc
ewh
eret
hep
urc
has
ero
fth
e
o
neo
fse
ver
ali
temso
fmo
rtg
age
dpr
ope
rtyu
nde
rta
kest
odi
sch
arg
emo
rtg
aged
ebto
uto
f
c
ons
ide
rat
ion(
pur
cha
sen
oti
ce)
,he
ldi
tisa
nimp
lie
dco
ntr
actt
oco
ntr
ary
.Ag
ain
,wh
ereXa
ndY
a
res
ubj
ectt
omo
rtg
agea
ndt
hemo
rtg
ago
rse
ll
sXt
oAa
ndd
epo
sit
swi
thAas
umo
fmo
neyt
o
d
isc
har
get
hemo
rtg
aged
ebta
ndf
urt
hera
gre
est
hati
fth
esu
misn
ots
uff
ici
enth
ewi
llp
ayt
he
e
xce
sswi
thi
nte
res
t.I
nth
isc
aset
hev
end
eea
lsou
nde
rto
okt
oisc
har
get
hemo
rtg
ageo
uto
fth
e
s
alep
roc
eed
stoac
ert
aine
xte
nt.
Hel
d,t
hati
tisac
ont
rac
ttoc
ont
rar
y,wh
iche
xcl
ude
sA’
s

1
6
K
.K.
Ra ov.
K.V.Rao,AIR197
3AP46 .
1
7
S
ainDitta
ma l
v .
Bulaqu
iMal,
AIR1947Lah230.
1
8
C
hunil
alVi
thal
d asv.F
ulc
han
d,(1
893
)18Bo
m.160
1
9
Sh
ivra
ma y
yav .
Ve n
kayamma,AI
R1946Ma d
ras59

1
6
 20
c
har
geo
nYa
ndma
kest
hes
ell
erp
ers
ona
ll
yli
abl
e.

CHAPTER4-MARS
HAL
LINGS
ECURI
TIES

[
Sec
tio
n81o
fth
eTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t,1
882
]

Ma
rsh
all
in
gme
anst
oar
ran
ges
yst
ema
tiz
eorr
egu
lat
e.
Wh
ereo
nec
red
ito
rha
sse
cur
ityo
ntwof
und
sofh
isd
ebt
or,
anda
not
herc
red
ito
rha
sse
cur
ity
f
orh
isd
ebto
non
lyo
neo
fth
osef
und
s,t
hel
att
erh
asar
igh
tine
qui
tyt
oco
mpe
lth
efo
rme
rto
r
eso
rtt
oth
eot
herf
und
,if[
suc
hana
cti
on]i
sne
ces
sar
yfo
rth
esa
tis
fac
tio
nofb
othc
red
ito
rs,
p
rov
ide
ditwi
lln
otp
rej
udi
cet
her
igh
tso
rin
ter
est
soft
hep
art
yen
tit
ledt
oth
edo
ubl
efu
nd,
n
ord
oin
jus
tic
etot
hec
ommo
nde
bto
r,n
oro
per
atei
neq
uit
abl
yont
hei
nte
res
tso
fot
herp
ers
ons
.

Tos
umu
p,i
fth
eown
ero
fth
etwoo
rmo
rep
rop
ert
iesmo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oon
epe
rso
nan
dth
en
mo
rtg
age
son
eormo
reo
fth
epr
ope
rti
est
oan
oth
erp
ers
on,t
hes
ubs
equ
entmo
rtg
age
eis
e
nti
tl
edt
oco
mpe
lth
epr
iormo
rtg
age
etor
eso
rtt
oth
epr
ope
rtyn
otmo
rtg
age
dtoh
im.

Wh
enap
art
yha
stwof
und
sbywh
ichh
isd
ebti
sse
cur
ed,
anda
not
herc
red
ito
rha
sac
lai
mon
lyo
n
o
neo
fth
esef
und
s,ac
our
tofe
qui
tywi
llc
omp
elt
hec
red
ito
rha
vin
gad
oub
les
ecu
rit
ytor
eso
rt
t
oth
atf
undwh
ichwi
lll
eav
eth
eot
herc
red
ito
rhi
sse
cur
ity
,th
isi
sca
ll
edma
rsh
all
in
gas
set
s.
Ma
rsh
all
in
gofa
sse
tsr
esp
ect
stwod
iff
ere
ntf
und
s,a
ndt
wod
iff
ere
nts
etso
fpa
rti
es,
whe
re
o
nes
etc
anr
eso
rtt
oei
the
rfu
nd,
theo
the
ron
lyt
oon
e.I
tisg
rou
nde
dono
bvi
ouse
qui
ty.
Itd
oes
n
opr
eju
dic
etoa
nyb
ody
,an
dite
ffe
ctu
ate
sth
ete
sta
tor
'si
nte
nt.
Itt
ake
spl
acei
nfa
voro
f
s
imp
lec
ont
rac
tcr
edi
tor
s,a
ndo
fle
gat
ees
,de
vis
eesa
ndh
eir
s,a
ndi
naf
ewo
the
rca
ses
,bu
tno
t
i
nfa
voro
fth
ene
xto
fki
n.

2
0
Pi
rth
ira
jv.
Ruk
minK
unk
unwa
r,AI
R19
26Al
l41
5.S
eea
lsoMu
ll
a,o
p.c
it.
,p.
544

1
7
Th
eca
sesi
nwh
ichac
our
tofe
qui
tyma
rsh
alsr
eal
andp
ers
ona
las
set
sfo
rth
epa
yme
nto
fsi
mpl
e
c
ont
rac
tde
btsa
ndl
ega
cie
s,ma
ybec
las
seda
sfo
ll
ows
:

 Wh
eret
her
ear
esp
eci
alt
yan
dsi
mpl
eco
ntr
actd
ebt
san
dle
gac
iesa
ndl
and
sle
ftt
o
d
esc
end
.Int
hisc
asei
fth
esp
eci
alt
ycr
edi
tor
sta
keas
ati
sfa
cti
onf
ort
hei
rde
btso
uto
f
t
hep
ers
ona
les
tat
e,t
hes
imp
lec
ont
rac
tcr
edi
tor
sfi
rst
,an
dth
ent
hel
ega
tee
s,s
hal
l
s
tan
dint
hep
lac
eoft
hes
pec
ial
tyc
red
ito
rs,
foro
bta
ini
ngs
ati
sfa
cti
ono
uto
fth
ela
nds
,
t
oth
eamo
unto
fsomu
cha
swa
sre
cei
vedb
yth
esp
eci
alt
ycr
edi
tor
sou
toft
hep
ers
ona
l
e
sta
te.
 Wh
eret
her
ear
esp
eci
alt
yan
dsi
mpl
eco
ntr
actd
ebt
s,a
ndl
and
sar
esp
eci
fic
all
yde
vis
ed.
I
nth
isc
asei
fth
ecr
edi
tor
sta
keas
ati
sfa
cti
onf
ort
hei
rde
btso
uto
fth
epe
rso
nal
e
sta
te,
thes
imp
lec
ont
rac
tcr
edi
tor
ssh
all
sta
ndi
nth
epl
aceo
fth
esp
eci
alt
ycr
edi
tor
s
f
oro
bta
ini
ngas
ati
sfa
cti
ono
uto
fth
ela
ndst
oth
eamo
unto
fsomu
cha
swa
sre
cei
vedb
y
t
hes
pec
ial
tyc
red
ito
rso
uto
fth
epe
rso
nale
sta
te,
butt
hent
her
eca
nben
ore
lie
ffo
r
t
hel
ega
tee
s,b
eca
uset
her
eisa
smu
che
qui
tyt
osu
ppo
rtt
he,
spe
cif
icd
evi
seo
fth
ela
nds
,
a
stos
upp
ortt
heb
equ
esto
fth
ele
gat
ees
.
 Wh
eret
hed
ebt
sar
ech
arg
edu
pont
hel
and
s.He
ret
hel
ega
tee
ssh
allh
avet
hep
ers
ona
l
e
sta
tet
owa
rdst
hei
rsa
tis
fac
tio
n,a
ndi
fth
ecr
edi
tor
sta
kei
tinp
ayme
nto
rto
war
ds
t
hed
isc
har
geo
fth
eird
ebt
s,t
hel
ega
tee
ssh
alls
tan
dint
hei
rpl
acep
rot
ant
otoh
avea
d
isc
har
geo
uto
fth
ela
nds
.
 Wh
ens
imp
lec
ont
rac
tde
btsa
ndl
ega
cie
sar
ebo
thc
har
gedo
nth
ela
nd.
Int
hisc
aset
he
l
ands
hal
lbes
olda
nda
llp
aide
qua
ll
y.

Th
erea
res
epa
rat
eru
lesf
orma
rsh
all
in
ginr
espec
tofs
alea
ndmo
rtg
age:
 I
nres
pec
tofs
ale,
ther
uleo
fma
rsh
all
in
gist
hatas
ubs
equ
entp
urc
has
erh
asar
igh
tto
c
lai
mma
rsh
all
in
g.F
ori
nst
anc
e,t
her
ear
eth
reep
rop
ert
ies
 A,B 
and
 C 
sub
jec
tedt
o
mo
rtg
age
.Th
emo
rtg
ago
rse
ll
s 
A t
o Mr
.X 
fre
efr
oma
nye
ncu
mbr
anc
es.
 
Mr.
X i
sen
tit
led
t
oin
sis
tth
att
he mo
rtg
age
esh
oul
dre
ali
zeh
is mo
rtg
age mo
neyo
uto
fth
e
p
rop
ert
ies
 B 
and
 C 
asf
ara
spo
ssi
bl
e.I
fth
ewh
oleo
fth
ede
bti
sno
tca
pab
leo
fbe
ing
r
eal
ize
dfr
om 
B a
nd 
C,t
hemo
rtg
age
eha
sar
igh
tto
 pr
oce
eda
gai
nst
 A.
Int
hate
ven
t,t
he
p
urc
has
er 
Mr.X 
hasa r
igh
ttoc
lai
mfr
omt
he mo
rtg
ago
r,t
hea
mou
ntr
eal
ize
d
f
rom 
A. 
Thi
sru
lea
ppl
iesi
nth
eab
sen
ceo
fan
yco
ntr
actt
oth
eco
ntr
ary
.

1
8
 I
nres
pec
tofmo
rtg
age,
thes
ubs
equ
entmo
rtg
age
eise
nti
tl
edt
ore
gul
ateo
rma
rsh
alt
he
o
rde
r i
n wh
ich t
he d
ebt i
s t
o b
e r
eal
ize
d b
y p
rio
r mo
rtg
age
es.F
or
i
nst
anc
e, 
Mr.
 
A mo
rtg
age
s X 
and
 Y 
pro
per
tie
s t
o Mr
. 
B a
nd t
hen mo
rtg
age
s Y 
al
one
t
o Mr
. 
C.
 I
f Mr
.B 
see
kst
ore
ali
zeh
ismo
rtg
ageo
uto
f Y,
 
Mr.
 
C c
anc
omp
el 
Mr.
 
B t
opr
oce
ed
f
irs
tag
ain
st 
X a
ndr
eal
izet
hed
ebtf
romi
t.I
f Mr
. 
B i
sun
abl
etor
eal
izet
hewh
olea
mou
nt
d
uet
ohi
mfr
om 
X,h
eise
nti
tl
edt
ore
cov
ert
heb
ala
ncef
rom 
Y.

S
ect
ion8
1ofTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
tpr
ovi
dest
hat
;

I
fth
eown
ero
ftwoo
rmo
repr
ope
rti
esmo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oon
epe
rso
nan
dth
enmo
rtg
age
son
eor
mo
reo
fth
epr
ope
rti
est
oan
oth
erpe
rso
n,t
hes
ubs
equ
entmo
rtg
age
eis
,int
hea
bse
nceo
fa
c
ont
rac
ttoc
ont
rar
y,e
nti
tl
edt
oha
vet
hepr
iormo
rtg
aged
ebts
ati
sfi
edo
uto
fth
epr
ope
rtyo
r
pr
ope
rti
esn
otmo
rtg
age
dtoh
im.S
ofa
rass
amewi
lle
xte
nd,b
utn
ots
oast
opr
eju
dic
eth
e
r
igh
tso
fpr
iormo
rtg
age
eoro
fan
yot
herpe
rso
nwh
oha
sfo
rco
nsi
der
ati
ona
cqu
ire
dani
nte
res
t
i
nan
yoft
hepr
ope
rti
es.

o
fth
epr
ope
rti
es.

Co
mmen
ts

Th
iss
ect
iond
eal
swi
th‘
mar
sha
ll
in
g’o
fse
cur
iti
es,wh
il
eSe
cti
on5
6de
alswi
thma
rsh
all
in
gbe
s
ubs
equ
entp
urc
has
er.
Thed
oct
rin
eofma
rsh
all
in
gwa
sexp
lai
nedi
nEn
gli
shc
aseo
fBa
ldwi
nv.
2
1 2
2
Be
lch
ar,a
ndf
oll
owe
dinAl
dri
chv
.Co
ope
r.I
nAl
dri
chv
.Co
ope
r,L
ordEl
dons
tat
edt
hee
qui
tab
le
‘
doc
tri
neo
fma
rsh
all
in
g’a
sfo
ll
ows
:

Ap
ers
onh
avi
ngt
wof
und
ssh
all
notb
yhi
sel
ect
iond
isa
ppo
intt
hep
art
yha
vin
gon
lyo
nef
und
;an
d
e
qui
ty,
tos
ati
sfyb
oth
,wi
llt
hro
whi
m,wh
oha
stwof
und
s,u
pont
hat
,wh
ichc
anb
eaf
fec
tedt
o
h
imo
nly
,th
ein
ten
tth
att
heo
nlyf
und
,towh
icht
heo
the
rha
sac
ces
s,ma
yre
mai
ncl
eart
ohi
m.

Th
eeq
uit
abl
epr
inc
ipl
eun
der
lyi
ngt
hed
oct
rin
eofma
rsh
all
in
gist
hatap
ers
onh
avi
ngt
wof
und
s
o
uto
fwh
icht
osa
tis
fyh
isd
ema
ndso
rde
bt,
sha
lln
ot,
byh
ise
lec
tio
n,p
rej
udi
cea
not
herp
ers
on
2
3
wh
oha
son
lyo
nes
uchf
und
. An
dth
isp
rin
cip
lei
tse
lfi
sba
sedo
ngr
eate
thi
calma
xim‘
si
cut
ere
t
uou
tal
ien
umn
on-l
ead
as’
,th
ati
ssoe
xer
cis
eyo
urr
igh
tsoa
sno
tun
nec
ess
ari
lyt
opr
eju
dic
e

2
1
3DR&Bar17
3
2
2
(1
803
)8ves3
82(
395
).
2
3
Whart
on’
sLawL
exi
con
,14thEd
n.,
193
8Su
bvo
iceMa
rsh
all
in
g.

1
9
 24
t
hato
fyo
urn
eig
hbo
r. Ins
imp
lel
ang
uag
ema
rsh
all
in
gisa
rra
ngi
ng(
ass
etso
rse
cur
iti
es)i
nth
e
o
rde
rinwh
icht
heya
rea
vai
lab
let
ome
etv
ari
ousd
ema
nd.

Ab
ovee
qui
tab
lep
rin
cip
leh
asb
eene
nac
tedi
nSe
cti
on8
1.Un
dert
hiss
ect
iont
hes
ubs
equ
ent
mo
rtg
age
eha
sbe
eng
ive
nth
eri
ghtt
ore
gul
ateo
rMa
rsh
allt
heo
rde
rinwh
icht
hed
ebti
stob
e
r
eal
ize
dbyp
rio
rmo
rtg
age
e.I
tisl
aidd
ownt
hati
fth
eown
ero
ftwoo
rmo
reo
fth
epr
ope
rti
es
mo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oon
epe
rso
nan
dth
enmo
rtg
age
son
eormo
reo
fth
epr
ope
rti
est
oan
oth
er
p
ers
ont
hes
ubs
equ
entmo
rtg
age
etoh
aveh
isp
rio
rmo
rtg
aged
ebts
ati
sfi
edo
uto
fth
epr
ope
rty
n
otmo
rtg
age
dtoh
im.

Es
sen
tia
lCo
ndi
tio
nsf
ora
ppl
ic
abi
li
tyo
fSec
tio
n

F
ora
ppl
ic
abi
li
tyo
fth
eru
leo
fma
rsh
all
in
gfo
ll
owi
ngc
ond
iti
onsn
eedt
obef
ulf
ill
ed:

(
i) Own
ero
ftwoo
rmo
rep
rop
ert
ymo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oon
epe
rso
n;

(
ii
) An
dth
enmo
rtg
age
son
eormo
reo
fth
esa
idp
rop
ert
iest
oan
oth
erp
ers
on;

(
ii
i) Th
eexe
rci
seo
fth
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gdo
esn
otp
rej
udi
cet
her
igh
tso
fth
epr
ior
mo
rtg
age
eoro
the
rpe
rso
nwh
oha
sfo
rco
nsi
der
ati
ona
cqu
ire
dani
nte
res
tina
nyo
f
t
hep
rop
ert
ies
;an
d

(
iv) Th
erei
snoc
ont
rac
ttot
hec
ont
rar
y.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

A,h
asp
rop
ert
ies‘
Nil
yam’a
nd‘
God
awa
riVi
la’
;ofwh
ichh
eist
heo
wne
r,mo
rtg
age
sth
emt
oB.
Ag
ain,
hemo
rtg
age
s‘Ni
lya
m’t
oC,
Bth
rea
ten
stor
eal
izeh
ismo
rtg
aged
ebto
uto
f‘Ni
lya
m’s
o
t
hatCwi
llb
ede
pri
vedo
fhi
sse
cur
ity
.Ac
cor
din
gtot
hep
rin
cip
leo
fma
rsh
all
in
gCc
anc
omp
elB
t
hath
esh
oul
dext
end
,an
dle
ave‘
Nil
yam’f
orh
im.
Itd
oesn
otd
epe
nda
tth
ewi
llo
fac
red
ito
r
2
5
t
hath
esh
oul
dde
fea
tord
isa
ppo
intt
heo
the
r.

Th
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gist
obee
xer
cis
edwh
enp
rio
rmo
rtg
age
eat
temp
tst
ore
ali
zeh
is
2
6
s
ecu
rit
y. th
epr
inc
ipl
eofma
rsh
all
in
gap
pli
eso
nlywh
ent
hec
ont
end
ingc
red
ito
rsa
rec
red
ito
rs

2
4
St
oryEq
uityJu
ris
pru
dence
,Se
cti
on6
33.
2
5
Al
dri
chv.
Coope
r,(
Sup
ra)
2
6
Un
namal
aiAmmalv
.Gopa
las
wamiC
het
ti,
AIR1
931Ma
d.1
99.

2
0
 2
7
o
fsa
mep
ers
onaa
ndn
oto
fdi
ffe
ren
tde
bto
rs. Th
us,f
ori
nst
anc
e,wh
ereAa
ndBe
xec
utea
mo
rtg
ageo
fpr
ope
rti
esXa
ndYt
oCa
ndt
henAa
lon
eexe
cut
esa
sDc
ann
otc
omp
elCt
opr
oce
ed
f
irs
tag
ain
stp
rop
ert
yX.

Expl
ana
tio
ntoS
ect
ion8
1

 NoPr
eju
dic
etopr
iormo
rtg
agee

Th
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gca
nno
tbee
xer
cis
eds
oast
opr
eju
dic
eth
epr
iormo
rtg
age
e.Hh
enc
eth
e
p
rio
rmo
rtg
age
eca
nno
tbec
omp
ell
edt
oac
tup
onas
ecu
rit
ywh
ichi
sin
suf
fic
ien
tord
oub
tfu
lor
2
8
wh
iche
nta
ngl
esh
imi
nli
tig
ati
on. Ag
ain
,th
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gca
nno
tbee
xer
cis
edwh
eret
he
p
rop
ert
ies(
thes
ubj
ect
-ma
tte
rofmo
rtg
age
)ar
eno
tdi
ffe
ren
t.Th
equ
est
iono
f“p
rej
udi
ce”i
sa
2
9
p
ureq
ues
tio
noff
act
,its
hou
ldb
eal
le
geda
ndf
act
san
dci
rcu
mst
anc
ese
sta
bli
she
d. Th
e
q
ues
tio
nofp
rej
udi
cei
sli
nke
dwi
tht
hev
alu
eoft
hep
rop
ert
iesi
nvo
lve
d.

Wh
erea
fte
rmo
rtg
age
,be
cau
set
hre
eou
toff
ourp
rop
ert
iesf
elli
nPa
kis
tana
fte
rpa
rti
tio
n,
h
eldt
her
igh
tofma
rsh
all
in
gca
nno
tbee
xer
cis
edb
eca
usei
twi
llc
aus
epr
eju
dic
etot
he
3
0
mo
rtg
age
e.

 Nopr
eju
dic
etoo
thermo
rtg
agee

Th
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gca
nal
son
otb
eexe
rci
sedwh
eret
her
igh
tofat
hir
dpa
rtyo
ran
yot
her
p
ers
onwh
oha
sfo
rco
nsi
der
ati
ona
cqu
ire
dani
nte
res
tina
nyo
fth
epr
ope
rti
es,
isp
rej
udi
ced
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

(
i) Amo
rtg
age
s‘Ni
lya
m’a
nd‘
God
awa
riVi
la’
toB.

(
ii
) Th
enAmo
rtg
age
s‘Ni
lya
m’t
oC.

(
ii
i) Ag
ain
,Amo
rtg
age
s‘Go
dawa
riVi
la’
toD.

Th
eni
fCc
omp
elsBt
ore
ali
zeh
ismo
rtg
aged
ebto
uto
f‘Go
dawa
riVi
la’
,iti
spo
ssi
bl
eth
at
n
oth
ingr
ema
insf
orD.He
nceCc
ann
ote
xer
cis
ehi
sri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gfo
rth
atma
yca
us
p
rej
udi
cet
oD.S
imi
lar
ly,Da
lsoc
ann
ote
xer
cis
ehi
sri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gast
hatwo
uldc
aus
e
p
rej
udi
cet
oC.I
nsu
chc
irc
ums
tan
ce,b
otht
hep
rop
ert
ies
,‘Ni
lya
m’a
nd‘
God
awa
riVi
la’wi
ll

2
7
ExparteKendall
,(
181
1)34ER199(201
)
2
8
Kr
ishn
aAyya rv.Muthu
kumara
wa miy
a,190
6IL
R29Mad21
7.
2
9
Brah
mPr a
ka shv.Manb
irsi
ngh
,AI R196
3SC16
07;
Kar
anS
ing
hv.
Shu
klaBe
di,
AIR1
962Pu
nj47
7(47
8)
3
0
JaySi
nghv.Ha r
namDas,AIR1964All3
81.

2
1
c
ont
rib
utet
owa
rdsd
isc
har
geo
fth
ede
bto
fB,a
ndt
hec
asewo
uldf
allu
nde
rSe
cti
on8
2th
at
d
eal
swi
thc
ont
rib
uti
ont
omo
rtg
age
-de
bt.

 Vo
lun
teer

S
ect
ion8
1ta
lkso
fpr
eju
dic
etor
igh
tso
fth
efi
rst(
pri
or)
mor
tga
geeo
ran
yot
herp
ers
onwh
oha
s,
f
orc
ons
ide
rat
ion
,ac
qui
reda
nin
ter
esti
nan
yoft
hep
rop
ert
ies
.An
d,t
hiswo
ulda
ppe
art
o
e
xcl
udev
olu
nte
ers
.

 Co
ntr
actt
oCo
ntr
ary

Th
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gase
nac
tedi
nSe
cti
on8
1exi
stso
nlywh
eret
her
eisn
oco
ntr
actt
oth
e
3
1
c
ont
rar
yne
edst
obee
xpr
ess
.Itma
ybei
mpl
iedf
romt
hef
act
san
dci
rcu
mst
anc
eso
fth
eca
se.
Th
usf
ori
nst
anc
ewh
ereAmo
rtg
age
sXa
ndYt
oBa
ndt
henmo
rtg
age
sXt
oC.
Cwi
llh
aven
ori
ght
t
oas
kBt
ore
ali
zeh
ismo
rtg
age
-mo
neya
sfa
rasp
oss
ibl
eou
tofYp
rov
ide
dC’
smo
rtg
ageh
as
3
2
b
eenma
dee
xpr
ess
lys
ubj
ectt
oan
daf
ters
ati
sfa
cti
ono
fB’
smo
rtg
age
.

Th
eri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gma
ybee
xcl
ude
dbyc
ont
rac
t.

I
f,
Amo
rtg
age
sX&Yt
o……
………
………
.B
Amo
rtg
age
sXt
o……
………
………
..
C
Amo
rtg
age
sX&Yt
o……
………
………
..
D
Th
eni
fD’
smo
rtg
ageh
asb
eenma
dee
xpr
ess
lys
ubj
ectt
oan
daf
ters
ati
sfa
cti
ono
fth
etwop
rio
r
mo
rtg
age
s,Dc
oul
dno
tpr
eve
ntCf
romma
rsh
all
in
gag
ain
sth
im.

 No
tic
e

Ri
ghto
fma
rsh
all
in
gisn
ots
ubj
ectt
oth
epr
inc
ipl
eof‘
not
ice
’.He
nce
,su
bse
que
ntmo
rtg
age
eis
e
nti
tl
edt
oma
rsh
all
in
gev
eni
fheh
asan
oti
ceo
fpr
iormo
rtg
age
.Ino
the
rwo
rds
,th
equ
est
iono
f
n
oti
ces
ofa
rast
hes
ubs
equ
entmo
rtg
age
eisc
onc
ern
ed,
isi
mma
ter
ialo
rofn
oimp
ort
anc
e.Bu
t
b
efo
re1
929t
heq
ues
tio
nofn
oti
cewa
sma
ter
ial
ando
fimp
ort
anc
e.
3
1
Sh
ivar
amay
yav.Ve
nkaya
mma,AIR1946Ma
d59(
60)
3
2
Bor
rowedf
romMul
la,
op.c
it.
,p.
835

2
2
 L
imi
tat
ion
soft
heDo
ctr
ineo
fMa
rsh
all
in
g:

a
. 
  
  
 Th
edo
ctr
inea
ppl
ieso
nlyi
nca
seo
fmo
rtg
ageo
fimmo
vab
lep
rop
ert
y.
b
. 
  
  
 Th
edo
ctr
ined
oesn
ota
ppl
yinc
aseo
fco
par
cen
eryp
rop
ert
ybe
for
epa
rti
tio
n.
c
. 
  
  
 Th
edo
ctr
ined
oesn
ota
ppl
yinp
res
enc
eofac
ont
rac
ttot
hec
ont
rar
y.
d
. 
  
 I
twi
ll
notp
rej
udi
cer
igh
tso
fat
hir
dpa
rtywh
oha
sac
qui
reda
nin
ter
estf
orc
ons
ide
rat
ion
.

I
tiso
bvi
oust
hat
,th
ecl
aimt
oma
rsh
almu
stn
otb
eal
lo
wedt
opr
eju
dic
eth
eri
ght
soft
hep
rio
r
mo
rtg
age
e.

2
3
5.
Con
clu
sio
n

Th
isp
res
ent
ati
onh
asb
eena
bou
tad
oct
rin
eth
ati
ssi
ngu
lar
,in
tui
tiv
elyp
lau
sib
lea
ndp
ers
ist
ent
.
Ma
rsh
all
in
gre
fer
sinl
awt
oana
rra
nge
men
t.Ana
tte
mpth
asb
eenma
det
osu
mma
rie
sth
e
c
onc
epto
f‘ma
rsh
all
in
g’u
nde
rTr
ans
fero
fpr
ope
rtyAc
t,1
882
.Th
eco
nce
pto
f‘ma
rsh
all
in
g’i
s
d
eal
twi
thi
n 
Sec
tio
n56a
ndS
ect
ion8
1oft
heTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t,I
ndi
a.Th
ena
tur
eoft
he
i
nte
res
tma
rsh
all
in
gri
ght
sre
pre
sen
tisa‘
sui
gen
eri
sin
ter
est
’.

Th
edo
ctr
ineo
fMa
rsh
all
in
giso
net
hatr
equ
ire
sca
ref
ulu
nde
rst
and
ingi
fit
sco
mpl
exi
tie
s,wh
ich
a
ref
ormi
dab
le,a
ret
obea
ppr
eci
ate
d.Th
isp
res
ent
ati
onwa
sme
antt
oas
sis
twi
ths
ucha
n
u
nde
rst
and
ingo
fth
epr
inc
ipl
eofma
rsh
all
in
g.
Th
ecl
aimt
oma
rsh
almu
stn
otb
eal
lo
wedt
opr
eju
dic
eth
eri
ght
soft
hef
irs
tmo
rtg
age
eoro
f
o
the
rswh
oha
vea
cqu
ire
dani
nte
res
tfo
rco
nsi
der
ati
on.
Fori
nst
anc
e,i
ftwoe
sta
tes
,Xa
ndY
b
elo
ngi
ngt
oth
esa
mep
ers
ona
ref
irs
tmo
rtg
age
dtoB,
the
nXi
smo
rtg
age
dtoCa
ndt
henYt
oD,
Cwo
uldn
otb
epe
rmi
tte
dtoc
omp
elBt
oma
rsh
ali
nhi
sfa
vou
r,i
fth
atc
our
sewo
uldp
rej
udi
ceD.
s
imi
lar
ly,
Dco
uldn
otc
omp
elBt
ore
sor
tint
hef
irs
tin
sta
ncet
oth
ees
tat
eX.

Do
ctr
ineo
fMa
rsh
all
in
gisme
antt
opr
ovi
din
gju
sti
cet
obo
tht
hep
art
iest
oth
emo
rtg
age
.It
s
ma
ina
imi
stos
eet
hata
nyo
fth
ecr
edi
tor
sisn
otd
epr
ive
dofs
ati
sfa
cti
on.
Th
edo
ctr
ineo
fMa
rsh
ali
ngAs
set
sisd
efi
neda
sane
qui
tab
lep
rin
cip
leu
ponwh
icht
hel
ega
l
r
igh
tso
fcr
edi
tor
sar
eco
ntr
oll
edi
nor
dert
oac
comp
lis
hane
qui
tab
led
ist
rib
uti
ono
ffu
ndsi
n
a
cco
rda
ncewi
tht
hes
upe
rio
req
uit
ieso
fdi
ffe
ren
tpa
rti
ese
nti
tl
edt
osh
aret
her
ein
.Its
pri
ngs
f
rom.
thep
rin
cip
let
hato
newh
oise
nti
tl
edt
osa
tis
fac
tio
nofh
isd
ema
ndf
rom,
eit
hero
ftwo
f
und
ssh
all
nots
oexe
rci
seh
ise
lec
tio
nast
oexc
lud
eap
art
ywh
oise
nti
tl
edt
ore
sor
ttoo
nlyo
ne
o
fth
efu
nds
.Fo
rexa
mpl
e,wh
ereo
nec
red
ito
rha
samo
rtg
ageu
pont
wop
arc
elso
fla
ndu
pono
ne
o
fwh
icht
her
eisaj
uni
ore
ncu
mbr
anc
eno
tot
her
wis
ese
cur
ed,t
hef
irs
tmo
rtg
age
ema
ybe
c
omp
ell
edt
oexh
aus
tint
hef
irs
tin
sta
ncet
hatp
arc
elo
fla
ndwh
ichi
sot
her
wis
eun
enc
umb
ere
d
i
nor
dert
hatt
hes
ecu
rit
yoft
hej
uni
ore
ncu
mbr
anc
esma
yno
tbee
nti
rel
yde
str
oye
d.I
nsu
chc
ase
,
h
owe
ver
,th
ein
dis
pos
iti
ono
feq
uit
ytoi
nte
rfe
rewi
tht
hel
ega
lri
ght
sofac
red
ito
rre
sul
tsi
n
wo
rki
ngo
utt
hee
qui
tyo
fth
eju
nio
ren
cumb
ran
cet
hro
ughas
ubs
tit
uti
ont
oth
eri
ghto
fth
e

2
4
p
ara
mou
ntmo
rtg
age
easa
gai
nstt
heo
the
rpa
rty
.
Th
eeq
uit
yofma
rsh
ali
ngs
eemsc
apa
bleo
fbe
ingc
arr
iedi
ntoe
ffe
cti
non
eoft
wowa
ys:
eit
her
,
f
irs
t,b
yre
str
ain
ingt
hep
art
iesa
gai
nstwh
omi
texi
stsf
romu
sin
gas
ecu
rit
ytot
hei
nju
ryo
f
a
not
her
;ors
eco
ndl
y,b
ygi
vin
gth
epa
rtye
nti
tl
edt
oth
epr
ote
cti
ono
fth
ise
qui
tyt
heb
ene
fito
f
a
not
hers
ecu
rit
yinl
ieuo
fth
eon
eofwh
ichh
eha
sbe
end
isa
ppo
int
ed.
Ino
the
rwo
rds
,th
eri
ght
ma
ybee
nfo
rce
dei
the
rbyi
nju
nct
iona
gai
nstt
hep
ara
mou
ntc
red
ito
r,o
rbys
ubr
oga
tio
ninf
avo
r
o
fth
eju
nio
rcr
edi
tor
.
I
npr
act
ice
,ho
wev
er,t
hel
att
ero
fth
eset
wome
tho
dsi
sth
eon
eus
ual
lye
mpl
oye
dan
dth
e
s
oun
derd
oct
rin
ese
emst
obet
hatt
hef
irs
toft
het
woo
ugh
tno
ttob
ere
sor
tedt
oexc
eptu
nde
r
v
eryp
ecu
li
arc
irc
ums
tan
ces
:Bu
tth
erea
red
eci
si
onst
oth
eco
ntr
ary
;ofc
our
se,
whe
nbo
thf
und
s
a
rei
nco
urto
run
deri
tsi
mme
dia
tec
ont
rol
,th
eca
sei
sdi
ffe
ren
t.
Th
ege
ner
alp
rin
cip
leo
nwh
ichc
our
tso
feq
uit
yin
ter
fer
eint
hes
eca
seswi
tht
hes
tri
ctl
ega
l
r
igh
tso
fth
epr
iorl
ienh
old
er,
ist
hatwi
tho
uts
uchi
nte
rfe
ren
ceh
ewh
osei
nte
res
tsa
rep
rio
r
wo
uldp
oss
essa
nun
rea
son
abl
epo
wero
fde
fea
tin
gth
eri
ght
ssu
bor
din
atet
ohi
sbys
ati
sfy
ingh
is
c
lai
mtot
hee
xcl
usi
ono
fth
eju
nio
rcl
aima
nts
,sot
hati
nfa
cti
two
uldb
een
tir
elyi
nhi
sel
ect
ion
wh
eth
ert
heys
hou
ldr
ece
ivea
nys
ati
sfa
cti
ono
rno
t.No
wco
urt
sofe
qui
tyt
rea
tsu
cha
nexe
rci
se
o
fpo
wera
swh
oll
yun
jus
tan
dun
con
sci
ent
iou
slya
ndt
her
efo
rewi
lli
nte
rfe
re'
noti
nde
edt
o
mo
dif
yora
bso
lut
elyd
est
royt
hep
rio
rli
enh
old
er’
spo
wer
,bu
ttop
rev
enti
tfr
omb
ein
gma
dea
n
i
nst
rume
nto
fca
pri
ce,
inj
ust
iceo
rimp
osi
tio
n.

2
5
BI
BIL
IOGRAPHY

BOOK
S

 Mu
ll
a.Tr
ans
fero
fpr
ope
rtyAc
t.As
ianL
awHo
use
.
th
 Gh
osho
nLa
wofMo
rtg
agei
nIn
dia
.20
05,
7 Ed
n.Ja
inBo
okAg
enc
y.
r
d
 Dr
.T.
P.Tr
ipa
thi(
201
3).
TheTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t,1
882
.3 Ed
n.Al
la
hab
adL
awAg
enc
y

Pu
bli
cat
ion
s.

 Bl
ack
’sL
awDi
cti
ona
ry.

 Dr
.R.
K.
Sin
ha.
TheTr
ans
fero
fPr
ope
rtyAc
t,C
ent
ral
lawp
ubl
ic
ati
on

WEBS
ITES

 h
ttp
s:/
/www.
aca
demi
a.
edu
/63
310
85/
The
_tr
ans
fer
_of
_pr
ope
rty
_ac
t_1
882

 h
ttp
://
gswe
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n/l
aw/
tra
nsf
er-
of-
pro
per
ty-
act
-18
82/
sec
tio
n-5
6-ma
rsh
all
in
g-s
ubs
equ
ent
-

p
urc
has
er

 h
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a

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uen
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urc
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2
6