varying physical properties such as steel with aluminum, copper with aluminum etc.

In addition
to this, the process has also been recently employed to weld thermoplastics which are nowadays
being highly explored in the aerospace, railways and automobile sectors because of their unique
characteristics such as light weight, corrosion resistant etc.. Further, hybrid weld joint such as
metal to thermoplastic is also feasible through FSW. These features have found applications of
FSW in various industrial sectors such as space, electronics, automobile, railways, marine etc.
Thus, it can be predicted that this solid state joining process is going to be adopted in many areas
in near future.”

“Friction stir welding (FSW) and processing is an advanced technique used for the joining and
fabrication of aluminum alloys.” As a result of different processing parameters, such as welding
speed and tool shape, discontinuities occur in welded joints, including channel cavities and
porosities. Many researchers have studied weld defects and their classification. Welding speed is
one of the most important processing