Read: 1) Articles 774 to 782 of the New Civil Code

2) Cases
a. Angela M. Butte vs. Manuel Uy & Sons, Inc.
(G.R. No. L-15499, February 28, 1962)
b. National Housing Authority vs. Almeida
(G.R. No. 162784, June 22, 2007)
c. Estate of Hemady vs. Luzon Surety
(G.R. No. L-8437, November 28, 1956)
d. Limjoco vs, Estate of Fragante
(G.R. No. L-770, April 27, 1948)
e. Unionbank vs. Santibanez
(G.R. No. 149926, February 23, 2005)