BOREL Student Number Ci TRINITY GRAMMAR SCHOOL YEAR 12 HSC TRIAL EXAMINATION 2019 Gan NGO SECTION T Son T 22 Biology (Thursday 29 August, 2019) 4) This examination contributes 30% towards your final assessment General Instructions Reading time — 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black or blue pen Draw diagrams using pencil NESA approved calculators may be used Use the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet provided Write your Student Number at the top of this page, page 13 and on the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet Total marks — 100 Pages 3-12 20 marks This section consists of 20 multiple choice questions © Attempt Questions 1-20 © Allow about 35 minutes for this part Pages 13-30 80 marks © Attempt all questions 21 - 35 Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section2019 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE TRIAL EXAMINATION Biology Section I 20 marks Attempt Questions 1-20 Allow about 35 minutes for this part Use the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet provided for Questions 1-20 Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely. Sample 2+4= (A)2 B)6 8 M9 AO Be CO DO If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the answer. se Bm cO DO If you have changed your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, indicate this by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows: SUN Sco aan 1. Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? (A) Sexual reproduction requires two different parents. (B) Sexual reproduction gives genetic variation among offspring. (C) Sexual reproduction is less complex than asexual reproduction. (D) Sexual reproduction usually produces fewer offspring than asexual reproduction.2. ‘The diagram below summarises a negative feedback mechanism which operates in the control of human body temperature. Detected by hypothalamus NM, a Venger effectors Blood temperature |~ (old decreases \ : [emma fy Which one of the following best describes the Response in this diagram? (A) __ vasodilation ¥, (B) _ reduced metabolic rate (© vasoconstriction () sweating y, 3. A pot pttogen wa found io be bearotopic en ave 4 wll and nang organelles. It should be classified as a: (A) prion - (B) bacterium . (©) protozoan (D) fungus4. The karyotype below shows the chromosomes present in the nucleus of a human cell. yvw vu Koco uuu d vy) Wow oy = ae a Dy ae u The cell must be a: (A) sperm cell (B) eggcell (C)_ adult female cell () adult male cell 5. Which of the following statements about single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is correct? (A) SNPs ensure genetic similarity between related individuals. (B) SNPs always result in differences in phenotypes. (C)__ SNPs are variations in the DNA sequence at particular locations. (D) _ SNPs are not passed down to an individual's offspring. 6. Ingenetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. Mutagens include: (A) X-rays and Lead (B) Sunlight and X-rays (©) Ultra violet radiation and gamma rays @) _ Dioxin and Mercury1 ‘The pedigree shows the presence or absence of a particular characteristic. Which of the following is the most likely type of inheritance for this characteristic? @ ®) © o) O e emote 3 eo oO male without characteristic O female without characteristic Ey mate with characteristic e female with characteristic Dominant or recessive ‘Sex-linked or not sex-linked dominant sex-linked recessive sex-linked dominant not sex-linked recessive not sex-linked 8 Some farmers have noticed that their sheep are becoming sick and are losing condition. They engage a microbiologist to find the pathogen. The microbiologist discovers that all the sick animals have a particular bacterium present in their blood. This bacterium cannot be found in healthy sheep. ‘The microbiologist isolates some of the bacteria and grows them in a pure culture. ‘What is the next step that the microbiologist needs to take? Find out whether an antibiotic which kills the bacteria Inoculate healthy sheep with different bacteria to symptoms. () @®) © o)9. Canola is an oilseed crop grown for its edible oil and seed meal (the fibre left after the oil pressing process). It is often used as stock feed. Glyphosate is a herbicide that kills, ‘normal’ canola. A type of canola has been developed to be resistant to this herbicide. This was done by an agrochemical company introducing genetic material from two types of bacterium into the canola’s genome. This is an example of (A) selective breeding. (B) genetic modification. (C) _ natural genetic change. (D) replicating an extended DNA sequence that occurs in nature. 10, The diagram below shows the life cycle of the schistosome parasite which causes the tropical disease Bilharzia. This disease is prevalent in populations which live in close contact with paddy fields and wetlands. Worms bore through human skin Eggs pass into water via and reproduce inside the body human faeces and hatch to give larvae Worm stage ( ) bore into released into aquatic snail, aa where they multiply In this life cycle the snail is the: (A) pathogen. B) antigen. (© disorder (D) vector11. The diagram shows the populations of birds of the same species on two islands (X and Y¥) that have become geographically separated. population Y Population X’has homozygous alleles for a particular characteristic and population Y has different homozygous alleles for the same characteristic. Heterozygous offspring arose when ‘there was some movement of birds between the two islands. The occurrence of these offspring is an example of (A) gene flow. (B) gene drift. (© asexual reproduction. (©) evolution. 12. Hormones are chemicals that are released by which type of eff (A) muscles 3 (B) glands (normal) (©) __ peripheral nerves (oc (D) ovaries13. Select the row below which correctly contrasts the characteristics of internal and external fertilisation. \afag] Ey e/a) z - ~ releases (ot 04 e990 40 Hhe environmen} External Fertilisation Internal Fertilisation (A)_| Many eggs produced Few eggs produced Little parental care Significant parental care of young (B)_ | Many eggs produced Few eggs produced Significant parental care of young _| Little parental care of young (© _| Few eggs produced Many eggs produced Significant parental care of young _| Little parental care of young (D) | Few eggs produced Many eggs produced Little parental care of young Significant parental care of young 14. ‘Herd immunity’ describes a population where the vast majority of people are immunised. Herd immunity is an effective way to control the spread of infection as (a) (B) © @) 15. (a) @) © o there are less potential carriers in the population. ‘even those who are not immunised will be protected from the pathogen. diseases that originated in cows cannot spread. ‘everyone has already had the disease. Which of the following gives the best description of innate immunity? non-specific barriers to prevent entry of a pathogen chemical specific barriers to prevent entry of a macro-organism 7 non-specific responses that produce antibodies to fight infection individual factors that fight pathogens X IN line of detene:16. (a) 6) © @) aT, (A) ®) © ©) (A) @) © @) Artificial pollination is a very important reproductive technology in agriculture. Which one of the following is it hie atvarags? Itreduces genetic diversity. It makes it possible to self-pollinate plants. a play { moder It increases the frequency of favourable alleles. Phony Eee It increases biodiversity. What is the name given to cells which make antibodies? 4d line Caan Teh Beall memory B cells ~ seca -AMHEN BLT Die FHA ol helper T cells. Oni Which one of the following is a structural adaptation of a plant to help it reduce water loss? ‘A deep root system The ability to close stomates Dropping leaves during: Leaves with a reduced surface ar19. The diagram below shows a homologous pair of chromosomes paired up early in ‘meiosis. The letters represent the alleles of three genes. A Aa a b b B B Cho? couS¢ Which process would need to occur for a gamete of genotype ABC to be produced? (A) ®) © (D) Crossing over Random segregation sana Dominance assertion a20. Below is a section of the stimulus ~ response pathway. _ x Y ‘The missing labels for X and Y are: a Y (A) | Brain . Effector gland (B)_| Effector muscle Sensory nerve © [Brin z Sensory nerve (D) | Sensory nerves Brain 22019 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE TRIAL EXAMINATION Biology Student Number Section IL 80 marks Attempt Questions 21 - 35 Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this part. ‘© Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of response. + Extra writing space is provided on pages 31 and 32. If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering. Va roRNA Question 21 (S marks) ee CAGT (a) The diagram shows an incomplete short segment of DNA. The complementary 2 bases for the sequence GTCA on the left-hand strand are represented by ‘?” on the right-hand strand. A-y AUT repinea byl Complete the complementary base pair sequence in the table below. Base Guanine Thymine | Cytosine ‘Adenine — | HA | 4 YU | > 13Question 21 (continued) (b) Describe the process of DNA replication using the Watson and Crick model. wo End of Question 21 14Question 22 (6 marks) DNA sequencing and profiling are technologies used in investigations into genetics. Compare these two technologies. 6 DNA Seaqvencing 15, dhe order ir Ic. the. genet ait Of the peta. End of Question 22 15 NQuestion 23 (5 marks) ‘Assess how genes and environment affect phenotypic expression. ~ Pollution Question 24 (7 marks) As part of your course you investigated the uses and applications of biotechnology. ee ace Be Byte tal your investigation collected valid information? 2 lec ded. at ke Question 24 continued on the next page» oft (Question 24 Continued) WTR. (b) Analyse the ethical ses of biotechnology. Include examples in your answer. 5 prtitigl. I ily. withovt the peed OA Inale parther: at 3 Pian . ZI = a hs int WNQuestion 25 (3 marks) Complete the table below to outline how the measures stated ee to control the spread of a named disease, Control measure Outline of how this helps to control the spread of a named disease. ~Teallouy the perte 40. exehd irolale Hemel Spraying pesticide. tn 4he envionment £4: Doy i ~ Leduedhs $he thread of pathogen, wi em | en Mak Cow difeane. y ~ Trallouy 40 predute mare of the fai ee Same plant fo increate yrodc tion ond Viodivecsil4. ep: Bratton. x6Question 26 (7 marks) The diagram below is of a Xerophyte leaf. These plants are found in the desert. It has sunken stomates to help conserve water. (a) Draw an arrow to identify a sunken stomate. 1 Ce (b) Outline how the sunken stomate helps conserve water in a desert plant. 2 = Yequlotes hempecatorQuestion 27 (9 marks) Diagram below shows how the process of negative feedback works to maintain homeostasis. Input: = =) © (ert ent Steven tong trent patent paay to fl @ @® Change detected ‘by receptor Response of = back to influence ‘magnitude of stimulus and ‘eturne variable to homeostasis Define homeostasis. Question 27 continued over the page. 20(Question 27 continued) ) Negative feedbgek is a viable means of regulating our body tee iy statement, @& UNQuestion 28 (5 marks) The endocrine system is composed of different endocrine glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or body fluids via a gland or. an organ. (a) Name the gland which secretes the two hormones which regulate blood sugar levels. 1 i pee ae (b) Identify the two hormones used in the regulation of blood sugar levels and explain how they affect blood sugar levels. 4 22Question 29 (7 marks) Cells are the building blocks of living things. Some pathogens are non-cellular. (a) Identify ONE example of a non-cellular pathogen. 2 feng NM NMI nnn (b) Explain why the pathogen identified in part (a) is classified as non-cellular. 2 Jecawse itd doesn’t have a. nuclear membare, E (@ Outline ONE adaptation of the pathogen identified in part (a), or another named pathogen, to facilitate its entry into a host. 2 23Question 30 (6 marks) The bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a very common member of the human intestinal flora. It is not considered to be a pathogen. A student performed an experiment to investigate the following hypothesis: As temperature increases, B. subtilis grows at an increasing rate until its optimum temperature of 36°C is reached, above which it grows at a decreasing rate. They obtained three petri dishes containing sterilized nutrient agar broth from the same source and inoculated each of them with the same amount of B.subtilis. 7 ‘The table below summarises the procedure and results. @ Left at room temperature | % cover of bacterial (average 22°C) for 48 | colonies estimated st hs. 30% a oe : ont @© incubated at 45°C for 48 | % cover of bacterial ‘as. colonies estimated at @ 5esy TO apse ah er miso inhi Wearing. wy Irene be elfen qd ai ae i = Wing the ‘able | oredr the ‘Question 30 continues on the next page. 24(Question 30 continued) (b) Evaluate the student’s experiment in terms of the validity of the method and the reliability of the data produced. 4 Question 31 (3 marks) The body has non-specific defences against pathogens which include chemical and physical barriers. _ State 0 wad one physical berrier to pathogens and explain how one of these er of pathogens. 3Question 32 (3 marks) ‘Two biological processes are illustrated below. Process A fe (@) Identify each process above. a Process a__ Fe ilifation Process B Melis. ore (b) Outline one way in which process B causes genetic variation, 1 26 feBb BW Question 33 (5 marks) Chickens can be black white or speckled. When a black rooster is mated with a white chicken a speckled chicken is produced. The speckled chicken appears grey but has white and black ae (2) What type of inheritance does the cross above represent? 1 O (b) A poultry farmer decides to have only speckled hens on his farm. He only has a speckled rooster. What hen does he need to breed it with in order to produce speckled hens? Justify your answer using a punnet square. 4 henolyne the 4ar-mer-jyanse. - fenton 1 Sarner an om ra Y (2 sip = Sp ca bw gto Dak Se {040 \yecbled 2. \oAs 9 yhile eeQuestion 34 (6 marks) a Below is a pedigree showing the inheritance of dimples in the cheek. Shaded individuals have the trait.(Question 34 continued) (c) What are the genotypes of individuals I 1 and 12? 2) IDB O30 ee Pic Re LD ha inninnnninninn a Question 35 (3 marks) In fruit flies eye colour is a sex-linked trait. Red eyes are dominant over white eyes. (@) Define sex-linked. 1 Thak ir inherited by the female y chiamore ome.” XX nd Nadal cUhe...drath allele..35...0My CAC nnn Corrido ; by the X ehcomosome . Y chromo” Question 35 continues on the next page.(Question 35 continued) rf i. ‘fy. 15 fruit flies from a breeding tube were anaesthetised. They were counted and the following results were observed. [Eye Colour Males | Females White 1 0 Red 8 6 (>) Explain why there are no white eyed females in the breeding tube. 2 End of Examination 30 gSly ‘SANSWERS TO THE 2019 HSC BIOLOGY TRIAL Section | ai [a2 | a3 [a4 | a5 | a6 | a7 [a8 | a9 | aio | ain | aiz | ais | ais | ais | ais | ai7 | ais | Qi9. B [c [po [c jc |c |D jc |B jo A B A A A c A D A Section II Question 21 © Mod 5 DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis = [BI012-5, BIO12-12 Band? Complenenery | eyosne | adenine | gunine | thymine | |+ Gives tent TWO cect bases (b) The overall structure of DNA is made up of two strands that are | Mod 5 DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis linkod together like rungs ona adder. These strand are twisted | BIOL2-12 Bands 2-6 into double helix. Each sand is made up ofucleotides | Gives a detailed description. (A.C, Gand 1), which match up with their complementary | AND bases. Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with + Uses the Watson and Crick modelerer=3- suunine. Tho two strands are held together by (weak) hydrogen | aa fond. Watson and Crick proposed that in replication, DNA _| Gives a sound description. ‘opens down the gents of the two strands resembling a zipper | AND secretes ered eee ae ul ane ia om ca base sequence. Again, the pairs of strands are held together by |" Gives a sound description. 2 ge ok Question 22 ‘There are some similarities in the techniques used in DNA sequencing | Mod 5 DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis and DNA profiling (fingerprinting). DNA sequencing determines the | BIO12~7, BIOI2-12 Bands 2-6 fingerprinting). ‘order of nucleotides (AGTC) in DNA. It enables the mapping of the ‘genome (genetic makeup) of a species. DNA profiling, on the other ‘hand, identifies the unique genome of individuals. [DNA sequencing tends to be used by scientists investigating the sequence of a piece of DNA to understand more about its function. |* ‘Sequencing uses electrophoresis to separate pieces of DNA that differ Describes features of DNA sequencing. AND. [Describes features of DNA profiling. AND Gives comparison of the two technologies. in length by only one base. DNA profiling first males many copies of} 1 short stretch of DNA and then also uses electrophoresis. DNA profiling uses repetitive sequences of DNA that are extremely variable, ‘and uarelated individuals are unlikely to have the samesequences. DNA sequencing s more expensive and slower than DNA profiling bot sgives more information. DNA sequencing can be used to decide if sample came from a parigulas.peraan, oF 1 identify the parents of © child. Knowledge of the genome has the potential to belp diagnose and ‘ind therapies for inherited diseases. DNA profiling does not provide information about an individual's complete DNA sequence. Ittends |. to be used in forensic science to match samples with those of ‘suspects or victims of crimes. It can also be used to determine genetic|+ ‘amily relationships. OR AND ‘Gives some relevant information Describes features of DNA sequencing, Describes features of DNA profiling. + Gives comparison of the ‘two technologies.Q juestion 23 “The entire set of genes in an organism is known as its genotype. This instructs how the organism grows and develops, The physical appearance and biochemical characteristics of an organism are the ‘phenotype. These traits in humans include height, eye colour and blood type. Phenotypic expression in an individual isa result of the interaction of its genotype and the environment. Some traits (for example, eye colour) are completely determined by ‘genotype. Others are easily altered by the environment, such as height and weight (which are affected by nutrition). Genetically identical individuals can show variations in phenotype. ‘These include the different fingerprint patterns of identical twins, as ‘well as different coat pattems exhibited by some animals. Cloned animals can show different coat pattems and personalities. “The sex of some fish and vertebrates can be determined as genotypic, cor it can be temperature-dependent; the ambient temperature during sensitive periods of early development ofthese species determines whether an individual becomes male or female. Question 24 @ ‘A range of sources were used. These included textbooks specific to the course from major scholastic publishers. Websites selected were preferably from educational ‘osganisations. Any websites used were checked to see ifthey agreed with other sites and were up-to-date, () Ancthical usc is one that conforms to society's rules or ‘standards. Biotechnology uses organisms and biological ‘Processes to make products intended to improve the quality of human life, It can be as simple as the cross-breeding of plants and animals, but in recent years has become much more sophisticated. ‘There are wide ranges of opinion as to what is ‘ethical” and ‘what is not. Most areas of biotechnology have professional bodies to judge on ethical issues. However, these may not always match community expectations, which can differ in various parts of the world. ‘The following examples are areas of biotechnology that are ‘usually viewed as being ethical: development of pest-resistant grains, getting organisms to produce new drugs, producing ‘vaccines using the eggs of hens and the development of new biofuels for vehicles. Using stem cells to regencrate damaged human tissues and perhaps regrow entire organs is not always agreed by all to be an ethical way to use human material. Human cloning and gene editing of human embryos is illegal in many countries and there seems to be a broad consensus amongst scientists that it is ‘unethical. However, it has been reported that these procedures hhave been carried out (Satalins, and Sample 2018, ‘Scientist in China defends human embryo gene editing’, The Guardian, ‘https:/wwwtheguardian.com/science/2018/nov/28/scientist-in-| china-defends-human-embryo-gene-editing). Anotherunethical use of biotechnology is the production of ‘bioweapons’ — for ‘example, bacteria and viruses that can cause disease and death. | Biotechnology, like most technologies, has the potential to hhelp humanity and also cause harm. Iti important that all aspects should be considered to see that they conform to ethical standards. Mod 6 Mutation BIOI2~7, BIOI2-12 Defines the term ‘genes’. Bands 2-6 AND Defines the term ‘phenotype’ AND ‘Assesses the effect of genes. + Any TWO of the above points... ‘+ Any ONE of the above points. ‘Mod 6 Genetic Techniques BIOI2-5, BIO12-13 + Gives at least TWO ways used to ensure validity... + Gives ONE way used to ensure validity | Mod 6 Genetic Techniques BIOI2-7, BIO12-13 Defines the term ‘ethical’. Bands 2-4 AND Analyses ethical uses of biotechnology: AND. Gives at least TWO examples. Defines the term ‘ethical’. AND Analyses ethical uses of biotechnology. AND Gives ONE example Describes ethical uses of biotechnology. AND Gives ONE example Gives some relevant information.Question 25 Marking Criteria Marks ‘© 3 correct explanations, each must include: - Anamed disease 3 = _An explanation which relates to the pathogen. +12 of the above 12 Spraying pesticide. ‘This is a common control measure for malaria. It kills the mosquito vector which carries the pathogen which causes the disease, reducing the chance of infection, ‘Washing hands before preparing food. Washing hands physically removes pathogens from the skin. This is important in food preparation as it minimises the chances of transmitting pathogens deposited on the hands from sneezing — such as those which cause influenza. Genetic Engineering. Genetic engineering of the mosquito vector of Zika virus inserts a gene which reduces the mosquito life span, thus reducing their numbers and reducing transmission of the pathogen which causes Zika ‘Question 26 a) Correct identification 1 mark, ») Marking criteria Marks ‘+ Identifies sunken stomate is highly water 2 saturated + Relates little or no transpiration to the saturated environment * Identifies sunken stomate is highly water saturated OR Relates little or no transpiration to the saturated environment The sunken stomates create a water saturated area above the stomates which means that no evaporation will occur from the low concentration of water inside the stomates.©) desert environment ‘Marking criteria Marks ‘© Provides characteristics and features of two adaptations of plants in a desert environment. 4 ‘* Identifies 2 adaptations of plants which inhabit a desert environment 3 ‘© Sketches in general terms an adaptation of plants which inhabit a desert environment ‘+ Identifies 2 adaptations of plants which inhabit a 2 desert environment © Identifies 2 adaptations of plants which inhabit a 1 Xerophytes can have small leaves with thick waxy cuticles. This makes the leaf watertight and enables it to conserve water. ‘Some plants have curled leaves. The stomates are found on the inside of the leaves and as there is a humid water saturated environment above them there is little or no water loss. Question 27 a) Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment. (1 mark for the correct definition) Marking criteria ‘Tdentifies the hypothalamus as the control centre for temperature regulation Provides characteristics and features of how adaptations to cold and hot temperatures are used to maintain homeostasis through negative feedback Makes a judgement about temperature regulation Tdentifies the hypothalamus as the control centre for temperature regulation ‘Sketches in general terms how adaptations to cold and hot temperatures are used to maintain homeostasis through negative feedback Makes a judgement about temperature regulation Identifies the hypothalamus as the control centre of temperature regulation Identifies means of temperature regulation for cold or hot temperatures States the meaning of negative feedback Identifies the hypothalamus as the control centre of temperature regulation Identifies a means of temperature regulation States the meaning of negative feedback ‘Thermoreceptors in the skin and blood detect changes from the stable state of about 37°C. The message is relayed to the hypothalamus for a response to be made. If the temperature is low, then either of the following responses are made: i) vasoconstriction ii) increased metabolism ili) hair erector muscles relax iv) shiveringThis will increase the temperature. Ifthe temperature continues to increase then a negative feedback occurs and the hypothalamus produces the following responses to increase temperature until the body temperature is relatively stable: 4) vasodilation ii) decreased metabolism iii) hair erector muscles contract iv) sweating ‘The negative feedback mechanism is important in maintaining homeostasis in order for enzymes and metabolic activities to be maintained at their optimum conditions. Question 28 2) Pancreas (correct identification of gland - 1 mark) b) Marking crite Marks * Provides characteristics and features of two the ‘two hormones used to regulate sugar and their 4 effect on blood sugar levels ‘© Sketches in general terms a hormone and how it regulates sugar levels 3 ‘© Identifies the hormones used to regulate blood 2 sugar levels Identifies a hormone used to regulate blood sugar 2 levels, Glucagon and insulin are secreted by the pancreas. The insulin targets liver cells which convert glucose in the blood and this is stored as glycogen. This reduces the blood sugar levels if they are initially high. If the blood sugar levels are low then the glucagon is secreted and it causes the liver cells to convert glycogen into glucose and this increases blood glucose levels. Question 29 @ Apron isa non-celiular pathogen. ‘Mod 7 Infectious Disease ® _ Prions are altered proteins. They do not have any cellular | Mod 7 Infectious Disease structure and are not living. BIOI2-14 ‘Bands 1-2 + Explains the classification of (© Pathogenic prions cause proteins they ‘Mod 7 Infectious Disease ‘change shape. These prions are found system. They are consumed or can be transmitted via surgical ‘equipment. They may also be passed on via corneal transplants. @ As prions are not living, they do not have specific adaptations in | Mod 7 Infectious Disease ‘an evolutionary sense. They are just chemicals that enter cells | BIO12-14 Band 4 through pores in cell membranes (protein channels). + Outlines an adaptation related to NITY IMO & HOSE ee + Tdentifies a feature related to entry into host,Question 30 30.(a) ‘Marking Criteria Marks ‘© Two measures outlined and justified 2 © Two measures outlined OR one justified. 1 Sterile techniques should be used in order to minimise the risk of contamination and subsequent culturing of a pathogen. All plates should be kept sealed after the experiment and autoclaved before disposal, so as to minimise the risk of exposure to a pathogen. 30.(b) ‘Marking Criteria Marks ‘Judgements made about validity of the method and the reliability of the results. iq + Judgements about each supported by clear reasoning, involving the most obvious aspects of the experiment. © Judgements made about validity of the method and the reliability of the results. a ‘+ Judgements about each supported by poorer reasoning, or involving peripheral aspects of the experiment. ‘Valid comments made about some aspects of the experiment. 1 In terms of validity, there are significant problems with the method. While some control of variables was achieved ‘through using nutrient agar from the same source, and the same amounts of B. subtilis, there were some major flaws. ‘There was no use of a control experiment — uninoculated plates cultured alongside the inoculated ones — these would have ensured that the bacterial growth observed was indeed B. subtilis, and not something already in the agar. ‘Also compromising validity was the use of an estimate to measure the % bacterial cover. A more precise and less subjective measure should have been devised. Overall the method cannot be regarded as valid. ‘The results cannot be regarded as reliable. Using just three plates means that it is not possible to know whether the results obtained were just due to chance, or whether they truly represent the effect of temperature on the growth of B. subtilis. Question 31 ‘Marking Criteria Marks ‘* Identifies a chemical and a physical barrier © Sketches in general terms how one of these barriers prevents the entry 3 of pathogens Identifies a chemical or physical barrier ‘© Sketches in general terms how one of these barriers prevents the entry 2 of pathogens, ‘© _ Identifies a chemical or physical barrier i ‘The mucus membranes are physical barriers. They trap pathogens and prevent their entry across membranes and into the blood. ‘The skin secretes sebum which is a chemical antimicrobial barrier against pathogens.Question 32 a) Marking Criteria Marks * Correctly identifies both processes A and B. 2 * Correctly identifies one process i AC fertilisation B-Meiosis +b) When the homologous chromosomes line up during prophase 1 of meiosis the chromatids may overlap and exchange different segments of genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes (mark) Question 33 (@) — Codominance (1 mark) (6) 3 marks for the punnet square showing - The correct parents, - the correct outcomes | mark for a correct statement of phenotype ratio of offspring produced BB-Black WW - White BW XxX BW- Speckled B W. B BB ‘BW W. BW ‘WwW 50% speckled, 25 % white and 25% Black He could cross with either a speckled, black or white hen and he would always have 50% of the offspring being speckled. Question 34 a) _identifies the trait is recessive. b) ‘Marking Criteria Marks Uses a punnet square Chooses parents who are unaffected producing an affected child 3 Identifies the genotypes of the parents Uses a punnet square OR 1-2 © Chooses parents who are unaffected producing an affected child Parents IIS and II6 have an affected child, These parents must be heterozygous to produce an affected child so the trait is recessive.D a D DD Da d Dd dd XN ‘The dd child is affected. If the trait was dominant, then two homozygous recessive parents could not have an affected child, °) Marking Criteria Marks ‘© Shows both parents who are unaffected producing an affected child i Uses a punnet square Uses a punnet square OR 1 ‘__ States that this is the same cross as b) Tand [2 must be heterozygous as well to have a child II3 who is affected. D a D DD Dd d Da dd Question 35 a) —_A trait is sex-linked if itis carried on either of the sex chromosomes. (J mark for the correct definition) ) ‘Marking Criteria Marks @ States that a female can only be white eyed if the father is white eyed and the mother is at least a carrier of the gene 2 «Uses a correct punnet square Uses a punnet square OR Fi ‘© States that a female can only be white eyed if the father is white eyed and the mother is at least a carrier of the gene x” x x Kea exe Y xy: xy ‘The trait is carried on the X chromosome. Males only have one copy of the gene so if they carry the white eyed gene they will have white eyes. Females have two X chromosomes. If they inherit one white eyed gene from each parent then she will have white eyes. If the female inherits only one white eye gene it will be a carrier.