“This san innovative collection on a seminal theme... OF particular importance isthe emphasis that the ‘margins’ are ot peripheral tothe working ofthe stat ut, on the contrary, highlight erucil arpecs ofits everyday functioning... Such an anthropology ofthe state snot about. looking up from the Toca! level a the state a a distinct and more or les distant instittion, but rather about the omnipresent transgression of foal modes ht pan pre of he perormnes fay stat onanization in daily pra Peer Cexchier, University of Amsterdam “This engaging, thoughtful ook presents and sustains a Aistnctively anthropological perspective on the contemporary slate and its relations to citizenship, identity, power, and daily life The author” attention tothe margins of state power leads ‘sto consider the difficuly of drawing a lie that separates, ‘ones within and without state contol — insights tht grow ‘nereasingly timely” en Orlove, University of California, Davis exe iil wencuncom 20078 A ae 33 ag 22 a2 a wn g 8 OXFORD Anthropology in the Margins of the State Veena Das and Deborah PooleAnthropology in the Margins of the State Edited by Veena Das and Deborah Poole OXFORDOXFORD {YMCA abrry ung, Singh Road, New Deshi 110008 uckan angio Bung es Cape Tom he ai irene Nop of bition mye pred geet he sme sat vet oe tis Den jaional institute of Advanced Studies PRINCIPAL SR GROVER LIBRARY Sata fe Margins: Comparative Edhogeaphis Between Threat and Guarantee: tie and Commnity Checkpoint: Anthvopotogy, Mein, and the Sate ‘nade fenton Deterstorilied Chienship and the Resonances ofthe Sierra Leonean Sate “Anthropologist Dic overs Leger Two Faced Possear Guster AS and Witchralt in PostAparhe South fia Adan AsSoh ‘Operabiiy: Surgery at the Margin of the State a“fo on” a 1 The Signature ofthe Sate: The Paradox of egy a5, ene Dut 10 Contesting Displacement in Colombia Ciienship and Sate Sovereign atthe Maris 253 Virion 11 Wheze Ate the Margin ofthe Sse? 0 References 289 Index sa Acknowledgments "ea pleasure w offer ou hanks so the tthe Stn tvanlons hospitality dng the adhe scainan whe tes ‘pe weredssied-Ove colleges sl set fa Hein Unensiyontinue to prove #sinmtating clea sate venimwe shank them forthe many dus tat ve ep ‘our wing, We are gate to echy Danie wo chert eo (pete he nals of omating and cnsaiingeietsees oa And we thn James Brooks nd Caterne Cora SAR Pros orAnthropology in the Margins ' of the State1 State and Its Margins This hook i about margins, the places from which we seek to “understand what counts the sly ofthe sae in anthropology, The ‘chapters collected here began at part of 4 School of American Research advanced seminar Thee we asked anthropologists working fom diferent regions o reflect on what would constitute the enor Dy ofthe sate as embedded in pracices, places, and languages com $Sdered to be atthe margin ofthe nation stat. Although we iid anthropologists whose work fewed on exons that have been drama felly affected by recent polial and economic retorts, we were inter ‘ted in moving away from the ea tht these reforms had wmehow produced a weakening or shrinking ofthe forms of regulation and belonging that supposedly conte the moderm nation sate, Our amlyical and descrpive strategy wa to dance ourete frm the fnurenched image ofthe state 3 raonalizd dinitrate frm of polical organization that becomes weakened or lee fly ticle ‘ong it terstorial or tcl margins Insea we shed seminar pare: pants to retlect on how the pctices nd pote fi i thee ates Shaped he poten, elton and dicptinary practices that cons "ute somehow that hing we cl the sae”Asa discipline that elf has ofen been considered to occupy a marginal voice in Western pola cory antropolgy oles cl point of departare forthe radial rethinking ofthe state tha sew from the margins equte. Anthropology i frequent configured sea lscpline that speaks for (ora tes ih) those popula that ene been marginalized by the politi and economic srt of colon and postcolonial rule Moreover, ethnography #4 mad of knowing that prilegesexperience—often going ino ean ofthe set th stent easily discernible within the more formal protocols used by mony other disciplines. As uch, ethnogrphy offers a unique peripee {veo the sorts of practices that seem fo wo the sata terra and conceptual margins. The regional o local perpecves of anak, Plog are also important Here, although for somerat dilerent res fom those usally implied when ano speak of regions ‘comparisons. The anthropaloghts in this volume all work I tee nd regions shat are fequendly characterizedin compratve polite {theory “new nation” with “led weak” oF “paral” nate ad heir work speaks in many ways tothe particular dies of Fle Jn Alva, Latin America, and Seth Aaa Ye, thei etngesphies of sip, regulon and enforcement paces are amen des of rexona fate sates, trier a ao fost {he boundaries beswen center an periphen public and pate lege anya that ao anon te heat oven ie ee, {ut Bopean iberl sate: An nthoptogy of the mayne off a niqve perspective othe uilertanding ofthe state et hecnse ‘pores exotic paces bur case ges thatch magi A necesayentiment ofthe ste, much he eacepon ts esos For reasons having wo d wth hstercal origin a he say of “primithe™ peoples, anthropology has taitonay nt acknowledged the state ata proper ate for ethopraphiciapectom: Wh fox «cps anthropology subject unt eceny warned vote Pinion or “nonstate scien, Sen frm his penpectn the sae seemed tant fom the ednographipracice and means thatcon ‘te the proper dana suee af anvopology tthe same tine boner he lange and gw af the tate hs ‘aunt antuopotog Whether we ceo pace he rigs ple ical antheopology with Monteuquiw (1748) 1977), Maine ([1866] 2002), oF Evans Prichard (1040), the quest t9 find order oF reason non the priniiver makers of language of order that inherited roman indeed part ofthe modern Farope tate In hi sent, anthropology ha alway ben in many unacknowledged wat, "about” the stateeen and perhaps especially) when subjects wee cons tuted a5 excluded from. of opposed to, the forms of administrative rationality, poticl order and authori consigned 4 the tate, We ‘ontend that ihrem the language ofthe sate that anthropologist have wadtony const the ops oso ter ratonain {lastes (1074), or example, claimed some eit years ago that the "attonality and forms of le proper to our nonmodern ethnographic subjects were bes underwood a expressions of collective dere to fend off the imminent emergence of the rate eve, asin many other anthropological texts, the state was aaumed to be an inesable oF hosty presence that shaped de meaning ad ow that power ook ny given sce The work the anthropologist, then, became that of ‘ordoning ollthe prime rom the domain of ately practices tn thie of anthropological practice, a indeed in the early traditions of Marat and poncolonial wring, the primitive was contd 3 now tallest forthe discovery ofthe tate form asa universal ealtrl oper oreven when not present twas seen ar wating on the thresh Any efoto rethink the sae a¢ an objec of ethnographic inquiry rust art then by considering how thi double effet of order and transcendence has been ued to track he presence ofthe sate, On one leet of course, sates seem wo teal about order. Ths, ia mapping the fects and pretence ofthe sate" in local ie, anthropolopts efter Took for sigh of administrative and hierarchic rationales tat ror ‘ide semingy ordered links with the poliel and reputory appar tus ofa cental bureaucrat state Ths approach informa mock of the recent turn 10 the wate in anbropologial writing (kr example ergo and Gupta 202; Fuller and Hari 2000 Hersek 2004124 23; Hanten and Steppurat 2001, Seen frm his perspective, the task of the anthropologit Becomes that of fist sighting iatances of ‘he wate a erste on the local level and then analyzing those ocsmanfoadons of bareucicy adv acral normed interpre ‘movers Mberal state, Thee parochial ing of the at lead oo Sent re spatial an concept dapered pn wha the affiliations with particular institutional forms. . ‘ne:mpect of thinking ofthe tae terms of oder akng one sons Wt the spatial al etal ais tat soem cnet ‘eran of ethnographic Hedwork ve een tes of orden hee Instn pone wir Whe pe ‘cl antvology seated it crque cam for understanding dhe oi {a precy by ating how oder nas mainaine in snes snes secleies sucha the Nuc saith 40}, ddan Ble omen that very context many cies of Evans Pitan have pointed onthe segment oem atten uf ance eee co te preemie as rbocing the ordered pus of Nuri poecely Secause the rer ated ty the clonal sate were let out of te let (ee Gora 195; Hutchinson 190), Aihough tenon ta Colonia oma edo incre concer wt the ate stator the formation af certain sper of antropeoge! sujet ataney 1951; Givknan 1968 Mein (1975) 11). bath pola sh logis or example, Geil 194, Vincent 100) apnea Sahat er te tesserae on sae es sither resistance to the wate he local fom of egal cose ed Coll play that mare snthropotoge saeco cme Given tha its mp Hhink of pla ptm inthe cm temporaty wold sian any for f satel sects te we inerving simpy incomplete fuse ferm ofthese rach ‘aon Ordo the fom of egibiliy,pntal belongings ha der aatseem inhabit the mange ofthese conse eco Centon aa herein peal eee sae othintpect of te ple of aise the elon wcen lence andthe orig fen the tke Hichy «pric pice oFbuman ature Faropesn pla sok ‘gy ha estomed he stat wh dh the quay of transcendence and Felated monopoly over wolence (see Abas 1988) Max Weber's {famous formulation on the eter for coting a plead organi: Sho asa state may be worth cling here To is word," ruling orga ison” willbe elle “poli insofar a is existence and order i continuously safeguarded within a given tevin atea bythe threat and applicaton of physical ore on the port ofthe adnate al ‘compulsory patiicat organization wth continous operation potie ‘er Asati be called sat’ 90 far ae minineae ‘al sccenful upholds dhe chim to the mpd of he lptimate se ‘of physical force inthe enforcement of fe order= (Weber 1978.54, ‘rphais neniginal)- Weber ao emphatied that we of force in any totter typeof rpaniation would be considered legitimate onh fi wat Permitted by the tate or preeibed by i Ths "the cai ofthe mod ter of comply jurisdicion and continwous operation” (56). In Senin este 2 hat hh replaces rate een ih he find Heel for whom the sate in moderniy was defined by clearcut the tte and primordial relations proper to he family for example. eget (1821) 1991; Kant (1797) 1965) Inherent in thi eaginaion of | the figure of ae was the creation of boundaries between the pra tees and apace tht were seen wo form part ofthe ate a those hat sere exched fom i Legiumacy, in turn, emerged ava function of ‘hishoundarpmarking elect ofwate practices The lence of warfare contracted temeen tater aid police controlof the diffe lence of ‘ecieny y foree were consitted as legate caine they were ofthe ate. Other forme of violence that seemed either to mimic sate Nolence orto challenge is contol were deemed illegitimate Ts thi vison of politi Me, she sate Is imagined a a always nompee pt hat mis costa be phen fa agphyslealwelcing of the people were dveatene fom within Beene Fewas cratura for people to pit thei phyial welling above their cual ing ad tet ate welLbeing above thee tera weling For Kant, thin-stae of aretha threatens the ce onder wa tobe ‘runsormed by education (Ves 2072) Weber—nith whom the theory {weated this proces as reprtabl incomplete, since the frmalam of tow had o contend with the demande of popular juice? We wid o emphasize that for these (and ster) foundational theorists ofthe Enopean state form, the wate ie yas seen ax aleayein danger af lo inghs hold ever theraional organization of govenance by the free of pred as an expression of facet of mat nate that ad now yeu been mated by roma owt the nate? Instractive here isthe concep ofthe state of ware the nécemary opposite enorigin point fo heat ath awe The fact that Hobber ({1631] 1068), Locke ([1620] 1988), Rone ((1752] 1981), and ose early eheorits fthe sate imagined he ste ‘of mature through dhe image of America bth a eal site of sage lof language and practice where the cel spaces or sites that provide {sophia origins ofthe state, Located abays on the margins of hat accepted asthe teritory of unquestioned ste conta Cand Tei imac), the mnrgina we explore inthis hook are simultaneously es where nature can be imagined a wld and wncomtroted and whee he tantly sites of practieon which land ater state practices are cl ried by ether form of regulation that emanate from the presing Aid ot tart withthe aspen tht we ad a shaved derstanding think Bevo hnph pata move of center and periphery the ts sions in Santa Fe made vide that the relation between sore: ‘eg ad dscipinar forms of power, ar well 3 the specif genealones ‘oF political and economic sect informed our various tes about three concep of margins. “The it approach gave primacy tothe Mea of margins a periph cries seen to form natural container for people consdered osu ‘Sen ociaied into the li As edhographers we were interested in “understanding the specif technologies of power through whic ater tempt “manage” oe “pac these populations through Both force nda pedagogy of conversion intended to trunaform “wordy subject ‘nto lanl sujet ofthe sate. In several ees nce in his book (Guatemala, Per, South Aa), marginal populations ar formed of foundational o parcularnational identies nd excluded fom these same identities bythe aor of diacplinary knowledge that het hd chtizaionally “other” In these cases, juridical elaine Inclsionare undermined in interesting way by dacipinary forme of power that destabilize the very discoures of Belonging that cain to Wn subjects othe tate ad isla In othe eases (Calbia, Chad, Siera Leone, Si Lanka), the pedagogy of conversion x played out in lew eile ways among subjvt who have been wpronned or dspaced {acs of war In these case mbjects ae const urdicall a pr manent inhabitant of the sme fori of uncontlled or pritte jue fe that undergird sovercign power in the form of war and the exception “A second, related approach so the concept of dhe margin shat ‘merged from our papers and seminar discussione hinges around fouer of lepitily and Meguliy.Like oer anthropology, heve we eg by taking note of he mel nown fac shat so mich the modern sot conse hing paces We rece ht the intended in some sense, to consolidate state control one secs, po ‘avons erste, and tie. In our seminar isussons owen, me {esate somehow "about eb. Rather, our paper seemed 0bron the lab of is own practices, document and words Rong the yorts of practices we comer ate the economies of dis he tension filed space ofthe checkpoint As ate where sop ne about te security a dental igtecan come sent and Smesimessilemly ansled, the checkpoint led un 0 think ao Shout the iinet temporal dynamics suntounding people's inter. ‘cra hid approach formes the magi aa space beewcen oe ‘Shot only abou territories sas abut bode Ia et one coe {en ho the prston fa toyoliealBoy ae ogy tty SStiovereign power Mm anthropatogst have wsed the notion of bioponer to rack the ay power spread entcles into the epllary tain hes ofthe soca The pee te of hi proces hs been the framing pore of wediine define theron" Ye, the ger ie Bene question of hos polities Becomes he domain in which “he” is pot in quent In that seme, he margins provide a pantelarly inter ang vantage postion fer which to meee the colonization of by nepines aswel atthe prodiveton of categorie of pathology ‘ru ce hat are parse on law vet a hey draw repertoires Motion ofthe biopoltial sate tm entire unexpected directions 2» tanguage were anayed a orconsrctng the state an he margin These shee concep the margin lauggest diferent modes of occupying margin than might be tld byasimple stony of exci. {he remainder of thisitruction we consider how the authors thook nace these dlleren sence ofthe margin i dhe etnogtphie seh and hom nso doing hey dew om ard entice akg a ihe nate, sonereigony, and biopobs in recent pial theory. The ‘haters ave not organized around one ve the other concept af mar pier tn the following sections, werk how the loi of exception “peratesin relation wo the margins, Bow economic and pial ct enship i aimed, and hove we understand the working of te bio Ia state trom the perspectives of regions whove experienc he Dot normaly formed eh set of concep ies LAW, MARGINS, AND EXCEPTION Recent anthropological work hat done muh so lminate the ‘ontexts in which var andl other forms of clei science ge exper lence as eter sats ers rates of exception Thus antopalr ss have reflected on how the contests ofc wate emeral pic id emergency powers shape peoples sense of community sel and pli fre (or examples Das ea. 2000, 2001; Fektman 1991: Ferme 200). Atstake here wl a ee smextened dscusion ofthe ways ia which lence a war shape the Nery terms in which ethnography can take place (or example Nordstrom 198) In this teratre, the exception ens to be weed ‘While our own work has Benefit in muti ways from shes ons 5 lncusions, our concept ofthe margin goes wel beyond the ses spces of peso in ime, 4 condition that san opposed, some how 10 normal” forms of sate ower Rather, we dawn the very i ferent approach othe exception acute by Walter Renmin, Ca) Schmit and, moat ecenty Giorgio Agumben whose work haw hee engaged by anhropaogist interested in questions of sovereignty at This rethinking ofthe problem of sovereignty a the exception, Agamben (1098) has resusctted the Sure of home were an acre figure of archae Roman law, athe embodiment of hare ile in it of Romicide Homo sce, then. ese person wh canbe hile’ bana sacred Agamben quote the wow of Pompeias Fest: “The serena th nemo th pega acon olence authoritarian ruleote condemned for homicide (71. Rare fe, then, tre out be something constiued in some senses as “before the lve” eeaise home saces this embodiment af bare Ie, cannot he sariced, het thie the purview of ine lw, sn cae one whl im canna beacuse of homiil, he ales sie the puri of Baran ae "Ne will not gointo the questions of Moral accuracy Nere—there are places im which Agamben’ tenis indeed bare, Examples are ‘feted in a erp fishion, but they ae not elaborated. For insane, in seventecntcentury texts on sovereignty it asthe fathers per ‘reign (ce File 1989) and Agamben right drawsatention ths lena he does ne dcuse whether the father senecine of sovereign power ivan example of power over Me or whether instead he son eto be seen ar iegally consi subject. Simian, Agamben’ ie fuston ofthe Habens Corpus Act of 1679 begs the question whether the person whose “bod” i supposed 1o be proved in court isa legally connie eujec or abare dy ssippes ofall socal and eg snark (Fitepatick 2001). All of thse ae intricate questions For the Imoment, hat we want tote fro Agamben’ theory the Spice ‘ion that tw prices certain bia anhllabe”beeaute they es ‘lone by the aw ivf prior othe insta of aw For Agumben, te figure of hon sacer hole hey toa nde standing of sovereignty and moder pola and legal codes becaine ofa reveas of the sovereign’ power to resort tna hounds state ‘exception Here, Agamben draw onthe work of Benjamin (1978) 1266 ad Scie (1922) 1098) Yo argue that he sate of excepion provides a theory of soverelgniy that is both inside and outside Became the wneregn cannot by definition be bound tthe law the political community ivell becomes split along the different axes of ‘enbership and incision that may ru along ven alt nes of ace, {rele inthe posal community bt denied membership in pl alters The ure not shat membership simp denied but rather well wo remember that sates of exception, of which wari the clic ‘example, can redraw boundaries a0 tat those who were secure ia thei ‘tizenship can be expelled or reconsiuted ae different kinds of bed fet: The purngmase crample ofthis for Agamben the concentra ton camp, where Jew were fis spp oftheir cicemip and then confined othe eampand subjected toss atrocities Other examples of ich exceptions fom inde” include the internment of American ct laens af Japanese descent daring the Second World War. oF mote cen legion concerning such calegris a “terrovis.” Thus, although Agamben preset the gure of oma sacer at eat appear that ilable Boies are, infact, produced ugh complex legal proces of rendering them as are le (Ftrpateck 2001). Ths na sxplinwyone can ete wo diferent nies ue in Agamben ‘conception af bare Me In some pices he atigns ito specifi spaces ‘the concentration camp) and figure of modern lie (refuges) instantiaons of how bate Me ix embeded and acted pom in seer ‘threat held inabeyance and tte nt which any cen cul fal Ts later undentanding of ar life athe exception ites tenon 0 oe sens of marpna that we employ here, ase that do nots mie He ‘ide the state bat rather ke vers, ran drough is body ‘On one pins, however we llr fons Agamben, for we fel that states of exception diferencesberscen membership an inehision or figures that reside both inside and oun the law Ho not ike thelr appearance a ghostly apecral presence rom the pst bt eater at then, we suggest two way in hich Agamben notion of exception toms ouretogrp cpr the ain Fo ath the conta refounuing flaw dou form af olence and shoe fey that can be construed ax both extrajudicial and oui, oF porn the tate. This efounding happens tot trough the pratction afl lable bates as posted by Amen, nd through the sort af power rnbodie by igures sch asthe policemae oF lea boa” Like he ‘cer, hee figures enjoys cersinimmaity so law pestelybeeatae {hey ae configured as exiting outside porto the awor Kant, Hegel other liberal sherk, the origins he are Uthat preceded she ste (ce Asse 2008, nour exhnograpies, “gqueaton othe origins af ny emerges nota the my tbe tae tusteather nthe Fortnof mem none ales to represent te sae oF torenforce is las ae thennhespremacd onthe men's recognized @ beoween ape 10 the form wand fons of extrac pret at ape clea const ved as hing onside ticprior to the sate, Feamples af sh figures include the Ferian mma oracle rpresete the wate trough eth par ‘Solorformsafineiy ad modes of lence that are mare se fal Poole); Colombian paranitery forces that act both a6 an Extension of the my and econ for the How of ar to dg ores Srplmations Sanford, and brokers who inhabit the ecomoms ron ‘roth highly personalized fon of private ponce andthe supposes th at as spresemtaives of the sate tha He ate able to mse seroaand has nny the sr ingly eae de separating lesa cd extatei! forms of punshment and element. Itsy Ww, ‘hese local figures who bul aie eharnma and power trough ons ‘tvindeness nc, that ate simi tothe" mew" describe inhi mace posible bythe ineritent power othe sate Sach Bg fren who appear in differen ges the eillerent ethnographic com {eat a the chapters in this lime —as brokers wherkerdele local Then, paraminary-eepreceneat once the fading of de sate ‘heson and it continua refowning Rough (not 39 mathe) “propration of private tice ml lence bth enme dey ae the tnd solence tat together cnstue the ase ove eon the real ‘ftnah vo become one in the raity of everday ie Consideration of these personae helps wewerstnd how the Giontierhetecen the legal al exteaegal rs righ thin the fies ramp of a policeman, know fr his ere egy eho comes sgsinata power mafistike operation and near oss hse Despite {he fac that he funeiomary of the a, he 0, conse hat sponsible, aed ths he proceeds to wolae the procera aw in ‘tert had out what he consider to be substantive jute, These The ier, hen mvolved in eh sate’ counterinsigency oper tions agains what are define tanto terrorist organizations. ied by his raed dep, Deca when police penetrate hese tiiant or crorit organizaons to ght ser, the ites beeen the Cerrorist and the policeman Become blurred. Asin Janata’ ‘cei a te ras in emcee ones eo ‘Reeplon, cannot be nero erm of wan ansgresin, but the awe Aran embodiment of the state of exeepton. the pbceman ior that la, bu the very posit of aw itself fm [2973 1986; Deri 199% Taig 197) By engaging his Diesaphical emma atthe origi ofthe tate ad la as an etno- [Srneorigin of law not» ghostly specter from the past ain for Champles Agamben’ appropriation of the Figure of homo ser fom Roman low bus rater the res oF the concrete practices in whieh Me sn tora enaged (se Rabinow 2002), Asoc aren which our work dress theories of reigns an dhe exception concerts practices hat have to do with the seco Sl undoing of enties eve, a pater area of interes concems ‘he dacumettaton trough which the tate la to secure Wendie, ‘we whi in racic ten cleulates in ways that undermine these se identiesand esrances Among the various Kind of docomens ‘sued by goweraments nd supposed to acta guarantees of belong fan pluaporare he mst ete Fhe major of the population how Te neeuters the state shrug daumente seh as ration ears, ‘cy anda, eimina complains, cour papers, beth and death cer llocument berth double sg of he states stance aid is penetra tho nde ie of he everday. deed, several cols hase recently ried that is though these documentary practices that the state Makes the population legible ol easing hat hasbeen feredos legibly effect. Seat 198, Troll 2001126), for esa Pl, sugges thatthe legibly eet ithe “producion of bah an ttmge and a knowledge for governance and of theoretical ad ‘pial ool that clan and regulate colectsiies” Ther since sat hteratre om the canistory and cartographic practices the ‘ate that points tthe knowledge/power alliance the new meses | owermance that rise withthe consruetin of the iden of popustion sv Woo 1965 Sete 10985 Sts 196), What interes us here, however, f:not how dhe sate makes the etn foros fie dough which eae of ject chzen come wo ‘rule among tne who use these document For example, n her “hapter in this book, Marine Ferme notes how sate documents Shadow ant consti migrant, waeler. an refgees ab they moe scone differen sorts of bonders nd checkpobnt Asan example she ‘elsof aman whee orginal al now nal Stra Leonean went ited citizenship aa Sierra Leonean wa efngee—and this gin er denny athe ony one on which his new sous ae refugee can be Ferme learns how passports iaued by the rsh daring the cool Importance here oaths and to pspone seo, work, sd evel pans er erate attempt to acquire new Hemtiy papers and conform io the Dew and seemingly arbitrary demands ofthe stte ty such cae, the law is experienced a a lngey airy nos ‘clean what Fee describes an conflicting “spatoemporsies” whose effect ae Poote's chapter dexribes similar temporal disruptions inthe ways Peratan peasants engage the sate thragh the endless nd seeing athiray How of paperwork shat constiates their experiences of ce" Inthe areas she describes, legless rarely reach conclusion ad “juice” set move commonly spoken of ot sx something that cn be naned, but rather asthe ephemeral nk that tnd peasants toa state whowe promise ofjstle asthe form of ends procedtes atl {he abaysinconchie paperwork tat dit ong dilerent instances of the uli stem, The pedagogic pecs of the ate are marie here, ot trough acho textbooks om czenship, ba rae through the paces by which subjects are mide olearm the gap between mer bentip and belonging. Poole shows tha there fsme substance othe Seu he spat pean are magpie tan ‘What lon the state never tobe eld respon sow promis however the combination ofthis phys foetion and other ideas tout the "natural marginal f indigenous peas. The temporal configuration and experience af ch encounters “ath heambiray power f te state ca alo be thon of asthe igh ‘mobile spaces that Pradep Jeganathan apy deacribein is chapter at “mop acpton He a cr re th page im ties For Jeganathan, a for other ahora he volume, the itary expectations and leis rubs up against the normaly ofthe every (sy Jegunatnan evokes the mos ordinary of events in the proces f+ daily commute inthe city of Colom n Si Lanka a commuter “stopped aa checkpoint fr his deny cart. What could his mean na ‘country ha unl recently was in dhe mid of ac war? Where terror ins imurgent milano freedom fiers (the appelation depends spon how one reads the confit) we techniques of error/marsrdom siehascie ombing ad where fre inn narfe state, Whiting about checkpoints in contested terstonies in Colombia, for example, Victoria Sanford describes hoe diferent el tary forces compete for conto ol concrete erttres, ba hese test of one's ow poston wth respect othe guarantees and taneously of an not of the ate In her rections on Persian checkpoints, Deborah Poole decibes how the introns and even the ‘xitence of the uate hecome suddenly illegibte during the renee someone ina postion of authori suddenly stops someone co euest Alocamentsin the sitet they can ao Become nasente outed ‘he permanency and visi of sical checkpoint Ae Jana rns utin his chapter t trough hese rps of mpi” at Fesdent of a hy or war tone come to aniipte and interna the tnprediceabily of lence precely through the predtabiy of| elses where the state ees ts ow seri ariray ais “The margin so evident inthe checkpoit can ato presen het Coen provides an example of ch a space in his chapter om the Akeseibes the fancboning of «ude in organs tat ke the space af he ‘exception, effeciely blurs the ine between the legal and legs Fecame both the ale and donation of organ y note were ally Donne i 1094 in ia, surges ad others who operated inthe “ketineproceduresfor authorising prise fom of organ donation ‘nuniees were ange de ak of considering exceptional ees ‘operate create fictions of overnbelming fection hetween wetted people in order to allow organ “donations” The publi secret, of beeneen recipient and donor ate created to cover te legal me of conga. Elective the structure of exeptkns operates dra ne "etecen membership and inchsion that lenis thos cizene ho are “boavalabe" and ths cou become Fciows “donors” a an “underground econemy® Moreover enables certain dacorsive forms tocemerge in hich crenship cated ehtogh acts of sacrice” | ‘he partof the poor point we explore bn greater det later in hi between lw and ste of exceprin, We aged that tad of pre anthropology focise onthe working af the every. ts in these inthe cane ofthe bodes of a maton aes they determine wha ies insite ad what es cutie, Other tines, nthe ease of checkpol, ‘hey ram through the poiteal body of the sate: Borders and check pots we a are spaces in whic sovereign a the right over We tnd dea expercnced in the moe of penis eeaing| iets of panic and sense of danger even Hf nothing happens” Pica aeton are insisted. To suggest hat margins are spaces ere see noe to say hat forms of ply and economics on the marin ‘fen fshoned onto the mee sure are not rang with ere ‘Ginger. es however, draw atetion o he achat though ceri Frpulaons are pahclglaed through varous lind of power/nowt ‘ge practices, they do not submit eo these conditions pase: Whe Themen these iia moment and everyday ie (Das 1980) sewhen everslay fe becomes the focus of ana apn the work of James Seon (185) on everyday frm pratt reste, appears hac agency is seen primarily in acs of resutance Out emphasis Mata on the wae in which dhe conceptual Boundaries ofthe xe teextended and remade securing sural or seeking juste inthe sendy This doesnot me Sider al Kinds of mario 0 ‘mgr sens sini, Rater we take the indeterminate chat her marpinstobreak ope the why often atbted to the state Take Rouman's description of economic strategies followed by ‘marge you they eal ih various regulatory process of fergent markets cigs nal ams, contraband and mercenaries tated by ongoing wars, droughts and wher economic disasters. For tations Refasing tr mame these economic opporeunitis as pars of strategies as border making practices which we tne, ot much the colape of regulation, ba he plralization of regulatory autho ths, Such praia Yl oan instutonazaton of rm extoe thon by the state, ven when tht proces occurs ode forma egal Jrocedes The forms of social devloped on these borders are of ‘Shviows reasons, these markets Bourish on ‘etn he ete athe pac ihe cone eto would characterize sch fot economic acti at coer ‘stair of securing Ineo ying the indeterminate chars Stake the challenge state monopoly over tetaton oF cm Ticene ad the ello o appropriate some of then practices secre iy binary opr im nor ean wey thatthe state unable eave Hewritover the mari fr oo, ma fager io extrnet rent hrongh ihe pluralization and extension of co cepa boundaries of te econ. Wh the onsen of age Ghnereto sets how conomie sineahip en entation, and mi ile eguatry tees ave necesry prt the fnetoning fe ING chs the excepto neces for he destanding of interme’ chapeetoe ge ther ice of he “binant hehe ommandenn which beso to be acteristic ofthe ferme iran real, for i hs iiated aerate porting the usc of Carl's “asea” of Torres, the administrative That knowledgesghering power ofthe state incorporates and partly Teitimines the terior logic of ical cutore based on reciprocal tes of selade” jie, Sih revere of use were common atthe fie nother egleaes hae reviewed fom he Ounco and Ayacucho Srehives wae not at all uncommon for those fling the original Peruvian ational imagination (and the stat own represent sont ot eld coneies af jure ike Chung where gamonales Fut (and in mary atancesstl le) as htertands ying} Bevo Same imaginary boundary ofthe ate. The nasonstate in other words, iReoncened of asa centred asiminstratve ad poi eommanity “hone densitydecenses ne motes towards tefitorial margins and‘aplals, What such caus a Torres make cleat however hat dhe {amonat’s poe ex preven hi aby to veach arom the dine. Jortticionl boundaries hat define she nested terra strut of the sate Indeed, the “long arn” of gamonal power closely allied the tam From the atonal’ (and the pena’) perspective. then, there ste distinction between the wargin and he center of the {dial stat: forthe gamonal the excnce aa” ese ins neces ‘ary prictzation and hence, infraction, ist atthe sovereigns pme ‘skdsin the exception Seen pm thi peepee, the “hw 2 ga tor of rights slays steady contine within che hres fan rb teary power even when psc vole may not be present "Within Mera, oth the state and i aw are explained jue Ue by reference tothe mahal try of emergence ram into ec when indian coe ger frm ce a between lar and enforcement, between the rationalism of rida procedure and the violence of the state, between the person of the tbjetve judge andthe punishing person of the jae, rough ite omscioumest Ar one proiinent Hberal theorist putt whe wring bout she necesary grouing of layin vilencey “Every la nde Inust coneee of fact a emerging out ofthat which eel wn (Cover 1998:118, Indeed ant himelE wha waery clea tha theo ins of justice a aw yin what he called reiprvaleerehn tions us regarding the inherent danger of dwelling om thin point of ‘origin “The origin of the supreme author” Kant writes,“ nov open to acrsiny bythe people wo are subjet ot. Whether a iste fact an actual contract orginally preceded the submison oor lor whether instead the ahorty precede andthe law ony ame later or even tr supposed to have followed inthis oner—thee are pointes, questone that threaten the state with anger Hf hey are oked™ (Kan (1797119658, 'As = form of private and partial power that cons “anor and “sanction” athe marge the pubic andinpart state, amoral eases hs secret ofthe coerve (ot ves) niin o oper in the jr sate. At the mame ime, 2s Torre's cae makes ‘eur gumonalsn sao rootednthe forms and ianguage of nial Sn egal proceas It theetore nether an alterative form of sven ‘Signy that exist yond” the margins ofthe tte nora soereign| erm imply point of departure ate somehow exterior to he sate; Rather his elaonship between the Perasan sate an its olen, extrajudicial, primitive, natural margins” snanconaly bot eupeda died xs more or les constant nd cer feature of the Juicy ad indeed the statin genera To enn tomy opening “nvestion we mighty that shin double vert made cach se he ‘rier wo presen your document aiaued (and understood) a bth Ava recognized form of loral power, gamonalsmo flourished in the 1904, 198 and 1940, whem highland landowners exerted 2 trmonoles were acepted inthe cst fe of the nat a “andor Sn local rer hey were ened oh fara reaches of ee ieige th highlands Moreover im both political discourse and the publi Fiagination, she spa csancing of gamonaliane was mate By tno yet heen repel bythe ueaueratic rationality ofa ideale todern sat. Ths gamonalie was widely wnderstod ava poblem {hor would be eiminaed by he eventual modernization and tertoral Comaidaton ofthe administrate wate, Shccesshe sae reforms ta feted the abuses of the gone, ost dramatic in the eat 1970 tthen the miliary government headed by General oan Velaco [Rharado effected am agrarian reform whoteprincpal hetrial and ‘Neola target wae gamonatome, By eliminating large anaoldings snd abe local powers, Velasco promised to rationalize production Sind atain equity inthe ditibuton of and. lv short by targeting amonalizma, the military reformers hoped 10 movderize a sate tthich priate ites were seen to dominate ver he conan publi {ood latingthe amonaleray“premoder and hence exteriorprotean foro hat such mde of power sume in reponse to shit nd agen Th, hough agrarian retort nas widely ne prorat Teneo nae putan emt to gemonalimo, kingly simi forms of ve aie. an vent sho remain a the core of public priati nt Mean potest practice. I many highland district, for example, Uscendeets (or reps) of gomonales have retained thee hold | cal poner avough the dinitrate, pola and ideological (eo ‘nea oot hin tion te eke 8. local -prcmratens poet Sina concern limiting privatized form ef power an pge have den the continual demas and rojo radmin the judi te in Pers. Ado he Jing naset tain a pct a may apes iW tenonethelesbeena permanently contested site of sate and Lae ing, Ilha for example, been recrsing target fr elorms aimed ruminating the corruption nd pee sheough bie this nt Tice Tnniatn ot pi pove and pt ncront became ie Se mntecentand rome vere te monroe orm ces np pata werpng eae orn the 08 ad Toon Eeetucna charge ih the moral tngage org on Cpe USA. ean Dene at “iictutne” tne adaiation of jae ihe tenia soperior “ors locned in imal eager deparmental capa Tit ‘S scemplhed by modernising obese ozo src sre, Spasning sdminbieive ad jodi a and depot the “Syuintmeatofudgeamd the jicay (ner Qnercan Delopnen i nner eR SAD Ae Tove to ake jsne mere effet rete nthe de at con ‘tpl appotmnen and proederes by an incre ahora sae ceca bance Thr spot of th kil orm hon bee the ‘Mbjeecof much pte don and See, bath unde Fajmt tha onng the democratically elcid gerament of Alandro To Catla apan HG, Onde Caan 99) im eddon ew aveaminng juin poet t heRigher cours, recent judicial reforms have ao alle for expanding “judical cover get the approximately onehird ofthe population who in 1897 Sere considered to ack adequate acest the nsons judicial tert {inter American evelopment Bak 1997.2). To address sis problen the reforms envisioned the cretion of ew arenas of arbitration that would be overseen bythe national adciary but would 90% be lucy part ot in arban aes, dhe government and is international ‘pomors created Conciliation Centers snodeled on US and Bish periments in neighborhood dispute mediation (Fezpatick 1988 ivringtom 1988), neural areas, the reforms moved to replace oF Complement she traditional justices ofthe peace with newly devised (or tesged, depening on the region) sens of exstomary Ive v1 communitebased dispute resolution. White he apparent intent etn! both proposals was to provide increase acess to june by Sonn poor people to bypass the national ada stem for petty Nan toe dapntes, te end result appear ote the creation of Shido legal ystem thats bot of and no ofthe ste. Sceral things interest me out sis ate round of atempts rote cmapom and ete fom the Ptian it 9 ‘einai the uratiesona and concept boundaries ofthe state tts a One of the reformer primary concerns, for example, his Mein cn prove «more slid isittional framework forthe 3,70 ju ‘eave the peace whe handles great bulk of Pers ety claims foal Gapute, an domestic solence eves, eaming thee argument or ow and ty the jt dep shoul he reormed however. prope sens of reform argue that te jes spain rom the state ma De The fanning of jw service that he sia de fur cee the most emote paces he out where the State, shrough ie Jul Power, as nox manage © the This up say bee onered by commen itories having sve to the pnt fle ecogtion tithe igure sie of te Peace i the Promina ane “cree by Genera owed San Marion Oetber A182 ‘Goma Andina cle ost 200)administration of sie” iin Tac and by la, rounded on the smbiguows uradictiona and legal wat if jsies ofthe peace who ‘My second point of concern Ras 1 d0 with the reform hac new cae of exlaion ad thee consequent move aay from fer paradign of moderation. According to this moe fan tdertanding of development sat bling wis “bot the need the maxdern center ofthe stat and i api ecemony. this ie tthe sate and development, the “margin” represent one of naa Uoity ant danger precnlyhecase ilies tse beth she conta an to his problem wana simple one the sate would progressey cant ver, this dynamic of sncasion hat heen effectively reversed As i flier form projects, development agencies have une he public te, Rather than move to reform the stem 10 ke imo nchaine nd hence “tthe ew generation of refer project suggest tat oor people shouldbe aked to soi the ical tem asa court of “These eeform, hones, conceived in Washington linplemented in tersitorie ith Historie! trains of frien procedure, and governance tht at, swe have see ale bth st tv wth and deep embeded in the jada setae ofthe sate Given this landseape and historical experience the very ean tat ces or otis Fe enacting justice” or making “decison dat ill ‘ot be shared withthe state” eedered unintelligible In adliion st es understood at he modes fae dination ha septate sheen ote ate agnor of hm the eran of modes of justice the judicial retort reconfigiees shew ation ‘ces ofiniin van a part anew poll ender im whih exe sion from the sate i made fo appear at an ase means through “hic justice cam be more ready obtained Thus, fr example, both Urban and ral reforms are desiged as “informal branches ofthe Ste tical ster’ Many Conlon Center fr example, are at ty locted i oc cther within or adjacent to or known to belong {othe jicl branch er, altar reconelaton” centr thy {donot share the powers of enforcement that mark the fica 8a rote tat. Tht Flatonship othe law hs reminiacent of he rite forms of elfmade™ or “reciprocal” justice that have ales Teen configured anterior to he sie, At these ime, ts own that hey do conan a certainties nstitional reatonship ith the lw of the wate Theve forms of ambigi emerge in ferent ys inthe urban snd rural projects plemented in Spach as part of the Judicial fetoem process The urban project was implemented ia response tthe ‘atonal Law of Etrajical Gonciaton ey de coneinsén ext ‘isa aw number 26872 on the appliaton of hi fn ACO, se Are Vitor and de Solar Retro 1998), mandating the craton ‘Steonaiotion process for informal and extrajucal dispute reso fiom, The resulting centers ate ke petty elim courts Cass are teoled through medinon, ad ba ides of ee dpe mus agree to he terme and sgn a document sipuatng the ems of the agree tent Layers or rained paralegals (ost nies student 35 treats The Cento de Conciacin (APENAG) where I worked in Heamanga handed two ype af ses odicaeand eaajudcales The Fonmer neve cates tha ould have qualified for hearing in the sate Joi tery hele cle eater hat never would have become forma dial ease. any instances, they were ass the superior our had "dete? 0 APENAC. The overwhelming majority of both lope of cases invahed complaints of domes olence against women Sind alr vo prove child support. The national cours were thos feed from the escalating load of domestic violence hearings while Women the most Trequent cis of his form of eiminalwotence Sree hated into asm where n legal sanctions could be bough ‘Because concilaion hearings and agreements lo not hear the sanction of the (or the eae of the ban Coneiation CentersGhauoner), APENAC personnel ate required by law todo follow Side Several workers noted! that people intentionally gave fase This urge t hie heghtened by peopl’ ery lear understand {ng thr ainowgh APENAC presents ues non) nsituton nt tr ou tobe the best prblers Fo heners is operations an hows se ain office APENAC workers Nohte tht people at a the wation [APENAC} because they conf wt he join pdr adca.” Thus fr people Tis Inga moxing-in te poor neighborhoods of Ayah, the effort tocveme tequesoved fore fhforsalsetion Separate from the Sete acualysesults ina greater contamination bythe sate Te m0 Sin ave theefove apr of the jury Ese for people who ight ‘eonctaion center wth no oerble eal satus smacks of ot re familie forts of justice, Ax one couple explained 10 me, the [APENAC offices “reminded them ofthe adios in se prin Shocesthereles, with thei instusonal furnishing dace wall angings and sharp dsion between pie space ad sctet cham ters Another the eu that justice neces and bays both of cNtvorot dhe sate APESAC% claims aenonny fom the sate th ‘omelet o people for whom tice” has bays ecupied the stingers spice between thea and guarantee “Sar forums for promoting dispute abitation hve been imple ‘men intl dyacucho weve relorms coincided with broader Se rinses designed io"icinsr the sate” afer eee wat dr Ing nearly 0 perce of Fee's ighond population ved niet sesh woes of emergency The cumulate eet of ising under mil tay rl lee understandings of community in many suble—and pot subie-ways Lael authorities wo were once controlled by svc conmmumiy hierarchies and tational stem of rotating pos {helting ofthe cmengeney, Other communities spit along ron Tos de othe rea increaed presence of Protestant secaaer the ae ycamnr 200), Fah, many communes merged frm hear ikne sed vigiante, onde onganizations that had een ore Ruhr incursions of Shining Bath tants and try (Coronel hs, 18h; Degiegor eta 1996). Following the wate rondas— eonmed “Auto Development Committees” an atemps to dette ‘hr obvious patties an juridical autonomy from the sate— we cnet much of the daly wrk enforcing socal and mors order UH commits Like ater forms of "estomry lw” ln she res lhe sont which modeled sii policing, gaming, and mas of aaron power on their laine toe both of and not of the sae. The tor of gal wangresion intrinsic wo police enforcement {enjni (1976] 1986; Dera 1992 Tass 1990) were ss inthe Caer he todas. magifed by tee poston wid oe ambigoxsty [Shweta peconcepoally dite fal lamisepes. ‘Wut ahiscomplex political andseape one ofthe most succenfl projects forthe reinvention of community-based justice was the Fialcce Rewsey de Adminisracon de Jue, or NURAJ, pat ogee Fett tal NGO in Ayacosho, ith Funding rm the Wor Banh brink Counc USAID, and PAR (Pujimort' agency fr sang DOP atone dale bythe wae) (PAZ nd, 1998). worked at 3 NORAD wee Resant community of approximate) 10,000 peopte so the hasnts highlands Because fe prosity to principal Shining fr covidnthe communiy was severely alee by the war Many peopl eft for he cies, Others remained seeping caves on het Fenb ody, community member refer tothe ma euphernbcaly | he ine problems” (avs de fs foe). Ang oer sine Ui tnme cers so of cia lack Bote ving which mich of “apreaet Indeedl every ae heard argue inthe NURAJ chided rable wich paperwork (sles, deeds, documents that hid en ithe war, In theory the Nk imecteonce mech on arket day when more peoplearen there [NUR heard were child sepport cane (inoling prea pvinent ‘food, animal thet eases, sd land dsptes (Crone 2000, HPAL na The NURA) ioe was honed ning of the C “The NURA] was ths physical asoctated with both he collective space of loca governance and, perhaps more important he priate the communis lor ad lan. Beyond i obvious symbole cae ton with the form of "unc contrlled previously by the amoral tshen speaking abont the NURAJ, people often mentioned it fixed Toca, Before the wa, isputes weve tescve inst by commit fuhorities [snag wale ron lo el an ca there the he continued the wren dacuments come toe NURAJ [od pass) infront of sores who epresent bor the Hate andthe ci bin” Raber than phyla wace boundaries asin the older pace ing the Bondaris wherein dxptes—in the new “rah recon i marked by documents tha move ia and ot of the NURA and through the hands of sushonies. Indeed, in people's ‘eee leary inked The NUR work was dsribed tome ping up or gathering] papers” Gumtnd papel. Athongh NURAJ eaers “onscioualy and porposvelywoied for dng cane to higher vii fnstances in he NURAY cnet hear, the mat common outcome mat to send peopl off to the ein search of paperwork aed bythe sate tnt without which the NUBA could not resolve the eases, Ava the {nha Conciliation Centers she SURAJ sannt reseve eases i both pres are not present (compared 1 thet judicial ater in which The NUIAFs principal eto he tte iar thus centeon she paperwork el The other ik, of cours, NURAY member eer fences to laws inthe cian penal css when deciding cases NURA Suthoritiesarennracted to administer pace aconding 1 ctOMary Coden Theare nlc howereremponeretin enforce thes hia Noro {hey opetssmerpree them de process tough inthe ess ‘tsa thy di equ sete to hem by umber ad page. all {Goes copies the peal and cl codes eve inion the ble Pent Terence NERA are otenvsohed” for dead) thomson of ther act trons One and isto expe, as revert devehed Into anorber set ofaccunons agua the principal dlendant Don Tatiana another problem oh, cae hen he wa drank ithe fetes he fell an on aling, broke don Era in That's hhvahe omer of the olin al eve th "In the ete egal 3 temic to eno the MURA rien joy ml have ad ‘ett ayant intone ‘hecducment ult nso ote “mining a ky ce, Desire that “ho copied the Jocament dda miveiting Poon tte Twetagas vom the Spanish tn, eating “nk”—are ‘male wher and more commen dhe Inge are part tng Quechasopesting pent rom the Spnsh leguee in De pray cies Low tr write het documents) Recs the jah Veen bart nthe ne ol pole he ian ere Grose wg o hana additonal corrected copies You hae to ome here wih your doce and eed he SURA autor tin "recryhing beret de der the coer dace dee ecb dimen Tan he chaptery thinking about the tense uniy of dren and guarantee that emenges cach ve a peasant is ordered vo show per Soma document Ihave ended by aking whatTawand tice” mean Tor pesnints being askew enforce form of comm whose ju fat stu both exle om and dependent om hese. Ts pre ey mh nf pe encanto, erence the ui and she otc that we shod ook fo the Unt betwen the magi she tate he pariular regimes fs creep nection hgh bch he Ste tins thom t have worked: he iden of fl stte ace oe mos in ‘hannel through whi tea paperwork ccuates, Av they well eese faa 0 Soria pop Tine of judicial procedre, paperwork, and oral demuncins (ficial Complaints mate pie ar the court) take place along the sme tieepy historical divide through which the modern. fficlent, and Inia peteie eerie he wo ‘ni andthe pesighery of the state Ines respect these ura sn pati perth ch pb erst an he decustmed to hearing tat che lel papers hie hey have place tanger or notary who diey them up did w incorrectly As anyone who fs perse the fgal ashes of igh Pera wellimagine, any pews mould be surprised to lear that legal ees n,n fh be Sowithcaher private “fluence” or some seeming afbitary judicial time nie. Indeed, in one sy comdcte i the at 188052 ast hnajority of highland penants who were oF hal bee involved eg ‘hes declared that hey amply tno vw whether their eases bad been reanved (Pasir 198K). For these eral aspirant juste regal sts re things ein persona great ort Once legal doc ments eave the loa sting of series, legal aie and notes howenr their course dough the Pervian judicial neework sat once tmyteios and beyond the contr of Mone Eig he its Juste, ‘ther word 2 "htt proceed at tmere om aon (and some tines forever. buoy rarely dows come Back to beneBit one's om hha ounerstand why “tice” wets ‘fen wot raed aan attained sae of equity or compensation, bat rather as she constellation of languages and social practices dheough Ishi caine onthe state on be cotnealyreaserted, Asa langage ttshes private and pbb tres, ly Fer, this stg has bison fally bee waged slong te snulkanconly betrial an legal dive Tener Foret Pr ol Basadee 198) This pop expee Som ives two sort of ess ete reasoned judicial proce lure and extrajudicial or fonts” jntice an between the pubic bticcholder and she private individual who holds tha office AS an nage of dhe ation, eh mage of to paral! counter sates speaks toa commonsense undersanfing ea ehings ike justice and dsinter tire the atainment ofa dermacratc society presumed to rete a Innihment of private telatry services (coupon) and nang {tents sic) in shina pol othe Penn peasant the sate Understood to be beth dimerested and coerap. jst and eevee ppntipaton and remove" Its pecke the eso between these rierny-underandings of the Sov’ moral projec hat explains wh despite dhe experi ligencen, and the unbellerble ravages of market economies, peat Sine—peshaps more than any ether aeetrs of Persian society— ‘Continue wo blew nan ght fr janice and democratic rform, Tina tant to note the curious dsm of tabor Between the sisract principe of hel” and the conrete materiality the "doe iments through which Jaw i given form, The principle ofl is tiered asa threat again which fr above mhih) lego cotrapt proces ate defined st outside” or cabene” she aw. Law is keke Sted rationality whow wansparency ed universal is rounded lis ostenble leg or wanspareny (an the neutrality ofthe etc ofthe lw), Ate se tne, although the state and Ni assure them thatthe laws universal a impart thon er Peano thee dhs a senso alu Siebel Hes wersn—byt ol paral accep fet that| | | ! | i { seri cy understand thatthe keer of the ow vedere cus eg or opaque shrough he very proces proce ares hat race ane decent shat ae neil exreion. Smal onder them that to inet —uplite document, hone shaw obscte ll ovceinge is aigned le, iany agency determining the recs tut proceedings tha tke place in she margin of Jey Camara 7 igh have rel ee tpi fe tn eh owe heey Besa (890) 18270) of eye eipertiy eer fm Sresan nd wie tension meen he dace ea fie and ‘Sommer te hae so lpontem an ee me niet rng he cla pete Le he amon te sa Seine jena pera 8 Ser 3985 ere pepoer emigre a he aman ita exe pel pd awe Herero pa OF ee ‘re eg he mean ee oe3 Checkpoint Anthropology, Identity, and the State Pradeep Jeganathan ‘on jowsy 31, 1995, eadhes of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil eto (LTTE) ngiably ane he st sophie ant groups vein ork expletive ber hee of Clones ina ‘stowsand people were iipivea, Sever steel and las towers weve rednced 10 Blackened sartyp ema way, to nou concern ae here. Rather, Tam concerned T ccine epee thas concern with a example. The headquarters ofthe Serta a fore sae mies south he Binal src ane headsets surrounded by wppermidllectss homes of vraiment Colom etizens The bomb downiown di ot tet Met tte nexhoriood. Ne, im the wake ofthat even, residents aan itso thet effrs have the tary instalation which Teh they thught night ow up ight next door. Thal aston ceemton anveasonable: Six years presonsy, «similar bomb had wehaiea sneer itary comple he Joint Operations Command (ia sie, Hndeeds died, and: nealPasoeee Jrcanatnan (JOC) Lose nein ater per ile cas eset ih Sommer of 1965 the JOC bomb, wich devareed a te sega in 180, she Wjrsne snd Danae ome ch ican: And once te target the bon os been “ete serthe cen ae denon acempaning te se ‘neice hones on sine \tnapenie evens no the sil coeape of anges hh ‘A map of ges, as Hod ty the resent of Elombo, woud ince a whole ont of es ch my force headquarter, homer of prominent and herelore vulnerable policians, pore ae apr a shopping malls But sch np ve Dot indiseriminae ich mape of anticipation hive a parc lag onsieted by tacue of preparation. For example, uch maps donot them isle ae sargetn= Fhe target could be farther eased no ‘uses and trains. One could, in fact, exten Nate tne te I, tsa sof, moving tanger: he was Ho rarer: he wa low up by 4 sce Joly 109, just outside the International Center for Ean Sees UCES), whic he veyed at ad founded Ie pomuble here then to proce what wl be secogmizabe, ia anthropologist discourse of an ethnographic map of Calan 3 & po gets. ongnieedsptaly cased hrongh some wc ogi Sauk a map fers and flickers as implied targets do, fr what might be ject toile" shiftand dhe targets theses move tke shad ts rove the andacape oF he iy Target are marke by “checkpoints” Colombo is city check points Sri tana ise ia estoy of eheekpoinss—arge oF sal ERportant or minor, confused or precise ffl oF uno, At mune ican otinaryachesh pots wale by oeranking oes Menor wommen who stp the How of ral aly vehicular bat quite ‘hen pdatan to ak question of hose who pas y- The questions ‘Gin afound mater of Hen asl eco these queonse sine epi atthe end of the chapter Before Il, let me ty 9c Ita in a mllayeret way she "heckpoint” asm anh “Tne ecehpoint ies ashe boundaries a target. As sc it lin cater nd focinesaltentonen te urget Af the ogi the ancpation SEsotence cenes a plethors of hiting argets that ck ae move “he sans ern the landcape wih ea explosion or tent hen the checkpoint am temp by a agency ofthe state vo cont that thekerngimenement, to announce in novuncerta terms: "This a tote The inony of thi station st be mote than apparent Sch SShccpoine targets might be the president’ residence nthe ey oF theesttene of the commander of teary, Bur checkposntabo 50% in etraneesexi from the ci delineating the cy He at age The checkpoint configures prac of anticipation ina dowble way ‘Gn he one hand eo pas throng checkponnt i to emember why Checkpont exis o recall he posi of bomb. The few whe sre Piact caring o hae some Knowledge of bomb would als, 1 line, anipte ts explosve impact Bron the oer hand thet ner ind of anepation=hat of the solders checking the low of a and people, asking questions, They are anicipating lence In other way Toth farger work of which tex chapter ny atest as ten to necout fr the location of otence” the lived world That as heen an anvopologial projec, dhe endpoint of which has been tne atempt wo prose eubnographies that aradequate vo the object1 ' Deanne Jroawaria ‘ioence.” One ofthe fndamental clams of the lager work shat “itenee” ken atan anthropological eet isnot eleventh 2 tains made eran, rom within an anayical eradsion that ques tion the evident charter of any category but a focus on solence hasstiongy uterine! ths question Violence, Levgge ony ible ine cup of things, athe moment of ts emergence a lation, before is renormalization and rcegitimation, After ch well named tnd known caries only traces of temporal pas cece tobe olan ml fades fom view, or reminn on} a "welhonderstod? This leting, shifting violence that concerns me in the Ted world embedded in eso recollection an anticipation, ils at move oth temporal directions, past and fare, Fach recollection of “Molence" an ao bea moment af anticipation of vaknce” to come and sr such, Forms the conditions of possbility ofthe emergence of Tht ager project ako concerned wth anthropology at form ‘ot hnamledge, The Neeting object of welence alo rates questions Shou the security ofits apprehension. The “checkpoint aken ar aie ‘of antropologieal inquiring exemplar ofthese concerns and Conscious anthropotogit As such Til stay with the checkpoint ethnographic for much of this chapter attempting draw sighs Unruh those descripions. Ido not honever eller a"thck” oF well ‘cme description of here anthropological ates. That sangential 0 ty path ere; Tam attempting onl to shi through checkpoint ‘he margin of he sate ‘The most prominent checkpoint in my everday ie in Coloinbo isthe Baudhaloka Mawatha checkpoint. ii 400 yards oso from “Tunmalla, where thea force headquarter: stands te location inter Ruparahini Corporation which compre TV studios, elecaat towers, and transmitters and the Bandaranaike Memorial Internationa Conference Hala major convention center are both ther down he road fiom the checkpoint By the se ofthe checkpoint el are sae dence tena the fet section ofthis road, right nea dhe Tan inte section and next to the army commanders residence. Hence he ‘Checkpoint. When in Colombo, Hake grest cre to wold thi check roof the eran of targets Another checkpoint iad orth ofthis one, agin on saor road, which curves by a afield, Tht rd suave, and am often stopped there Let me step hack moment dcineating the alter of the check point az anthropologial object and embedding it in webs of loca Sieihing proce, The chechpoints locaton tse, the demeanor {Let me give depth to thi observation ty contrasting the ‘adhaloka Mawatha checkpoint with another checkpoint far aay she war zone near the prised matal port of Tncmle, perhaps the ‘most contested city nthe whole of Lanka. When you turn he Faharana junction she lst pot of Sinhala colonienton on the dy, hot plains of Nimarakalnya, and deve acros the almost uninhabited scrubland tothe eat, you know thatthe mari near. Goverment Ahacapproaching enemy cares wl have no cover Every quater mil re sentry points, nok checkpoints but snl Svofed bunkers ee Pedy a line pat, maths the on a the hd rome You reath the checkpoint | have in mind mich att after 0 hous of travel on this road Youtien north the enrance tthe tom ot Trincomale and head toward Nivel the Beach of moon sind. one fine ey ne Ihave wah, Th chchpeint om the Mi ‘Marge occupants watch for their enemies The eroope are ed ‘let hey know that the sakes arehigh Pdenan om local wilages tay ps by with a word, a Took a wink, oF a smile A resident old me thatthe soldiers who are wel disciplined, ke cists to amie a ‘hem. IFyou do no, they sll beamayed. The tong di not wile 2 ment war an ouuider I did not have that opan. Soldier tthe sere gan ay not sme either, but they are more velaned, They point navigating ternative routes weg ”| | | raoesr Jeeanarnan donot expect the checkpoint w Be atached. Ina coins wa ‘Nec noal os become routed, A sign that teas “Thank ow for oer Zoperation ret you ayn approach, and een inches a eNtuttdversnemen for somethings ordinary as voothpaste oF eee bar The very embedding of checkpoins in diferent op indexes suggest the train of anteipatedwolence, Each 3 ‘Ta pint dst mp of antcpation, each reconfigured by Lean Th on betes place where the state performs the agi of il yw such eating precison (On Tage” and “lei point ei ashe ey politely an eutousy bya soon gues Tiina large, tomate weapon sang oer his bach The ques Thon inte same in Colombo and Trincomalee! Not having 01D card Inthe pritiegeof foreigners orcas citizens, ho then have added Ipvnions vo arse pasport may be proffered al deemed accept “Mhesboe isthe atonal deny cand (NIC) thats equested notany ‘ihc forn of wlemifetion, fe ssl, yellow minted paper On ancad ea photograph the date fe Fong unique nom, ad Cnc tyre, upon a sere of dete nes, the name, 2, ae Shih place of bth, occupation and adres ofthe holder. This dhe pair, as no expiry date on 90s renewal lh Stir enforce: My car old, wed in 198, jst Before 1 Yok Ulan my place of trsh 4a Colombo, and my ares 39 parent ‘owe tae in resin et inthe cy. There nothing oe cn th ard there feo ine for rationality.” “eae” “ethnic” oF rater auch casteatoy eatery. Alter kn for my 1D and ooking ‘Rove the ier aly resume tt me ad waves me on, Sometimes hhetay asks quesiom such as Do yo sil Ie at shi adv?" sy Tucan i yery ot Rareby do dhe questions get more imtense, One, atanother checking, Tvs eet “Several monthsaher I had writen his desertion, elie that tna mised something onthe ca was amazed for] had examined treat and ster ther cards cacy tie wring the desc Whar had med sal reste ee tion: of the creat sos in Sinhala, “The Regsration of Persons Act, No, 82 of 1968." Ahnrgeommenton my work, thatthe Registration af Ferion Act had Pata presentation ofthis paper at ICES In Colombo, distin rorneyexploined 0 me, dhe course of pro Made tne NI pombe yas only afte Tad taken nots fread the seein ne ear nega terms theaetne heat alone sees Thos cant yet thin eta had ben legible ome a6 sto ge ‘The ust i fascinating (see Corerinent of ei Lanka (1972 ie to operons na andor aa er way thes, the at hour maining nook «numbered fegter of persons whe are it rant of Lanka The ead sa cers of relation. Acoma wrote un rete inchrged wth manning the book. he exe Tonya, tin elesry the othe half fhe project of enero sah cutie on in the census For the ens counts persons ‘ung them ints ction ts, how the state isl o produce a “Tengu practice? By recording name and adress 3 Book nt ang eveeate wh a photographs Kind of recep of that ihelbowncom this cerieae fr thats not the work doesn relasion tore population” practices of he state Thig ceva under conditions wsenvnaged 1968, becomes deca hat ety Sei arian een cies om his or her perso for purpunesof en. Bara reading ofthe act makes crystal clear that Papteanion of the act egures people tocar the card Secon 15(1) seceince tech holder of am ident card sal, on 3 request made er hetCommisioncr or anyother preseibed Bier, produce the cad rire and place that shall Be speed such request and Feat tobe inapected (Government of Sri Lanka (1972) 19087) The cand nee ony be perduced with prior notice, 30 i need ne liner the la. be eared on one's person. Note thatthe place of [puctlon iets be spite he eequest.ogeder with dhe ine Tha so beam indidusted request has tobe, ince dhs doce shear danent of insation as have argued above, His notPeso Jeanne wile, herfone dete a ecko ak a speci “pce” pr insted requent Ad le Sector (2) of the ae allo fo we thiecton and comtel ofthe Commissioner” (Govenoment of St it (1972) 19083), norte comand of the any ote eereary Novetoer 2001, 1 hand ofhumarighs atworneys explained that Teyshaed ny intespreton ofthe? They i that see pre Counties hd ete hat he cout engey ale et eae 0 that he egal of wb checkpoints might be caborated upon Jnjugnent (No postcolonial Si Laan regine as eer ignored or Coumered rect order of he supreme cout) Bt tal Bie Unporutaroracholary cles bab meaty every cea telieeal vive ofthe epistemological architecture of moverniy than tat fet spares alr in hers of th caper to dich cera retiring ak mus tothe sate ad ts margin atthe end. Aa Ben ping. let me siggest that a eeckpoin fa place where we who Rave {pre nth uncertain anny tha hich cornet aed ou, {era momenta ailing of that foreteling of death, a moment where fevorning to that vera-familay way eeading and wring ll sth teeknonledge and therefore sey. This, of cour, a fata FNevricesriie a crucial one Jor many ci worth noting hat check pins arent uniquely Se Lankan. In rt, afer 9/11 thy sem 19 be feeolleton an andcpaion of wolence that place in the ted Ivor that acknowledges the emergent quality of wolence without The second sr the telationship of the checkpoint to she Yn he relationship of he cheekpoint othe state sured ooh ste hich crcl othe concern of sho slotted st the margin of spatial ele hich defines Haye Toefl eet comtan cheep wih nent gud pos or eve tn migration post. The later sce omar brdaries tha ate well {erent Forms of chleenship an subject om ether side. A checkpoint nay be diferent, for ie operates within a given sate, with a regime of Cizenship and sabjection. Iie in parte wa for real hat Sts wequited by targets which themselves are connec By anc tions A checkpoint in the way emerges ere—is located perhaps the very extence of checkpoint an operations ent and con ops challeres the clarity ofthe boundary bling ts dsinenenes “This margin fovaton ofthe checkpein sped again through ‘he enc car which, a have described, the lege egal Sewand of the cheeapoint The pont sno oly that checkers at he ‘iemate then arty thie card This Tsuba seam obeeration (At show ge pase ‘What the form of sjeston imple by thi practice? His pots ph tha he ech et eae anni Th Underside As Faso noted in the Se Lankan contest that has ‘esi coo with checkpoint at deceit gical or hist hens dhe uncertain, uid margin of he sate © one walt, the en andthe sujeet—shen forms anew space for election The Chien wh enfin eard antcpating tat el be checked eve through that very ac te the citizen tothe sate he ear ws pintnguaeard he margin ofthe sate Ham this ennguion| tobe atl honght through? There are wsoutedy many way 0rasonar rosearnan ink droog Bese hs fr ove ate tha Teleco thi sangaton, hy wy of grasping something Mee a specific form of a noe general question: What i your pot “Hh yo represen polis ths Hes cutie the Hon OF the ate ‘the crucial question hs: Hew woul hat be decided? How can anaccountef pole enti hich might be an adequate answer (Sas question, be busied ty quick and polite lmerrogation? My ncern here fet me hasten ta wit he loge ofthe ques The answer tothe “Whats your polit Sdent ange, 8 fend off series of interpretations of what Ga orca sgns on the card thi seems © me, the soliers Jepsen te work af antvopogy which rough i disciplinary mance marks prieged acest, and makes authoritative claims Thon the “cultural ergided or secured perhaps even simale Meni withthe “soil the toler ea be seen i one sense asking nanthrepotogial quewtion, let me quai quichly that 1 donot see Nias an anivepolois, fore ent a clcpinary practioner What Tanto analog here tthe form ofthe question, “Who are you?” The blanson the ead—sanenamie-- "and occupation “are wien in bath Sinhals and Tl These te both oa tm [juses ofS Lanka a present However, the bl ate filed out in he language, av one might expet fy card 6 filed out in Sinhala This trom the pont of view of deciphering the sociocultural, sig fant since some eads ae filled 8s Tamil 9 card filled out in Shinalcande ane handwrien—would mean, ofcourse thatthe oi ato wrote it out could wre Sinhala Iwo ot be ceri that he in Sinha inthe chscatory sense ofthe cen, since Hy the ‘Siuhat That to sy, bureanerats who are Ta na easlieatory eon ofthe cen ty wel write Sghal erp. Buti the north and Tex Gfine country: more fen than the south, aninsetive afars ‘re conc in Talo card rite in Tail may wel hive oF tated nthe north, The aes ad place of inh onthe carat ao Cacia They place the holder oma map of Lanka. north, south ast Sst Bat none ofthis information gives “conclusive” feating of the fers. Orne might hea ani who speaks Tan but ota 38 ‘ch The mame might well prove aelineer Ian be ead agin with Ih anuhropolagical eye. for the sosceutoal: Sinhala names, Tas ‘hes Sus names and on. These eines too ean confound enon Anthropologie can ofen he quite ‘Bur what T want to draw mention toot the confounding or ‘not su aueh_sekich so say, not the posabiity ofthe sociculral ‘hg tay tegen icy son. Cique of essentials That not the poston Fake or wish 0 Ulevclop. Raheny concer swith play te vo questions Thats onan. the ply bereen the fat quesson. What i your poi Men- {i which i logeally prior tothe second question, “Whats your Sete enti scr thnk thesiation as play, for ‘hema the secon question Is anwered ets sy securely in" “Tamitfom the North," ths does aot answer the st question secure Tita then the sete would inp bane wo atet ll persons nse tng Tr from he Non This logy pombe ad would then (Giltoracharacevieaon of fascia, btevenso, would notanseer oF Dut the elaborate form ofthe frst qoewion to rest a secure Way. Tncn ater the Nai sate arrested ow cen i stil could on (cheat enemies) Ghen the state of thi play then, the answer the Tu two brilliant and increasingly wellknown cay he polite phitroper Etienne Balibar theorizes this state of play tht oder nPaavese Jecanarian ti) is formulations, sgges, wl llminate my nasiation of these cheekpoins The modern ciaen, Babar anges, defined the nique tonvence of equaly an the soneregny a that cle evnsen equ shee a ond the partis expresion of hat Maar ine cape ti pl which ees the production ‘fan unpredictable exress. Fore of subjection are forms of this sce Tne tice alto he subject, doubly palling hee, see must be sbjet in the done seae of se subjecion and being toh eld alba call -comvmoniy= In tia fornaaion, om igi iredcily mes, singe every frm produced by 3 pla Ietween vo modern conditions of Mam,” ealy at ber. Thi ‘ima then ean ake He speci form of the nao, at ethi™ {soup ora politcal par. The smoanity elf might make elms to ‘pilaraniam, of might well be rahi dat mot ruil os contadicion of cient _ ‘ie, operations of ejection, The firs both inscribed and ele freed by the agents of the tate onthe document of deny. There | ome socslcltral entity that conexponds to some community, ‘ich night he marked asa mix of th eine and reponal produced ‘nthe reading of hacard. Then ther the eardbolder the nagar she chekpe ‘atest does xin some form when once arreted at 3 check Misscfasjection may or may not mate that of he pin, with detailed map ofthe cnntry that aenmedsuapicion in my Ig aimed oe scholar working ta renee research cee ‘leo course, as ony ne sach common cou cain For the ‘ply om sdes ode de unt matchup: the solerand seve iv checked) mn agree om the reutant answer of he Geil play bese een ad sec In his cae, hi work Tin mot ates i sem to wor: mo peopl pass oh check points withuut disagreement, thei denies checked” just man Einmographis ave writen ty dsepinaryandhropatogist. Surely we Stow se the precarious nature ol sh agreement benween checker and “hecha Fo each cent postion hs plea! fio in ens of sect nea eat ed Suey tans fet areste do not intend vo commit project of efolence upon the Sates of the masse explo i entais Rep tn plac, a ester, {hurt whit cannot ssn the eel contains of en Shipruhichare de ivedacble contradiction poles vet Thuseconraicsons of poles fine ers of hs chapter at ate obe the margin of the ste For the st oksits domain eet insurscedomary poles Where they meet might wel be she troop of he sae Such marin, [have angie ae mated by check ‘Poin at ik questions of wenn, soil and poll wih recourse tne documentary prcices ofthese Sach margins estate ate tse the orga. Nov ona they be, are a taress tre lived and mapped! nel of anticipation an they abo ber he clay af the state's bounvases. Am Menticason idee na pocket or bg, and ll the other paper asociated with Itlahichieewhere—consier what one wold Heed to replace alot andere media's of thar margin, the ny compasses at ave wriPaanrte Jrcanarion enn arf Qe 08 Ta no" 0 4 Deterritorialized Citizenship and the Resonances of the Sierra Leonean State Mariane ©: Ferme Sine the 1890s piel deri f the tate hn fel ay in Afvice—a continent tat has Been the etn flor szholship onthe cllpued priatzed (Fibou 1899), riminalzed (wat, EM and Tien 190), shadow (Reno 1995, 1908), and even Forgeter sae oF state asaent of deception (Cia fasentur! The move Conuuttons have song to depathologze scholarly discourse on pion” within the Framework Uatermatne potea ions, for iatance face Basar 1881), andi the content ofthe historical legacy of colonialism in omemporsty 1H: Mam 6) In partic the cl wars n Libera ad Sera Tlsone (and the ow of reiecs they sent in Might toward neighboring Coumeies, ith desabiingelfecteim the region} underscored she porous of Mean order fones ad rowght tothe fore the need (orien these ats teretora margins. Liberian Sierra Leone retentete woah sera tate bracteiel by “the Tcagence of raters drawing authority from thei abit to contol tule an het mater reward Reno 153), espetly hoothong ccs For example, Ss tone Rn (hums eensing and pete so control the nsnements of nge and potently veatess population of young, mle diamond vaevpuc a long shadow states ned se conirol maura mineral fe contol these ences facto temporarily eves the igh 49 teeapre that peraesshrwegh nei places and ence onthe fenton ihe else ute or lca oF anergy Thisisthe se me fn Guana 1740. Drosicenhst Tinosy Michels ald steele” One 399 Saas par om ne precede he nd contans and se {Gupta 1998 376) tn heaps examine the relationship Derseen rex conmttnine of 4 ate fect ate proces, wih speci velsence 0 Sera Leone These are stoves inching Serra Leone) have engaged, having as thei object cing and soon) and populations (or instance, through ee suing fem documents or reictions ever Moi). Tot he blk he chapter situates sch practices in the context of the experiences of Sera Leoneans affected by them, and those who gage in border a Menta and coming practices their ‘nous hoe cones where Fhave encountered hen, highlight ways Inubich forms of belonging character of cizenship ae detto- led paral hvongh the figure of hesitate ar fefagee roa speaking, then, this chapter address problems in ‘he hpaltial management of popilations and eritory, in thi ease Specifaty hah he production ofa socal ody—that counting, ‘tok. aa ening ciizens ith deny duets (ace Foul 119467-85)--aswel a through control of fee of humansand goods shape the serms af his engagement in eieal ways Beene this yo of my ana ocine owas dhe wate appoate relersonaltes fin! works ava point of resonance beyond ie Borders, uch oft dea ‘ith Sierra Leoneans ote their nattnal terry tuay? For one thing they ave experienced 4 beso by people who Bn themetves consis dsuhantaged by she the lw appear then a8 set guarded veces that exists serve the trent of patel este toves of people. There f aso srbitrarines im the waa nw ae Spplied problem not x nich nthe tw el ain enforcement Tha father way whi dew and sate rl are see as ara) — fone experienced by the Ska leqneans encountered i the couse of Inwhich competing interes or interpretations ofthe commen good ‘chewe the teold Between legality and legals. The antecedents forthe aritrainss are found in colonia ule as thers have pointed ‘ou (or example, Mandan 1996 Mbembe 2007), Under colonia ulin Sera Leone, conflicting stautessting the Ioundaries beaween the colony ceded in 1807 1 he Bei Con by the Serta Leone Company) ad the protectorate (alelared in 1890‘ereccn protectorate aid cleny experienced apparent arity di the colony ste, tnes ere coe allen ter the ception ing neighboring ville spate by the ssl ouder ten laters in he pteceate—and ath exemipons The ei na ces fr Howe wating to cd taken. Bot ewan the nary people mos et he abtarinees of ida houndaie fori the colony they were mbes of the Bris Crown under Engh lance inthe protectorate hey ner sbjet 10 ative courte ad the oerigh of sommary tee meted out hy the Frontier Police (ae 1962519) Whiner eninaycnwistances, pepe nthe protec teat engl eras fe hat they eo be eter ered bythe “appresel ye 1982 388-8), chefs the colony were hanged fi otony' Bri vi) proved she satee backs ford mone ‘mento a popula et nnn by lsat thi boundary mpi Tar fvom being ignored, the dicing ine represented bythe prowectorate soon bret andthe differences im jriaon tha proces were not cvcnaeibed eo rural iabitants of the Seta {eonean hinteland The FronderPoice-and the compusite colonial Song. They ha the vague mandate of Keeping the peace tn ast fry whe beng explicit feria go trfte with the rule of local chief athe cours, Pie cul not even prec tires ofthe superssion of thei European superiors members ofthis pramitary holy took on fles that ranged Irom sandy hy while focal witch oles n stamping out domes avery and enforcing ation (se Fyfe 1962:487, 406-07, 515). Furthermore, wncertainty abowt whete the order bemeen can and protectorate ly periodically precede ‘dents that hightighted the social and pole elects n practice of apparent amiract matter oft polices on either side ofthe borer more comustent and evenly Unified colony and protectorate under ssn jriatcion tough & Bichel the “border effect” of the Beh eolona state’ polities in Sierra Leone. his aspect, Serra Leone appeats tobe acai “bi ated sae inherited from the "decent desposi” of colonia fale (Mamdan 1996), where nthe ene hand the colonia and pos Colonial sine excrcked “eastomary” poser through mative shor tice over baled peasant abjects Im the rural hiner Inert tha overlap wth she former protectorate. On the ether fad the otony mostly ened with the Freetown penis and therefore corresponded so spaces where the colonia state hel csi” Inject te modified forms of metropolitan i and peasans subject to hybrid, interment nsdn forms ever, this would be a Feducie ll to eral reading of he state's territoriaiing poe— I power to expres in spatial erm specie forens of eontrel—gven the many ways in which the colons state, however multiple and disor {anid its practice, produced an effec of cohesion in the experience bie oubjete Th te caeme, colonial power exercised form of absolute con tool mer the body ofthe colonized, with i sadacrminate ws ofthe ight oll and make force prea Exercising commana his meant Aorcompel people to perform obligations" eal mea sina army, ovproceed ty orders and demands, Comnandenen elf as snultane ‘uy atone, an accoutement, and an atede™ (Mbeibe 20013), ‘One coutgo farther ands that the colonial tate wae" stanent anening assertion: pve] vic to a aorta workin, one amr tnche! ty (open ar concealed) dplay of might” (Comal! tone 32)cann hs capaci rflecie even when tock oe ‘Nasional uni uhen appeared to ow ehe seeds af “claps” oF “Bolen” poses ate I ober words, Lvould wel wo disgree The dnincton berece “wate effec™inching the pi ‘simage fiefs extent abi may may Ne Irene patil mes nd pater. ‘Sccessr sates held on othe saat right calmed by clonal Fike governments pression sec the coment of the hl a seiscre somata cnn of es neo eh {hecpotnts and thefts of document see aso the chapter) ale and Jogaathan in thi volume). Under nora icumstances bocking the movements of poputions to inspect documents was finded to predictable sites and ncidene (for example, the border fiosing the air arhal lounge. the commision ofa infraction Ihcwndcr states of emergency, the ses of arbitrary Macks misiphed Thos as reponed in Feecton’ The New Bird (Jay 7-13, 1998, 8 for leaving his house at night (during the curfew). even though he had tetenly to relive Hilf nthe outhoue i bck, salted ino the Chen death, {mention thi example a a eaicature of the ru Ci soclied character dat he portal ofthe sates absolute mc" akes on in contents in which should ot have to Be invoke The prosecton of the soir whe commited thi ling belies ‘heft shat gene was fae rr legal authorized Tetures are not only a feature of emergencies DU are oo 6 experience in oninary life a feature ofthe commandement in post ‘olonial Afics(hembe 2001). fn Sera Leone and elewere the became 2 feature ofthe poplar and polite! imagination sel ineparablestbute of the sate kan apparnos of captive and pro" ration. However thi arbitaroes wa habe to hinder practice of ce, 0 redefine hemarhes according w altcrnate loge of m-th religious or potieal or relation ta ani lan tcours. is paradonically he laser, despite it eat be ‘hehere to prtet them as wi efgeet—tor stance counties (eesisonson immigration. Soc practices ighlight the hn ad Beaibily of citeensip in she ne fra of sighs heralded by slob ar Schmit have underacored thei weaken ling t eee tmexception sally becomes relevant ony in emergency stustons, Stina ieat a generat concep in the theory othe saeco the arent that he redefined state sovereignty a being “not aout the ‘monopoly 10 coerce oF 10 rule, but athe (Schone (1522) 1086-13) Sovereignty is therefore alvaye Tine concept, one that must be legally eircumseribed through prot of sates of emergency that are wally te pragmae re of laws, The decison fs provided for in lw, bt atthe moment of bat external momen prow of legality. The sovereign lee legallyrwmanteonvmemergnee rar adios stoic a han ine ‘Chinen invented deat oso ergy han Stina anes bu he Sw te conraicions eee the mek vcs of soercgny being developed ty the Mba paramentary Noocaterpieartaepe emerge tesa the warns pains of inencton along geographic borders ‘Sie Sle Leomenn chizens an refgees ca ith she lain the see ot cenaim aegories of ceem) or excision (of wowanted Sho ae place Benen sores hor niin er peter me ean th ord ih Stach om tate tin ee ih Sema apm ha intereat mifleen odes of subject Pays and imposes 46 interest Fmspourde by the comple tone ery subjects, whose pracices Stele produce wnpredceble fad sometimes equally ei (tag mutcomes Fo the efoto compl with arbitrary and capricious ihosten pests unpredie mes TS ro hen the arbitrariness venly pagent —in her words wen 3s he pro we ropaque intentions and sppeas to protect he interests of he Pueged few no are "above the law” oF wehose interests are bes fered by exning vn. Tah plitet writings Foca has shown the intimate inks So of scl by through he cml of poplatons Inde be Srgued hap den es there has een it of ace {Pest 9467 ho rl et states meres eg age and ing populations teow ordinary suc pectic Kinds of Knomlecgethe census: th ‘ices to popstions Fogel ae this casing inmate sphere oftheir Way exten. the point of ending nev fori of es an es ie ' Senta one, hich, with neighbor Lier, has ad he dst Sli ofthese vo chances fr lating peace after a deste uf ei “rs (ee Moran and Pacer 2008). The argument against the api ‘ere har ane a invoke nicer goverment talons manels of soeregny Lt these wo muds apples o scolontl ats ike Stee Lome a tore general that poscoinlSira Levme's poll abjecs are hose the sine us appariin of expr inert tines spanned by paral reading of Foncalt Poston tes ike Seer Leone work more ascontng to the lg of code a Horm ‘nga, ana a sn ne bt renal at nds wi the sponedlyonganie model ofthe opal bromising the whe stern opposed tothe stetdependent integra Sion of (re-or postgenonie) Organisms and thelr component pars [bee Ries 200) 2 tng. an the incompleteness oie projet pes he wo to clllerent constructs of the mations o» spr coneans wih wow Haw wor ke ina ome Hee connay, te sujet to discontinuous for: of ate and supranational interven ons. chic tile parents rondo and ebay, make wpa espe Constitaing resonances tat might praduce’a sense of shared tonaity when they fi thencheseewhere. Ae shu Beko tisFei ecshism ofthe ng, af Belonging. Th, for example, ane en fe the paradox of Mohammed Sera Leonean Het in Fgyptin Tint no eight ears ner wie nt he rte Sates 253 oretgce thnks othe inereton os humanitarian organi nen though he ha ot Tne in Sierra Leone since 198, et Snetieuth experienced he uphesnal fhe 991-2002 cil wa ttotnconmunteyoblonging war bed om religion had ben 0 thor ihe ger she tegration he te for he post ‘tet the glob hema appara ha oe Sinsotelite forms of gonernmento-~procing demogeaphi data “onpupnations, ing nleny docvnt deiering hell care and tues replacing the wiinal “shoe ature othe Tad by Nod and teritonatiy and, in he proves representing the extreme psf spuion of eng man he i oe imlontons of deterioration, People become rege a eri inlers between stats (otherwise umanitaran organizations ea Sistemas IDP—intenaly placed persona category predated roter Kinds ofinasite bgudare). Ad often the border Mar eceptions to the rule of inchsion/exlinion that necessarily detne the limite of citvenship are made, Aldona efugees in ‘as boned, elite glance of xoeregn sate that ate tor wathin cam be reated-—a eetory over whith the state shares {cho with athe United Nations High Comimsione or Refugees itayian organizations (see Mal! 19838). Ths, the Feige isthe negate image trongh wich ye mode ofeach ‘ne peeved and, ton new generaion of righ bed to ther) nthe bode, oth concep ander isa psig site for certain kof eg practices ‘Reflgees experience in race the exclsionary nature of tate velo yo the ae fe whi hey have es tao txceptions without citizenship rights (sce Malki 1995:162-68) re, a neglected aspect ofthe f motion by silence anal warfare thet impact om how popatons Retogees content rents wit the lini of tetra rights and ome tines become cataes for procene of nation building among heir gmt ate ightighted bythe presence of refagees in part hecanse thee with large carpe for Liberion nr Sierra Ucowenn wr fice the “Parr Beak" region, whee the bo countries aa Cxines fol honders (see Henry 200087, 2002. Among wher reasons sates ‘noe thes oa the pote lg and oar yo ten represented gefugecs and sometinic channel the er relugee eampe into underdeveloped rier te where ost tex Ui ole i dhe rea was to develop the frontier (Mai 199530-13, efagees interact with citiens of freg state, and aay iestal> lished rapidly Hecate of shared itor, language, and ulurer—e wih refitgees from she Liberian and Sicrra Leonean chil wast Guinean eampr—tot new tensions ante because their presente igh hr mage oe pon tino cone Mohammed ese sggess, more the produc of inaginaton tha ieTere abl ft tr tii om she loa cee, an fom 6 {Mihai seiner a manta Schnsaona ote youhtluen othe perpetos of lence the ‘Eilat tats eit the ok ht samo! ad ‘Smal ners the prolongation ofthe ar These mes ave Felpet propel Sera Leame tote op ofthe charts of imanianinn vem ote exh sre po Staton ewe hae inns, han Ben he teat the tngest deploinen of UN peacekeepers aywteve in se work {oon tan 17.00 ops), hase ght concentration of NEOs ‘Svasncen an imestment fs byte bl omarion ap wiep point negation othe sae resonathng om the gba tothe INN cn ne pce these invention fave become ors in heer poets they eco amerite he po Sng more-pmt of omnes" mance Sonor or ening ‘Euisnal upon henchmen age that manage ower tre th od ue gina, ut watt monring he hs nih plement of sefore Ph the estoy, ba te Se pla oe that my emerge i place age never given 3 Tee\Gtrcome auong enue suben cone regimes (Bar ieee pwn Au ern he petra Sic iv 190) peshape cen sogeter ried soe Cheng forms opts ndet government ha prolng ye Incans cont frmsot ae (ei 018088) Sch perpen Uirtne poncoleil Alcon sate igh hak the patetion of he wee ncrening nvtvement of anger an lrger ps of the fy suppres state pura: has become." ‘tat appratn in erin act hatha effets he pop ‘atone nab pear eerie Sie ‘pei a ul preonenen resures, Rave bee work oY heat oe Rene 1973, 1997), Heme snce the 18, piston hehe fon, coming, nd WentBcaton exercvs woo place er fs 2002 ten the wr wae cared fat ne, moat Sr Lene have acquiee! niple Menta dco a rele overlapping exercies of hyperidentiation”: preparations forthe Fix pew national ceaso the drawing up of were fr the Mae 2002 atonal ballot raving up fina chiefdom lector forthe an teinteration) program: and 20 on. Everyone har mile IDs {int practices of governmental. especially bn regulating fic Dhavors that others hive Aentifed among the Hey “hows mang” practices ofthe state (Roitman 1998). Ths. for most of| the decade leading up 10 the cil war the "SAPped" (StructuralAdjtmentProgram-debitted) 1980s, shen dhe Siesta Leonean Stch pres when they were most organized and bakroed y eraional agencies (or example, the USponsored 1985 popu ho cents tases fines and fers were elected wth ipresive re Thy in rr eae Indeed wel oo the Be, dhe ana ax recep Tue with any Fegularigs tone patna wlentieaton scheme after Snother failed or was no plemented. The receipt vouched for 3 Thowselit"—generaly ale) Te sched the man's name and “itage/cheto ofc along seamount pst an tee ‘nls by tchieFor hs epersenae i anounted to an endosement by the Total autores tha he hearer wa peso im good standing in Sted preci a ne of eT poi of resonance ha ade Be ‘Steen npc of he bea ae ee” hi howto keeptackof people who were not required pay taxes, ih {the young, old, and femate dependents of those (mostly tale) Jhuseeld heads’—amen whe did ot have ther tax ess id mot Atave wel te “failed” Stra Leonean state's mai roads for far of ‘nmin ca haranenent the polit checkpoints The section that lems Lue to3 more detailed anal of pre- cisely hisaspect of the“satc effect” name the ways in which indie i Scr teoncans {inthis eave thowe ving in the dagpora) ave their encounters wh the detertorazed arena of ternational egal ‘icable mnwers Whe met hin nC in 1999, heer” f the eset Sierra Leonean innit, Mohammed Mss Babi (not el a) ‘avg Malt Eng prone his mpoyegnt prospects aco tera was fering serous economic netbahs ares ofthe 1D slectel the Inethonds of many Arabspesing Acana in Caio, {har Universin—ne ofthe eminent Instone! higher teaming in conc ve ily entered sents wth ofl paper tal ou of ical renter, Fr Sierra Leonean stents arcu the acne ‘a diplomatic representation in Caio presemeda further rable stir te embany im Sau Arabia (i 193, no-one Hal come for more han two year). Fnah theft hat many in Motammed older tnugis of legal nd policalcieenip, In Ege a lca, pte gy determines ctaenship 10 Sera Leonean men have no hope of becoming ciizens or pasting thir citenship onto she Egan Siva Leonean offsping ‘han dd Mohamed, Shek ws born in Cato a Egyptian ether LUsone. When we metre was 9 cosmopolitan and welleducstedThane expensive prnove esa st this ternational Es Iie neyigson suman ae Arabic mother tong weve products of atv rather tha pte is Hypa bth ane thle get the proper papers aed rave ou ofthe county cn hem Mn Dek to Caio so ae yer Seki el come Sere it hep hse and onli sent AUC By con tothe United Stats ner the npaes of humanitarian NGOs devoted toampportingvefugees, ‘uring he sens half of he 19%, he international amanitar ian matticacion wiggered by the ci war enbanced the prospects of Uocan in Egy sere pat the deeritoraeed “resonances” shat Sake mart tes pts cigs may Bian sae at war ike ‘operative in he nemational onde of things wore along the axe of | | Tin States in 1999, haning won ene oF 38,0 Diversity Fmnigrant Vis gamed dough a animal tstery according to an testy Aineican lie the i prdesese” apd exes, whic Bataille {ito exp nl ep: gv 8) perceptive inked ore sve Shek was sued Aen Regions Receipt Ca aso own 8 “iseribe at no longer green but pink sth le seis ark Note that for the United States too as forthe Sierra Leonean sate—the Ths ema betwee al master and the incorporation of potential huene the ev car a receipe” Thanks to hier ich, Shek lit mex have to ive fr year invert tater of egal lea sey par igh ath ca th oe an ils tno thei territories to policing border and pots fen sin Vn America a. ehigee sereening Sea person thou the right permanent reside n a conmigy—Het Sloe rights of eicenship--proiding a form of “border secs” Shatin he get ai tae tok ene om stan one ero ps ae ea he 1 he heat af A pines new slo have sometioes recent wit caper eo ctienship snd emplovrnent mor to seeeen ethers in ev sitar potions to thet sen-—people whore fates ae dient rl aes of aspects ofthc hee etween being able yes 3 country std find emplnmentthe te of Mohammed after the 9/1 ghtening of ecu egulsons| ich arcing her ners estes Instead hey remain trapped in the snes ate the airport built Inge an rooms weve ain seers eigen aml theres” with ‘ons tobe mae on th fates In hese pce, they sometimes fee he fines ping force with the mitigating restrain ofthe ave For sample, in en 2003, ZAP, one of Charles le Cale Inersaonal [pons seca sme dnt pour prone onion (ZAP tng “rea for persone with pening applications and jade), came der inquest and pubic scrsiny for episodes of police bray gun foreigner (Zapp 008; sc ao Agen 1908179) But Mofmmed' shorted employment the airport secsity ‘bavine wis ony one of the ironies his predicament. Another wat that, einentoned caller alwough he ative the United Stats tinder dspensaions granted to refigess ofthe Sierra Leonean ci sit Mohammed ha ot eid i Sees Leone for sont fry sea. Zens having she Hight temporay protected satin” or TPS? TPS Festing nthe rite Stes who la rele in thot tater —pern ‘on to regulate their postions ad hence legally reside or work in ‘howe “i nonimmigrant and wall ats” (Department of Juice 199739726-47,dncaing shove whove application or egestas have aren en deni bythe US gonermment. Like all emergency States and as tong at renewed, gran them (and people from ‘other degra coum) the right emain and wor nthe cou sinudesreclsed at refugees alas sadiduatzed “spect caves) or exceptions by humanitarian discourse (always carefully ‘yaa maxim of §,000natonat of irra Leone (and aliens har fssimated toe in nonimmigeant or untatal tats and therefore gible for Temporary Protected. Status” im the United. Stats (Department of fstice 1997), but by 2002 that gute had been fesced oan esate 2.29 clighe indians (NILC 2002). Mere gain the logic nf detestorazavon intrudes, for to those Sierra {ronan whe al eel go throug he eg chanel and app fora isa go enter the United Sates from sheir ow cour, het tle Toon Tage, At several pnts during the cs wane contin In Serra Leone (and sonictnes no US diplomatic representation a iy Sierra Leonean seching sso travel othe United Sates ous Towtinely points shi stuatonexchides all ut the wealthiest and toon cosmopolitan Gnternatinally connected) Sierra Leone it Spplcaions ate proesed without he cersineyofsicess—a diferent {ind of trtery ad ik from those renalting in Sheb's green end Ishi als ndetecores she fact atm pracice ere are ote nobilis other han legal proseriptions ar of the cha war, Slomon Man, the head ofthe Sierra Leonean Immigration seri, was imprisoned in Hong Kong jl. Freetown’: [rps newspaper reported om Aust 2, 1909, hat he was stl an gushing [dere forthe Hlegalsales uf Sierra Leonean diplomatic pase orto Hong Kongens” The desrabity of passports from a all ‘San psp sng Hong Kong ulnninen o the e fhe il China (re Ong 19841), Uncertainties abo the potent hae ad of the transition from Beth rule—under which capitals ‘rnmentinterention-—to ane ofthe Ine "actual exiting” soca{Meeps of tiple caenshipe Perhaps to, Hong Kos Manin were avare ofthe economic wpporticsefered by the ‘Caption sf Serea Keonean matural and inal resources Leonean migration official secking private gi ad Hiong Reng ‘nase in seat of double cisenshipe se merebvan Wonk fe Jenee in he orer of tings inthe age aasion or theeppnstespatnemporal extemes of single Both Empite auaner“enpive® the United Snes that shape the improbable “ace betneen weaihy dng Kong chiens snd Siera Leonean jain thes were ember within ransnitiona pret Uinta passports fins de contort eesti of his ie Shen he United Sateen tele aad bythe US malted hei paperork ermeing paper® ‘Sarthe diferent cincuntunces wider which Mohammed and Fefogees have highlighted some of the ways in which the Sera igh om Sierra Leone) neneticks lergo"al nds revere Ine bret te” (Denes Cea 18780). AE te ae hie. this process can prec dverekorialied ecors of Belonging tke nonstate, oa efges America, Shek nd Molnmned yethaps ate now snore “ier Leonean” tha they were in Croat Teast cording to offi! sate documentaon, In the process Seria fics have somes uniting ngage in practices that have maid previous bneaucrate errors and forgeries 0 ‘hentoned earlier shat { cou only gues Mohammed's age 1 be stony when we metin Car T di oar the fat Bese whe Tint him bearing anwar name bata ery Ea aces eso tea shat hem lve relative of ny Bet Meee language ech, & Fell grate suent in she United States, and one f ay closest Detore the ci wt Mohammed ha lef Sera Leone asus but on the aye had taken on the name of Nigerian patron who had Inspired him and isp tanling compations to go to Caio for a found dem work to finance the tip ahead and, more important finde arrangements for Jose and fetends to have a seholaraip at Ste waiting forthe once they aged in Caio Fo many sear hd bnnn Moana ater and sibing in rat Siena cone, When Lawn here after my st 0 Cairo an {ol diem t hod mee him and reconsider side of his tory, eae lea that he wos born ell efor 199, the inh date he gave Mpcessed doubts about his age, he hat provided a supporting ei lrehce an capited Sierra Leonean pasypart In ain to she 1949 hn sate te psoport gave Moharmed's"aewer” name, along, 3s weal sc teow the testo from bis eth names om the Jpssport th which he ad et Sera Leone his ne iden a8 Pe npeematc ax changing hs brs date, Hach docoment legit Tice the suing of sncenn documents, so erroneous inno tution {he date of bia 0 change information (dhe name) Was Feproduced or magi. By the Ute totes with nly Ret Crom vege” papers, the need econ Ste nh cena ta he cold py for a green ca a [Guesuon ot Mahammeds Sierra Lecnem provenance and Hs tas 35|‘lecepvelycafe sd fv n new dacoment by the manana ‘rganiation that Bronght nfo the Unie See, atid hereafter by “American suhorte inthe proves of kang him 3 ne Bi ‘ate In process, is (changed) sant was ineataebly inked © his (wrong) rth date na flied document of bie and origin Vétat lsc, the seas age of deception, indeed ‘As Josn/Mohamined the sory of hi journey out of Sie Leone, his me chine wisa gesture of grate tovard the Nigerian and bis name change mana nara ayo sigialing We profound ane Mohamed gener patron had acl to Siera Leone in the st place, and she crcumsianceof Mohammed’ st 0 him, bespoke Pate of stl nos ony ed 0 he igious imagination a ‘hich bo ofthe elon also waa mobility made posible by Imperial polical economy. despite dhe distance separating them ‘Within als empire, people Hike Mohammed's patron were st ‘motion from farflung corners by colonial policies “dacriminating nui indgenoseneprenews”n Stra Leonean damon ining author oer source ich atest (Reno 1985.50) tomar et Obeid (Suan) Mohammed sil hi fellow eavelers were stopped. pounds that they were too young” to tive on their Ow ated ou the nerlappng pographies of uncent tnd vote taken by ‘West Atican Muslin he pilgrimage te Mecea ad the poitial econo af the postcolonial Siamese te the mas, intensive ottonanoing scheme inherited from i colonial predecessor. THe single management” Cambs 199%:08HE) gral ‘emt he pepe the mae on pt asin yoni pling of prc bor aleve the bovde. inten ns ing poor we ie eset in kanes exch on grounds tht head Bis con pions were "wor song” for unaccompanied seal. Eventual tamed managed to egy crete boner te port of ‘When Mote wet he Fayptian eas seta for his ip to aie, isry eagle up him Up hat Poin he had managed uo rave ern the ney epee tts been ple the gern expne eal empes sving efforts wer inked o particular fia or nbor needs ‘Colony protectorate how Sera Leope discs ei the Stare ene). Ret in Kharun, Matanetenconmeset ‘il anne yi lore colon alee The Egypt enassinfomnest Mohammed that he British patport es no tonger valid, and he Ish embassy the ree year "Brit Commons passport hat teovghen one week oaecure nem Mey papers a a patport Fa “iplomatie mision placed Mohamed in a vlnesse pen the Inari of lain ah only one week 0 regular hs oso, twomer Commonwealth countries under colonial policies that saw insuch movement she Key to ecomomie proses ithe impetal Emons (sce Makay 19971) Indeed, diamond ning in Sit| i Lene and eotton arming ithe Sadan weve among the projet that vinstahd the arkering skin bce af hat ces Rone ae UWhite Cammonsealth” on dhe oe hand Blas began to enact Uo ormer colonial sees and onthe oer hand the eve nation sts began so vege dtr borders st heir imation Somers ls redirect gered bythe weakening reco in en's pole toward Commonweal etizens and the former clo thst pomer's incteaingy selective approach to granting citizenship Fights For example, the 1948 Nations Actin 1962 Commonweal sts who fod thenseves exe bp ew eens ad Oe pion of remaining British, This rein ner the gue of protect {hem fo becoming "lee ove comnts ch 38 white teiles or Asians Alia tates the preg of etaning UR ee Ship The oer sido thi pronion was thats the proces of deco ‘am dl people of Afican descent, wo because oftheir race (ighited a langage abou th and descent] were turned ao- Iino zens ofthe newly dependent sate thot any {Ugaian =Asian question” fo his perspective). The Commonwealth Innmigrans Act ol 1982 sso made te ing of Corsmonweath doc ‘mental for ave to she United Kingdom conditonal pon appl ing for selectively Hsthed work vouchers. Later immigration fs intetaced disctionsbenecen “pail and “no pa Bris sie Jeet astingush dose with parent or grandparent torn in dhe United Kingdom trom those (manly omits) who could not mee this sequirement—ihat juried granting portacvenship ihe seme and eather ler ones to ter see Hope 1987), ‘Mohamed wining you cing in the eager enacted by he 192 ConnmonwcsiTramigrants Acad raed ressetion oe inariness he peed he way hich ipa alan he sights ect Nm ere ered His Brith” paspor hich woe ‘apposed io have thee year adi. yas taken by an embassy bre {rome i nw independent and yo can monger havea Brits se port Sa som ane one week to get yourself she proper passport. An! Shere wasn Sara Leone diplomat minions cere.” Becase of the Aifiestics sehen securing he proper docientation by wai tram Freetown ant London, the eed 4 ear ney for this process inthe res otter journey and complica inked Yo the et hat Mohsin ne his ew pip ase shew name, he Hero lends ented up Femuning in Khar for more ha ive tons. He reagized that the pale inked thi ae change te He had taken his orginal psp co be garanted ty dhe ss in tence a evn ta nse He ssid thy hanes in pies ‘told otal aes exining docaente aed eonsideved tha & ys fact alate aay and an ‘ices that accompany even more ordinary wamactons Besse ates {questions natal Belonging on which Sotiammeds ents dc sents depended inthe shit from clonal so ineependence. In Se sgt por ane cig money 0 connec tnceks while se correspondence, forts tone, el photographs ci ted among Landon, Teens and Rharown One for length fame. fe and his rien experince. se of me earl es Sed i a8 posing (nine mom al ow Meeks, ete Impotenceitt a Wy uit My ht ai i ti Wt Hl WW fT i Mt nt a a na ther eeduction to am egal sas (ile erminazation) a 4 By the ime Mame finally reached Caio in 1964, his ange otidentiy became once apn ating lock. The documents dat the had careful are from Nigeria to enauze that he would be awarded scholarship Beene a impediment in that econ, since they wee ted In his bith name, name tat no longer appeared i his ine) sport Thi sation cause urdersbenonth delay in Iisreeipt ofthe schol that woudl him to begin hist, ssh nara pne ith cre ppt ha hath the wider world (the changing international order of the 1960 ait ble tive! and communiaton technology in Alia, and 0 fo par to change in his wlenty and pay to educational a ‘As Shela’ contanting story makescley, there were maked gener Axpora wh made their way to Car st migra figs oF snes travelers. Mohamed tod for the lent classi igre ofthe youn along the was only 4 undergo a etranatorming rele {ihe oad Hie narrative id ot dell om the bureaveraic mishap ot ‘elas that he and hitting companions encountered while cover Ing he considerable fad distance (and several border crossings) hetween Sera Leone and Nigeria M was only aft is encounter ia Felgiousreavaening vehi the ure odo something with Kiet and acquire “proper” atvanced education that would ive hin the recensyfueney n Arabic to ead advanced religous ad philoso ph Journey and the very deta accounting or sted ine oured age {0 his account of document mishap in Cha. San, a Egypt were semonthe to get a wcholarhip once ame: owed them the ald ppt jy the new one, Mohammed Musa Ibrahim, both are the sume person, ¥ changed nesta Moharnede accountot hi encounter wih order goss nals expend confit af paioner pra ‘heen ent at orig wl placed Egan Meme wi gare srs illerentacaint, He, to, trade" put py the Ein goverment vo favor ha own cient He ad nt (aa ele subject requiring entrance examinations, a Cara he was no allowed to enroll who doing a pfeparatory yer Even scat he placed ft i clan the ia exa he ala cee ship wo medical school While wating for something to lear the the Ursa (2 minor pilgrimage tothe holy paces i Sad Ars). ‘wo ws coming foe Sra Leone fr the ha sly tad poial connections withthe government ie Sera Leone (Ms {eae ins) and bs andthe invedaced i anther Eeypnn ambutadoroShra Leone heh eanoged upon ere nC wanshriipwere neti Leonean Egyptian cpio reli snd nes ners, an Sivschomaip nod oer va wa sohed at ean eporarhi pied acon arn in Seon vty ta png yet soe pet of the wring he a tentang cngencynmet tee e repredcon of hw sree eaueaonaleppotonitc nd the mobi 0 which Heh ‘“Entiu qe ccs Ths while Sh aes standart Aric Sr amy comet be ed King sve Nohamoned worked egy as regner”wihou working lear war Cave ping remedy enone sebolhiliren at ome. Bathe otecmeso der encounters sith ate rears ae ents ete not alway ail illeren after two yeats at Caro Unter, Shh’ thotarshyp wa aby terminate ve £0 a tech ai anne found iv ners ates nero fo the Years {ihe aan an many coer ewe counted the te tureaucravic appara of he sate She came wp against the siNeary ection ate tration of document-vin hi a8, the Fp government doce granting him fellowship. ' te anance is gn nor ad ance ry ga “Ninecan Universi in aio—where is oelg status ade no ie sare gan he could ons Oe feral come lst is en haery an the dsgnaon Sera Leonean refege” hat od nr Ane owns te fy st nein on Aes 0 “heat amt ein ca fllsonenere Beech ie entrees represented by Mohaned apd Shek, Many ofthe stove een antas no wren ay Ein the She had Iocan oman expt A peer Mesinsin ‘then popes Foor ogee rc “mong te unger generaton, lwo men who ad come Tippee younger Sea Leonean wore were ee the pring ‘hnned martages conse by a caer generation of ean ale mmign orth nce hove hand sean empower ia sate hat enabed hi wo bring her fam home” Seme of these nen had been sent as dome workers to elatvesin Lebanon by thet ‘West Aftcan base employer and there hey managed vo begin thee “auation before being ante scholars to come to Ey Oxhers thom stmuging for the Lebanere or money lundering, for li Shudh interes: Having aired eney ia Arabic and inks to Arab toes (not memento Most eign neewors) i dhe proces they tere now enjoying the frit of thei labor by aa Vion in modern Egypink wineries. Many younger sents had Inpased the offical schol route ana Faned thelr sues with ‘Note tha the practice of buying paports usually amounted twang time™ and id now necessary eal faleation ofthe Mind ‘tor lande Solomon Mis the Sierra Leone nigra fal is “oem ere scton, na Hong Kong le ad engaged in Sihestion of documents and emi by granting diplomatic psspors| to Hong Kong busincimen who were no iplomat. He had fase thei accopatons, senor their names (ay Serra Leonean ahories hh susperted Mohammed of doing when Ne applied fora new pase port unde a different name and when he wet to claim his scholar Ship) But in ost exes came actos, “busing papors meant using tmomey to lbriate bureaeratic channels, 4 expedite paperwork hence buying ime Ae Mone pointed ont when we met in air, the ha pido hs name change by wang nine months and vo weeks tir Rhortoumn wile anew passport was being ised. The journeys of many hers Tet in Caio seemed tbe shorter and quicker pany Deca at travel was mre aces 1980s ad 10naffcr pecially for urn bel people-—than it ha ben in the 1960 fr Mohamed, a llterate rural enager- Bat the journeys tree somesines no more sraghtorward. The move of ansportation ‘was more direct, Dut the travelers often had to engage in detours they Tether planned nor wanted because of arirary interventions of ate {ents or nears at eacalspatiotemporl junctures These ave rs oo, hal experienced stretches av illegal workers, dangerous rushes with tinal rte plein orig countes, and smimaryWl Wi tt Hi ii ils expulsions withthe excuse that shey cased imalid” documents I pric the et tha they sued a eae foreach eg ofthe ps eferred for them auesions abou ational belonging that for Mohammed were rained iferenly every ie he creme secesve fund bordets They ha o face these questions only whe departing snd veing a "snkived” cts nd psp checkpoint at Fee Imernational irporte Became these Ae shared wi all ategores of prssengers icing the ete who ean alford expel ai Wael, these ecko may appa oe run according to ore elie ess srbrury principles than emote and border eroing. oF apparent opi want, ecomes parent ae son a a"problen” ic foundin ureters dacuments Some ofthe young men it aia tld harrowing seis abo being ote nthe much let sand ens ‘ments ni ihn stati Fine in these “esting aren” 4th term zone dattente imp, he zen ln contol oer the ime they ad clevery bough” by pang for maine chet instead of other means of transport, by expeding their pujorc and sa aplicatone, 20.0 fenced ae contol ver spacetine—the Gurion of passports aa, “Sholay residence al work pein ands0 forth. One hey a tional sate elect” then the Hat's capacity to appear eternal Indeed! “hight” ine cteenity—in is pomerfl eleterminations of ‘tho mightand ght not have accesso wha it roe as gteheepe, ‘ren nhen the dor or fates agents guard appears o be democrat ‘lyandramparenly open toe deseringamong the mii In ‘efor the Lam mach nae section sn Te Pa Kafka pores “he man fom the county arg to cons he ae a nding he ‘door epen tat watched by an imposing gud wh tells hm that he rma goin he wants but wll ote able ogee past her doors oF {Eure inae, The man ends wp wating forthe rest of ie, cutie ‘he open dort the law 0 be grated person 1 emer Lat, cperates thin ay the, apparent open bu plying forte (and th tine) 10m acces and determine the exicome of cses, Who "as tine to bring a cour cate, for batance,agsinot a governement at tmoneyome papi fors lye ime careful clocked to the mini at hourly rater—to follow through a cise. Otherwise ome invents eno: ‘oon she: sigan that Kaha portray the man 4 long seit to gan access othe law aya peasant, nota wrt dweller The ‘man fom the county i Kafka story x Mohammed, ot Shek st lmately both of them simply got up and went fo dillerent dor, ‘ven though i Kala toy, the guar cle dhe man fom the coun, oe he ie ht is aril ses othe a ben te ‘he veo contllng narrates of fed time and eral making peo ple sit (Mohammed for his passport and then hischolship: teh, for his scholarship) they ate alo abou singulriing relations with opie. Sttercontol populations and territories, and supranational ities sch as humanarian organizations and iteraional bates the UN, the World Trade Orpatizaon, and 4.0m, exert ther sent mao hain So though loi Within populations (he census ea good example cing people $i does by age, occupation, and so forth, ut they ao serve 1 Single sport cannot accommodate the multiple ames that ove the “oure of person's Me span often ial Important nity Wansor ‘mations, Instead, ach change euiresa ew passport The sate lows the individual to change name, nara satu, appearance, and wo foray but can accommdateonlya single facet at any gen time ad Feaquites the dacument to he change ith very change in deny “The US attorney general argues for renewing Siers Leone's TPS Gesignaion on the bai of specific evinated cous find el ‘le applica and onthe lim that refugees fom parila arene {exceptions to normal immigration laws. The whole lle of hedein om the exception we take eis Seni’ argument “thst ses sg theory fhe tat auth nt meth appning cess ofemergengr—i one of singariation, Mrcqrenepion mos be dosed acapeb-e bass na fo ince gon, he ate fc eb ieemty “Shean af changing Uk immigeson lve the eanson fom 30 cmon excushely White Commerwesh 0 ighy more cea Tut once the South Asan colonies stained Independence in TOV721068 riggesing the Nanay Ae of 1948) and ending with the Area tndependnces in the Ty and eat 1605 which whe bot the 190 and 1908 gan A). ally. 1972 Trumpet Se psie—perap prerequisite Britain’ jaunng te Eoopean Union, exe dinghed between white wa moh tien the United Rng and ones re bie tag aren toch ope 197). Bar anehe Singh Tent slong te pene The bet ha mates of euenip ae determined acoding to tein in Egypt Sit Leone that atom arr Sierra onesies on ya) en of hws ea a {hese coments The Eptan cers Sheba tose he him who Se nonetieny despite being bon of mixed marlages sulle he GHecm ote nates entusonay practiced oat imate spheres Stier nes Thy eaperenced theme sen dnp of thet Tomenteanafecine ee ind of dtroraizaton af he hear sine a short bck home bya orig sand and an ypu Toca the orne ht ook Shek Stra Leone ge Cght scr tpponcd ethene a fveeese separation. The en Mesa then death of Seb ater dng tei journey wo Sierra {Some et thew he han ptr eae othe es 1s frmatie year ty he pian ter male ge him back 3ty stayin Cao weeps yeu wth thet sch nash Toone ple ud messages for stranded Leone plied me with mames,pltures, cure com mixed marrage, children who sometimes tered -Alpects of Mohamed’ nd Shek’ bureaucratic nd Iga nt thar precisely the point: alsa, eater hee le they 3p to bein their fanconing to meal pa soci (and soon) sate, subject tei ee oa reser or fet ‘ate to the "locager and eto the fas of tne experience these and other Shera Leonean migrants and efigees hen weighing ‘in colonal and potclonal Avia wats became a Netorcally pei [Phenomenon becae of the way iambic wae raed onto te pole feal economy and (wcilized) memory of saver: and the forms of ftom shi argument that there auch thing rate that des act wih puny All states af Delewae and Gata po ut ae inte {rated “intaeconsiendy" at iferent point and on diferent Ives nt perhap io lileren degrees depending onthe content ad i= that produce an overall -sate elec” (in Mitchells words) than some made effet feltoaly swell aon the global ene and priced nimenority as wellasanexterioniy in he experiences of Ws einen — including thot, like Mohammed, who had pent the Deter part of Aheirtses ou oi territory. Foriea wal concer of every State 40 ‘contol migestionr and, more generally to extabeh a zone of eghte rer an entire ‘een overall the flows traversing the ecu (Delene and Gusta 1987385 se ato Sassen 198), and atthe {Deeazeand Guat 1987:360, beease in is exeiormaniestations ‘eisahayalto pled ward nteralaing and appropriating lacy.‘says stunted between deren polis, Among hese the wa oral polis fsa key one upon which many others are mapped in the man denied acces to he law a Being Yom the count” Nott + Inention Mumsan'sbipaite made of postotoni Aca states as polaris betwee monly bun cilzens having aces to “The Law nd ral sujet led by ate ainatins through oe colonial invention a customary lo Butthe wae elec sak ecuneniclin its each. The absence ofa 1000s slomed eons by holders ofthat country’s paupors to secure Uaelng densi papers, Both close of he American embassy in Freeing the 1-200 cw ands aftermath ought oun pal detour an added (wate) tine Tor US eens in Shera. {cone who ado rc o Abidjan or Covakey to reolaize thee papers Their experiences wich compilations may nt have been 35 trauma a they were for Mhananed the man from the counts for some a is fellow Cairobased Sierra sone, ho erally died there wfilevating fora chance to return “howe” 10 Serra Leone or {conean ant American cin are sujet these Forms of eaptute ‘once the find themes in De ambiquos ones devi a ight that for fight sd ts here tha the reconstation of sbjectity beyond the etegories of cae nip euges, an iran ca uml she colegaan proce ampere of er anced eran the Sho) pn et oe Rata, tran eer ad a ce one Gane oes5 Anthropologist Discovers Legendary ‘TwoFaced Indian! Margins, the State, and Duplicity in Postwar Guatemala Diane M. Nelson (Guatemalan National Resolsionary Unig) gvertiln sige 8 peace sn exponen of organic is rencoep tation of refugees women’s sues, emaronmental concerns, and Ni onsea veineorporation of memory—specialy how to remember the star thove recy aie the volence being expsined asthe res ‘tengo (eluding, beguiling uping)—by the ary the govern tment the gueille she NGOs, or even the person elling the sor: Some atnibte their survival 0 sara to dupe others oie th hwo lices But olen people explain heir own actions as based on Irom them. To ot wane wo sugges that people really are diped by tome being, nsiious power. Rather, an chron wy the concep ‘doping explaining 10 people nor This chapter texplose hi esol duping fame the pura margins The metaphor of cote aid periphery capaJrople—sting, shell hols (1988) pt to mene trom marin power and cone, the pin aroun which sything revoles from ‘hich ideas and snfhtenees emanate, 40 which, many people sre suracied~in ther word the ions notion ofthe snereign ate, More recent shinking har dplced the sate teva appa the broken landscape of cl society,» network rather thanx noe (Alnuner 971; Gramcl 1040, Canes 1980). Following this de centring andthe pigeph rom Zieh propose the metaphor of the sieshow ay "ct of interpreaton” to think about people's exper ences of eng, bing lat nthe crow draw fran mower of (akin 1984; Boone 190; eer 1960; Guha 1985} or who focus | the mage tnt oF agate appec ofthe sate (Bron 195; And desire hat utround the ae, wile Beeping sn ming Fence “lerhape the state doesnot hive thi nity sisi iy his igorousfanetionalin or, o speak fey, this portance.” (aa 108) ‘A margin a Border o rink, Emly Mardin nagines certain peo: pe who sce oie on the ovis in raha unchanging places ‘actualy he ones “inbaitingan exposed cup felCing) astely the "aw impact of forces of change” Academics ke myself bse in he total north are nor ocean the foretrontofchanges Inf we maybe marginal at Martin sas "he fst eae about some of the profound shit shaking mont of our majo insitoions” (12048-9) ere Tasca angina place—Guatenal and one a imag, + highland vile elle Joya and even more marginal hamlets, 2 marginal time—a period benwcen war and (hopetuls) peace also ‘Stinging ogee erie of storie about engato aa woe enoride i the carly 198s and is gromly inefficient and corrupt, {il exer srange, ambalent apes or subject, becoming the fuaranor of Mayan rights and peace accords (COPMAGUA 1995). Ax ‘Stsvoj 2c asa, "[]t}ow docs an empiial, posively sven object Aesre™ (1960119) gent that dhe Mate ces Fie (ai) 9 cone “on or frm of being However, when we explore operations at the 2 mobile fore (sideshows ate al about mobi), Dion define ‘ett “ject to ecstasy al my ing is moved by tse force it oder wo become a subject at at (Botler 1987, 1985 Heget 1807) 1977), Stores about doping asume x double—two fe to the grictome state wolence of Guatemlas civil war may seem aberrant. people's experiences on thls cp may aid in understanding subjection more generally and capture profound sits tht affect Acatechist in his second hour of peaing in Maya che” abot smarts He tks the martyrdom of the biblical Inraclites with Jesus {Chis then with the 1980 asasinaion ofthe local priest and aly with the recent statespnsoed genocide of the *Mayan people” He x 2 corm emer who aluo migrates pick cle, and wnle mont me has age he wears trae (radonat ote July 2000, an this the fre day in week of mission work connected t0 the Vatican's Jubilee Year Genocide not part of the wandardzed Tes pan di Joya and feeling a bt surpeaed when he es the term Mya te Infact, when Tad anket the digenous mayor Cele indigna of ovata) wtedher there were °Maya" In the ates, he Tooked pursed,“or” (ht sleeping nthe schol) ear thatthe stem aan ig hendemy (ALMG), an ndienousren,atonoment sane are peening the iige wth utara senate cose ah Spah and ge che™ AB hve ofa echers tne whool ae lnc Riche’ speaker. Some have been 10 [naa eam lve fr any ears and era ae see intrcterl educa’ tivo 2 Naval Univeriy T know from earlier work Ser Eig the yoga ya sponsored by ISAID (United Suen agen for nirnaonal Developer) Titan Coie te president Oe hoe’ ponent NES cncao pany funded iy the Goatemaan goverment and (CgkiD ta tace whe me community (ond Me Gomes ao a core san cnatignes opt cotter scons ver oa of he way om mccoy en Tie teqey he prenatal cpt seg ttn mater spe tor econ a ind Dg et dee cn tg eevognton Forde academe sense am nes ste genet the seria on Maya Ratt ight Gana heard resentation by De Demo cape fhe mates the ALMG ane noc nine af craton Mere athe sate in the pewon of Mayan man 9 Mr Contr dese Cx ee pe ne one me tos Ehiatonango they av ely adnate (adn) ‘Renter mi Span he acon Me Gonzi elt ne tha the aeci who spoe of maryrdom yas An ving force behind geting ond Ba othe Hae. organiing Set faning and community abo few. The ete ao ognized thecommunin-contlied tilings shoo] and served several ems Ininor lected offical in Joya, Where the sate andl where ares Inarginsin these movements of people, projec ac oy ogh he ountnide? How sould the sme te acc of genocide agaist he ‘Manan people be embodied by indigenous men and women when focal people ite inthe capil ormhen estate aren arial hamlets Nia vepesentaivs ofthe ALNG (x wll a indigenes? Ate Sera days ate ear from the each hat he wa leader of the tamer el patrol srmyin mins response for are tiseaing dhe wat“ have two faces he sald "One Ishowe othe a This nage of wo faces sppests in many ethnographies of ponte ‘Guotemata (Gonzales 2092; Green 198, MeAliniee 202: Zar 108) a6 peopl explain how they survived the government's counterinsseney Campaigns The chil pol sate, tated 198), wan quite dab tea cing community members 0 surveil nein, punish tone another This sem gave the miltary state some distance fon these eimes, wih gum, warped and undermined com thay. Throughout mich of the entry bat epecaly in indigenous ‘commutes, ever single man fron age fourteen o Sxl was incorpo fate ino the pls some nse lealrs were former solder tlitarycommbstoners whose faces lveady pointed toward the ste {although sometimes these same people used thle mila experience toumin focal youths a guerilla), tn many cate however, the ay ttse embers or schoolteachers, Compared to ae dey was Ua er Gta counteraction Many nonindigenous {Iadino) Guatemalan Ihave interviewed sect bere that the indigenous people,» majority in Guatemala, ite hiding something-often plans for revolt rape. and plunder ‘Gnatemalan state poly seems to sume that indigenous people aeu i ui iW i tt i nH ti at nt The shire es of ci war (and contnning ions betwen mgt pn margins and enemigos yee) te aan an pathos nos Gepeseed a wr ern String and omg) ave acl sterpsngso penetrate aioe sane urn care, Hoan abba (10010) reminds ws tha hese Seager dant mono) of wkd miner and ced ‘Sette cll pone eine mR ae apse Snows some eh ye ag ne 198) 193). ‘joa nether sed me dct ens re ay taktunce, and coumterinsugeny dating he early fsa Phatoiycomomeddancerpesterm anon ods, Fens whee adn and do tens meager th processions that move recs ye ae beeen eoesnd Crna rasposed Ingen Tec Unan vrs conqstaor Peso Abra) othe Sigs of exploited mao (ed ands) toe thems oF ney gens men behind Bond, ara masks, ye er roe Alero wins and she taser Brought back 0 ie by his “aman, Bor tho outcomes ae wt sate. They ae open to mip feof interpreta (Tedlock 12), histeading. Ambropologits do not “find” tweed people Souched Navetands, The very ideas of margins oF duplicitous tatnes are proce of sates and colonial caput, The sere Tndtont igreof ch ad een prodced by he traversal of the tte thru Tabor femes td Mariage sand counter [one protools 2ateh sgges tht me ca wheat he tansubjetne ‘Mechaniam that eguses such prveses Tope w ace the processes hereby searing forthe state ate margins he figure of te 90 face ation an by asking in yr hy the se fabio undersioal te tmofacedsimaanecnnlydesible, deci, an dangeroo? A phy of marks atheate, moncrabout the county tke a ening Int alluring ces, pearing so vention tx demands through Inca people who seem cigonado(Auped) But aio strange om yh sighs we ae mtr fhe ison on "ngs, aeogeaphical, temporal, moray and eategrialy. The metaphor, bu everyday experiences ofthe tte are Hike the carnal “ily tes a the state {i veping Selon 1, 208). she siden proce and becnse mnie the experience of moving sow the strange Formed in oat, dtraction and acinatom,atonay an nd concerning AIDS al the state aupposea the site of moderiing astonalin) ov fis oakree ti rl eis (andthe ole ol Shows}, Hl ashe what if he state wan read a 4 with? Ferme, he Jesanathan and Rojtman, examines the ental wo the “sate elec” teateling, borders, ating populations, and ciCour 192, Deceit 2000; abinow 1989, Stoler 1998), where oman the Sqamto Ota Bega andl Sah Barun were dplayed (Grofond and Bune 1982; Calan 1085), As T dacs he relation {hob inresingl afer 15, the Geman ate expressed Theough cielaton andl by is appearance in apparent marginal Ingen places, no san out, external yower, but a embodied thon eat eprom oe ich he ach he enol pce than ints moby ehrough these onher bores. Tis frocean nay explain the sereayper o indigenous people a duplich inns umnnneory, and ly (Condes Poncano 1980), and perhaps Alvin uate abo seen as tolaced decepne et Sianeonsly “MMngs te and stake ofstrgle (Abuser 197114), ‘Binary huroies obvious reduce the complexity of Ined expe {hood anaes of postwar Guatemala and postacokd war global iene asta sin 4 nak fr the Internado Monetary fund [IMF] or empine’), The Guatemalan politial sien Caos Tigueren rma 1991) ae figures the atte at dual through he tnetaphor the cenat—borh atonal and esta arian ie cea Jonas 2000, Kaori (1957) 1881). Rather tha rely Ur sttal malt by asking whether thins re or false, 1 ponder why “Taber! apt, with tei atendant uncertainty an sxpiion, wrest alieng terms: Facing on moby ia the sideshow spe lon upsas othe other chapters ere, dhe ersserossing of apparent oundveseteen sae and margin center and periphery bial and rina iy amd county mdr ned asiina Cana (ike the State eve svough she Gustematan county, seg high {Ene tages foreach town's fest. Mays (hike he ste) are Sine at picking your poste, seducing you Into cireTting your tone nyu youre ae cuted ike the state the marginal of Ihe sideshow aye in is pious merging of legitimate entertain sand the sate man vo keep tis isory i view. During hrc wate face ht ie the ate: sdeshows af pope tac apeneainmen veyone How Jab gor othe rican, a eal care Farge at nevi gh te sideshow imines the dovbling experiences of desire ant Mentticaion ‘suspicion and giving oneself er that characterize he martin hetecem the sate and we plicit ata sige ne. To joy a oul he someting extra hat kes the ste “magica” be any canes, “reel oe) 0 represent he ey pic This chapter roms ou of my research the latins beeen the ‘Gaotematan sate and the Mayan euturatights wenement Begining sisi teondicted in dhe mi 198 ofthe connerinsurgency wa" ihe countryside (Nelson 1988, 988 thea 1 ol the supe ing sem Mian enganicing—surpriingbeease the ale of desire tion as bee cated genocidal (CEH 1999; Sanford 2008; Schirmer oe king ety nl on ge intron aclarecinento Hitrico (CEH)) reports tha 98 pee Srmy aid the stateswnctioned paramitary chal pata More thin 200,00 people were Killed, and 0.000 people foneright a the population) weve displaced. The CEH singled out our areas of the entry where genochlal aetons occured, inelding Joa, home of the mlbalenied,wotaced indigenous man Inthe early 199 lowed Mayan organizer fom he high Suilscin or the lain (nonindigenous) sate ves he indligenons ‘rept. cht me confuse, Information, entiation, metzaje ge Inplc and eultral "mixing, cle tacit and of cour, tl force such as grnga amibropogits,stractral actvon te repressne practices the state hose approach fous rin ee tee “The current Mayon movement is & longterm pital project Coy Gn 1991199, 1986) that so expos vo the Horrors ofthe stand wo wannatonelingenonenighte at, Ffocses on cou Thm, deployed since the tte 180s by Mayan tlie o name the majanity Indigenous population more commonly idenied by oc of rginor ngage, By 2005 Mayas general acceptin the Tres by lanes and Ma alike pearing in press reports, gover ‘ne ht er ak sepa ethgapies Howe ome “fined ALMC al seer Mayan government miner is Tigbansitserks vo esac. creasing acts are represented 8 tweed inanipulator. The sipposed center margin relationship teoween the rma nnn ad poll projets of the cxpnized Mayan movement a the apparently organi, Ine experience of Flan! ies ke fora ay gene tothe avers that ake Apeiy sucha perf ducoune The map ote ne ten pie an Jame St “nied, acts ndersoad. They ave oui sete contol [Pape more hugh mand stereenpedhan ecuate information, Fare otc comedtory Sigur essing sae rational People do ten b names axe are egy collet ad athe guile ‘hehe seems ke many ois, 1 sce she margins 2 spaces ouside {at stave contol (an! huss es of possible rsitanee) but that yt sense of highland Custemala (198) was defi lace stan om erm sera (Nuon 198) Team foo the sate geographic, ifratractarally (many places were snare inacenble Hy ead) and spent Has ard nd ‘whi 3 asi of prial understanding, emporaiy, snd Koshi ropraphic hlation (Adan 1098; Tedlork 1092; Watanabe 1092: {ison 1908). Humanights and anehropologieal explanations for both the brutality and governmentaiy of army actions therefrom imacring, selective ling, al rooding wp nomadic displaced people an ensconcing them in moderne” planned model illages, {0 the mansve investing in nfrastctie projects, especially road ‘elvon the model ofa ste penetrating sone former lee toe CGtasemalan ethnic dentcation sows that ha hens be ltr” an erst by ass and cane relations. fas sti hdd hae Been highly mobile rooghout the national tet tory and bevond for fie handed yeas (Bastos and Cars 1905 ‘arse 1008) For example, Capo Smith 1920) argues hain five hundrct years is ard find time when the Gatti rcution tothe various plantation stems the divide betwen high {and margin and state center ha ong ben beached ‘Infact. Joya, where I "found? the twotaced Tan, has Been 4 camer chose to ne hundred fers (CEH 19, Oglesby 200; Renee 2002), Junta different area were item over to export tmonocrop cutnlon—fias da Banao ewes ald (panations sf eotee bananas sgt cotton) Joya produced mot feld hands far seasonal wark on Cxseral's Soh Coat plantations. The smeodin fi shat acquired ws acto and in he hot coast owe Tunes itp tnd aod Joab. He feta for Farming what Peete tect ea and, dda ad ais had 0 mesa tocu cone during the harvest season. The sate tegulated The womens though andl abo sgrancy. andor laws "Tne eedocaton phases of counternsungency tha followed the army ncochear campaigns of he tate 19608 and ar 198 sg ‘oa contain undersasigs fhe Indian" On the one hand ‘genous poopie ate seem st manipulated by guerrills—duped by ‘Reclama promises ofa chicken every pot Those who survived ‘hem macoces needed 4 be ge 8 leon, 38 they were several hor tay string at 6am, inthe armpconoled reeteme cen bnew tne ilages (Nelo 1988, Sanford 200, Wison fin). Aansimyceonel in ea ld me in 185, "They've hada bad anetc pines heads Orit cage te cassette” Sis ‘heir pened when i prouced” migrant workers ere dhe sae ‘comes te manipaorcening se hind of nan it wa. Moges of the state» mampulaive ad ingenous people 48 np pes ating for ours o pt de caste ne th he ster dauesimurgency fearshat indigenous people are twoaced. reacnorenan a have them eeport othe ate though patrol dy sinter bea ou ee rn what hy a ‘ech pneu she army was toned in most outing hanes. Theme surveillance snd wane networks constantly traversed the ippatent border between pub and private and a variety of crre aaj mnechanins were Setup tote to alg the wo face, tense ‘ete one shown tthe sate wa he same a hat shown (0 "he eos Thee are checkpoins 3 eganatan points out dens sites feeb fixing and mobi. sorgeneyvlence The cv pols were dsanded eight ten years pant the enechist now pein the state fr road bling a ant SEncin he Joab mayorsoffice Most of he young men and women ik ovemenber, cen, hing inthe mountains frm army oldies or seeing fly members hiled. Now, Noweve, hey sein erence ain abut Bre a aN 1 Me "The sate has ben theorize ay Aft study” (Abrams 1988, set of apparatuses or mash without face. Healy presen ind hamlet, bur ie bic hard fgets handle on. Thus, this" place is goon! to think wth thins where the state grapples with ployment elec atts, resistances and “exection” of po icy The gris pum lemeane vo keep the eflets of sate viokence in psy The anny nienty and nexplicay abandoned ones in Joba Int 2000 Recent muses in Joya) uncovered clandestine [cautery behind church buildings presiowsy occupied by the 3 pes al the tata the ste and stake of struggle a disciplinary nl gonernmental ae dapicitous Many people in Guatemala be duping (engaiio)orelng ace con byanather power forthe apparent contradictory ations of fellow ‘lise tn February 1909 che CEH named General Efrain ios Monta ng poner ina comp pty to genocide Gata cl wat Alert eds is gonermment oversaw seorched earth campaigns and mat ‘letes fo the shock af many few months after dhe CEH findings & ‘memiet of Rios Monit political party was elected othe present ha Ris Monte himalfwar lected head of he ationaleongres. Hes towset to rn ithe 2008 election. Land other outside observers ek Sed ha the some opinion mamcte under his ener regime Sout wing woe for hn fitecn yar ltr, What shouldbe a sate poston singe face enti victim) becomes uncaniy mobile I SS empting to fall back on duping eo explain this apparent anomaly 1 Toray stunned when some indigenous peasant requested the Teanimation of she i patos in June 202 om ho hand tis to ngaiae compared othe 1970s Many blame this Siuaton on the magialucerning poner of consumerism, evangelicalures. aed ecru the government (ome irate {paid position) to bedatle and drat thse fornely open to Crue of structural inequalsjand the oence deployed o main it toes than shink forse ol pscenm to bested om by hee Iynchings and mob lence that ve Killed! ai wounded doers of People in the lst ew years Sonpeied thieves ad api Japanese {our taken fr dnl worshippers nd ispeted grinch ste ‘shane al allen vit, Explanation th panic beanie often rely fon the sense that te ob ace om tte backed prwcateuts. I Hof for example, a North American wean, acned Of ESoapplng thle sel orga as Hester eT forded i a highland Indigenous wilage (ume 1996: Kadeshy 1004). munber of com Nations peacekeepers They chimed that it had been planed and -umaesighs obserer The presence of oad worker in he crow sn! the slowness of police ad the amy to respond te the atch ug sted he state's snr role In the peng of 2000, aug Japanese tour and a Guatenaan ide vere ched in dren highland ingen lg, ge evr ine pean shippers were targeting the region (Buell 2000) Here he stat ake ‘on inmenve power tomigiall inde hundred of men, women, a ‘hidren 0 act again thei beter judgment. Indigenous people Incite onehing eke Abort dean nth tune of ite ‘taf contlling yur actions without our even knowing. The se Seng like x mroaced Idan rater than ate, mate the expt frastory of taking some agency in an imposible station the se nother fac. In July 290 dscsed the lynching ofthe Japanese tours wth Mayan teacher from noterm E1 Quiche, sho sa “Bot Teast ono changs in Joya. In both cases the siting were ‘The remons for General lain Rios Mott's popular and rele: sion, despite his complicity in genocide, are also miacted. They {he niltay), his patetnal me, cevain populvn and ateton plus and moral rectitude, nd motaite menorilizations ofthe war fohings aid improve in particular areas during his de facto govera epued murderesin the cen tment) do not want o pata ratonakchoice reading oppose that duping. Arwe how, chow oft cho thinkhat we are not duped (we fey hivempry promises smperters ae snp f ‘What does t mean to ve wth “ewo faces” Between he sate and one's people? This isan untenable et waexpend effec at equeny lends to changes of manipulation and doping to hore lene and feakishlyhybri ensifestons. Mayan struggles to create a ste Incked agency lke the ALM have turned indigenous people ito ste representatives when they vst Joma) or speak a USD. Sponsored seminars attended by improvement commiter members From an hamlet. They ave aka Hamed for dng people, Uke dhe Mayan movement are puzzling, confusing, in part because they are To add tothe confison, geography, networks, even the svabiy "ale rlgena in Joya, he complained about ladinos in he aesto cal bi an ind Hes tam not ome of dose because they ce ctesuho ve here along ime ago rated, without shoo Te octhee ate shoots ina the hamlet There ate only natural rahe Wa organization n Catena Ci People who have dhe ejneethere Ha Grupo Maya here. They tk about how me can “te ued ho wo come together When Tee here [retire rm ang mau. 'm going wo bcome a Maya Where the state? Where Fane mang? Wil he be duped she becomes a Maya, oF were the “Envatetar made indie ino ntoaes the sites of dupe? "Sens Bein meme of he Joyo) Grupo Maya, Several peopl dee her asthe oundee of he roup anda Mayan pis Be Nctound her inher shoe more om the main laa, busy preparing ‘he toigenous Geen comet forse snua fairand selling shoes 10 ‘hea dina woman who had been chosen Queer of Sports: She see einber than Fexpected, quite pregnant, aa i wary of us 3t Tae She easver by atendiag to er cusomersand what seemed tecanont steam of people "seeing aout something” ‘oj became a Maya in Cont ea. She got mole wih rou cot Cantematns there sho had formed the Maya League and were Sng enteric Iteratare, ml, and cal change. Some of them Jad ius othe URNG member organization ORPA (Revolutionary ‘Gugino the People a Aa), During that ie, she began eared athe insist presage caling 0 Become diner aries Mu Ma say that a Duc woman wording for a European UUnsoninced evelopment ageney offered o help pa for tip Canemulsso hat she could apprentice Rene oa day beeper. She seine and in the late 199 returned to fovaba}, She and her ‘std ved ith her parent tl they could get their feet om the round, She seems wel respected and i= soled in a number of jee supp Mayan ola sina Moweey, she cafes tthe Fie ats of local indigenoas Headers. inching he alee (Epc She i abo froteated with her paren, who want her cent u having more shldren ad eho constant ib her ‘Nand stout ho "wears he pants in their elasonship. She has rehed uh he Rigoberta Mench Foundation paws ied with ‘ne formation of COPMAGUA, the Maya organization fered by she Temi in 1996, Hemeve she complains about dhe dplcovs way the ten in COPMAGUA wend the mormen: “Ooh! Twa so mad a what Ipped here! They come ad ow a 10 de, and we ose che the men ote relly got une [bok any A meeting waked 10 form the comvmiee for dhe women's Forum, But they already bad the Tart women they wanted. The women they chore were aller Young, Nei inenperienced no ining, may seas [ery pont. They sai sue slop making problems The loegners are going to come, and ated me for ther meeting, but I eouldnt go, and I pulled sway ser ‘Nom he helps support he amy with he shoe sore and works om varie oftoed ses She sid, "The Maya Commitee, we are facing 3 ieeufotacies In ate faye ehinkics because Fm worn Hwonder cas tnee are wn many protems They sym a Arg (ach) tat Fm hot fom het. thou im a manfpulader and us want make mone in the cultura sighs movement are accused either of duping or of ‘ling duped (or acted on by usd interes Many Mayan men can that ternational femintn, evens lesbian conspiracy wing these Nomen Mayan women, who ae sgn be loyal o heir ethnic a Weilse gender Rdemuifatons, counteratack by saying thatthe tue Mayan man honors equaiy, They draw on tbe origin try of he holy Don of he Pop in which women are made simultancosy with cn and ofthe same subatance, Thos they say, men who aoe hat Nomen ave secondary are atally dupes of Ue sexist Christian DIE auton tothe eins gaint Ms, Ma, the commie jos fost lactose local woman who-all of siden went to the US" Fst 8 sie Majatrnetsed Central America o become 5 Maya Joab (rue se patuon mint. the Virgen de Tanto [Astumption} la major point US puntage As Joya sina ce moron amos everyman oer than Itutcen fom the noriern hamlets ha worked on the southern coast ier plantations (Olesy 201), Mee of them hate tad rode t0faye vo make ens meet wit hang ogo downto dhe cose In inevews with thew morn, Li Oglesby a found tht afer hack ter pasing the plantation for thei food ana lading, they would re Fora wah mane Q500 (about $100) eesing numbers deal aw save up money fora rnc or ar. The hale of oe hehe all ver Latin America, oe show 3 eompiewousabmence stsomg men, Rmitance frm migrnt abr nthe Unie States are lncesngly the major source of foreign currency for many ‘clones in defor it comenionoutpots in Calon, Chicago, {alo the development of thet fame and of Gate A priate Sastre omg anceps nef mon bor ceculate ough the apaemt dads betacen noth and sth, su national satepatlled boundaries. ‘This i another apparent Irina sideshow to te hg hes of peal economy. et Femtances (andthe stat, etic, kai, and peer relations that tmale der pombe) are abwoltely entra othe nation tate ad the nos ce very hard oak abou the migration proces eenise ‘erou rings are mapected of bring la migra (border patel). Ones incre read a an atempt to dupe people ne aditing how they dap the state and borders: However ace 0 cn in ging §3100 (US) to mate the tp. People cl goods, eve ld, an ro ley nemers or people area nthe United Stats fr oa cone afternoon inthe hamlet, ne at fara pao, where Usa heard fenatng story abo failed upc on the way 10 ‘he United Staten Only eighteen ear cl but a wonderful try, Jan ecounted i singlet how the coyote ad pai og hin Ugh Meio to the US Border had “enrolled” hi im 2 school ‘hopes, somber Mexico. There overihe course of sxeal weeks the snes earned how to erate he tellle igs of "Gasteralannes 50 Thaler practice would tthe theory ofthe fae Mexican Memity ‘ardthe: had poached. Armed with new clothes geographies amy sores and slang they embarked on the severabay bu ide toward border Jun recounted eseral tiling bres with the that showed (co me) thee tly. amazing arp of the tiny cetera Aesails sha dieveniate Caatemalan from Mexican Maya. A belt seams “pig” in Guatemala bt "ear" in Meco) could give you aay “They made afr ax Maran, where one of hi buddies got hem all ‘aught They pent several mechs ina Mexico Cy with people fom Sitover the word from the Americar and the Caribbean to China and [ica belore being sent back to Cyatemal Jum is geting ps 0 fn his every word ike careful euhnographers and practice their ‘Whichstate keys on he argh of The US and Mexican sates ore bath inrguingly potent here, through remiances, through fe thes of weld nd a, tvogh USAID funding for indigenous rea irom and edation, and, ofcourse, droigh my pertony able ove ‘uence wile kcal yori their esa my” county. These porvar sore tl of people trying too mone than merely sunive onthe exposed camp oft marginal plac: 8 road ulin ete ‘hist leeering on martyrdom; « woman tying to be Maya while cconed of wcheraft and manipulation; Indigenous Ris ining themelvestomear 4 second (Menlean) face. Laying thew oie side led, hea carnival miday we have een walling dough points to the mobility among Custemalan, US, Mexican, and athe stave ‘fia; highland Mays Iadinos and gig antvopolog Tn turn the state, tender, ha vo face: one legitimate, the oxher criminal, corrupt, and murderous: One rants he other WY the other the state agama the people, constantly asetsing the ik of ‘our reel, aay ready repress Whi one face the wate rege ton ereating an maintaining standards by normalising wih the other iti freakshow functioning precisely through it abnormality, ievomenen ts asa diferesiaton from the every.