From Rajshekhar

ESc201, Lecture 4:
4: Circuit Analysis
 From Rajshekhar
ESc201, Lecture 4:
4: Circuit Analysis
 UDas
ESc201, Lecture 4:
4: Circuit Analysis – Super Node
Th conceptt off Supernode
The S d is
i usedd tto reduce
d th
the number
b off
nodal equations. i.e Node 1 and node 2 are merged together into a
super
p node. KCL is applied
pp to the super
p node.
Sum of currents leaving a super node is zero. At the Supernode:
V1 V1 -V3 V2 -V3 V2 Obviously known V2-V1=10 V
+ + + =00
R2 R1 R3 R4

Also to reduce the

number of nodes a
voltage supply may
be pushed through
a node.

+ 15V
-
+
-

15V
 From ADutta
ESc201, Lecture 4:4: Circuit Analysis – Super Mesh-
Mesh-1
Loop containing an independent current source:
Concept of Supermesh
Nodes A, B, and C are same node,
similarly, nodes E, F, and G are same
same..
KVL around the mesh ABHFGA
andd HDEFH cannot be b written,
i
since the potential dropped across
the 5A current source is unknown
unknown.
Supermesh:: A mesh containing parts
Supermesh
of other meshes i.e. ABHDEFGA
ABHDEFGA..
KVL around this loop:
(I1-I2) x 5 + (I3-I2) x 3 + I3x1 – 5 = 0, OR 5I1- 8I2 + 4I3 = 5 with I1- I3 = 5A
Gives : 9I1- 8I2 = 25
Similarly KVL around BCDHB:
4I2 + 3(I2 - I3) + 5(I2 – I1) = 0 or 12I2 – 5I1 – 3I3 = 0 or 12I2 – 8I1 + 3(I1- I3 )= 0
15 = 8I1 – 12I2 or – 15(2/3) = – 8(2/3)I1 + 8I2
Finally gives : I1= (1/3.67)[25 – 15(2/3) ]= 4.09 A, I2=1.48 A, I3 = – 0.91 A
 From ADutta
ESc201, Lecture 4:
4: Circuit Analysis – Super Mesh-
Mesh-2

I1=5A, and mesh equations

for I1 and I3 cannot be
written..
written
But 3(I3-I2)=
)=VVx
Also because of the current
source Vx /5, (Vx /5)=
)=II3-I1.
Hence I3= 5 + (3/5)(I3-I2)
or (2/5)I3 + (3/5)I2 = 5
3I2 + 2I3 = 225
5
And from mesh 2, 4I2+3(I2-I3)+5(I2-5)=0
Or 12I2-3I3=25 ggivingg 8I2-2I3=25(2/3)
( )
11I2=25(5/3) or I2=3.79 A
I3 =(1/2)(25
=(1/2)(25--3x3.79)=6.82 A
 From GR
ESc201, Lecture 4:
4: Circuit Analysis – Superposition
Applicable to only linear circuits

Rajshekhar
Homogeneity

Superpositon

Steps:
1. Take one source at a time and null all other independent sources:
i.e. Short all other independent
p voltage
g sources,
sources, and open p all other
independent current sources.
sources.
Remember not top touch any of the dependent sources.
sources.
2. By adopting KCL, KVL, node voltage, or mesh current method, evaluate
the currents through all branches, as well as the node voltages.
voltages.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 till all the sources are exhausted
exhausted..
4
4. Finally the current through any branch or the voltage at any node is found
Finally,
as a linear superposition of all the currents flowing through that branch or
the voltages appearing at that node, contributed by the different sources.
sources.
 UDas
ESc201, Lecture 4:
4: Circuit Analysis – Superposition
A R3 B
Step 1(a) : Short Vs1
Then R1 and R2 are in p/arallel
p/arallel
and current through R3 (B to A) is:
IR = Is2 - KI’x = I’R1 + I’x
3
C
= I’R + V’A / R2
1
s2 - K(V’A/ R2 ) = V’A (R1 + R2 )/ R1R2
Is
Step 2 :
Find V’A
Then Ix = I’x + I”x
and I’x = V’A / R2, I’R1 = V’A / R1
and IR = I’R + I”R1
Step 1(b) : Open Is2 1 1
Then (V”A – Vs1)/ R1= I”R1 and I”x = V”A / R2 and VA = V’A + V”A
(I”X R2 – Vs1)/ R1= I”R1

Current through R3 (A to B) = K II”x= II”R1  II”x

Two equations for I”X and I”R1 and solve for each.
 ESc201, Lecture 4:
4: Circuit Analysis – Laboratory
Rajshekhar
From GR
 From KRajawat
ESc201, Lecture 4:
4: Circuit Analysis – Laboratory

R1

R2