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Welding of Austenitic
Stainless Steel
Jinhee Lee, PE
Stainless Steel
Prepared by Jinhee Lee, PE Jinhee.Lee.PE@gmail.com
1
Benefit of Stainless Steel
• Corrosion resistance
Lower alloyed grades resist corrosion in atmospheric and pure water environments,
while high-alloyed grades can resist corrosion in most acids, alkaline solutions, and
chlorine bearing environments, properties which are utilised in process plants.
• Fire and heat resistance
Special high chromium and nickel-alloyed grades resist scaling and retain strength at
high temperatures.
• Hygiene
The easy cleaning ability of stainless makes it the first choice for strict hygiene
conditions, such as hospitals, kitchens, abattoirs and other food processing plants.
• Aesthetic appearance
The bright, easily maintained surface of stainless steel provides a modern and
attractive appearance.
• Impact resistance
The austenitic microstructure of the 300 series provides high toughness, from elevated
temperatures to far below freezing, making these steels particularly suited to cryogenic
applications.
• Long term value
When the total life cycle costs are considered, stainless is often the least expensive
material option.
Stainless Steel의 구분과 특성

조직 분류 대표 강종 기본 조성 일반적인 특징
1. 자성이 있고, 녹이 발생할 수 있다
2. 충격에 약하고 연신률이 작다
Martensite 410 SS 13Cr
3. 뛰어난 강도와 내 마모성이 있다
4. 열처리에 의해 경화된다
1. 자성이 있고, 녹이 발생할 수 있다
2. 충격에 약하고 연신률이 작다
Ferrite 430 SS 18Cr
3. 용접구조물로 사용이 제한된다
4. 열처리에 의해 경화되지 않는다
1. 자성이 없고, 뛰어난 내식성이 있다
304 SS 2. 충격에 강하고 연신률이 크다
Austenite 18Cr-8Ni
316 SS 3. 열처리에 의해 경화되지 않는다
4. 예민화로 인해 고온 사용이 제한된다
Precipitation 1. 자성이 없고, 양호한 내식성을 가진다
631 SS 16Cr-7Ni-1Al
Hardening 2. 열처리 후 높은 강도와 경도를 가진다
1. Ferrite보다 양호한 인성, Austenite 보다
월등한 기계적 강도를 가진다
SAF 2205 18~30Cr-4~6Ni-
Duplex 2. 우수한 기계적 특성과 내식성을 가진다
SAF 2507 2~3Mo
3. 열팽창계수가 작고 열전도도가 높다
4. 고온 및 저온 사용이 제한 된다
2
Nickel 첨가에 따른 조직 변화
Stainless Steel Chart - Austenitic

3. AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
201
201 202
202 430
430
18Cr-5Ni-0.25N
18Cr-5Ni-0.25N 18Cr-5Ni-0.25N
18Cr-5Ni-0.25N 12Cr-0.15C
12Cr-0.15C
FERRITIC S.S
AUSTENITIC S.S
302B
302B 302
302 Increase Si 301
301 347
347
18Cr-8Ni-2Si
18Cr-8Ni-2Si 18Cr-8Ni-0.15C
18Cr-8Ni-0.15C General 17Cr-7Ni-0.15C
17Cr-7Ni-0.15C 18Cr-10Ni-Nb
18Cr-10Ni-Nb
Purpose
303Se
303Se 303
303 Increase Si 304
304 Increase P, S 304L
304L Add Se 321
321
18Cr-8Ni-Se
18Cr-8Ni-Se 18Cr-8Ni-S
18Cr-8Ni-S General 18Cr-8Ni-0.08C
18Cr-8Ni-0.08C Improve 18Cr-8Ni-0.03C
18Cr-8Ni-0.03C Improve 18Cr-10Ni-Ti
18Cr-10Ni-Ti
Purpose Machinability Machinability
314
314 384
384 Increase Si 305
305
25Cr-20Ni-3Si
25Cr-20Ni-3Si 16Cr-18Ni-0.08C
18Cr-10Ni-0.08C
Purpose
310
310 309
309 Increase Si 308
308 Increase P, S 316L
316L 316N
316N
25Cr-20Ni-0.25C
25Cr-20Ni-0.25C 25Cr-12Ni-0.2C
20Cr-10Ni-0.08C Improve 16Cr-12Ni-2M0-0.03C
16Cr-12Ni-2M0-0.03C 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo-.03C-0.1n
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo-.03C-0.1n
Purpose Machinability
310S
310S 309S
309S 316
316 Increase P, S S304
S304
25Cr-20Ni-0.07C
Prepared by Jinhee 25Cr-12Ni-0.07C
25Cr-20Ni-0.07C 25Cr-12Ni-0.07C
Lee, PE 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo Improve
Machinability
18Cr-8Ni-Cu
18Cr-8Ni-Cu
Jinhee.Lee.PE@gmail.com
3
Typical Alloy Content
304 18-20Cr, 8-12Ni
316 16-18Cr, 10-14Ni + 2-3Mo 304 + Molybdenum
316 Ti 316 with Titanium Added 304 + Moly + Titanium
320 Same as 316Ti -
321 17-19Cr, 9-12Ni + Titanium 304 + Titanium
347 17-19Cr, 9-13Ni + Niobium 304 + Niobium
308 19-22Cr, 9-11Ni 304 + Extra 2%Cr
309 22-24Cr, 12-15Ni 304 + Extra 4%Cr + 4% Ni
310 24-26Cr,19-22Ni
904L 20Cr,25Ni,4.5Mo
Properties & Usage of ASS

• Ideally, austenitic stainless steels exhibit a single-phase, the
face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, that is maintained over a
wide range of temperatures.
• Because these alloys are predominantly single phase, they
can only be strengthened by solid-solution alloying or by work
hardening.
• The austenitic stainless steels were developed for use in both
mild and severe corrosive conditions.
• Austenitic stainless steels are used at temperatures that range
from cryogenic temperatures, where they exhibit high
toughness, to elevated temperatures, where they exhibit good
oxidation resistance.
• Because the austenitic materials are nonmagnetic, they are
sometimes used in applications where magnetic materials are
not acceptable.
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Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steels
302 304 316
Carbon 0.15% max.. 0.08% max 0.08% max
Chromium 17.00 to 19.00% 18.00 to 20.00% 16.00 to 18.00%
Manganese 2.0% max 2.0% max. 2.0% max.
Silicon 1.0% max. 1.0% max. 1.0% max.
Nickel 8.00 to 10.00% 8.00 to 10.50% 10.00 to 14.00%
Molybdenum ---- ---- 2.00 to 3.00%
Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels

302 304 316
Tensile strength (Ksi) 90 -185 84-185 84-185
Yield strength (Ksi) 40-140 42-140 42-140
Elongation in 2 inches (Annealed) 50 % 55 % 50 %
Modulus of elasticity (psi) 28 x 10 6 28 x 10 6 28 x 10 6
Hardness (Annealed) RB 75 - RB90 RB 75 - RB90 RB 75 - RB90
Hardness (Cold work) RC 25 - RC39 RC 25 - RC39 RC 25 - RC39
Martensite Formation
• Most stainless steels have a high hardenability, meaning that
the reconstructive transformation of austenite to (ferrite +
carbides) is unlikely to happen unless the steel is cooled
particularly slowly.
• The most important features of these martensitic alloys are
therefore the martensite start (MS) and finish temperatures
(MF). For martensitic steels, the range [MS-MF] should be
above the room temperature to ensure fully martensitic
structure. On the contrary, the [MS-MF] range of austenitic
stainless steels is often well below 0℃, which is why they can
be used in cryogenic applications; austenite does not have the
classical ductile-brittle transition associated with BCC iron
(martensite, ferrite).
• Cold deformation can induce martensitic transformation to α
and ε martensite, the extent depending on the strain and on
the chemical composition. Heavily alloyed austenitic steels
with up to 20Cr and 25Ni wt% are fully stable.
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냉간가공에 따른 Austenite 상과 가공유기 Martensite상의 관계
The Amount of Martensite as a

Function of True Strain in 316L
Strain 0.148 0.195 0.278 0.42 0.47 0.995
%Martensite 4.0 4.2 4.5 8.0 10.0 14.0
Source : Materials Science and Technology, 21 (2005) 1323-1328
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Effect of Cold Work on ASS
Alloy Cold Reduction in Area (%) Relative Permeability

0 1.0037
13.8 1.0048
304 32.0 1.0371
65.0 1.540
84.5 2.20
0 1.003
20.8 1.003
316 45.0 1.004
60.8 1.0065
81.0 1.0070
Effect of Composition and Degree of Cold

Work (measured by tensile strength)
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냉간 압연율에 따른
강종별 가공유기
Martensite 생성율
* Ni Content 증가에 따
라 Martensite 생성률
이 감소
냉간 압연율과
투자율의 관계
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Influence of Physical Properties on Welding ASS Compared to CS
ASS CS Remark
Melting Point (Type Type 304 requires less heat to produce fusion,
304) 1400 ~ 1450℃ 1540℃ which means faster welding for the same heat or
less heat for the same speed
Magnetic response Non-Magnetic Magnetic to Nickel stainless steels are not subject to arc blow
all temperature over 705℃
Comparative Type 304 conducts heat much slowly than CS thus
Thermal (Type 304) promoting sharper heat gradients.
Conductivity Slower diffusion of heat expansion through the
(% at 100℃) 28% 100% base metal means that weld zones remain hot
(% at 650℃) longer, one result of which may be longer dwell in
66% 100% the carbide precipitation range unless excess heat
is artificially removed by chill bars, etc.
Electric resistance This is of importance in electrical fusion methods.
(annealed) The higher electric resistance of Type 304 results
(microohm-cm) in the generation of more heat for the same
at 20℃ current or the same heat with lower current as
72.0 12.5 compared with CS. This together with its low rate
at 885℃ 126.0 125 of heat conductivity, account for the effectiveness
of resistance welding
Thermal Expansion 17.6 11.7 Type 304 expands and contracts at a faster rate
over the range (20 ~ 500℃) (20 ~ 628℃) than CS, which means that increased expansion
indicated. and contraction must be allowed for in order to
mm/mm/℃ X 10-6 9.8 6.5 control warping and the development of thermal
stresses upon cooling. More tack welds are used
(68 ~ 932℉) (68 ~ 1162℉)
for SS than for CS
Thermal Conductivity and Thermal

Expansion of Austenitic Stainless
Steel Versus Carbon Steel
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Í Rate of
Expansion
Mean Coefficient of
Type of Steel
Thermal Expansion *
Low Carbon Steel 6.5
410 Martensitic SS
6.5
430 Ferritic SS
304 ASS 10
* From 32 ~ 1000℉ (micro-in/in.℉)
Í Thermal
Conductivity
Type of Steel Thermal Conductivity *

Low Carbon Steel 35
410 Martensitic SS
15 ~ 17
430 Ferritic SS
304 ASS 11 ~ 13
* Btu/hr-ft-℉
10
Í Melting Point (℉)
Í Electric
Resistance
Weld Pool Fluid Flow as per Sulfur

Content
* As Sulfur content ↑ Î Surface tension ↑

11
Weld cross section in 304 made
with same GTAW parameter
When the sulfur content is

higher (> 0.005%), the wed
pool flows inwards,
producing deep, narrow weld
penetration.
This is called surface tension
fluid flow, and it is produced
because sulfur is a surface
active element.
Welding Austenitic Stainless Steel

A major concern, when welding the austenitic stainless steels, is the susceptibility to
solidification and liquation cracking. Cracks can occur in various regions of the weld
with different orientations, such as centerline cracks, transverse cracks, and
microcracks in the underlying weld metal or adjacent heat-affected zone
(HAZ). These cracks are primarily due, to low-melting liquid phases, which allow
boundaries to separate under the thermal and shrinkage stresses during weld
solidification and cooling.
Even with the serious cracking concerns, the austenitic stainless steels are
generally considered the most weldable of the stainless steels. Because of their
physical properties, the welding behavior of austenitic stainless steels is different
than the ferritic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels. For example, the thermal
conductivity of austenitic alloys is roughly half that of ferritic alloys.
Therefore, the weld heat input that is required to achieve the same penetration is
reduced. In contrast, the coefficient of thermal expansion of austenite is 30 to
40 percent greater than that of ferrite, which can result in increases in both
distortion and residual stresses, due to welding. The molten weld pool of the
austenitic stainless steels is commonly more viscous, or sluggish, than ferritic and
martensitic alloys. This slows down the metal flow and wettability of welds in
austenitic alloys, which may promote lack-of-fusion defects
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Austenitic Stainless Steel의 입계 부식
Austenitic Stainless Steel의 입계 부식
• Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking

• Low carbon grade : Max. 0.03% C
– 304L, 316L
– High temperature strength limitation
• Stabilized grade
– Ti : 321SS
– Nb : 347SS
– Knife line attack
13
안정화 강의 고온 예민화
14
ASTM Evaluation test for Intergranular Attack
Evaluation
Designation Test media Alloys
criteria
304, 304L, 316, 316L, 317,
A262, Practice A Oxalic acid etch Yes
317L, 321, 347 Casting alloys
A262, Practice B Fe2(SO4)3-50%H2SO4 Same No
A262, Practice C HNO3 Same No
A262, Practice D HNO3-HF 316,316L, 317, 317L Yes

CuSO4-16%H2SO4
A262, Practice E Austenitic Stainless Steel Yes
(Cu; contact)
CuSO4-16%H2SO4
A708 (A393) Austenitic Stainless Steel Yes
(no Cu)
Hastelloy alloys C-276, G
Carpenters 20 Cb-3
G28 Fe2(SO4)3-50%H2SO4 No
Inconel alloys 600, 625
Incoloy alloys 800, 825
Polythionic acids Stainless steels
G35 Yes
(stressed specimen) (Ni-Fe-Cr alloys)
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Stabilization Heat Treatment
• Although stabilized types of stainless steels
(such as 321, 347 and 316Ti) have a much
higher resistance towards sensitization than
the non-stabilized ones, literature indicates
that their resistance can be further improved
by stabilizing heat treatment (around 900 ℃)
of the solid SS individual components.
• This procedure encourages the formation of
stable carbides, formed either from Titanium
for Types 321 and 316Ti or from Nb(Cb)
Types 347, without chromium depletion.
Role of Weld Metal Ferrite

z Fully austenitic weld is more prone to microfissuring than a weld
with some ferrite
z Ferrite levels of 5% to 10% or more in welds or castings can be
quite beneficial in reducing hot cracking and microfissuring
z Amount of ferrite in 300-series weld is controlled by
z composition (Ni-equivalent vs. Cr-equivalent)
z weld cooling rate (the faster cooling, the higher ferrite
content)
z Some ASS can not obtain ferrite (ex : Type 310 S.S)
z Without ferrite, weld metal can prevent cracking by minimize
minor elements such as Si, P & S
z Required ferrite number or level shall be specified in the P.O
due to S.S filler metal spec.
z AWS A5.4 for electrode and AWS A5.9 for bare wire do not
specify ferrite levels for any of alloy classes
16
Role of weld metal ferrite
Beneficial of low ferrite level or number
z At cryogenic temperature at -195 C or below toughness
reduced by ferrite then no more than 2FN and preferably
0 FN
z Service exposed temperature between 480 C ~ 925 C
also desirable to have low ferrite to avoid a loss of room
temp. ductility as a result of high temperature sigma
phase. Sigma forms more readily from ferrite than from
austenite
불순물 원소의 고용도
합금 원소의 고용도(Solubility, %)
합금원소
Ferrite 조직의 고용도 Austenite 조직의 고용도
P 0.40 0.15
S 2.80 0.10
Ca 0.024 0.016
Si 10.9 1.9
Al 30 0.95
Ti 8.7 Max. 1
Zr 11.7 Max. 1
17
Ferrite함량과
SCC의 관계
Necessary Stress to Induce

SCC in Cast Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo
Alloy in the Vapor
Condensation Phase of an
Aqueous Solution with 875
ppm Cl- at 204℃, 8 hours
Testing Time
Ferrite Content Vs CPT
30
25
C P T , a v g . (℃ )
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ferrite Content Max.(%)
18
Measuring weld metal ferrite
z Accurate measuring of an amount of ferrite in a given
weld metal is not an easy work !!!
z Magnetic instruments
z measure relative scale
z most widely used by filler metal producers
z AWS provide calibration procedure how to make weld pad
z Weld chemical composition
z Schaeffler diagram (volume-%)
z DeLong diagram (volume-%)
z WRC diagram (FN) : using this is easy and quite accurate
z Metallographic examination
z Most accurate when ferrite is in the range of 4% to 10%
z Shall be performed by experienced technician
z Specimen will be removed from weldment
Schaeffler Diagram
19
Type of
Stainless
Steel
Delong(WRC) Diagram
20
Schaeffler Diagram for Hot-Cracking

susceptibility of iron-diluted Nickel-
Copper weld deposits
21
Creq and Nieq formulate used for
estimating the delta-ferrite content
from constitution diagrams
Constitution Diagram Creq and Nieq
Schaeffler Diagram Creq = Cr + Mo + 1.5Si + 0.5Nb

(1949) Nieq = Ni + 30C + 0.5Mn
DeLong Diagram Creq = Cr + Mo + 1.5Si + 0.5Nb
(1973) Nieq = Ni + 30C + 30N + 0.5Mn
WRC-92 Diagram Creq = Cr + Mo + 0.7Nb
(1992) Nieq = Ni + 35C + 20N + 0.25Cu
Method of Determining Weld Metal

Composition in Dissimilar Metal Welds.
Materials to be welded : A & B
Welding Material Used : C
Dilution Rate : 30 % (Metallic-Arc Welding)
Welding Material “C”
Material “A” Material “B”
Weld Metal
Weld Metal Composition will be 15% “A” + 15% “B” + 70% “C”
22
Dilution Rate (확산률)
The amount of dilution occurring per weld run with the
various process will be roughly as follows.
No. Applied Process Dilution Rate
1. T.I.G Welding 25 ~ 50 %
2. M.I.G Welding (Spray Transfer) 25 ~ 40 %
3. M.I.G Welding (Dip Transfer) 15 ~ 30 %
4. Metallic-Arc Welding 25 ~ 40 %
5. Submerged-Arc Welding 25 ~ 50 %
Cause of High Dilution

• High Travel Speed. Too much heat applied
to parent metal instead of on filler metal.
• High welding Current. High current welding
processes, such as Submerged Arc Welding
can cause high dilution.
• Thin Material. Thin sheet TIG welded can
give rise to high dilution levels.
• Joint Preparation. Square preps generate
very high dilution. This can be reduced by
carefully buttering the joint face with high
alloy filler metal
23
What is the best choice of welding
consumable to weld 304SS to CS?
Dilution Rate : 40%

308 Electrode
• The composition of 15.3% Chrominum and 7.3% nickel

does not meet the minimum 17-7% proportion.
• The weld metal will be mostly martensitic with a very
small amount of ferrite.
• This structure is quite brittle.
24
310 Electrode
• The composition of 19.2% chromium and 14.2%

nickel is not near the 18-8 proportion.
• The weld metal would be fully austenitic and
crack sensitive.
309 Electrode
• The composition of 17.4% chromium and 9.4% nickel is

close to the 18/8 proportion.
• The weld metal will be austenitic with some ferrite and a
small amount of martensite to keep the weld metal from
being tough and crack resistance.
• 309 is the best choice
25
Dissimilar Welding Consumable
The Shaeffler diagram above illustrates a carbon steel C.S, welded with
304L filler. Point A represents the anticipated composition of the weld metal,
if it consists of a mixture of filler metal and 25% parent metal. This diluted
weld, according to the diagram, will contain martensite. This problem can
be overcome if a higher alloyed filler is used, such as a 309L, which has a
higher nickel and chrome equivalent that will tend to pull point A into the
austenite region
26
If the welds molten pool spans two different metals the process becomes
more complicated. First plot both parent metals on the shaeffler diagram
and connect them with a line. If both parent metals are diluted by the same
amount, plot a false point B on the diagram midway between them. (Point
B represents the microstructure of the weld if no filler metal was applied).
Next, plot the consumable on the diagram, which for this example is a 309L.
Draw a line from this point to false point B and mark a point A along its
length equivalent to the total weld dilution. This point will give the
approximate microstructure of the weld metal. The diagram below illustrates
25% total weld dilution at point A, which predicts a good microstructure of
Austenite with a little ferrite.
27
Avoid Contamination of ASS
Avoid contaminating the surface
of stainless steel at all stages –
including in the workshop
Do not contaminate with :
- Grinding dust
- Weld spatter
- Rust or Scale
Corrosion will initiate in arc strikes. Avoid or remove by

grinding smooth
28
Cleaning before Welding –
Remove Surface Contamination
Remove any contamination on the surface which could
cause embrittlement or lower corrosion resistance from
the heat of welding :
- Sulfur, Phosphorus
- Carbon
- Lead, Tin, Zinc, Copper
- Caustic Soda, other Chemicals
Cracking in the heat affected zone

(HAZ) of a stainless steel weld
caused by zinc contamination form
hot dip galvanized steel.
Cleaning Before Welding –

Sources of Contaminants
• Hydrocarbons : grease, oil, cutting
lubricants
• Marking crayons, paints, temperature
indicators, zinc-rich coatings
• Tools : hammers, backing bars
• Shop dirt
• Dirty gloves
29
Cleaning Before Welding –
Solvent Cleaning
• Use clean solvents and clean cloths
• Avoid chlorinated solvents, particularly
where there are crevices.
• Acceptable solvents include alcohol and
acetone.
Weld Penetration Reduces with

Increasing Nickel Content
This is a natural characteristic.
Do not try to compensate by
using excessively high welding
current.
Always follow the
recommendations of :
- Welding equipment manufacturer
- Electrode supplier
- Gas supplier
30
Austenitic Stainless Steels
Compared to Carbon Steels – Weld
Groove Configure
Tack Welding Stainless Steels
The length of tack welds may be as short as 3mm for small

spot of weld metal for thin material to over 25mm long for
heavy plate sections.
31
Stainless Steel Structures Generally
Require Some Form of Post-
Fabrication Cleaning Treatment
Main Objectives are:
- Remove Heat Tint
- Make sure there is no surface contamination,
such as smeared or embedded iron
- Ensure there is a string, continuous, protective
chromium-rich oxide layer all over the surface.
Heat Tint of Stainless Steels
The heat tint formed on stainless

steel welds should be removed to
restore corrosion resistance.
32
Cross-Section of a Stainless Steel Weld
Type 304 SS Water Tank After 8 Months Service
Preferential Corrosion, Probably MIC of welds from which

tint had not been removed
33
Heat Tint Can Also Form on the
Back Side of a Weld Area
Removing Heat Tint After Welding

• Grinding (abrasive discs or flapper wheels)
– Do not smear (e.g. wire brushes) or overheat the surface.
(e.g. worn abrasives or excessive pressure)
• Blasting (e.g. glass beads)
– Local or large area cleaning
– Do not use carbon steel shot or media contaminated with iron.
• Pickling (mixed nitric-hydrofluoric acids)
– Immersion, spray or paste
• Electropolishing (electrocleaning)
Better Result
– Site or shop treatment
34
Blast Cleaning
• Grit blasting — Grit blasting is generally unsatisfactory
because grit is seldom clean, and even if it is initially, it soon
becomes contaminated with abraded material. Grit blasting
leaves a rough profile that makes the stainless steel prone to
crevice corrosion, whether or not the surface is free of iron.
Thus, grit blasting should be avoided.
• Sand blasting — This method is generally unsatisfactory.
However, for a severely contaminated surface, sand blasting
can be used as a last resort. New, clean sand will remove
debris and heavy iron-contamination from the surface. But
avoid using sand blasting, if possible.
• Glass-bead blasting — Good results have been obtained with
clean, glass beads. Before applying this method, a test should
be made to determine that it will remove the surface
contamination. Also, periodically test to see how much reuse
of the beads can be tolerated before they begin to
recontaminate the surface. (Walnut shells have also performed
well.)
Pickling Acid
• For Austenitic (300 series)
15% nitric acid at 65/80°F (20/25°C)
.............................30 to 90 minutes
• For Ferritics (400 series)

12% nitric acid at 65/80°F (20/25°C)
.............................30 to 45 minutes
35
Pickling of ASS
• Chemical treatment
to corrode the
surface of stainless
steel in a controlled
fashion to remove
both the heat tint and
the underlying low-
chromium layer
• Covered by : ASTM
A380
Pickling with paste
Spray Pickling
• Pickling acids are hazardous
to personnel and the
environment.
• Note that the operator is
using full protective
equipment including supplied
air.
• Pickling wastes must be
disposed of in accordance
with local regulations.
36
Pickling with Mixed Nitric-

Hydrofluoric Acids
37
Heat Tint Electro-polishing Tool
* Reference : NiDi Publication 10068
Butt Welding of Pipe with Outside

Access Only
Avoid the formation of excessive

heat tint in the pipe bore
38
Effectiveness of Purging
• Effectiveness of purging depends upon:
– an oxygen content inside the pipe which can be
tolerated by the material during welding, without
detrimentally affecting joint performance.
– the purge gas containment system.
– pipe diameter, pre-purge gas flow rate and the
pre-purge time.
• Reductions in the oxygen content below
1000ppm lead to further improvement in the
corrosion resistance.
39
Variation in oxygen content with pre-weld purge
time: argon purge gas, stainless steel pipe of
240mm internal diameter, length purged 420mm.
Relationship between oxygen content and pipe

volumes of purge gas for three pipe diameters:
argon purge gas, flow rate 20 liter/min
40
Suggested minimum purge times to achieve
1000ppm oxygen in one meter length purged
pipes, argon purge gas
Maximum Oxygen Content

• Typicallv, the oxygen content inside a
stainless steel pipe at the start of welding is
limited to a widely applied maximum value of
1000ppm (0.1%).
• Reductions in the oxygen content below
1000ppm lead to further improvement in the
corrosion resistance.
• With an oxygen content of below 150ppm
(0.015%), it has been reported that the
corrosion resistance of the weld metal is
similar to that of the parent metal
41
Acceptable Heat Tint inside Sanitary Pipe
AWS D18.1.1999 (Clause 5.2.3.3.) states:
“The weld surface shall not contain excessive oxidation. Oxidation
indicated by a discoloration greater that straw or high blue as shown below,
examples 5 or higher, is unacceptable in the as-welded condition.”
Example 5 had 200 ppm oxygen in a 95%

Oxygen Content argon, 5% hydrogen gas mix. – however,
#1 : 0.0010% assessment should be based on heat
#4 : 0.0100%
#7 : 0.1000% color, not oxygen level.
Detecting Iron Contamination

• Before putting steel structure into service, ensure
there is no surface contamination such as
smeared or embedded iron particles.
• Detecting iron contamination on the surface of
stainless steel:
– Spray with clean water
Keep moist for 24 hours (e.g. cover with a plastic
sheet), and inspect for rust.
– Ferroxyl test
A quicker, very sensitive indicator which will detect
even traces of free iron or iron oxide. It should be
used only by experienced personnel. It is described in
ASTM A380 and NiDi publication 11007
42
Embedded Iron Corrosion
Resulting from blasting stainless steel welds with carbon steel shot.
Use a blasting material which does not contain iron such as
glass beads or garnet.
Corrosion of Iron Embedded in SS Weld

by Using a CS Wire Brush
43
Iron Particle Embedded in
Surface of Stainless Steel
Removing Embedded Iron

• Nitric acid will dissolve carbon steel but not stainless
steel.
• So surface smears or lightly adherent iron particles can
be removed using nitric acid passivating solutions.
• Phosphoric acid cleaning solutions are also used quite
extensively and are common where nitric acid is banned
such as in pulp and paper mills.
• Deeply embedded particles require the use of nitric-
hydrofluoric acid pickling solutions or pastes, as for
removing heat tint.
44
The Entire Structure Must Be Protected
by the Cr-Rich Passive Layer
• Air Passivation :
Spontaneous formation of
the passive Cr-Oxide
surface film by the oxygen
present in air or water
• Chemical Passivation :
Formation of the passive
Cr-Oxide surface film by
chemical treatment with
oxidizing chemicals such
as nitric acids HNO3.
When is Chemical Passivation Used?

Air Passivation is free while chemical passivation is
expensive, so it is only used when necessary, such
as:
– Some industries, such as food and pharmaceutical, will
often require it as a standard procedure.
– If the grade selected is only just adequate for the
application, chemical passivation will increase its
corrosion resistance somewhat.
– If fabrication is being carried out in a severe
environment, such as welding handrails at the beach,
contamination may settle on the stainless steel before
a passive film can form. Here, it would be wise to
chemically passivate after removal of the pickling paste.
45
Question & Comment
For future discussion, please contact me via E-mail : Jinhee.Lee.PE@gmail.com
46

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Welding of Austenitic

Prepared by Jinhee Lee, PE Jinhee.Lee.PE@gmail.com

Stainless Steel의 구분과 특성

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%Martensite 4.0 4.2 4.5 8.0 10.0 14.0

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Prepared by Jinhee Lee, PE Jinhee.Lee.PE@gmail.com

Prepared by Jinhee Lee, PE Jinhee.Lee.PE@gmail.com

Schaeffler Diagram for Hot-Cracking

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Schaeffler Diagram Creq = Cr + Mo + 1.5Si + 0.5Nb

Prepared by Jinhee Lee, PE Jinhee.Lee.PE@gmail.com

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Welding Material “C”

Material “A” Material “B”

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No. Applied Process Dilution Rate

2. M.I.G Welding (Spray Transfer) 25 ~ 40 %

3. M.I.G Welding (Dip Transfer) 15 ~ 30 %

Prepared by Jinhee Lee, PE Jinhee.Lee.PE@gmail.com