lUNIT = ™ INTRODUCTION To ° ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT > : ASSESSMENT ett SIA GRoup PART-A 3 SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS at. Define environmental impact, The term environmental Impact refers ( seahas a consequence of human intervention sochas projets and programs. This type of sty conservation in order to avoid or reduce the si | Model Papors, a) in thetive (beneficial) or negative (adverse) change in the environment through proposed public wea pri tly s undertaken to enable environment and heritage ignificant impacts, Protection, and biodiversity Some examples of projects that have impact on eivironinent include, sevclopment projects, waste-water treatment plans, oll and 2a pipelines, fish mi and refineries, cement manufacturing industries, nuclear Power plants, dams, tra androads), natural resource exploitation (example, sand extraction) ete G2, Suggest the potential negative and positive environmental Answer industrial estate development projects, urban eal and fish oil factories, petroleum extraction insport infrastructure (example. airport runway impacts of irrigation development. ‘The potential negative environmental impacts of i vaterand groundwater, waterlogging, salinization of sol Hooms and aquatic weeds in water bodies, Constructio fsh, Reductions in stream flow and turbulence lowers ‘low in streams and beds causes siltation, resul sCesigation development are ~ reliable water supply for iriation, domestic and industrial oo 3. What is environméntal impact assessment? Explain the features of EIA. Answer : igation development are — increased soil erosion, pollution of surface mn of a dam on a river will he oxygch tension and affect the survival of aquatic life, Reduced water ig in unsuitable conditions for the’ migratory fish to breed. The Positive impact : Modet Papers Gi(o) Environmental Impact Assessment Anactivity carried out to determine and minimize the impact of any project on physical, chemical or biological parameters ‘environment and also on human health is termed as ‘Environmental Impact Assessment. The main aim of environmental impact assessment is to determine the averall impact of a project on environment. Generally EIA is carried out before any project ivity i i arm the envit either in small duration of time or in long fated and ensure that any aetvity in the projet will not harm the environmen u durations. Every project pat involve the detail assessment of its effect on environment besides being assessed for analysis, costs and benefits, Features of ELA The salient features of EIA are as follows, ree ea aces op apie oy ete eee ee a ee aa i cay that the negative impacts of a project on environment ate reduced to a considerable To plan the project in such a way may be done either hy considering an altemative projector by modifying the extent. The reduction of negative impact . Proposed project. its effectiveness using a monitoring programme. i ined project an To check the implementation of planned Pre) iFecTRan ALL IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS "sia pou ga Scanned with CamScanner‘Answer : List the types of EIA. “Answer There are four types of EIA: Regional Environmental Impact Assessment ‘Sectoral Environmental Impact Assessment vironmental Impact Assess the scope of EIA. Project Explai Model Papert, Q1(a) The scope of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) recognizes the following important issues, 1. The details of a developmental project in ading the details of physical features of the project, the land-use Tequirements, the nature, ype and quantity of materials used for construction and operation, the type, nature and ‘Quantity of discharges (ar, water, soil, noise pollutions, tc.) during the developmental phases, 2 The specific reasons for choosing such project along with consideration of the environmental effects, 3. Details of the various aspects of the environment that 5. These imatic are likely to be affected by thé proposed proj include population, flora, fauna, ar, water, so factors, etc. 4. The details of effects of the proposed developmental activity on the environment, which should cover the Positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse), temporary (short-term) or permanent (long-term) impacts, reversible or irreversible effects resulting from the existence of a developmental activity, the utilization of natural resources, the discharge of pollutants into the environment. It should also the methods used to study the en assessment, Measures of mitigation of the impacts on the environment. ‘ Summary of the information compiled in the form of environmental impact statement followed by its review. Public participation to enable decision. ‘makers to make the ultimate choice about a Project, . 6. Discuss about the need of EIA for engineering Projects, wnswer : The EIA for engineering projects is important for the ‘lowing reasons, To protect, conserve and preserve the environment and its resources. For proper land and water management for a sustainable environment. . Look for the SIA GROUP Loco ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT LINTU-HYDERABAD Gil. "To preserve the ecological heritage For oar fame generations, (iv) To promote ecoftiendly technologies, (v) To take strategic measures for afforestation of demudey waste lands, ' (vi) To help government at local, state and n ‘onal level frame laws for environmental conservatior Q7, Describe possible changos inthe environmen by varlous project activities, Answer ‘The possible changes in the environment by vay project activities are: (a) Changes in the land use (b) Encroachment into nature reserves (©) Loss of vegetation, as trees are chopped down tomate ‘way for the construction activity, () Negative effect on the historicaVeultural monuments (©) Complications due to resettlement and rehabittation of people (Water pollution arising from improper disposal of on- struction waste (8) Soil contamination from accidental leakage and spilge of oil or fuel E () Noise pollution from various equipments (Threats to local biodiversity @)__ Pollution of the environmen 98. Differentiate primary and secondary impacis with examples. Answer Primary impacts are those impacts that are directly af- fecting the environment. The secondary impacts are the indi effects induced/stimulated by: Project activities, such as changes in the Socio-economic structure, The potential environmental pacts during the Construction and operation of the project can be broadly Categorized into the following types, ° The primary impacts of construction Projects are ~ release of air pollutants, release of heat, changes in tbe ambient noise levels, The secondary impacts are — changes in air quits imPact on visibility, deposition of particulates on Wal! and land, climaté change, etc. On the TITLE COVER before you buy Scanned with CamScannerWhats initial environm, itis necessary before qt! Xamination? fal Sing for final Eiay™ wert Environmental Examination Initial Environmental Examin, win nyronmenal inter gran ether the full scale study op perc sient (EIA) is required or no, ation ( the result of IEE specifies that the ot required, then the analysis of EIA fa Study of full scale stich projects are Under the requirement of fll scale study Initial Environmental Examinatio tifying the. key issues, lyzing the EIA completely. IEE will also determine other ronmental review and consultation re 3 the study concurrent with ELA, EIA, " (IEE) is adopted for Initial environmental éxaminations are required before ing for Final environmental impact assessment, As it serves following reasons, Initial environmental examination for projects oriented with environmental management will minimize or reduce their effort, expense and delay in planning, IEE eliminates or reduces the extraneous or unneeded discussion from EIA reports. IEE prepares.a suitable environmental management plan with or without a full scale EIA. . For most of the industrial development projects, IEE is desirable from economical point of view. Q10. Discuss the objectives of environmental management. Answer : Savironmental Management Environmental management refers to ™: 41 components of the biophysical enviroment in | (biotic) and the non-living (abiotic) | | Objectives | The objectives of enviror | following, anagement of including the al management includes gement |} Proper land and water |. environment. ENGINEERING STODENTS = ?S1A)GROUP eee Preseny : seen the ecological heritage for our future Pre 5 Gane Sco-ftiendly technologies. a wi ‘ving men, women, children and NGOs in all 6, Stttonena rele sete Stategic meas cl Waele ‘easures for affore vation of denuded 1 Mand; Ory environmental ed ‘on cor sein all educational institutions, 8 Help rovernment at local, stave 4 national level to frame laws for chvironmental con. ation. Qn, Defin environmental impact assessment. Answer : Model Paperstl, O4(b) Environmental Impact Assessment, enerally referred i we 18. study undertaken to assess the adverse impact on he local ‘avironment by any proposed policy, program or aelonment project The procedure lays Stung enphon og {he environmental factorsalong with economia of soil factors While considering the planning applications of a proposed rojeet Qi2, ‘What are the factors to be considered for tak- ing decisions on assessment of impact signifi- Answer : ‘The factors to be considered for taking decisions on Assessment of impact significance are: Meteorology and air quality ‘Topography Hydrology Demographies Land use Soil condi Mineral resources Ecological studies Extent of the developmental acti 2 Q13. Explain with an example, tho potential direct and indirect impacts. ‘Answer # ‘Any proposed developmental ae:vity that brings about immediate and direct changes in the envieonment is ealled primary impact. Example: Loss of vegetations tres are chopped down to make way for laying railway lines. The secondaryindireet environmental impact ees tothe inuceindirect changes ‘caused by the proposed action. Example: The increased sediments n waterbodies and loss of aque Iie caused by inereased soil erosion ncn x Scanned with CamScanner4 “The potcotintenvironmental impacts daring the onstruction and operation ofthe project can be ofthe following types: Primary Impact (i) Release of air pollutants Gi) Release of heat Changes in ambient noise levels. ‘econdary Impact (i) Changes in air quality Gi) Impact on visibility (iii) Particutates deposition on water and land Giv)_ Climate change, Q14, Explain cumulative impact. Give an example. Answer + The US Coun cumulative impact result from the ineremental impact of the action when added toother past present and reasonably foreseeable future actions | “(RFFA) regardless of what agency undertakes such other In a simpler sense, the cumulative impact may be referred as thé sinall changes in the environment with a positive ‘or negative impact due to 4 developmental activity. The small ‘changes accumulate over a period of time to collectively impact the environment. Example: The operation of smail boats and trawlers may have many cumulative effects on the marine environment. Repeated anchoring ofthe ships and boats atthe sea ports cause changes in the species composition of benthic communities. The leakage of fuel from oil tankers, illegal dumping of waste and sewage can have cumulative impact on the flora and fauna of marine ecosystem. Q15. What are the objectives of risk assessment the case of engineering projects that are likely to affect the environment? Answer : Some of the many engineering projects include building roads, golf courses, flyovers, playing fields, homes or buildings. Such construction sites often generate hazardous wastes that pose potential harm to human health and the environment. The Waste generated includes spent cleaners (organic solvents), paints, used oil, paint thinners, corrosive materials, toxic. pollutants, offensive odors, microbials and combustion products. ‘The following are the objectives of risk assessment during construction activities: ‘on Environm 1 ypacts on the envirénment that 1. Identification of chemical and physical sources of contaminants and pollutants of the environment. 2. Identification of specific construction activities that generate pollutants. 3 Identification and adoption of pollutant control methods. 4 Identify the locations where the inhabitants are likely to eacounter air bore pollutants. Specific measures need to be undertaken to control the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT [JNTU-HYo; pollutants affecting the environment at large. ‘Q16. Write a note on the stages In the Ea, Answer ‘The two stages in the EIA process are, (a) Preliminary Assessment “his stage includes the introductory steps ory any developmental project. (b) Detailed Assessment wo This stage includes the detailed planning gp developmental project (including the nonpey® summary and detailed section on the technica e8 “re w of assessment) and reported formally as enyj impact statement, ‘Tonite (vi) 17.’ Enumerate the major methodologies fo g~ a wii) Answer : Mode! Pipa y ‘The major methodologies for EIA are: (iii) ‘Ad hoc method ; method Matrices method * Networks method 20. Anst Chet belos Overlays method ‘Modelling method. wi) —— _ aa Q18. What are the areas to be avoided forthe sing of industriés? Answer + The areas to be avoided for siting of industies aes mentioned below: 1. Thdustrial development is allowed at a distance 35 km away from the ecologically sensitive areas. 2, In the coastal region, the industries should be 5003 away from the high tides. a About 500 m away from the flood prone regions. 4. Nearly 500 m away from the highway and ras 5. Nearly'30 to 50 km away from the residential ae Q19. Suggest some of the factors that shoud considered for siting an industry. Answer : J ‘The important factors to be considered for se industries include: e (According to the Forest Conservation A, ‘< developmental projects should be set up in of the forests. ‘ Gi) The agrcutura an should not be wed industries, “Look for the SIA GROUP Loco Qi on the TITLE COVER before you bUY Scanned with CamScannerw i) c i wi ii) 020. Te nd chosen fr sting pang for waste water 4 e sore and recycle the effluent. ne — 8 well as water may be used for green belt doves Waste the green canopy ean be regenerated py ome THUS aetvities. The Breen canopy shout igey en eetation wide around the industry, ly be $00 m sullen greenery of nearly 1 km shoutg terween the adjacent large-seale indean eaaied Enough land should be set aside for the st generatedat different stages ofthe industint ene ie industrial operations, The layout ofthe industrial set-up shouldbe atte ‘The township associated with the ind located at appropriate distance, ‘The industrial establishments should be equi i ambient air quality measuring stat quipped with Write about development activities in EIA, Answer t telow: ‘The categories of projects that need an ELA are enlisted Mining of minerals Off shore and onshore oil and gas exploration River valley projects Thermal power plants Nuclear power projects Metallurgical industries ‘Cement plants Petroleum refining industry ‘Leather/skin/hide processing industry Pesticides industry ‘Chemical fertilizers Textile plants Paint industry Paper and pulp manufacturing industry Sugar factory Airports Ship breaking yards Industrial estates/parks/complexes/areas Export processing zones 28, Spe economic zones, Mazardous waste treatment plants Ports Harbours State highways and national highways. EfMluent treatment plants, Municipal solid waste management facility Building and construction projects. 21. What Is a baso map? Answer Model Papal, O1(0) ‘Abase map is an aerial photograph, which simply means the photograph taken from air, with the help of an air-borne camera fitted toa light aircrafthelicopter/drones/microdrones, Such special survey aircraft consists of flight management system with 2.3 technicians or specialists, aerial-metric eamera, Aerial film photogrammetric scanner, plotter, software, etc. The ‘cameras tised ae film-based, single-lens frame cameras. The Photogrammetric scanner enables the conversion of analog images into digital files and represented as pixels. Environmental Base Map (EBM) is one of the important stages of a project development activity. It contains the plan and final design of the proposed construction in the form of a schematic drawing, It also includes the basic information of the project site such as the environmental situation, population distribution (demographics), soil conditions, meteorology and air quality, topography, surface and groundwater hydrology. land quality, land use, seismicity and ecological resources. It provides information on the existing status of the ecosystem - ‘potentially threatened by the developmental activities. ‘The Environmental Base Map is prepared by using ‘computer aided Auto CAD Map 3D environment or the other. powerful technologies such as Geographic Information System (GIS) software. 222. Whatis the significance of impact assessment? Answer t ‘The significance of EIA is: (The EIA procedure helps to identify both the positive and negative impacts of any project on the environment. i) Ithelps to develop alfernatives that mitigate or reduce the significant impacts on the environment, Gi) 1 contributes to sustainable development of the environment and addresses the environmental impacts before they occur. Scanned with CamScannerMENT [JNTU-HYDE| 1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT assess ~ Q23. What Is environmental inventory? What Is Its purpos®” Answer hemical, biologi esha incu priysieal CREMICAY MB Environmental Inventory i compiltin of environmental parame social and economical ofa proposed area of action. It contains cheeklist (a) Airenvironment (b) Water environment (©) Soil environment (4) Biological environment (©) Cultural environment (Social and economical environment. ¢s, Environmental inventory is necessary to study the p Italsoinctudes health impacts and also psychological impact itil step in environmental impact assessment ProceSs- in the range of 10 km radius of the proposed area. It helps to identify he impacts on the environment and it i the ini Environmental inventory is usually prepared habitat and possible rehabilitation of the environment. 024. Hows environmental inventory prepared and what is its role In baseline data acquisition? Answer: pared by studying environmental parameters inthe 10 kam range of proposed ara. its ental parameters by cdllectin the data that is prepared by monitoring of primary ad impact Statement. Environment inventory is pre ‘of existing tus ofthe envio secondary sources. Tis helps in bseline data aequisition to prepare Environmental I ‘The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) team consists of at least 20 members organized specifically for be enviroamental impact study. The members of the EIA team comprise of a team leader, a hydrologist, inrigation/drainage engines. soil conservation expert, fisheries bologisvecologist, an economist, an environmental scientist, ‘agronomist/pesticide exper, * social sient, a health seientist (epidemiologist), planer, consultants, wildlife biologist, a transportation engines, air quality specialist, archaeologist and other experts in their respective fields. The members of the EIA team form an important technic! ppart of EIA procedure to identify, predict and to quantify or qualify the changes in the environmental parameters like af, W## pollution and noise pollution or the biodiversity owing to any developmental activity: | ‘The EIA methodologies help the reviewers to understand the results and the manner in which they were obtained. Fut ithelps to prevent the harmful environmental impacts owing to the project activity, — Q26. Discuss the cost benefit analysis of EIA. ; Answer : ‘The cost benefit analysis method of ELA identifies the benefits of various development . — ivities, specifies theo quantifies them and assigns economic values to the same, The economic value peparaneenen pe ing people whether they are Willing To Pay (known as WTP) to reduce the concentration of the pollu ™ ats tee called sz Wilingess To Act (WTA) hers te ron ene oe ae to sccept the change in environmental services, Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO Qf on the TITLE COVER belore youbuy Scanned with CamScannerPART-B. TONS WITH SOLUTIONS ee te 1-4 Basic concept OF EIA . oe ¥Y environmental impact as; }essmont? Explain, . Essay QUEsT ental Impact Assessment Model Papers, a3(9) Assessment, ger by any proposed policy: oe ‘eferred as FIA, is a study undertaken to assess the adverse impact on the local with economic or social Factors while eons met PHvect. The procedine lays song emnphasn on eantrereeetal fee The phrase Environment . ‘4 propored project. Act NEPA), 1960, USA nage ANE Has been borrowed from Section 192(2) of the National Environmental pira Gandhi in the U.N Conference on Human te i ag and Coordination (NCEPC) w review of legislative measures and adm le considering the planning applications of mn of a Department of Environment posed development projects and to have included the subjects of wildlife and ‘The aims of environmental impact assessment are: Evaluation or assessment of environmental impacts of development projects prior to decision making. Planning aid for adopting mitigating measures or reducing adverpe impact ofthe proposed project. ii) To support the goals of environmental protection and sustainable development. To bring out the proposals to dééision makers to achieve environmental and economic benefits. Provide advice to the decision makers on whether the proposal or scheme sliould be allowed to proceed. To facilitate sustainable development. esin the ELA Process ‘The two stages in the EIA process are, Preliminary Assessment : . This stage includes the introductory steps of planning any developmental project. Detailed Assessment ‘stage i ir ject (ir i it 2 id detailed i detailed planning of any developmental project (including the non-technical summary and a eal espeats df arounmncnt ad reported formally as environmental impact statement. ication of environmental impact. Write an account on the classifi imhiteoeveom Ee er era eer ete eaniet three different ways: acts ee eee a esial iach aewvieamen tee welstlarea petind impact, for example, When a proposed project brings Pav projects. And when the new developments produce harmful wastes, itis referred ion projects and coastal mense ance, constuction of amass rapid transport sjstem has some negative impacts on B negative environmental impact For forest, utlitydrainage problems an loss of historical and cultural monuments, nment like change of land-use; 10580 effects on environment, The impacts from construction of infrastructure Tourism activities have both benefic! restaurants, shops, can have positive impacts by raising awareness of environmental cilities like roads, airports, resorts, hotels, rear r and increase ther economic importance. Uncontrolled tourism and serve as a medium 1 inane ei olution (ar, noise, solid waste and litering, sewage, oil and chemical, lead to adverse effects ies soil ee the sea, natural habitat loss, extinction of species, depletion of water resources etc. al/visual pollution) dischars FOR ENGINEERING STODENTS SIA GROUP {3 Scanned with CamScannerLasting) Impacts The construction of a multistoreyed complex in a ¢ location has short-term construction related impacts and - term unavoidable impacts on the local environment. The short-term or temporary impacts are the construction, traffic, ise, dust, disruption of vehicle and pedestrian traffic. The Jong-lasting or permanent impacts are the consumption of ‘energy resources, generation of waste, increase in impervious surface leading to increased stormwater runoff. (ii) Reversible or Irreversible Impacts Based on the severity of potential impact by any proposed Project, the impact may be cither reversible or irreversible. The impact of noise due to constriction activities is reversible. The hharm to the environment due to more infrastructural facili like transport, trade, commerce and service sector is ireversible. Other examples are ~ large-scale industrial plants, Inge-scale land clearance and levelling, mineral development, port and harbour development, reclamation of new land development, thermal and hydropower development. The other ways of categorization of environmental impacts are: ‘Accidental impacts or planned impacts Director primary impacts or indirect or secondary impacts. ‘Cumulative impact or single impact . Constrictional phase impact or operational phase impact % _ Reparable via management practice or irreparable. Local, fegional, national or global impact. G29 Explain the environmental Impacts of industrialization and urbanization. Answer: Urbanization is a process wherein a large number of ‘people begin to live in cities and suburbs. This process is ‘most often linked with the procers of industralization, In ssence, rural-urban migration resus from industrialization, The rise of industrialization and technological advancement has contributed significantly to the e-onomic development of the world, but has also caused considerable degradation to the ‘environment. Impacts of Industrialization and Urbanization ‘The uncontrolled and unorganized manner of urbanization ‘and industrialization has unprecedent xd environmental impacts as discussed in the following: 1, Urban Heat-island Effect ‘A profound change inthe environment, documented by environmentalist isthe urban heat-island effect, caused due to increase inthe air and surface temperatures atnight. The effets ‘contributed by increased areas of land occupied with buildings, roads and other surfaces impervious to watet and decrease in vegetation cover and water bodies. The high rise buildings are capable of trapping the atmospheric heat, thus contributing to heat-island effect. Such an effect has significant impact on water resources, global biodiversity, airflow and quality as well as functioning of the ecosystem, oe oF aratin id Conservation oft “Throughout history, cities have been establisheq im wales like rivers, estuaries, coastlines and dart provide for water resources, transportation facilis gi? power. Excessive human intervention ha impaired he gut ecosystem to suit the urban needs. It is believed that pact of tsunami in the year 2005 was die to depetn gf mangrove forest inthe coastlines which Would have oheyie offered protection from such natural disaster. 3. Alteration in the Bio-geochemical Cycle “The greenhouse gases and pollutants get concen duet urbanization and industrializaton and by bout changes inthe stratospheric chemistry. During i season, the ainater washes the ar ofits pollutants. Inanatyey ecosystem, this rainwater seeps through the layers of thes and reaches groundwater fable, whereas in urban area, hy water along with the pollutants runoff the impervious surge and flows directly into nearby water bodies. Co eutrophication (increase in chemical nutrients) of waterbodig, ‘occurs, leading to impaired water quality and damage o aque ecosystem, 4. Threats to Global Biodiversity ‘The rural-urban migration causes degradation ofthe environment which is a main cause of concer for the society. Destruction of forests, fertile agricultural lands, wildlife habitat and pollution of natural resources threaten bidiveriy, 2. inthe 5. Inadequate Waste Management Facilities Urbanization in some developing countries does not provide adequate waste disposal facilities. Some of the slans and informal settlements lack the basic sanitation systems. In such cases, rivers and canals often serve as large open sewer. 6 Air Pollution Industrialization and urbanization are some ofthe major factors responsible for air pollution. Thermal power plans ‘cement plants, mines, petrochemicals, steel plants and refineries ‘emit large amount of pollutants into the air. The automotive lead ‘missions have increased in some cities of Asian counties hat use leaded gasoline. The pollutions discharged from gasoline, diesel powered vehicles and oil-based solvents react with heat, ‘nd sunlight to form ground level ozone, Incomplete combustion Of fuels leads to production of Toxic Organic Micro Pollutants, (TOMPS). The increasing motor vehicle ownership in many cities enabled by introduction of cheap cars such as the Indian automaker Tata Motors’ “Nano” has made it affordable to he rowing middle class families in our country. The urban areas can be made environmentally betigh by adequate funding for urban plant ing and infrastructure fiom respective governments of nations along wih bllt ‘Bovemance that is decentralized tothe local level. Technological advancement, access to information, efficient use ae energy, improved living conditic rrovision of Potable water, beter access fo healthcare services ea better quality of life for resi i to the oa residents and minimize damage ~~ ook for me SIA GROUP Loco Qj on the THLEGOVER pamajouuy TT Scanned with CamScannerCC EIEE'l SF. 3 Introduction to Environmental impact ‘Assessment ¥eo-frendly ities can be Built across the Tadlaw an cities where public ation and alte Sources ate Go is comingsap with an environmentally beng noe: Sar ogee ea pana that is Ikely to have tears like a sams fe gto bards. energy eficient housing systems reece "gol reuse of gray Water, restriction om usage of ers ee The city of Curitiba in Brazil has Bus Rap ity of il Has Bus Rapid Trans gstem (BRT) which enables commuters to tavel tro the gf tow cost. The routes have dedicated lanes for ses tha felps in decongestion, reducing polation and eany diving, The Bogota city in Columbia has similar system namely, Transmilenio. with increased speed and passenger capacity, Cher reforms include separate bike lanes inthe ity jaaproved pavements that have resulted inl n setae inlowering the number Our scientists, business leaders, I s. busines rs, legislators, ‘environmentalists and individuals must put forth maximum, ‘efforts to replicate the above mentioned reforms in our country to make this planet a better place for habitation. 030. Whatare the positive and negative environmental impacts of the metro rail project activity? ‘Answer = Positive Impacts » The positive impacts of metro rail project activity are: (2) Reduced travel time for commuting from éne place to the other. ‘Safe and comfortable mode of transportation. Increased accessibility at workplace. ) rc) Decrease in the congestion on roads, Reduced fuel consumption, asit uses renewable sourees of energy. . Reduced vehicular emissions, as people prefer to use ‘metro rail Reduction in road accidents due to less congestion’ of roads. Increase in employability or job/employment ‘opportunities. Negative Impacts mo ce ‘The negative impacts of metro rail project activity include: (a) Changes in the land use. “(b) Encroachment into nature reserves. Loss of vegetation, as trees are chopped way for laying railway lines. Negative effect on the historical es ‘due to resettlement and rehabilitation of le. . Beenie of traffic on the main arterial roads. large number of excavators Me ad empress) ‘fic di ites. a ere) 10 specific Sapo SEH ‘ng from improper JisPO : down to make © “wm feultural monuments. 1.9 nd spillage (Soil contamination rom accidental Of ol or five. Noise pollution from various eau Q31. Write about Rapid EIA and Comprehensive EIA studies, hightighting the difference between om. o Answer Rapid EIA refers to the rapid / quick assessment of the Potential impact on the various components of the environin Wiz air, noise, water, land, biological parameters, due to the Proposed developmental project Example of RELA, Displacement of a large population due construction of a multipurpose project, resulting disruption of lifestyle and productive system of people. the the Comprehensive EIA refers to the assessment of the potential impact on the various components of the environment fora long period of time. Example of Comprehensive EIA The Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment of Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Railway Project depicts the following: (@ _- Permanent change in the local topography (i) Loss of vegetation, tree cover (iii) Rise in sea-tevel in coastal regions. (iv) Greenhouse gas emissions (¥) Noise, air and water pollution 4.2 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION Q32. Explain in detail the step by step procedure for conducting an EIA. OR |. Write a short note on the EIA process. Answer : ‘The complete EIA procedure cari be divided into two corresponding functions: (a) Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) It is the first phase of the EIA process, carried out to review the potential impact (both positive and negative) on the environment caused by the proposed development project. It contains a brief information of the major environmental issues based on the readily available recorded information to be used in he decision-making process of project planning, The impacts, of the project activities need to be analyzed and identify those ‘which are worthy of a detailed study. + ‘The main objective of IEE is to enable the decision makers and project proponents compare alternative project proposals. SIA GROUP 23 Scanned with CamScanner5. 7. 1.10 () Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment project whi Assessment (EIA). It contains a detailed information of the proposed ty is reported formally as Environmental Impact ELA is known by several names: & Environmental impact assessment report Environmental impact statement ‘Eaviroomental statement Environmental assessment report Environmental effects statement. . Atypical EIA should provide the following information: te ee General Information about the Project This section contains the title of the project, name and address of project proponents, location of the project and the contact person. Project Description It contains the plan’design of the project. Description of Existing Conditions of the Site This section contains the description of physical, biological and socioeconomic conditions of the proposed site. Prediction of Impacts and Mitigation/Abatement Measures Itcontains the likelihood of the occurrence of impact at various stages of the project development. Pictures of the Project Location This section contains the photographs of the proposed project construction site. Environment Management Plan Environmental managemient refers to the management of all components of the biophysical environment, including the living (biotic) and the non-living (abiotic) factors. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) also called an impact management plan, is a part of | EIA reporting. It explains the several mitigation and monitoring measures that need specific action to be carried out by the proponent during project construction and operation for a sustainable environment. Environmental Monitoring Plan Environmental monitoring plan involves paying close attention to monitoring and supervision of local conditions to assess the effectiveness of development interventions. The process involves discussions among project managers, government officials and researchers for accurate prediction of impacts or chaiges in the jmmpact trends. It can even war the project proponents ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT LINTU-HY DE; AD is ‘Abandonment mental effects Following the implemen, mitigation measures. This section gives an overview of any resid, hey tong 9. Accountability statement of preparer and prope Attachments/other supporting documents, 10. Q33, Provide a list of projects that Err ‘Answer t ‘The categories of project that need an ETA aren below, . 1. Mining of minerals 2. Offshore and onshore oitand gas exploration 3. __ River valley projects ‘Thermal powet plants Nuclear power projects Metallurgical industries 4. 5. 6 7. Cenient plants 8. Petroleum refining industry 9. Leather/skin/hide processing industry 10. Pesticides industry 11. Chemical fertilizers, 12, Teatile plants 13. Paint industry 14: Paper and pulp manufacturing industry 15. Sugar factory 16. Airports 17. Ship breaking yards 18. Industrial estates/parks/complexes/areas 19. Export processing zones 20. Biotechnology parks 21. Special economic zones 22, Hazardous waste treatment plants 23. Ports 24. Harbours 25. State highways and national highways. 26. Effluent treatment plants 27. Municipal solid waste management facility unexpected adverse impacts and the effectiveness of iemned mitigation measures. Look for the SIA GROUP Loco 28. Building and construction projects. on the TITLE COVER before you buy Scanned with CamScanner(Explain about dr impact statementa : vironmental Impact Statements The findings of the Environmental Impact Stat igformation describing the effect sed development along wit foana, soil. water. air, climate preparation of EIS The EIS is prepared in two sta Environmental Impact Statement (DI be environmental impact of propos: lement should contain specitig ‘on the environment duetothe th the impacton humans. fore and cultural heritage. ges: draft and final. A Draft EIS) refers tothe report on 1 ed alternatives, Draft Environmental Impact Statements ‘The principle components of DEIS are: Analysis of environmental issues related to a propose action and its alternatives. sien eed Comparative account of all proposed altematives and their potential environmental impacts which includes aesthetic, historic, cultural, economic, social, health and ecological impacts (such as impact on the natural resources, structure and functioning of the ecosystem). Purpose and need for the proposed action. consultants) so that the decision maker takes the public’s information unless and until the FE ba Ifthere are minor modifications’ ‘ontst of an errata sheet containing COE oy {othe Draft EIS, public comments 0” ‘make it casy Ww refer to just one Contains inputs’ of public and agency (or their environmental concems into consideration during the O35. By way plain th —— en proparae® £218 of stakeholders iv tho HA Answer : Stakeholder Motel Papers 020) The Kkcholders related to the environment ate a category of people who h le who have heen inte felated tothe environ th oj F Nanton eo Private o fe rior overnmental orpanisations, Accord “All those people successful des Project” to Howlett and Nagu, stakeholders and institutions who h c an interest in the sn, implementation and sustainability of the The role of stakeholders in ELA preparation are as ‘mentioned below: Participate in the sereening of development programs Gi) Manage the assessment procedures conducted by the developers. (Gi) Monitor the implementation of environmental protetion smeasures. (iv) Hire expert in various fields to undertake ELA stuics (¥) Assist in the preparation of EIA report. (vi) Design mitigation measures. (vii) | Management and protection of environmental resources in a sustainable manner. (viii) Participation in identifying and solving environmental roblems. decision-making process. ’ ; cn (©) Explanation of the EIS’s framework and methodology. | () — compensation for adverse environm: = , ipa (0) Identification and evaluation of significant environmental veepte te wellat mitigation measutes related 10a | (2) Arrange for fands needed fr carping owt he rests. Proposed action. Q36. Explain the role of public participation in Identification of unavoidable adverse environmental impacts and cumulative impacts. ‘environmental assessment. Give examples. Answer : Final Environmental Impact Statement — —— a ials sticipaton should be encouraged to integra FEIS contains inforation neces sr Genie the ‘eovironmental decision making proses. Jomake decisions based on the Covi ment isa | yy arranging public meetings and hearings, open howses, FFoposed actions. Final Environment ie cs people. But, | networking, hotlines, responsive publication, Snes. Fevised version ofthe Draft EIS ae contain very different | forming advisory councils to generate new ateatives a the contrary. a DENS a the FEIS includes the DEIS. “The public hearing process in EIA isa formal meeting tal project and conducted by the proponents of a developmen sovolvng general public to comment or give feedback on the proposal. Such meetings are an opportunity forthe pubic ‘the proposed projects. Such meetings s e woids wast ; “sponses . Such a practice a¥08 to voice their opinion on ; of top om TE and PAPE ie and | are important forthe following reasons {of resources ~ money. times a rewte ae . fs as er gael) G Eine bout the proj iahrthe changes made in DON ETT nerthecompletion | (5) Ty providelget clarifications regarding the projet aE Sia GROUP 43 Scanned with CamScannerENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT [JNTU-HyYD_p, 1.12 41.3 ELEMENTS OF EIA To collect information about various issues. (iv) To include new members in the discussion. (0) To find solutions to the impending problems. (vi) To increase public awareness about the ongoing issues in the project. ————— Q37. Discuss the components of Environmé Management Plan (EMP). Answer: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Environmental Management Plan (EMP), also called impact management plan, is apart of ELA reporting. Itexpl the several mitigation and monitoring measures that needs specific action to be carried out by the proponent during project construction and operation for sustainable environment, Components of EMP Some of the main components of EMP are, (Gist of Environmental Impacts A summary of the predicted adverse environmental and social impaets of the proposed project for-which mitigation is necessary should be specified. Gi) Deseription of Mitigation Measures, ‘Themitigationmeasures about the predicted environmental impacts of proposals and recommendations must be explained. It should include the project design, operating procedures and the technical aspects of implementing the various measures, (i 0) Description of Monitoring Program measurement indicators, detection limits that will indicate the need to take corrective actions, Organized Arrangement The mitigation and monitoring arrangements must be ‘well coordinated so that the various factors involved in the project can act responsibly. (¥) Implementation Schedules and Reporting Procedure This component of EMP should include the information om the progress and results of mitigation and monitoring measures. (vl) Cost Estimates and Source of Funds The initial investment and recurring expenses during the design stage, preconstruction stage, construction stage and operation stage of the project must be specified. Look for the SIA GROUP Loco i on the TITLE COVER before you buy This program should explain the impacts, their’ hat are the elements of EIA? oR Discuss in brief the components of mental Impact Assessment (EIA), 38. WI EDviron, Answer ¢ The key components in the environmental ig assessment of a developmental activity include the y.™?® fotlowig Sereening Screening of development programs is sully dog an FIA authority/environmental consultan/ govermey ee Consttting a variety of experts ax a multiisciphens | like environmental science engineers, ecologists, boty | zoologists, agricultural scientists, economists and socioly.,.* | ‘This component is thus quick, easy to use and considered, the best method of decision making. 2. Scoping This step recognizes the important issues of at a preliminary level of the planning process. It helps ins selection, possible technical options and avoid all kinds et delays that arise during the project. This step of the devslopmes process involves the developer. planning or environmen) agencies, local communities and other stakeholders. Inessexe, the scoping process should be foctised, comprehensive. flit but systematic, as well as provide sufficient information oe Public about the proposed project and understand the projet and issues. 3. Assessment The assessment is based on data collection, el vss and consultations with stakeholders. The ELA-authority ct environmental consultants must record the constructs operation and maintenance plans of the proposed project nl its impact on the ecological and socio-economic environ Suggest alternatives for site selection for development solutions, techniques and their impacts. 4, Alternatives Alternatives are included in the ELA 10 identify © ‘evaluate altemate actions that can be undertaken to achie® similar goals and promote sustainable development. Some of the features of altematives in an EIAatt: (a) Feasibility The proposed alternatives should be econositl? feasible with least adverse environmental imp (©) Diverse ives A proposed action must have diverse altemativ® include both design and sites/routes for develo? Scanned with CamScannerScheduling rhe proposed alternatives shoulg wencourage more environm, acceptable solutions, be ti ental el presented nd and publicly Involvement of Public Public participation should be encou citizens into the environmental decision ea integrate byaranging public meetings and hearings Sn PES networking, hotlines, responsive publicatog ee forming advisory councils to generatenew altemme. Mitigation Measures This step includes the modifications sent, avoid or minimize the potential s project. It may also include substitution nology or give up certain aspects of the eats 1 have adverse impact on the e sal should be rejected. iin the proposals significant effects of an alternative Droject. Ifthe project savironment, then the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) ‘The findings of the environmental assessment are gevted as Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). It is a prehensive, clear and concise non-technical sumimary of description of the project, including location, design, scale, ¢, mitigating measures and a more detailed section on the chnical aspects of the assessment. EIS should contain specific information describing the ‘tonthe environment due to the proposed development along rth the impact on humans, flora, fauna, soil, water, air, climate cultural heritage, Reviewing and Decision-making This step begins when the working document of the posed project reaches the decision-maker who will consider implications for project implementation, Continuous Monitoring Continuous monitoring of the environmetal impact Y project implementation is essential especially during tne inction and operation phases of a project. This component EIA ensures effective environmental managemen Fetecto ‘G9. What is the principle of EIA? Answer : re ae ‘Themain principle of ELA is broadly categorized 1. Basic Principles 2. Operating Principles. The basic principles of ELA are: adel Papers 20) 4) purposive > aged forthe proposal » _ EIA should have the purpose ation, Focused P and son environmental ss Adaptive EIA should have the Various issues Adaptability of assessment to bs (such as socio-economic, biophysical, (@) Participative EIA study should involve men, women Participate in environment related act (©) Transparent id children to ‘The assessment process shoul i ld be clear and transparent, 'y comprehensible and allow for greater clarification, (9 Rigorous ‘A rrigorous approach to EIA is essential, (®) Practicatity The assessment process should identify th 88 should identify the problems faced by inhabitants around the developmental project and the best technologies to be practiced, keeping in ‘mind, the environmental concerns. (h) Credible ‘The assessment process should be characterized by transparency, accountability and collaborate with stakeholders. @ — Efficient The assessment process should help to prevent the harmful environmental impacts owing to the project activity. The operating principles of EIA protess should be applied: (a) Toenable quick decision-making. (6) Toall development activities that may have significant effects on the environment. (© To enable each one of us, a life of sustainable environment. @ (©) Toprovide forthe involvement of men, women, children © RPNGOs inal the envionment related activi ‘G40. What Is the procedure for delineation of study area for EIA? ‘To promote eco-friendly technologies. Answer? ‘The term delineation of a study area refers to the description ofthe selected project study area including its Iocation, the politcal, hydrological and ecological boundaries thats affected either directly or indirectly by the proposed use of the land. Environmental site assessment (or pre-acquisition site assessment), where a proposed action is planned is essential to define the characteristics of the area, which is likely to be significantly affected by the proposed project. This step should jpatude te land-use map, land-use policies, zoning and details of the development project to be undertaken, ‘The EIA should have foet ‘attention = | the possible impacts, that need Seri0us STUDENTS 1A GROUP oe Scanned with CamScannerThe land-use map should depict the following, Residential areas ‘Commercial areas Andustrial areas Institutional parks or recreation areas, Infrastructure oF built up land (roads, railways, airports, mining/quarrying sites, ete.) Dump sites ‘Natural areas (forest land, agricultural land, wetlands marshy/salt pans, grazing land, wildlife sanctuary, national parks, wastelands, wildlife corridor. waterbodies). Characteristics of the Study Area The different characteristics of the study area to be considered for ELA are: 1. Geology - Nature of rock, soil and geological resources. 2. Topography - Land features. © 3. Soils - Type of soil in the project area, black, red or yellow Groundwater resources - Quality of groundwater from deep wells and subsurface aquifers. 5. Surface water resources - Waterbodies, water courses, PMental activity. For instance. (i) Changes in the surface sod qerany © and groundwater quality Gi) Ambient air quality (iii) Ambient noise levels (iv) Impacton sensitive areas suc! ila epson has wetlands, wildlife Examples 2 Proposed Action: Construction of Railway Line Example of a direct impact Loss of natural habitat caused by laying of rdilway track. Example of an Indirect Impact Habitat loss caused by loss of natural habitat. Example of Cumulative Impact Habitat loss caused by various other commercial developmental activi i Proposed Action: Construction of a Thermal Power Plant Example of a Direct Impact Water contamination, as the waterbody receives the cooling water discharge from the power plant. Example of an Indirect Impact . in fic life. The stress Water contamination affects the aquatic life, The st eran tnin aquatic life forms can cause death esuling in a negative effect on the food ‘chain and causing an entire ecosystem to fail. Je of Cumulative Impact i iI to be eroded into the Devegetation causes $0! nto the vvrbodies. The muddy water thus formed a tt rem aises the tempersure of WAIET in warmer water Examp! decomposition ofplant yen. This can ad ‘a lot of OXYBER. TO whic Q43, Explain the scope of EIA. Answer : ‘The scope of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) recognizes the following important issues: 1. ‘The details of a developmental project including the details of physical features of the project, the land-use requirements, the nature, type and quantity of materials used for construction and operation, the type, nature and quantity of discharges (air, water, soil, noise pollutions, lc.) during the developmental phases. 2. The specific reasons for choosing such project along with consideration of the environmental effects. 3.’ Details of the various aspects of the environment that are likely to be affected by the proposed project. These include population, flora, fauna, ai, water soil climatic factors, et. 4. The details of effects of the proposed developmental activity on the environment, which should cover the positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse), temporary (short-term) or permanent (long-term) impacts, reversible or irreversible effects resulting from the existence of a developmental activity, the utilization of natural resources, the discharge of pollutants into the environment. It should also include the details of the methods used to study the environmental impact assessment. 5, Measures of mitigation of the impacts on the environment. 6. Summary of the information compiled in the form of environmental impact statement followed by its review. 7.” Public participation to enable decision makers to make the ultimate choice about a project. Q44, Enumerate the merits and Answer: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) involves an investigation ofthe effects on the environment arising from a ‘major activity (policy, plan or project). Such a study proposal ‘means to mitigate of reduce the significant impacts on the ‘environment. In this process, the effects of projects undertaken re analyzed fist, the effects are recorded ina report, followed by consulting experts on the report and then making a final decision based on the experts comments and informing the ie about the decision. All these activities contribute to Sustainable development of the environment. Scanned with CamScanner1.16 inch ‘The study of environmental impact assessment should lude a significant amount of primary and secondary ‘environmental data. The primary data includes the data collected in the field regarding the status of the environment (like quality, water quality etc.). The secondary data includes the data. collected over the years, which can be used to understand the existing environmental scenario. Merits of EIA ‘The merits of EIA for the proposed developmental activity are: (@) It contains the details of the developmental project, including the details of the physical features, the land Use requirements, the nature, type and quantity of materials used for construction and operation, the type, nature and quantity of discharges (air, water, soil, noise pollution ) Impact Measurement Impact measurement should include the following criteria: @ Commensurate A comparison between alternative EIA. methodologies is enabled with the help of commensurate units, (i) Extensiveness ‘The methodology should provide a quantitative ‘measure of the impact. Measurable Indicatir ‘The methodology should provide the magnitude- of measurable changes of impact. Objective ‘The methodology should lay emphasis on the “objective rather than subjective measurement. au w) (©) Impact Interpretation “The impact interpretation should include the following criteria: © Significance ‘The methodology should be able to evaluate the significance of impact on a local, regional and national scale. (i) Explicit Criteria ‘The methodology. should be able to provide direcV/straight forward expression of the impact significance, : Scanned with CamScanner@ Gil). Uncertainty The unpredictable nature of an impact on environment is a major problem which should be ‘emphasized in any methodology. (iv). Risk Increased att n‘ion should be given to evaluate the probab ! vy or likelihood that adverse ecological e,'eets will occur as a result of exposure of environment fo various stressors from anthropogenic activities. (©) Alternatives parison The method should be able to provide comparison ‘of the proposal and the alternatives to it based on activity, location, process, demand, scheduling, inputs routing site layout; scale, as well as design of the project. (i) Aggregation af Information ‘The method should provide an in-depth information ‘on impact measurement and analysis, (sil) Pablic Involvement ‘The method should include inputs by the public apart from developers, consultants, decision- ‘making authorities, environmental authorities and cconsulters forthe analysis of impact significance. Impact Communication ‘The impact communication should include the following, criteri ©) Affected Parties ‘A good communication about the environmental impact should be established to indicate the afected partes. Setting Description, ‘The method should be able to provide a vivid description of the environmental seting. @ (iil) Summary Format ‘The method should provide an impact summary ina prescribed format to bring about awareness ‘of the project tothe public Key Issues The methodology should highlight the key issues identified in the assessment process. ‘Legal Compliance ‘The methodology should lay special emphasis on” the legal requirements of project impacts. ww) ~ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT EANTU-HYDER ay 1.10 EIA METHODS : AD HOC Meio, MATRIX METHODS, NETWORK METHot ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA QUALITY jy METHOD, OVERLAY METHOps "% Q55. Give the list of EIA methods, Answer ‘The environmental impacts of proposed pro, evaluated and assessed by some ofthe method dy below: tf 1. Ad Hoc Method Inthis method, a team of experts sit together to the total impact assessment and suggest the brad sey possible impacts. The conclusions are based onthe training and intuition of experts involved inthe discussion a 2. Checklist Method This method consists of boxes or cells that mat filled with information about the nature ofthe impact Th the information is well organized and ensured that no pote impact is overlooked. So, a summarized iriormation bo e projects made available tothe specialists and decision-makes Checklist are of four types; @ Simple Checklist consists of simple lst of generalized knowl of environmental parameters likey tobe alee (ii) Descriptive Checklist It consists of guidelines on the methods to collet data on particular environmental parameters. (iil) Sealing Cheeklist It consists of data on environmental parametes With additional information on subjective elit of the parameters. iv) Ses 1g Weighting Checklist i consists of detailed information of sbjet® evaluation of each environmental parame 3. Matrix Method This method consists ofa list of various projet and environmental parameters as well as eomponets ‘might be affected by project activities. In general, ites of columns and! rows corresponding to the project action environmental condition respectively Combining Oo and rows provides an analysis of cause-effect resins between specific activities and its environmental ie Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO {jh on the TITLE COVER before you buy Scanned with CamScanner‘They are used in sco activities and specie ere cvoNmenta impact assessment, for identifying the interactions between projet ; ‘environmental components, Significance or Importance Rated Matrices ‘This method needs an i ay '-depth information and expertise about varios environimental impacts. 4. Overlay Method This method is based ona set afm: recorded on a series of maps, {including phy wps depicting the environmental characteristics of the project area, The characteristics are ‘one for each Variable. The maps thus generated are then overlaid to produce composite characteristics |. social, ecological, and use features, etc.) ofthe area's envitonment. & Network Method. ‘This method consists ofa list of project activities to produce the eause-condition-effect networks. It gives an insight into the identification of primary, secondary, tertiary and higher order impacts, Anetwork consists of several aspects of the project, for instance, the different types of primary impacts, primary impact areas, the secondary impact areas, the different types of secondary impacts etc. The method includes identifying the first order changes in environmental components, followed by identifying the second order changes resulting fiom the fist order changes and then, the third order changes resulting from second order changes and so on. Thus; this method helps in analyzing the underlying, lationship between a number of activities, components and the causes for environmental impacts. Q56. Differentiate between simple checklists and descriptive checklists. Answer : The differences between the simple checklists and descriptive checklists are indicated below: ‘Simple Checklist Descriptive Checklist ‘The simple checklist consists of a simple list of| The descriptive checklist consists of guidelines on the ‘generalized knowledge of environmental parameters | methods to collect data on particular environmental likely to be affected: parameters. Tt does not need information on the magnityde or|'The information on specific variables such = | importance of impacts. ‘magnitude and importance of impacts is necessary. Tthas asimple istofparameters withoutthe guidelines [It also includes the detailed information about the’ about the manner in which the environmental effects | projects, such as social impacts, economic impacts are to be measured. and physical impacts. T'does not include the specific data needs, methods |1It has ‘information on measurement and impact prediction and assessment. | prediction and assessment. Table for measurement, impact G57. Discuss the following terms In the contoxt of EIA: {a) Ad-hoc method (b) Matrix method. Answer t | (a) Ad-hoc Method ‘ rm involv $f professionals, based on their expertise, to identify the possible -hoe method for carrying out EIA involves a team of based possi Teast project merely on experience training and intuition, The expert opinions are put together fo ronmental imp eae sre based on the experience, training and intuition of professionals involved in the discussion, into a report. Thus. this metbod isthe possibility to modify it according to specifi circumstances. The information The primary advantage ily understood by ay person. : in this method can be casi meat ote JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STODENTS SIA GROUP i. Scanned with CamScannerENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT [JNTU-HYDERABAD, ‘An illustration ofthe ad hoe method for a hypothetical highway road project is as given below: ‘No | Positive] Nepative] Adverse | Beneficial | Problematic Etiect | effect | elfect Wildie Endangered species ‘Natural |_ vegetation | Exotic ® x species Sout x ccharatristics ‘Natural ¥ drainage ‘Groundwater | © Noise, | x x Table ‘x indicates potential forthe type of impact. Drawbacks of Ad-hoc. Method ‘Some of the drawbacks in this method are: 1. This method Provides little or no ‘guidance for an ‘Impact assessment. 2. The EIA report may not include all the relevant impacts, 3. Itis difficult to identify and include a Proper panel of experts to ‘Assess each type of impact. 4. ElAbyad-hoc method suggests broad area of possible impacts but lacks information about cause-effect relationships ‘The detailed scientific investigation of environmental impact of projec is Not taken into consideration. cs 6 This method is very poor for identification, prediction and analysis of impact. Matrix Method For answer refer Unit-I Q55, Topic: Matrix Method. {In this method, a two-dimensional abe used to assess the possible impact arising fom the interaction between pri! ies and components of the environment. Matrices are ofthe following types: aaa REARS! TUR rae SIA GROUP LOGO J} on the TITLE COVER before you buy Look for the Scanned with CamScannerUNIT-1 : Introduction to Environmental a W_Veopold Marca Impact Assessment 1.25 Leopold matrix is con nsidered tobe outa kivhladan ‘he most popular method for evaluation ofthe effect orimpaet ofa proposed development 1s so named ir The Leopldmuennen rane inthe honour of Dr. Luna Leopold, the develope ofthis method. Project arrayed along horizontal na tOn cells which result fom nearly 100 development activities of the proposed chemical, biologicatandecce on Bet 88-90 environmental parameters (or components), ichaling physica ‘osio-economic factors, along the vertical axis This provides total of $800 to 9000 interactions. Whenever an im Pact on the environment is the pssbe npr inahe ey ut is expected, the cel is marked with a diagonal line, with the Magnitude (M) of section in the cel cal. ‘Per section in the cell and Importance (1) of the possible impact in the lower seetion in the The numerical value entries in the cells of the matrix range from. imps ae ofan mente et eine nme ence Similarly, the lower section of s Section of the cell containing th it ee a importance of environmental impact is assigned numerical value ies Ses igh numerical value means high importance, and ow numerical vale mean fw impotance Aphis ign indicates positive impact and a negative!" sign indicates a negative impact. A representation of the Leopold Matrix (LM) is as given below: Project actions Characteristics: and condi ‘Some important aspects of this methodology are: (a) The Leopold matrix is considered to be an excellent basic tool (8) It gives a clear pictur ofthe possible environmental impacts ofa project development onthe envionsent. {c)_ The positive and negative impacts, (l) Modified Graded Matrix (MGM) The modified graded matrix method was developed by Lohan and Thanh, wherein, ech development atv tha is rcertken is allocated'a relative weight. The developmental activities are placed in the wetal column, wheres the Fae plein horizontal os. Tehorizonal valusaresumned up, The sum ofthyas in vets cola value. The value thus obtained is used to assess the possible environmental impact duc toa ‘owing to the project development activity, are also known by this method. ii) Impact Summary Matrix (SM) | Tmpact summary matrix method provides a summary of he impa’ assessment by determining the potential impact areas, impact i f | Se pac by indicating the mitigation measures, by idenifaton ae agin degree or tensity of environmen ; banning a nme) rel ne ial mse Fr tle en ar aencies (nisi measures. G58, Write short notes on: ecklists (a) simple cht {b) descriptive checklists provide systemization to an ES is represented, A list of environmental factors ‘shown’in the table below Scanned with CamScanner‘Land Transportation and Construction Compaction and settlement fi) Erosion titi) Ground cover (®) Deposition (©) Stability (vi) Stress-strain (sti) Floods (vtin) Waste contro! (ix) Drilling gnd blasting (x) Operational failure, Land Use (i) Open space (ii) Recreational failure (iii) Residential (iv) Industrial () Agricultural (vi) Commercial, ‘Air Quality (i) Oxides Gi) Chemical (iii). Gases (iv) Particulate matter () Odours. Water Resources (i) Quality (i) Ground water (iii) Irrigation. Biological Conditions (i) Wildlife Gi) Gases (iil) Trees, shrubs, (iii) Water and power system (iv), Sewerage system (¥) Fire protection (vi) Reuse disposal, Aesthetics @ ‘Transportation 4) Avtomobules G0 Tracking (sad Safety (i) Movement Raise sod Scanned with CamScannerUNIT-1 = Introduction to Enviconmey {b) Descriptive Checklists ‘occur oF not, along with the nat i ci ta velo ature and magna ot For instance, noise pottut Moise pollution ina assesed by the current nose levels, sources of noses Sennett rm study of noise propagation, conducting ted Be a comeeeng sUTyS he ber of articular area ean be ‘There are several descript is water resoures projet. Several envonmerat ae suggested by Canter and Hill for project evaluation. For each and every factor, information is included on ls preicnen of impacts, functional curves for data interpretation and it 1d measurement, ° portant characteristics of simpl and descriptive checklists. a Answer Model Papers, 02a) The important characteristics of simple and descriptive checklists are as follows, 1, When simple and descriptive checklists are adopted for a specific project, then the envirosimental factors or impacts are evaluated for planning and conducting of EIS. : 2. Project specific checklists adopt professional credibility and usability which indicate the collective professional knowledge and judgement of their developers. 3. Under Environmental Impact Studies (EIS), key impacts orenvironmental factors are identified through structural approach provided by checklists. 4. Atthe time of planning, conducting or summarization “of environmental impact studies, checklists are used to facilitate interdisciplinary téam discussions. 5. This checklist carefully defines the usage of spatial poundaries and environmental factors long with the special codes used within the checklist. 6 The key factors or impacts identified throveh ratlonat dasieg are accomplished. THis accomplished r=ten basics are documented by determ' Be dard {quantification and comparing 19 Per ; ir evaluated from checklist ey are allotted (given) with & Key factors or impacts , checklist identify mitigated key ntal Impact Assessment Q60. Write short notes on: (a) Scaling checklists (b) Weighting and scaling checklists. Answer t (a) Scaling Checklists Motte Papert, 2a) ‘The most fundamental function of an ELA is impact identification and for this process, all types of checklists do ‘ell. But the Oregon scaling checklist methods go ahead and ttivean idea of impact nature by assigninf long-term directi.e. textual rating of impact, fn impact mexsurement, this process {is not suitable and it provides very less in decision-making, Process. ___ In latter types, the scaling andl weighting element which is inherent makes it easy in decision-making. These checklists ‘are strong in impact identification and the impact measurement functions are incorporated toa certain degree of evaluation and pretation. ‘Weighting and Sealing Checklists Toselect alternatives, various methods were developed based on the following: ©) () The measurement units for each and every factor have to-be estimated. ‘The aggregation method is established across all the factors produced. ‘The important environmental factors for the activity for which EIA has to be done are fixed. ai) (iv) The fixed unit data with respect to different sets of ‘environtnental factors have to be collected. () For each and every environmental factor. the interval seale must be fixed and conversion of data into ‘environmental factor index. ‘The checklist method of E1A coversallthe environmental aspects to be investigated, It helps to organize the work and identify important issues related to the environment. This method is sufficient for small scale projects. Ithelps toassess the nature ofthe impacts, forinstance - dlverse/beneficial, short temvTong term, no impactsignificant impact, reversiblefireversible. . Further, this method encourages to discuss on environmental issues during the eatly stages of the project. G61. Explain the sal of EIA. ‘Answer + Following are the salient features of matrix methods: L In matrix method, spatial boundaries of environmental factors are required to define, whether the project should be related with temporal phases and specific actions and ‘the matrix should use impact rating or summarization scale Scanned with CamScannerg the rationale use of impact temporal phase, project action, patial houndary and environmental factor. ‘The potential env action are diseuy onmental impacts of a proposed d by developing one of more Preliminary matnces. Therefore, each team member in the carly stage understands the implication of project and developed detailed plans Ha proposed proyect observes Large differences in spatial " boundaries and temporal phases, then impact rating should be interpreted carefully Imeraction matrices are wved to indicate the impacts of Projects. I includes the impact of present, other past, | future actions and prvertial positive effects of mitigation measures 6 Imterachon matrices indicate the comparisons between sanows ahematives. It os required to adopt the same ‘mains in terms of spatial boundanes, environmental factors. temporal phases and project actions for each ‘analyzed alternative. 7 ‘The impact rating for vanous project actions and covimonmental factors are assigned through valuable basis prowided by impact qualification and comparisons wo relevant standards In the anticipated impacts. color codes are used for displaying and communicating informations, whereas the impact matrices are adopted without the ‘corporation of number. letter color rating. in the ssteraction matrices, project action and an intemal working tool inthe study, planning and development of EIS, 11, In a simple interaction matrix, itis possible to use limponant weizhs for environmental factors and project actions, 2 Interaction mattix prevents the overriding attention Provided to one particular action of environmental factor, 32, What are interaction matrix methods? Discuss with reference to Leopold matrix method, Swer: Interaction ’ activities on one axis and suitable environmental factor on z ffect to ‘her axis, whenever a particular activity causes ane! onmenial factor, then their effect will be observed at the section point in the matrix. This effect also aes the tude of separate or combined effects and ther significant ENVIRONMENTAL IMPA\ cT ASSESSMENT [JNTU-HYDERA imple interaction matrig o = ST apal actions and 90 environ i eae pately, In this method, the number of simatel é aaerreronmental factors ean be increased or decreaney nivel von — gave a procedure for determining 1, development projects, tt cramomnal ps of aevclemen re i Tonwcen development activities and a set of envin rrereriticn Leopold matra ts used tide i at diferent temporal phases of a project. It also expla mt et has oe tin the region. Leopold matrix adopts appropriate desi (ike phos and minus sign) inorder to identify beneficial ar nay as detrimental impacts, The simple interaction matrix methods developed by Leopold are utilized for analyzing the impacts on other tye cf projects hke flood control, highway transmission line. ofics oil release, powerplant, coal mine, industrial plant. pipet, housing development and coastal development project, Q63. Discuss Rapid Impact nt Matix (RIAM) as a tool for comparison of and decision matrix. Answer Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) method involves the assessment of Project activities, based oa environmental components/subcomponents and asigniny sexi. Quantitative values for each component. This kind of assessment criteria is broadly categorized into two ‘Sroups. According to Pastakia, they are : (® Group A Criteria that are important to conditions, and (1 Group B - Criteria that are of value to the situation. Pastakia has proposed a scries of simple formulas © assign values to the groups A and Btocarry out the calculations. venert® SeoFing system involves multiplication of values an ened t each criteria in Group A (say x,.and x.) The vahes assigned to each criteria in Group B (say y,,y, and y,)areadded ‘Resther toresultina collective single sum, The value of Group Ais multiplied with Group B value to obtain a final assessment ‘Score called Environmental Score (E.S). An illustration of the process is given below : 104) * (4) = Group A Total and (y,) *(,) + (y,) = Group B Total, ‘Then, E.S = Group A Total x Group B Total Where, and x, = individual criteria scores for Group A YY, And y, = individual criteria scores for Group B. Group A Total = Product ofall group A scores Group B Total = Summation ofall group B seo E'S = Environmental Score. 1t is the final Assessment score for the condition. prations. 0GO Qh on the TITLE COVER bermeon cae tar tha SIA GROUP L0s0 2} Scanned with CamScannerThis method was developed by Sorenson in 197) , U sadary and erty inposu ousting tras de In this method, the different types of possible impacts (namely, the primary, are depicted in the form of a network, ‘The figure given below is a diagrammatic representation of a network for a proposed developmental activity. Qonrersary Terry Primary Secondary pact tbe a —— Components : “| Figure: Diagrammatic representation of a network for x proposed developmental activity below: ‘Quarternary Impacts from developmental activities are envisioned and the web of environmental re An example of network analysis showing impact of groundwater depletion is given Primary Impacts ‘Secondary Impacts |’ Tertiary Impacts Decrease in the waterlevel | _ Mortality of aquatic life. of surface waterbodies. Loss in fish capture. Loss of wet land. 5 (a) Network Method nies ‘Network method is used in, , od is uscd in pricting the potential impact by wsing dretional diagrams in an ensy-tovundestand ; | Navigation facilities ‘hampered Loss of income and water Availability of poor withdrawal from quality of water. underground resources. Expensés incurred to purchase water from other sources. ‘Travel to distant places to get water. | Table | (&) Overlay Method (Also Known as Me Harg’s Method) rhosd was proposed by Dr. tan Me Iara he University of Pennsylvania. In this method, the environmental sei resentation of the overlay method is given below. i Premily on transparent maps. A diagrammatic rep impacts are displayed pictonially ; Scanned with CamScannerenvironmental sensitivity Consider an example, where a highway has to be constructed across a region where there are population and othet vegetation (for instance, natural forest and agricultural land) that should be taken into consideration. Now, in order to fix a route forthe highway with least disturbance tothe people and landscape, the overlay method is used inthe following manner: (2) Amap showing the forest region, + ©) Armap showing the agricultural land, (©) A:map showing the topographic features of the study area, (4) Amap showing the roads connecting tothe nearby towns and cities. ‘The four miaps are placed one over another and a | composite map is prepared to determine the best possible route | for highway constuction. This method is used to assess the | changes in the land before and after a construction activity. ‘This method is not given much importance as it lacks explanation about the cause of impacts. However, itis still ‘considered as an important tol for inital evalustion of the project activity ‘Amodem method of overlay technique is the computer- based Geographic Information System (GIS). Its used as an important decision-making tool to analyze the geographic Gan be mapped nde dpi eye GIS database. teed information is stored inthe 265. Explain the aia quad ‘method of EIA. bt ta Answer : f Impacts of underconstruction and operation phases of | the development activity on the environment are identified and » analyzed using several methods. Some of them are mentioned | below: 1. Delphi Method The Delphi method, developed by Olaf Helmer and ‘Norman Dalkey in 1963, is a widely accepted method, to study the environmental impact assessment, Look for the SIA GROUP Loco —_<_<$<$$ ACT ASSESSMENT [JNTU-HYDERABAp, ENVIRONMENTAL IMP. Gique involves the ‘opinions of a group ot The technique ge of the project, espe Each overlay map consists ofa pictorial depiction of the ep ort with ‘a working ee ompley a a ae py ee nce tela carers | Pot, come, MBSE, ane 5 2 erat, selene, res cove wands sey | WNT gue ll rates od ope , sails, flood plains, bedrock, wildlife habitats, ee iene important impae' ( a ola e “communities, biodiversity, cultural resources, engin ernment and tn aie at grou cons ne structures and other environmental considerations about the area a involves the se of 8 questionnaiy whee the proposed development islikey take place. These | Thema ee races i repli taps are then overlaid onthe projet map and a compost} in an iterative DO recut, Several repos hac map is obtained which emphasizes the regions with high | to achieve are sufficient to collect info ated that 3 1 4 iterations ae su rade aa th envenment dd ech OUP consensis ‘he steps involved in the Delphi method are given below: @ (b) ‘Acclear description of the project Evaluate the likely impacts of the project jy Aiferent areas. Select a panel of members with expertise inthe respective fields. Provide a questionnaire tothe panel experts. The questionnaire should contain queries pertaining g the subjectrelated to the project. A specifi date should be mentioned to receive the questionnaires from the panel experts. Evaluate the responses received from the panel experts. (A second document (or a second round questionnaire) is sent to the panel experts inthe absence of an acceptable response. The procedure mentioned in steps ‘d” to ‘fare repeated till a satisfactory response (consensus) is reached 2, Air Pollution Index/Air Quality Index _Air pollution index/air quality index isan integral pat ofenvironmental quality index. Some ofthe important methods ‘sed fo caleulate the air pollution index are mentioned below: (®) The Percent Method © @ © (8) In this method, a comparison is drawn between individual pollutants with the ambient air quality ftandards, followed by calculation of the Air Pollution Index (API, using their average value. For instance, Ease of three pollutants in air, API is calculated using ‘the mathematical expression: & 4 Soon , = Concentration of pollutant p ,= Standard value of pollutant pin ambient a ‘The Ratio Method In this method, the ratio ben t I, alio between the air pollutants and Aieepective air quality standard values are calculated. » the sum of their averages i multiplied by 100. 7 the TITLE COVER before you buy @) Scanned with CamScannerTn this method, API is calculated using the mathem ‘ma I too ts. ty Seo Sant hI 3{ Sco Sw, Sra APL = Jpg Individual value of particulate matter Sco = Ambient air quality standard values of Carbon monoxide, Single Parameter Index In this method, the single most important paramet the mathematical expression, is calculated using © is taken into consideration. The pollution index Isa, = Measured concentration of SO, in the sample. Sao, = Standard concentration of SO, in the ambient air. |All the above mentioned methods of calculating air pollution index are in percentage values. The ait poll Iytical values indicates the at quality as mentioned in tables O° e Clean air ‘Good ‘Mild air pollution Average ‘Average ar pollution ‘Average Increased air pollution ‘Average Unhealthy ution index 3, Pollution Standard Index - aiyhad save 6! Pollution Standard Index {eSI) is used to ase the ambient ai quality oF sy EN ily bass. Am increas in Polat pst isa cause for concer fr the health an vit peng ofthe inhabitants of a region. The PST values and the feneral health effects are tabulated belo Pollution Standard Index (PSI) Value ras and policy makers regarding the several ical, biological and soncerned citize ‘pased on selected physical, c . Index (WOD meas ae on ep we oma water quality parameters at particu region and time , sirobologieaini oer o chemia ori =? ede cteulte the Water uit Index (QD ar differen ed oxy8e™ Scanned with CamScanner1.32 ‘All the above mentioned parameters occur ‘ranges and expressed in different unis. fe thenaat expression for calculating of water wal= Ema, ie Quatty of he 1 parameter, the value ranges between W, Unit weight of ¢ parameter, the valve ranges from and 100. n— Number of parameters. ‘Some of the other models for calculating the WQL are 18 mentioned below: (2) Weighted arithmetic mean (©) Weighted geometric mean (©) Unweighted harmonic square mean (@) Fuzzy logic model (©) Baseline comparative model. ‘The value of WQI ranges from 0 to 100. Higher the values _ Of WOL, the more clear and potable is the water concerned. 4.44 Costmenerir anatysis (206. How cost benefit analysis is carried out for the | selected EIA method? | Amewer : ifferent Model Paper-t, 03(0) +The com benefit analysis method of EIA identifies the benefits of various development activities, specifies the costs ‘benefits, quantifies them and assigns economic values to same. The economic value of an environmental impact can analyzed by asking people whether they are Willing To Pay (known as WTP) to reduce the concentration of the pollutant. There is yet another technique, called Willingness To Accept (WTA), wherein the public is asked about the extent to which they would be willing to accept the change in environmental services. The cost benefit analysis of the highway road project enables to make a comparison of the individual projects and ive priority to the competing projects on a monetary basis, ‘The Roed Authority and Transport Department must use the available resources efficiently, keeping in mind the welfare of the environment and its inhabitants. revision serve ronda ond oon, i Ms, bridges end amenities. Based on these factor, ‘the investment needs can be calculated. Authority Costs: The road authority costs include Road Autvolved in the constuction and maintenance the expenditure ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT [JNTU-HYDERABap) fronds, quiring the and from the land ovenersand roniny appropriate compensation, expenses incurred in setting fences, landscaping and construction of noise barriers) reduce the sound entering the residential locality by abseiing transmitting of reflecting the sound. Cost components of highway roads The cost components ofthe highway roads inchals thy following: (a) Agency Cost This includes the expenses incurred by the government o private agency for construction and maintenance of highyyy road. The construction cost includes: (i) Expenses incurred in surveying, pl designing. (i) Purchasing fand from the land owners to tay the toad. (iii) Construction of road. (iv) Install equipment. (¥) Administrative cost involved in supervising the traffic. ‘The maintenance cost includes: n of electric poles, traffic contrat (i). Periodic repair of the damaged roads. Gi Relocation and rehabilitaticn of the displaced People. Expenses incurred in maintaining and operating 7 ._ the traffic related equipment. (&) User Cost This includes the cost incurred in vehicle operation and cost due to the unavoidable accidents. Cost incurred in vehicle operation is the cost of the fuel, Spare parts, wearout of the tyres, lubricants, labour cost, crews ‘wages, registration charges, insurance expenses, road tax, read permit charges ete, Cost due to traffic congestion is caused by renovation Of the damaged roads, trafic diversion, or reduction in speed or complete closure of roads for movement. Cost due to accident involves the loss of precious lives, cost of treating the injured, loss of vehicle dug to the damage caused by the accident on the highway road. Benefit Components: of Highway Road A well-maintained highway road provides efficient ‘and safe transportation to the road users. The benefits include ‘savings in travel time, improvement in health, education, ‘griculture, industry, trade and various other fields. The cost benefit analysis is calculated as the ratio of net annual benefits ‘to the net annual expenses (cost), Benefit-cost Ratio = Benefits in the reference year/Annual ‘costs incurred, Hr Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO QB onthe TITLE COVER before you buy Scanned with CamScannermanewsdy ot 9S UNIT ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ON” 57, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE V2 SIA GROUP PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Qi. Explain how deforestation can cause soil degradation? . Answer The termn deforestation refers to denuding the green canopy or the destruction of forests and woodlands for the following purposes: . (0) Toconvert forests in to agricultural land for crop production, to feed the increased numberof people and for cattle rearing (b) Logging of commercial wood for firewood, paper and building material i ” : (©) Urbanization . (@)_— Mining activities and oil exploration. — “The fertility ofthe soil is maintained by the presence of vegetation that forms a protective cover over the soil. The nutrient, cycle helps to maintain the fertility of the sol. During rains, the water aids the nutrients to enter the sol. Plant roots absorb the nutrients present inthe soil. When the leaves fall, the insects, worms and other decompasers decompose the Ieaves and return the nutrients to the soil. (a . : Destruction of vegetation incurs loss of protective cover for the soil. The top soil becomes vulnerable to wind and water erodion. The surface water runoff increases, resulting in higher rate of soil erosion and soil leaching. Productivity of sol decreases due to reduced soil depth, soil organic matter, soil fertility. Decrease in water holding capacity of the laid is due to decrease in sail depth, Erosion of top sol causes lots of soil getting washed from the land, into the local ereeks dnd rivers, leading to silting up of rivers and significant increase inthe incidence of flooding. Sltation damages the fish eggs and decrease in their hatch rates. Removal of soil vegetation affects the soil forming processes and soil development, thus, resulting in soil deterioration. Soil de; ion can be reversed by reforesting the bare lands and decrease the occurrence of floods, mudslides and other forms of erosion. - Q2. Write a short note on salinity. { Model Papers, a1(c) : peril, QA(c} crease in the salt content in soil fo such an extent that it miay'Bé toni tothe plants. The sree potential of he soi, otha planar unable to take up Water Srom it Soilsalination responsible for soil saination ae Na’: K’, Ca, Mg", Cl released fron magnesium chloride ete. The most important cause of soil salinity “The salinity of soils refers to in presence of salts in soil decreases the ost : results in degradation of soils and vegetation, The ions recto ‘alte ike sodium chloride, sodium sulphate calcium chore. is excessive irrigation and evapo-transpiration 2 dry ng salt resistant trees, increased cultivation in sun ; bye overcome by planting salt summers, and increased ‘The salinity problems may be overs jlantation of deep rooted Species ? wien FOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS; SIA GROUP Ih ‘ SR Scanned with CamScannerEe in act AS: 7 thy 22 ARONMENTAL IMP! joy elements in tho ak TE What ae ot any proj atta G3. Whatare the ways to interpret project induced changes? Answer: of the Anticipated Project Induced Changes The anticipsted project induced changes can be ia the following ways: ‘{2) Statistical Approach in this method, the percentage and direction of project induced change from natural variation is calculated. {b) Review of Plans and Policies by Competent Authority ‘The EIA related plans, policies and programs must be reviewed by agencies and organizations that include ministries Of the central government, local self-govemmient bodies in ‘whose territory the project is proposed; traditional decision making bodies, councils, etc., private sector organization (trade association, chambers of commerce and industries); ‘non-government organization. a, G4, What are the productive functions of the forests? Answer : ‘Model Papert, Q1(c) ‘The products of the forests contribute about 1% of world GDP (Gross Domestic Product), thus forming a good source of Income to the goverment. ‘We use the products ofthe forests in our daily lives. Most ‘oothbrushes diapers, sanitary napkins, newsprint, packaging ‘mulcrials, paper products, food thickeners, frames, flooring, And cabinets are some of the uses of wood, Thenon-wood non-timber forest products of importance are the medicinal plants (example, vasaka, tls, kalmegh, aswagandha, hartak, babera, amla, guddmar,hald, puna, hrita kumari, mahabringraj bel, neem), edible products and spices (example, mushrooms, aromatic plants, honey, fruits, ) spices and condiments, cashew nuts, walnuts, date palm, | chironji, tamarind, coconut, mabua, bel, custard apple, etc), | animal products (example, honey, beeswax, propolis, royal jelly; | venam), essential oils and fatty oils, fibers: gums and resins, tans and dyes, decorative items, ete. infrastructure, Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO on the TITLE COVER befor unin ical Impat of biolog! yer = th i Ans ‘elements in the Bi j ingare the Key logical Fol oject activity: fy fany proj sessment oF 9 : , asi Results obtained by examining OF Surveying jp area. Experts d ‘Analysis of literature and other information, the ees of poet action one 1 recognization of project. ay Eval and habitat. Examiingaltermative ations considered ith py 6, © The assessment of biological impacts shu * —conduted in dtl, suitable tothe poet actin biological requirements of the listed species, 1, Theassessment of biological impactsneude ey ‘geographical area. ; Q6. Whatis the effectof site cle: ANCE On Vegetation and wildlife? Answer ¢ Model Paper aig The effect of site cleararice on vegetation and wifi are as mentioned below: Lack of shelter for nesting birds, less population oft. Loss of important insect species, Loss of habitat. Reduced population of important species. Habitats become vulnerable‘to damage by insects, diseases, acid rain, wind. ‘Negative impact on water eyele, Habitat fragmentation, Ecological integrity of soil is destroyed. Loss of small-scale economic opportunities like fit picking, sap extraction, rubber tapping. ——Fehing, sap extraction, rubber tapping. Q7. Write aboutdevelopmentactivities on vegetation. Answer : 7 Model Paper, 8) ‘The developmental activities on vegetation inl Site clearance for. ‘Construction of roads. Movement of construction equipment or perso Maintenance activities, Laying of power supply lines Seting up of photovoltaic panels nd associ Scanned with CamScanner |UNIT-2 : Assess impact on Veger ind Wildlife Assessment of Imps tation and Wildlife maa PART-B AY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS 2.1 ASSESSMENT OF IMP, ‘ ACT OF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE d wildlife due to Explain the Explain the base stp fr podction and asessmont of Impacts om vogetation an ‘model Paper, 4(a) How-to carry out the impact oR Assessment study on vor ition and wildlife? Answer = eget thoes enimane ile lowe projector action on the floral and faunal a ee aca utah proposed project on biological environment inthe core and buffer ae ae bins and marmals eae Taena ofa particular area, which includes species oF Wee. BTSs 2 pacsscrr iene} ipo (including flora, fauna, natural resources and h ‘he description of floral environment invaves aie level classifeto of epetaton. THe different levels are: Level 1 : Vegetative structure ~ Level 2 : Dominant plant types Level 3: Sizeand density Level 4 : Site and habitat Level 5 : Special plant species. ‘The description ofthe fauna environment should incude dierent she reps, sh birds, mammals, rare faunal species snformation on legislation regulations, criteria oF “4, Prediction of impact ofthe proposed | project on the biological envionment ‘The methods used in thissep are, Habitat Evahntion syste (HES) and Habitat Evaluation Procedare CEP). 5. Interpretation ‘of predicted impact on “This step includes the following aspects: (@) The importance of individual species in {b) Assessment of the implications of project activity (©) _ Effects ofthe proposed project on ecological sueeession- (@ Evaluation of eects of proposed projest onthe econori im (e) Impacts ofa proposed project (or activity) onthe threatened or endangered species. 6, _Idemification of mitigation measures followed by theit mplementatidn. This includes prevention, reduction, rectification, tration, conservation and mapensaton in retation to Pveet on and operating procedures. ation, construct G9. Discuss how develop! sat on vegotation and wildlife. cl species that are bitats) along with community jesof animals of various groups, suchas amphibians, guidelines related tothe biological environment the overall ecosystem. the food web to maintain stability inthe ecosystem. ‘on species diversity. stance of'some species. mental activities Imp Me rapersil, a4(b) Answer ji : -searess onthe native population of vegetation and wilde Land, that sities ae placing signiiant Ses at and, that ‘The developmental act i id wildlife, is being converted into residential and commercial developments, es impact both the quantity and quality of vegetation sof ¥e yas once a habitat for dite at rejects and oer related act j]dlife habitat. i sate FOR Sa EERIN STODENTS Sia GROUP 4 Scanned with CamScanner2.4 ‘There are number of ways in which the developmental activities can impact on wildlife and vegetation: 1. Habitat Loss Habitat loss is considered to be one of the greatést primary threats to species and emergent ecosystem process 10 the natural world. Man is taking over the natural areas at an Alarming rate to provide for home and habitat loss eliminates the ability of the survive ricultur Increasing species to move and the altered conditions, The ether major factors Contributing to habitat loss are: % Lange-seale commercial deforestation ® Conversion of forests to agriculture an livestock production ® Conversion ofbogs and swamps to landfills, dumps and residential area, ° Increased urbanization, wherein, natural ‘ccosystems and agricultural lands are converted into shopping centers, housing developments, ‘Water projects (dams, hydropower, irrigation), linear projects (such as laying roads, pipelines and ‘waterways) and other commercial establishments, Allthe above mentioned factors reduce or eliminate the ‘usefulness of wild areas habitat forthe other species tha ive there. 2 Habitat Fragmentation Habitat fragmentation refers to the breaking up of the natural habitat into progressively smaller and niore isolated. Such fragmented pieces of habitats are very often all of localized at far off places to support the survival d reproductive needs of many species, ‘nd afield can have greater inte of sunlight, higher windspeeds, drier and les shady condition, So, the edge effect results in loss of habitat, species lversity and composition, community dynamics and ecosystem anctioning, introduction of invasivelexotic species into natural abitats, Species inhabiting near the edges are more vulnerable tion and brood parasitism. ‘All forms of terrestrial aquatic ecosystems are suffering widespread disruptions as people discharge raw sewage, toxic chemicals and other pollutants into them. The invasive/exotic species, introduced cither purposefully/accidentally, have a negative impact on the ecosystem, The invasive species may prey upon the native species, or compete with the native species, interbreed with them, oF introduce pathogens and parasites that may kil the native spe 4. Changing Aquatic Habitat Any developmental activity affects the quality ang quantity of aquatic habitat, The coastal ecosystem has degraded owing to the conversion of coastal habitats 16 development, highway construction, dking, dredging, filling, bulk heading, etc. Such developmental activities have Potential effects on runoff processes, streamflow pattems ‘and asa result, on the aquatic ecosystem. The developmental activities alter the hydrologic processes when the hillslopes are denuded of vegetation, changes in the landscape pattems lead to increased imperviousness in the Lindscape, decrease in the soil permeability. These conditions result in reduced “interception and infiltration rate, decrease inthe subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, stormwater storage and therefore, decreased ‘groundwater recharge, increased flooding, streambed erosion and sedimentation, ‘The Vegetation ofany region sServes.asa good storehouse of water and prevents the disintegration of soil particles. The Plants provide an excellent protective covering to prevent sol Habitat fragmentation — Changes in the physical charactetisties of the environment, such as increase in soil density, generation of “heat island” éffect, decrease in the porosity of soil, dust poltution, ‘changes in soil structure, aridity, erosion and hydrology. Changes in the chemical environment such as addition of heavy metals, salt, organic molecules, ozone, ete. ‘© Increase in the likelihood of. additional, unplanned activities. Displacement of larger animals, Local disturbances of habitat and wildlife : / ° Ground works in| Excavation and earthmoving, construction drainage, foundations, under- activity ground spaces (eg., vehicle, parking, storage) . Altered hydrologic flow Noise pollution Airborne dust Visual pollution at the allocated development area Contamination of tand Disruption of flow Tegime in flood Plain wetlands. Sediment from the constructi ij c ction projects cause problem With stormwater infrastructure - Negative effect on wat it ter quality, streams, wellands and sea.” ooo oo oe eS Look for the SIA GROUP Loco 9 on the TITLE COVER before you buy Scanned with CamScannerIncreases. eased sewage potiution Eutrophication of water bodies Aesthetic pottution Decreas Dectease in the Productivity of ecosystem: Fcoxystem destabilization asters Loss of wildlife habitar Erosion of soit Shottage of water Water and air pollution Waste generation * * * * ° Increase in the occurrence of di ° * * * ° ° Heat island effect, Table Discuss how the vegetation and wildlife studies a re carried out in the project area, Model Papert G52) he vegetation and wildlife studies in the ion of Existing Resources The aim of the vegetation and wildlife studies isto 2 of environmental report. The study involves =nitigation measures to prevent adverse impacts. A survey team “sys and scientists with advanced degrees in aquatic ecology, b ‘Proposed project are conducted inthe following manner: usually consists ofa pedologst (sil surveyor), ecologists, otany, fisheries, omithology, herpetology, wildlife ecology. uid invertebrate zoology. The survey sites are described wih reference to landforms, sol and vegetation, The informatse, sors include slope, rock and gravel. The information on soil includes depth, colour, sand, clay, substrate, pH structure ‘eel. Vegetation descriptions include description of structure, strata, species and canopy cover. tion Studies : : ‘Nezetation study involves collecting information that is already available inthe literature or from specialists. This step is db field work. tion Mapping nati i ic im field checkin \Negetation Mapping is usually done using a combination of aerial rea tepeation per pei nai ne wing aircrafts and helicopter flights. This method enables evaluating the veg nee and later identified in the laboratory. "includes a list of all observed vascular plants. The known ae "isly habitats for endangered or threatened species ae also taken int tive Sampling 'tinvolves collection of data on species composi "ts basal area, diameter and frequency. The same proc f Habitats endings: under the following heading The different types of habitats may be described under the Terrestrial Habitats the Jn, cover, frequency and density. Sampling of trees involves information roceduire is followed for shrubs and herbs. : include: Examples of more detailed terrestrial habitat descriptors may inc * Beechwood * Broadleaf forest * Coastal forest NG STOD @LLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEER! ants —__—SIA Group Scanned with CamScanner—e——————_————————V—VO™-_ NVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 2.8 EI ‘Wildlife Studies & ® © ‘Coniferous forest Desert Farmland Flooded grassland Hedgerows Limestone pavements Mangroves Mediterranean forests “Moorland ° Mountain grassland Taiga Polar ‘Temperate grassland Rainforest (temperate moist evergreen forests sub tropical rain forests, monsoon ain Forests tropical rainforests) Tropical coniferous forest ‘Tropical dry forest Tropical grassland . Tundra Urban. ‘Freshwater Habitats Examples of more detailed freshwater habitat descriptors may include: ove > “Bog Brackish water Lakes and ponds Marsh River and stream Swamp ‘Temporary pools Wetlands. Marine Habitats Examples of more detailed marine habitat descriptors, may include: Deep ocean Estuaries Hydrothermal vents Intertidal zone Open ocean Reefs Rock pools Seabed a a eooo4 Pe eseee Poe eee eee Shallow seas. is already v4 : study includes collecting in biological @ inal, stall Answer + : a ASSESSMENT [JNTU-HYDERABajp, ves collecting inform: ldlife study also involves co = Mid inthe ieraure, Followed by field wor 5 formation on wildlife habitats, orem sized mammal, birds, reps ‘and endangered species and sensiti, ns, threatened here is a direct relationship between vegeta, sinee. th ity habitat types oth te stades have tp | wild ‘The significant measures for mitigation again; | 1 impact by developmental activity are: } Restrictions to rights-of-way and limiting the clean | areas. Implementation of vegetative stabilization to protetty i) ' soil from erosion, water logging and salinization. (iii) Creation of alternative and accessible habitats wits 1 the proximity of the existing population ofthe specs of interest. ‘ (iv) The disturbed areas mustbe revegetated to reduce at! fragmentation. w) ‘The area of land that is being disturbed must be reduced |} (vi) Collection and storage of top soil for future use toensz| E conservation of existing seed bank. , (vii) _ Conducting surveys by ecologists on the differen specs, : inhabiting the project area. Clearance of vegetsitt should take place outside the breeding seasor Q13. Enumerate the significance of ve . wild life. ; Answer : ‘Model Paper, O83] » (i. Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition |f Gi) Regulation of global temperature, preciptationandcB=|¢ climatic processes. ; (iii) Regulation of hydrological flows. a iv) Storage and retention of water. h (v) Retention of soil within an ecosystem and preve# from eroding into water bodies. wi) ‘Nutrient cycling. in the food chain. fi (vii) Food production from the plants and animals of bt natural ecosystem, (viii) Rich source of raw materials such as woods fib biochemicals / biodynamic compounds, fel organic matter and animal feed. (xi) Genetic resources, (x) Cultural and recreational activities. Look for the SA GROUP Loco Gf on the ‘TITLE COVER before you buy Scanned with CamScanner2 ENVIRONMENTAL impa 2e_STATION - CAUSES AND EFee OF DEFORESTATION TOTS _siseuss the functions of Forest resources, er Model Papers, aso) resources gorest esources may be defined as one of the most “gan pes OF Batu TeSOUTEES Containing th coffe wel as non-timber resources, i the Fereae orestscover 12% ofthe land in India butthe estimated gould be around 33%, Hence, measures should be taken esse FESS yorests are considered as renewable resouree, but over ‘or destruction of forests takes many years foritto sotto becomes non-renewable resource. op, ence it ions of Forests Forests providea variety of different functions, some of are mentioned below, Productive Functions of Forests Studies have depicted that the products of the forests Jute about 1% of world GDP (Gross Domestic Product), forming a good source of income to the government. We use the products of the forests in our daily lives. ofthe consumer products are made directly from wood. es, building material, furniture, paper, textiles, tyres, hes, diapers, sanitary napkins, newsprint, packaging as, paper products, food thickeners, frames, flooring, are some of the uses of wood. ‘Thenon-wood/non-timber forest products of importance ‘te medicinal plants (example, vasaka, tulsi, kalmegh, haritaki, bahera, amla, guddmar, haldi, pudina, spices (example, mushrooms, aromatic plants, honey, sfces and condiments, cashew nuts, walnuts, date palm, ii, tamarind, coconut, mahua, bel, custard apple etc.) products (example, honey, beeswax, propolis, royal jelly, .esential oils and fatty ols, fibers, gums and resins, tans es, bamboo and canes, decorative items ete. Protective Functions of Forests Some ofthe many protective functions of forests: include: ‘The forests are good rovide an excellent ‘erosion due to the e trees that fall Protecting water resources ~ Slotehouses of water. The plants Pt Protective covering to prevent soil ‘pact it ves of th Of the rainfall The leaves of eT ater on the gro vent water Fun round prevent water rofl les ater and provide nutrition to the soil. ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGIN (EERING kumari, mahabhringaraj, bel, neem), edible products | OO ™S OE=___ # #8. assessment of Impact on Vegetat; tt jetation and wr ite 2.9 (i) Forests i rests influence the local and global climate pattern through carbon eycle and water cycle il) Forests are the the earth's air-purifers. The green plants take incarbon done daring he process of photosymbesis ‘give out oxygen into the atniosphere. (iv) Forests are natural homes toa great majority of terrestrial ” ‘teatures, as they provide the basic needs for a species survival such as water, food and shelter. 3. Hyplenie Funetion of Forests Forests help to improve the environment by reducin; . st iron 1 ‘noise pollution, Forests absorb sound and help to reduce the intensity of sound waves considerably. They are the earth's ‘Purifiers and give out oxygen to the atmosphere. 4. Recreational Function of Forests ____ Forests provide us opportunities for ecotourism, involving travelling to places of natural or ecological interest, to understand the wildlife, learn about the eavironment and contribute to the protection and conservation of the cavironment, Outdoor activities like fishing, hunting, boating, swimming, picnicking, sunbathing, hiking and skiing are related to recreational function of forests. 5. Selentifie Fanctions of Forests Forests provide us with models to expand our intellectual curiosity about the world. They provide us with the opportunity to understand the ecological processes in the natural environment. Ail efforts must be focussed to conserve our resources by creating an awareness among people about the importance ‘of forests and how it would affect us, if they were no longer around. around Qi. What are the problems associated with axploitation of forests? Answer ¢ Forests support diverse life forms, as they can provide three basic ingredients for survival of the species - water, food and shelter. ‘Timber products are in high demand almost worldwide. “This encourages harvesting, transporting, processing, buying or selling of timber against the national laws, thus making illegal foxging a lucrative industry. The main cause of deforestation egal Toging due to which half ofthe orginal forest cover Tready disappeared. Several species of animals lke tiger, ‘are almost nearing extinction due to loss ‘Model Papers, Q¢{b) has shinoceros. elephants of their habitats. “Transportation of timber from the forests othe places in - demand adds to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leading Germ global warming trend, where the average temperature tn percolate into the soil. Roots ; i "opther thus preventing sol erosion. The dead parts of tsomes higher. The sawing and sanding of he wood products the plat decompose to form organic matter © S025 T sag, dust to the atmosphere aes ———— SIA GROUP @ ‘Scanned with CamScanner | | | |and other resources. The forests provide water for domestic use and hydroelectric power. enlisted below: @ ® © @ © o ® Problems Associoted with Exploltation of Forests forests are as under: © Erosion of Sold sts for water, fuelwood Some of the medicines derived from the forests are ‘Quinine - cure for mataria ‘Curare- anaesthetic and muscle relaxnntused in surgery. Rosy periwinkle ~cure for Hodgkin's disease and * Jeakemia. Other drugs- athrits, hepatitis, insect bites, fever, ‘coughs and gold, ‘The forests are destroyed forthe following purposes: To convert forests to agticultural land to feed the increased number of peopleand for cattle raising. ‘To cam money by growing eash crops. ‘Logging of commerciat wood, ‘Cutting down of toes for firewood, paper and building. A ; Urbanization, ‘Mining and oil exploration. ‘The acid rain and forest fire too contribute to deforestation. ‘Some of the problems associated with exploitation of Edouge (0 the Lacad ond) Glohat Climates through Destartaues at (@) The Corkoa Cycle The trees stat carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to carbohydrates, fats and proteins in them. This carbon is then released 88 CO, when the trees are either bumt or rot, ‘causing an increase in CO, concentration in the stmasphere. CO, contributes to the greentiouse @) The Woree Cycle The underground water is drawn up by the Toot system of the trees ond released into the atmosphere by the process of transpiration, The falling of trees will render a dri climate in the region. Falling of trees also affects rainfall pattem. * ‘The root system of the trees holds the soil particles firmly. With the removal of trees, erosion of soil takes place. ‘(Q16. Whatare the varlous reasons ford Answer : ‘Model Papert O valu is around 33%. This is dus to deforestation Reasons for Deforestation Look for the SIA GROUP Loco Qh on the TITLE COVER before you buy dams takes place, (©) Extinetion of Species Forests are home to more th species. Cutting down of tees ree m ; | of thousands of species of birds «eta Some ofthe arethe orangutan ment inf manatee, jaguar and Puerto Rican nef, rangutan ed on various pan pr figs, fruits, bark, nuts and insects The the forests suppor the growthorymnie serveas aerial adders, thus enabling, 8S ‘move around, build ests and hut orf loss of forests leads to endangering plants and animals, Ines Natural Conflicts with Witdtife As the green cover depletes the wid anima, forced to move out of thie rditona homes na {inhabited by humans, causing dreadful encoun wild animals lke elephants, poisonous satesee | Desertification Deforestation contributes to the desertification ef ‘gteen canopy. ‘Effect: ‘on Ecotourism ‘The potential eamings from ecotourism makets due to deforestation, Tourists would be unvilig travel to see the polluted rivers, carcasses of animals, stumps of the trees and unused wastelands. Soctal £ffects of Deforestation ‘Casestudies have documented that the indigenous pe living in the forests have been rendered homeless duet invasion by cattle ranchers, logeers and land speculat Also discuss the remedial actions. Forests cover 12% of the land in India, but estat ‘The major causes of deforestation are: Rapid urbanization is leading to deforestationssthel isnot available, Forests are overexploited so as to develop them agricultural Iands, " Overgrazing of forest lands is also leadiné deforestation, Shifting of farmers from the production of cocoae*P | to growing of cash erops is leading to falling s0 as to develop agricultural lands. Scanned with CamScannerniga Pion eile et todeasagg, MEN hve ld drain, the dan ad forest es too const to defore forestsare being cleared forthe purpose of eile mcg, fies Measures taken to mitigate deforestation areas follows prevent overgrazing of forestlands, overexplitation of timber should be prevented, whichis maintained by the b is responsible for the establi branch of forest sl branch is Md be re catablishment, development and reproduction otter teens a Peyrsatn Recycling of forest products like paper should be practised, Burning of forests should be strongly prevented so s to develop into pastare lands, Forests should be conserved by growing plants tolerant to diseases, fire and pests, Plantation of seedlings of forest trees with crop plants, enables the trees ofthe forest to grow bette. Forest departments and other communities involved it conservi ; 8 ing forests, have taken to plantation of eucalyptus trees, cassia trees, teak trees, tamarind trees tc., in the government waste lands, along roadsides, railway I rarginal lands of the farms thereby contributing to social forestry. This has met the basic demands of wood for rural people, prevented the erosion of soil, maintained ecological balance and provided shade along the roadside, We should buy foods (eg., bananas, pepper, cloves, coffee) that are grown in a sustainable way. Encourage the use of environmentally friendly paper. . Encourage the use of recycled paper. Practise of silviculture helps to replenish the forests. Plant an equal amount of saplings so as to compensate for the fallen trees. Thus, equal balance should be maintained between the rate and falling of trees. |. Explain the effects of deforestation on water resources. : : Model Papers, Q5(0) ‘The termn deforestation reférs to denuding the green canopy or the destruction of forests and woodlands forthe following, ‘To.convert forests to agricultural land for crop production to feed the increased number of people, and for cattle rearing. Logging of commercial wood for firewood, paper and building material. Urbanization Mining activities and oil exploration. : win tion ‘The ferti i i jintair ‘the presence of vegetation that forms a protective cover over the soil. The nutrient aeitbol ay A De ‘rains, the water aids the nutrients to penctrate the soil. Plants roots absorb nutrients present in the soil: When the leaves fall the inseets, worms and other decomposers decompose the eaves and rctum ee for the soil. The top soil b nerable to wind and water Destruction of vegetation ir Joss of protective cover for the soil top soil becomes vulnerat wi wi Ee ee ere ees, resulting in higher rate of soil crosion and sol leaching. The productivity of soil ‘soil depth, soil organic matter, soil fertility. Decrease in the water holding capacity ofthe land és due decrease in Soil depth, Erosion of top soil causes lots of soil getting washed from the land, into the local creeks andl rivers, ting to silting up of rivers and significant increase in th 1c of flooding. Siltation damages the fish eges and decreases ci hatch rates. | “The other problem associated with deforestation isthe change inthe local and global climate through disturbance of the ‘eater eyele The underpround wate ie drawn up By the root system ofthe trees and released into the atmosphere by the process 1 tanopOn. The lng ores will ender drier lina inthe region, also ae ae ee SVECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Scanned with CamScannerENVIRONMENTAL IMPAGQT ANHESSMIENT (iy Wing eres Seeman Sie Waal le the Prunact of devobopmnenal Wativitiam Ot WTF Hy Forwat water ated 7 , amewer os DORN. ORO cx play oo Geatint rake an uannennnng the eehop font Hea npc reputations ct etrqwn fons ho prevent ston HOA HIM cn eR See erased nthe wees prov ade shaw thus cetalnjng the asnlture in the au bongs tha at be praatce nwo the Hlth pre Al Ftet py = al ensourage the govt of hu a tae, WMH the oF Ih dg GIS. What is the impact of forest land cover changes on wiltlife? eu 9 a4 SHAVE, CMe va pend Mil Prag, Answer: Fovests are nazaal home (0 a great majority of terrestrial creates a they 640 Provide the Basie tees fy, = feat and shelter. ss ace home to move than half the works species, Cutting dawe of tres leads to extinction of thon of nals, Some of them are the orangutan, mountain gorilla, manatee, jaguar, Puc ParTots ava may men “ym Send on various plant pats like leaves, figs, fhuits, bark, ruts and insects, The old trex inthe forear the ania 10 move around, bald nest and ar nals. As te green cover depletes, the wild animals are forced 19 move out of thei tational home into areas inking wemans causing dread encounters with wild animals like elephants, poisonous snakes et Some case staies have documented that, the indigenous people living in the forests have been rendered homes ay, svasion by cutte ranchers, loggers and land speculators. ‘G20. Differentiate between deforestation and forest degradation. Answer : . Deforestation “Tas term deforestation refers to denuding the green canopy or the destruction of forests and woodlands forthe flog Purposes (2) ~ Toconvert forests to agricultural land for crop production, to feed the increased number of people, and for catle iss (©) Logsing of commercial wood for firewood, paper and buildlitg material, . —s Moet Papacy (c) Urbanization . () Mining-activities and oil exploration. t Forest Degradation Forest degradation refers to undesirable depletion of the forest resovfces and forest ecosystem, usually by anthropos ‘ctivities. The major causes of forest degradation are: (a) Selective logging (b) Ovetharvesting ofa myriad of non-timber forest Products (such as fuel and fodder biomass, construction materials Bt Sarat atan fiber, flowers, fruits, tubers, edible mushrooms, seeds, oils, medicinal plants gums and resin 2 ind dyes, large variety of birds, mammals, fsh and insects used as food of sold to collectors, gilli products 8 honey and eggs), i Shifting cultivation in forestland : The shifting cultivation in forest land refers to the phenomenon wherin ries forest land are cultivated temporarily until the soil loses fertility and vhen the land is abodoned, wt becomes it (c) (@) _Naturel calamities such as extreme drought, flooding, damage by drought very often degrade the health ofthe Foe (c) "Wildfires destroy the litter layer consisting of leaves, branches and dead trees on the forest floor. (Mining activities and the resultant pollution, nc ne a Look for the SIA GROUP Loud 4} on the TITLE COVER before you buy . Scanned with CamScanner: IMPACT oF Q i DEVELopy, ACTIVITIES ON sans SIA GROUP and Infrastructure development on land? : Mods Impact of construction activities and infrastructure devel . parte Otte)" cia eta gn noise Z of pollutants y ion rand contamination, oxide, hydrogen sulfide, asbestos, dredging “ istic tte by the construction industry include toxic elements like, Explain the qualitative Impact prediction approach of a project activity on ground water. Stream flow E-= Evapotranspiration ‘$= Changes in storage. (b) Aquifer Characteristics The aquifer characteristics that can be assessed by the EIA of groundwater development activities, are the hydraulic conductivity / transmissivity (both vertical and horizontal), «effective porosity and specific yield / storage / capacity of the ‘ell (©) Groundwater Use ‘The groundwater is extracted though borewells and ‘openwells to provide for more than 70% of the irgated area ‘and about 80% of domestic water supply. This information has ‘been obtained by the EIA stidies: (@) Land use and Land Cover ‘The ELA studies of groundwater development activities, provides information about the land use and land cover changes that affect the quality of ground water. The quality of groundwater deteriorates due to residential sanitation, solid ‘waste disposal in uncontrolled dumps, industril and mi development, leaching of nutrients and use of pesticides etc. (©) Groundwater Quality ‘The BIA study depicts the various causes for degradation of the groundwater quality. The groundwater generally stored in underground aquifers receives water from soil saturated with precipitation or through stream and river runoff. The groundwater and surface water are intimately interconnected, such that pollution of surface water ean reach groundwater and ta b 1 Geological The EIA study provides information of the about study area and it includes the geology, soils, land use, vegetation, ete Uy eeand ss, Hence, adequate measures need to he adopt prevent or red cual / potential effect. 2 the conservation and management of groundwater na a sustainable manner. It includes, tesoing (i) Promoting integrated watersheds f ® for apriaty domestic and industrial use (ii) Use of proper food control methods, ii) Interlinking of main rivers. (iv) Analysis ofoverexploited areas off by hydrological surveys, (%) Groundwater monitorine and peo rainwater harvesting and artificial reckarse seale. - 3.4 IDENTIFICATION AND INCORPORA OF MITIGATION MEASURES Q20, Write an account on the identification ofim of project on soil andlor groundwater. Answer Model Pera Given below are the impact of construction ss and infrastructure development on various aspects flan or groundwater. 1. Landforms Landforms created by different natural forces ir mountains, valleys, deserts, plateaus, plains hills, bes ‘Man-made changes in landforms include developmestf ‘on levels lands close to waterways, railway lines, tia roads and streets on gentle terain, agriculture and pst areas prone to occasional flooding: central busines dsr levelled land. The construction related impacts on tn include changes in the surface of land, uncontrolled let ‘vegetation, gross changes in hydrology, slope moifcaion ‘erosion, increased tendency to experience subsidenee.8 shrinkage and landslides. 2. Soil Profile Soil is the loose superficial Iyer of ing of mineral matter, soil water, soil oa" pact profile the eats consi soil organism and soil air. The.types of sel construction activities include soil removal, sell soil compaction, soil erosion, soil eontaniaton. clearing, reduced permeability of soil, and ths ‘ia infiltration of rainfall, Spills and toxic elemsst* vice-versa. Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO {} on the TITLE COVER before you bY from construction activities cause soil pollution Scanned with CamScannersial and municipal im sures of king isigaed eee, co ote, Both se Sues of water oe Hasty fo ba S20 ction The groundwater, ea fe and ies recives water fom si ccm vation ohrough stream and river rinof whee she groundwater an euthce ver wa idwater and viceversa, ecu ae8 grown soit Composition jon activities can have significant detrimental the plysical, chemical and biological properties fejore, sustainable use and management of soi heroneuction sites should be an integral part of ramental assessment Process. Construct ops 08 fscil ce 4 envio ‘Slopes ‘re type of construction activity depends upon the ‘tis difficult to develop a sloping terrain express ofthe terrain. serge serous eesion problems the seeps the slope the Seater te threat oF F0siony residential areas, industrial belts, Bye aeprts, eereaton alte can ‘be developed on gentle open: Tae rocky hillsides may experience rockfills the glacier ‘Shon may experience avalanches, ‘while the valleys face the treat of flash flooding. Seismicity ‘Anthropogenic. activities st snd construction works, mining, fpdrolectric power generation, joie cater, injection of geothermal fui {impoundment of lage reservoirs behind dams, ‘controlled explosion related to gor construction, undergroud muClear o% injection and anal of fluids from subsurface may induce seismicity OF rrovement of the earth's tectonie plates. | Land Subsidence, Collapse and Sbrinksge sand subsidence's the inking ofthe land, generally though man-drven or technologically driven it 8 sane cxvoction of natural gas, subsurface min activities. 1. Flood Plains Flood plain areas often face drainage problems due t0 the periodic flooding and siltation. These areas are generally suitable for agriculture but not for urban development. 8 Land Use Construction and land develop tround clearing, soil compaction, inctese sctivities leading uch as heavy engineering il and gas production, ‘underground disposel of ment activities involve sed traffic, noise, to serious on water quality in stream: habitats and increase in f ee cy pr se, bing ‘te, The ris meen subsidence, weak and compressible so? and comin iy The mining industry has significant rote in the coy coe deve ome the extraction of ral resources has significant impact on the stability of the seabed, ait seabed is polio with dust and gases caused by dling. sting. mine haulage, deforestation, changes in tand forms tamination, collaps groundwater and surface water © tnfled tunel and vin polation 10, Buffer Zones It refers to the undisturbed ar where the project activity ix planned te generously provided inthe vicinity of tominimize the impact of human disturbance by const wetrvily, G21. Suggest mitigation measures to be followed! practiced to prevent harm to the environment due to development activity. Model Paper. 218) rea around the core 2008 “The buffer zones should ifthe project site in order ition oR What type of mitigatio implemented to reduce the impact o in measures can be nthe soll? Answer t

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• Cvgenerator

  

  Document6 pages

  Cvgenerator

  Hari Vamshi

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