Appendix A A.1 Table of absorption coefficients Frequency (Hz) Material 125 250 500 ©1000 2000 4000 Curtains or drapes Light velour 0.338 kg/m? hung straight in 0.04 0.05 O11 0.18 0.30 0.35 contact with wall! Medium velour 0.475 kg/m’, hung straight! 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.32 0.35 Medium velour 0.475 kg/m’, draped to half 0.07 0.31 0.49 0.75 0.70 0.60 area! Heavy velour, Heavy velo 61 kg/m? hung straight’ 0.05 0.12 0.35 0.48 0.38 0.36 61 kg/m? draped to half area’ 0.14 0.35 0.55 0.77, 0.70 0.60 Variation with draping Hung straight” 0.04 0.16 0.19 017 0.20 0.25 Draped to half area? O15 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.35 0.40 Draped to 40% of area? 0.19 0.31 0.35 0.34 044 0.50 Curtains in folds against wall? 0.05 O15 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.50 Cotton curtains, 0.475 kela Draped to 7/8 area** Draped to 3/4 area 0.03 0.12 O15 0.27 0.37 0.42 0.04 0.23 0.40 0.57 0.53 0.40 0.37 1 Draped to 1/2 area*> 0.07 0.49 0.81 0.65 0.54 Carpet Carpet heavy, on concrete? 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.37 0.60 0.65 Heavy carpet (same as line above) on foam 0.08 0.24 0.57 0.69 0.71 0.73 rubber or 1.35 ke/m? hair felt™ Heavy carpet (same as 2 lines above) with latex 0.08 0.27. 0.39 0.34 0.48 0.63 backing on foam rubber or 1.35 kp/m? hair felt? Haircord on felt® 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.30 Pile and thick felt® 0.07 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.65 No underlay (pad), woven wool loop, 1.2 kg/m? 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.30 0.50 0.47 2.4 mm pile height™ No underlay (pad), woven wool loop, 1.4 kg/m? 0.15 0.17 0.12 0.32 0.52 0.57 6.4 mm pile height? No underlay (pad) woven wool loop, 2.3 kg/m? 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.50 0.63 0.83 9.5 mm pile height? Loop pile tufted carpet, 1.4 kg/m’, hair underlay 0.03 0.25 0.55 0.70 0.62 0.84 1.4 kgim*? Loop pile tufted carpet, 1.4 ke/m’, hair underlay 0.10 0.40 0.62 0.70 0.63 0.88 3.0 kgim?? Loop pile tufted carpet, 1.4 ke/m’, Hair and jute 0.20 0.50 0.68 0.72 0.65 0.90 underlay 3 kg/m? Loop pile tufted carpet, 1.4 kg/m’, no underlay? 0.04 0.08 0.17 0.33. 0.59 0.75 Loop pile tufted carpet, 0.7 ke/m’, 14 kg/m’ 0.10 0.19 0.35 0.79 0.69 0.79 hair underlay pad? 16 mm wool pile with underlay! 0.20 025 035 040 0.50 0.75 9.5 mm wool pile no underlay on concrete! 0.09 0.08 0.21 0.26 0.27 0.37 Cord carpet 0.05 0.05 010 0.20 045 0.65 Thin (6 mm) carpet on underlay” 0.03 0.09 0.20 0.54 0.70 0.72 (continued)Appendix A 441 A.1 Table of absorption coefficients (continued) Frequency (Hz) Material 125 250 S00 1000 2000 4000 6 mm pile carpet bonded to closed-cell foam 0.03 0.09 0.25 0.31 0.33 0.44 underlay? Thick (9 mm) carpet on underlay? 0.08 0.08 0.30 0.60 0.75 0.80 Needle felt $ mm stuck to concrete? 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.15 0.30 0.40 Thin carpet cemented to concrete!’ 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.2 035 04 Other floors Wood blockilino/rubber flooring* 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 Parquet fixed with asphalt, on concrete! 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 Wood on solid floor! 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 Floors, wood? O15 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07 Wood platform, large airspace below! 040 0.30 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.10 Floor boards on joist floor® 0.15 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Floors, concrete or terrazzo™!® 0.01 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.02 0.02 Concrete floor"! 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Linoleum or vinyl stuck to concrete? 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 Linoleum, asphalt tile or cork tile on 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 concrete>*!> Layer of rubber, cork, linoleum and underlay or 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.10 vinyl and underlay, stuck to concrete'*? Cork, lino or rubber tile on solid floor! 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 25 mm cork on solid backing 0.05 0.1 O02 O55 06 0.55 Slate! 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 Theatre seating, unoccupied Beranek’s values'* 0.19 0.37 0.56 0.67 0.61 0.59 Average of 9 modern seating designs, 0.9 m row 0.34 0.46 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.85 spacing'® 0.39 0.61 0.74 0.83 0.88 0.35 0.58 0.70 0.78 0.84 0.34 0.52 065 0.73 0.75 0.60 0.73 0.80 0.75 0.64 0.60 0.77 0.89 0.82 0.70 0.50 O58 0.61 0.58 0.50 One seat type, 0.8 m row spacing'® Same seat as line above, 0.9 m row spacing" Same seat as 2 lines above, 1 m row spacing"’ Upholstered seating® Upholstered seating, well upholstered’ Upholstered seating, leather covered'® Seating, occupied Occupied theatre seating average from refs 1 041 0.58 0.80 0.90 0.92 0.89 and 1S Audience on timber seats (1/m 0.16 0.24 0.56 0.69 0.81 0.78 Audience on timber seats (2/m 0.24 0.4 0.78 0.98 0.96 0.87 Orchestra with instruments (1.5 mPperson)? 0.27 0.53 0.67 0.93 0.87 0.8 Wooden pews (100% occupan 0.57 0.61 0.75 0.86 0.91 0.86 Wooden chairs (100% occupancy)" 0.60 0.74 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.85 Wooden pews (75% occupancy)"* 046 0.56 065 0.75 0.72 0.65 Miscellaneous Water surface in swimming pool’? 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 Water surface in swimming pool? 0.008 0.008 0.013 0.015 0.02 0.025 Marble or glazed tile? 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 Solid wooden door'*? 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.10 Ventilation grille’? 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 Egg boxes’? 0.01 0.07 0.43 0.62 0.51 0.70 (continued)442 Appendix A A.1 Table of absorption coefficients (continued) Frequency (Hz) Material 125 250 500 ©1000 2000 4000 Wood Plywood panelling, 1 cm thick?!” 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.09 0.1 0.11 22 mm chipboard, 50 mm cavity filled with 0.12 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 mineral wool!*” 3-4 mm plywood sheets, >75 mm cavity with 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 25-50 mm mineral wool*” Plywood+hardwood, air space® 0.32 0.43 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.11 6 mm wood fibreboard on laths, cavity>100 mm 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.05 deep"? Fibreboard, solid backing’ 0.05 01 015 025 03 03 Fibreboard, 25 mm air space‘ 03° 03 03 03 03 03 9.5-12.7 mm wood panelling, $10 cmair «0.300.250.2007 O15 0.10 space behind! ‘Wood, 50 mm thick 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 Concrete Rough concrete’ 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 Smooth unpainted concrete” 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 Smooth concrete, painted or glazed'*? 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 Concrete block, coarse? 0.36 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.25 Concrete block, painted?" 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08 Porous concrete blocks without surface finish, 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.14 0.20 400-800 kg/m’? Clinker concrete, no surface finish, 800 ke/m'*” 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.50 0.60 Bricks and blocks Brick, unglazed? 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 Brickwork, plain painted 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 Smooth brickwork with flush pointing, 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 painted’” Brick, unglazed, painted 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 Smooth brickwork with flush pointing"? 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 Smooth brickwork, 10 mm deep pointing, pit 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.22 0.24 sand mortar’? Breeze block® 0.2 #03 £406 #06 OS OS Plaster Lime cement plaster!’ 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 Glaze plaster"*” 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 Painted plaster surface” 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Plaster with wallpaper on backing paper” 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 Plaster, gypsum, or lime, rough finish on lath?" 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 Plaster, gypsum, or lime, smooth finish on lath? 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 Plaster, gypsum or lime, smooth finish on 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 lath? Plaster, on laths/studs, air space® 03 O01 O41 0.05 0.04 0.05 Plaster, gypsum, or lime, smooth finish on tile 0.013 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 or brick? Plaster, lime of gypsum on solid backing‘ 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Acoustics plaster® 0.30 0.35 05 0.7 0.7 0.7 (continued)Appendix A 443 A.1 Table of absorption coefficients (continued) Frequency (Hz) Material 125 250 $00 1000 2000 4000 Acoustics plaster, 40 mm thick” 0.31 0.55 0.84 0.78 0.71 0.54 Acoustics plaster, 68 mm thick” 0.47 0.74 0.76 0.65 0.62 0.49 Plasterboard Gypsum board, 1.27 em nailed to studs with 0.29 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.09 41m Plasterboard on frame, 9.5 mm boards, 10cm 0.11 0.13 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 empty cavity? Plasterboard on frame, 9.5 mm boards, 10cm 0.28 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.05 cavity filled with mineral wool” Plasterboard on frame, 13 mm boards, 10cm 0.08 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 empty cavity? Plasterboard on frame, 13 mm boards, 10cm 0.30 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.05 cavity filled with mineral wool” 2x13 mm plasterboard on steel frame, Scm 0.15 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.05 mineral wool in cavity, surface painted”? Glazing Glass, ordinary window glass” 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.07 0.04 Single pane of glass, 3-4 mm* 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.05 ngle pane of glass, >4 mmé 0.1 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 ingle pane of glass, 3 mm: 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 Double glazing, 2-3 mm glass, 1 cm gap** 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 Double glazing, 2-3 mm glass, >3.cm gap®? 0.15 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 Glass, large panes, heavy glass"? 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 Wools and foam 25 mm fibreglass, rigid backing 0.08 0.25 0.45 0.75 0.75 0.65 2.54 cm fibreglass, 24 to 48 kg/m? 0.08 0.25 0.65 O85 0.8 0.75 2.5 cm fibreglass, 2.5 cm airspace? O15 0.55 0.8 0.9 0.85 08 5 cm fibreglass, rigid backing? 0.21 0.50 0.75 0.90 0.85 0.80 7.5 cm fibreglass, rigid backing 0.35 0.65 0.80 0.90 0.85 0.80 10 cm fibreglass, rigid backing:* 0.45 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.95 0.85 5 cm mineral wool (40 kg/m’), glued to wall, 0.15 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.85 0.90 untreated surface*” 5 cm mineral wool (40 kg/m’), glued to wall, 0.15 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.75 0.75 surface sprayed with thin plastic solution’® 5 em mineral wool (70 kg/m’) 30 cm in front of 0.70 0.45 0.65 0.60 0.75 0.65 wall’? 5 cm wood-wool set in mortar? 0.08 0.17 0.35 045 0.65 0.65 5.1 cm fibreglass, panels with plastic sheet 0.33 0.79 0.99 0.91 0.76 0.64 wrapping and perforated metal facing? 5.1 cm fibreglass, 24-48 kg/m’? 0.17 0.55 08 0.9 0.85 08 Acoustic tile, 1.27 em thick? 0.07 0.21 0.66 0.75 0.62 0.49 Acoustic tile, 1.9 cm thick? 0.09 0.28 0.78 0.84 0.73 0.64 Polyurethane foam, 2.5 cm thick 0.16 0.25 0.45 0.84 0.97 0.87 Thermafleece, sheep wool absorbent 100mm _ 0.47 «0.86 «1.00 0.94 0.96 1.02 thick?> (continued)444 Appendix A A.1 Table of absorption coefficients (continued) Frequency (Hz) Material 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 Ballast Ballast or other crushed stone, 3.18 cm, 15.2cm 0.19 0.23 0.43 0.37 0.58 0.62 deep* Ballast or other crushed stone, 3.18 cm, 30.5 cm 0.27 0.58 0.48 0.54 0.73 0.63 deep* Ballast or other crushed stone, 3.18 cm, 45.7cm 0.41 0.53 0.64 0.84 0.91 0.63 deep? Ballast or other crushed stone, 0.64.m 15.2¢m 0.22 0.64 0.7 0.79 0.88. 0.72 deep? Microperforated absorber 4 cm cavity” 0.08 0.27 0.70 0.35 0.11 0.04 40 cm cavity? 0.64 0.56 0.41 0.28 0.13 0.06 Diffusers Hybrid absorber diffuser (BAD™ panel 0.17 0.40 0.86 1.00 0.84 0.61 mounted on 2. cm fibreglass) ™, design freq. = 500 Hz” 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.20 0.09 0.12 2D N=7 QRD as line above, with cloth 0.16 0.17 0.28 0.41 0.26 0.3 covering” 1D N=7 QRD, design freq. = 500 Hz” 0.11 0.1 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.06 QRD as line above, with cloth 0.13 0.14 0.2 0.24 0.20 0.23 covering” A.2 References L. L. Beranek, Acoustics, McGraw-Hill (1954). 2. M. Harris (ed), Handbook of Noise Control, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill (1991). D. Templeton (ed), Acoustics in the Built Environment, 2nd edn, Architectural Press (1997). V.S. Mankovsky, Acoustics of Studios and Auditoria, Focal Press (1971) E. Alton Everest, Master Handbook of Acoustics, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill (2001). A. Fry (ed), Noise Control in Building Services, Pergamon Press (1987). P.H, Parkin, H.R. Humphreys and J. R. Cowell, Acoustics, Noise and Buildings, Faber and Faber (1979). 8 J. Kristensen, “Sound absorption coefficients ~ measurement, evaluation, application”, Note 445, Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, Horsholm (in Danish) (1984). 9 C. Lynge, ODEON Room Acoustics Program, User Manual, DTU, Denmark (2001). 10 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, http:/Avww.ptb.de/en/index.html (accessed 2003). 11 L.L. Beranek and T. Hidaka, “Sound absorption in concert halls by seats, occupied and unoccupied, and by the hall’s interior surfaces”, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 104(6), 3169-77 (1998). 12 J. Petersen, “Rumakustik”, SBl-anvisning 137, Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, Horsholm (1983), 13 R. W. Young, “Sabine reverberation and sound power calculations”, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 31, 912-21 (1959). 14 L.L. Beranek, “Audience and chair absorption in large halls. II,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 45, 13-19 (1969) 15 W. J. Davies, R. J. Orlowski and Y. W. Lam, “Measuring auditorium seat absorption”, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 96, 879-88 (1994) 1 2 3