6.3 Work and Energy with Varying Forces 5.16 cating te wr os 3 ‘So far in this chapter we've considered work done by constant forces only. But atcle moves from x) 1033 Svat happens hen Yu tech a ying? The mare Jou ste ths hare yu _ Pe movie or oe ave tout tothe foe you exer not costa a th spiog nich, * tbe ste se Wow also rsied or dussimto stag fine tin, Tee anys i hy Iron: inshch aod moves an cred path nds ted on by afta “ars in mitt scton th We nee ob at compute he woxk Sone byte ve in those more gona cass. Fst. er nd the ‘onk-oney orem hls even won varying ose re conte ed sen the buys ath nt ah Work Done by a Varying Force, Straight-Line Motion ‘To add only one complication at a time, let's consider straight-line motion along the axis with a force whose x-component F- may change as the body moves. (A real-life example is driving a ear along a straight road with stop signs, so the driver has to alternately step on the gas and apply the brakes.) Suppose a particle ‘moves along the x-axis from point x to x9 (Fig. 6.16a). Figure 6.16b is a graph ‘of the x-component of force as a function of the particle's coordinate x. To find © the work done by this force, we divide the total displacement into small segments F, The hihi ofeach tp ‘At. Aux. and so on (Fig. 6.16e). We approximate the work done by the force repens te vee Fa Gkerng seemont yas the averge component of force Fy in that segment | SSI multiplied hy the aaplcement Ax, We do ths for each segment and hen ad f, ‘the results for all the segments. The Work done by the force in the total displace- rafts tet fom Wi approximately OR A a ay W= Fu dty + Fidtn® a ay =, Inthe limit tha he nur of semen becomes very ge ante wih of MasterlngPHYsies cach becomes very smal this sum becomes the itegraf of F, from xy 1043 Per yess Sig OA “anne eommonet of e ws frm sieht line displacement) ea Note that Faery represents the area ofthe frst vertical stip in Fig. 6.16¢ and ‘hat the integral in Eg, (6.7) represents the area uer the curve of Fig, 6.160 between xy and.t>. On a graph of force as a function of postion, the total work done bythe force is represented by the area under the curve between the initial {and final positions. An altecnative interpretation of Ea, (67) i that the work W_ ‘qual the average force that ats over the entire displacement, multiplied by the displacement Inthe special ease that Fy the -eomponent ofthe Force s constant, it may be 6.17 Te work dey aconsunt face aye nade ihe anew Finide raection ar panicle moves ke outside the integral in Ea, (6.7) eel we [name [t= Been) contac oohmpns wat eb 7, ecm taceo: Ay AS De wal displacement ofthe partite. So inthe case of a con- deg dope stan foes FE (6:7) says that ER in ercement with Ea (6.1. The ner ie Preaton of work sth area under he crve of Fs a function of x also lds ‘t+ — for a constant force ig. 61M, Now ler's apply these ideas to the stetched spring. CSD _ stretched beyond its unstretched length by an amount x, we have fo apply a RET GUAT ARATE TEREHTENM (Fig. 6.15). 1F the elongation x is not (oo great the force we apply to the righthand end has an a-component dirgetly propertional toxR28 CERNE 6s te AOA STORER SHAHID sessing Ti A as i nse NF SES 5 n Bris tne Atopy ty sping shes inky! haa ece conan ef te 1 Nt for the much siffer springs in an automnobile’s suspension, k is about 10° N/m. ‘The obervaton that forces dvty proportional fo clonaton fr ckngtions that arnt too gest stad by Rober ocke in 1678 ad i own a (RBM ely spousin be aed» “ass since isa semen! bout a Specie device an nt a nae lw’ of rate, Rel srings doa always cbey Ea, (68) precy, bt t's sla weal Heized mode. We'll cine Hooke’ woe fly Chapter I ; iH ‘TSH Sp ATRL We pp es art oposite forces so S.18 Conaisgtevoideeto yet eae Naan tice Wotoll fe ichon i tomas ths force we apy a thse does no work The force tthe nev, Texerinietegaehemenictenot Gu des do work Fgue 619 ia pap of Fa fc neten dicen te aog tes GF de ping. The work done by hs ese whe the longation gos rom Pr 10 vee aiaximurn valve X8 we [nme [ewe ye 0 ‘We can also obtain this result graphically. The area of the shaded ang 6.19, epresening the total work done bythe fare, is equal to haf the product of the base and aide, oF w= face) = Hx? Dis cpusion so: hc TT 3: SNSERTED 6.20 Cae ewe done 0 (GtiGNGGEHBHER. We se athe ot wen propionate square af ess sng econ oa ‘the final elongation X. To stretch an ideal spring by 2 cm, you must do four times °F 9" ‘ouch wor raced ose em (0) tests it eon riitaty Sewn eoreemenoncston the spring is sready stretched a distance x sreater elongation x) (Fig. 6.203) is . & AIL VW VV we ees ows ats at ‘ovm jul wwr vo oye ‘You should use your knowledge of geometry to convince yourself that the trape= ‘oda are under the graph in Fig, 6.20b%s given by the expression ia Eq. (6.10), (b) Frc-xersdsance graph If the spring has spaces between the cos When ii unsretched, then sD ao be competed. nd Hooke’ law hos for compression as wel st ‘ng In this ease the 5 Fig. 618, and 0 Fy both Fy and x are reversed, the force again is in the same direction asthe dis- ‘The tpl ea ude the gph epeets Se eee ie enon fom roqwreagW= thee ‘CAUTION Weekes WOHR MN AVATAR) Note thaw Eq, (6.10) ves the work that SE REGGTOA AEDNTTSHAAEETISHERAN, For cxampie, if you "cic a pring tb’ orgially lane, thnx = Oxy > O,and W =O: The force you apply tone ead of the spring isin the same diction as the esplacement andthe work ‘yo do spose, By contrast the Thus, as you pl on the spring he sping docs ‘negative work on you, Paying cel tention tthe sgn of werk wl eliminate confsion Tateront |Appleton Tendons Are Nonieal eer cs ne ne fg st te cole ere gr ‘eto rn he wag ‘Tt lsat angel rane Fetjrante an spo tee Tee ae Sod gg. teeta foun ny egret 4 (6.71 Re that te tte araanng fa sean ro reg Sr a ok ek Reena yee Work-Energy Theorem for Straight- Varying Forces In Section 6.2 we derived the work-energy theorem. for the spe an AGW prov tht ths theorem i true even when the Teece vars wih postion. AS in Seton 6.2, les considera particle that underaoes a displacemeat x while being ete om by ‘net force with component F, which we now allow ovary Just asin Fig. 6.16, ‘we divide the total displacement x int large numberof small segments Ax. We ‘cen api the work-enerey theorem, Eq, (6.5). 0 ach Segment bec se the Vale of F, in each small segment is appeotinsely constant. The change in kine energy in segment Ax, i equal the Work Fy Aq, and so on. The tal change fof kinetic energy sth stm ofthe changes nthe indivi segments, an ths 5 fsa 10 the ttl work done on the particle durin the eatie dispacement, So 0 ETOCS 2s for constant ones Heres an aerate derivation ofthe work-energy theorem for a force that ‘may vary with position. It involves making change of variable from xt i the work inegra. AS pretiminar. we noe thatthe acceleration aof the par can he expressed in various ways, using a, = d,fat. by = df and the chain rule for derivatives: deg _ desde te ade dt x Fo his res (67 el wht tol wor bythe nae Fi a en se Wen [nas fimac [win 920 [Now (do,/ds)e isthe change in velocity dr during the displacement dx, so in Fg, (6.12) we ean substitute do, for (av,/d) a. Ths changes the integration ‘arable from x to &, 80 We change the Knits from xy and. 1 dhe eomespon: ding x-velocites oy and vy at these pois. This gives ws We = “The imteprl of 2 is just 9/2 tay a Woe = dm = Su? wa ‘This is tne same as Eq. (6.6). so the work-energy theorem is valid even without the asumpion Ht dhe net free is constant