HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

 IDEAL SIZE OF A CITY = 10,000 – 20,000 (by Aristotle)

 HIPPODAMUS
 Gridiron Layout
 City in the form of Grid
 PIRAEUS, Athens Harbor
 NEOPOLIS – New Town
 PALEOPOLIS – Old Town

 URBAN DESIGN
 GREEK – Sense of finite
 Romans – Political Power & Organization

 USE OF SCALE
 GREEK – based on Human Measurements
 Romans – Proportion that would relate to the Parts of the Building
 Settlements – Rectilinear & Circular

 MODULE
 GREEK – use of House
 Romans – use of Street

 FORM
 A Latin word meaning Open Space or Market Place
 Administrative & Corporate Heart of Rome
 REPUBLICAN FORUM – “Roman Forum”
o Designed by Vitruvius
o Proportion 3:2 (Length to Width)
o Small Area, 6 acres
o Architectural Masses, Full of Odd Corners
o Curia – Senate House

 IMPERAIL FORUM – “Urban Space”

o Architectural or Urban Masses were made Subordinate to Spaces
o Composed of Piazas formed by Colonnades
o Colonnade serve as Transition (Spacious, Open, Sense of Openness)

 ANCIENT GREECE
 Acropolis
 Agora

 ANCIENT ROME
 Republican Forum
 Imperial Forum

 MEDIEVAL ERA
 Decline of Rome
 Urban Settings – Military Strongholds, Castles, Monasteries

 RENAISSANCE ERA
 Ideal Cities
o Accomplishments of Early Renaissance– Public Works & Civil Improvement of Projects
o Leon Battista Alberti – Foremost, Theoretical
o Rebuilding the Ferrara – 1ST Modern City
o Palazzo Diamenti – Most Famous Structures
o Biaggio Rosetti – Earliest Modern Urban Designers
o Leonardo Da Vinci – Sketched a City Straddling River
 Proposed Movable Houses
 Anticipated the “Greenbelt Concept”
 Satellite Town for Workers

 REBUILDING LONDON
 Several Designers :
o Christopher Waren
o John Evelyn Robert Hooke
o Valentine Knight
o John Gwynn – Produced The Plan of London (1716)
 INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
 Tony Garnier - French Architect
o Une Cite Industrielle (1901- 1904)
 Anticipated the Modern Day Zoning
 Plan is incredibly Detailed

 Don Arturo Soria Y Mata

o La Ciudad Lineal
o Stalingrad (Planned Linear City)
o Created Madrid’s 1st Streetcar & Telephone System

 THE CONVENTIONISTS & PARK MOVEMENT

 George Perkins Marsh
o Founder of Modern Conservation
o Man & Nature

 Frederick Law Olmsted

o Pioneer of American Park System
o Central Park in New York
o Cities – planned for generations ahead
o Maintain sufficient breathing space

 GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

 Ebenezer Howard
o Garden City Concept
o “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform”

 Letchworth – 1st Garden City

 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
 Connurbation
o The Wave of the Population Inflow to Large Cities
o Wave of Backflow

 CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

 Golden Age of Urban Design (Termed the “City Beautiful Era”)
 World’s Fair
 As a Civic Art
 As Urban Renewal Operations
 Civic Centers ( City Hall, Country Courthouse, Library, Museum & Plaza)
 Public Works ( Bridges, Rivers, Colleges & Universities, Railroads)
 City as a Whole
 Daniel Burnham – “Make No Little Plans, They have no Magic to stir Man’s Blood”

 ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING

 Eliel Saarinen
 Le Corbusier
o Une Ville Contemporaine
o Plan Voisin (Neighborhood Plan)
o Le Plan de Paris
o Spokesman “ International Movement”
o Chandigrah, India – Designed Entire City

 Louis Khan – Central Philadelphia

 Kenzo Tange – Plan for Tokyo

o Circulation as a Determinant of Urban Form

 Frank Lloyd Wright – Disappearing City

o Broadacres – every Family on acreland
o Changed Scheme
o Full Mile High Skyscraper
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 Constantine Dioxadis – Arch Transition
o Ekistics Grid – System for Recording Planning Data & Ordering Planning Process
o Ekistics – Science of Human Settlement