DIR: The vate of change iQ one vacsable COith sespect to anothes vasable Hese two voawiableS ave “x § ‘y! | lee y= F(X) be a finction, iF Ax is |}A2 small ineserment 1 &X, ther Me | Cosseaponding incvernment in Yy is Ay .€5 The avesage charge id ly awk x 11S called Use Desivative, ak -y..cowk& xg jit IS denoted by ex Cox) y! | FoRMOLAS: Ne. Fg?) a ae = = 0+ x 3 Ce X01 Ni Ze eu faa) ~ 22% ax DE = a* toga 2) 2 (leg) = d Sil = 33) t si75 (kd = 0, hese K is constant Q) Celie gs ) cH) ) 2 (kv) a k do » GIS a function of x ¢ K iS Constant lo) d ) yor) - du, dv dx aX We gy) - de_ dv ee te yd ~ Uv L,Y du )¢ (ov) atta ) dv) » “Se -0 ge aeV Find the derivative oF following finctions Corona oo = dy 2 Gi) 7x44 3x8 ant 5 OM 298-2 x ay tv Soe iy vx (ly -2 BUxt w ee St 3x?-92+5) 3 2 x me Kita sop Ae FeO. = 2927+ 9-49 Wd & dn aw ZY » le ee ax x7 -2 -3 Ee A: -T- HN> Wh - 4-2 -2 = I-DxX 4 lay x = Ax? 4474] 2: Find the derivative of A lagx. 2 | Sols & (e09 x) | ed tae ax £& (199X) + JogxX J (1egx) Jeg a 0 ‘sa x \ Sci ga OIA 2 (e+ fogx).ae ee ee oS ext 4x7 +9) Cos) ] gle A x4 13 2 Clog) + logx 2 (x 42 449 & Clog) gx EC + = GL 4334 pt + logx axr- 12x 4 °) Cuts IL GP raat) 1a9% a) Log (e*Ci+x)) Sole Z log ferarw] esa a G+) & Cray s- vy -J Lt Sara A 2 C4 Gx) - Ga) x) SKay, x heey ax CO? +> 2. 2) uy AYA 4X 1 ng aryney 7S 2 (er ax = ae 3 (Pope _ san 4 (ar ox = at C loga B SF-dx = Jog lx) +c aie — We T Si dk = we 4C g “SEo +9) - dx a SPO0- da +f9C):dx q- S@CO-SCD)-dx = [ECO-dx = fe cy) 10- {x-BoO-dx = KfPO0-dx, Hese k iS Constr POO IS & Furction oF * . (LO n EX ‘dx =JoglFOl +c es Potregvatlon by Posts (oY) dx = UGA — (C0) Cv da) dX, \N » Saxraw gia (Ca-aa- xD ) (Gx ar’ 4+ Dax tan. 4 eae A ay 5 ee -5¥ n> Catax jx or Gaeat >) Sa -ax 1"). lx ~ 1. drt aC tsde Ax \x AX 2 Zz +c 53 RX - y2- 2 + 2x45): Ax 4 a feidx - 2 Sedat 6Sidx ah) Gr Ac ay fxrlX ee 3 3 — et Bx, +S = 4,3 3 ya; 2 Find c C#-1> dx St (ate nat dae (at fra - 27 da 3 Ne: 4°85 226 a2 28 a yt 3 5 33 Fiod [Bea a So}s Sols f4+e Ox = Vite hie a> eC x = frida + feo 3 “ - £ + fx * bot 3 -l ~ ey Ate et +¢ 3 —I 3 ais A+ Ame Aedes @-»)* 2 Bb-B-30eb Bab 3 = foe oa Lid aan! fanee ote test 4 2 a wk ft 2-3 +3 yp +e Zt ae le | nt & [Caxrer® 3x = @ lee Lx +8 = 4 6 ee : fio z* ptiate Uois: fun He? ga Es DIFP exe a +2) = a) ax Cuxtd E ae oe LY er de bh ax ;fede = F § i Scam 5° lx i foor? oO i be (ee a4 ; i = fet ee i j it | 4 x45) + C 1 = sg _28 SS : S- cour 3x A sole tee 744 7 © = pipe cone % — i oe ax =. 55 oe dt _sax-dx- dE Aax= dé Sh te z fat—dx r a zi x - de ole . wa fe ge Ke Fp fie ge dn 26 fe idx = fede etE ye 236 2 a7 [32Gbr2" ax Sot bet fax Cah 4 + er) da : Saxe oxt4 200: 2: (x elx 3 [xP ax as ase 9 3 Cs ape eto gece ne 4 3 6 v if - t 3 é Ho 4 Gee 2x FC ene nezxoeualee >, +2? lek x4 2 =e) pigf core % af= 2 ax OC dx = ge 3 ot =. ie a peig Ve cde e = made Sore eteSx 2%. dx Vo-v-dx = uo Sv-dx - ee -Sv-dx) do i -x e eax — fe CR) -e2-n } Nea — ~ Pact fox et ax L 3 -€ bk x —-2 fae -Ax 3 wie [ x. (%dx- (Gane 3):IV Siogx-dx logx Si.d% — ([E.c20 fT dx Jax = logx 2 — Ge xd = x Jogx- Si-dx = RXIdogx- xX To se ere 12° Sh Cioguy = dx (logd fi-dx ~ ffs (iesx}: fax) a ~ (loge) x — (atoge: >A dX (log) x - 2 Flogx: wrax atleast 2-4 —2-X (logx-1}-+<a , 2 ~ x flog = 2 f togx fede = ffi, tose finds) ~aliagn—2 [loge fin fata] atteg yy a leg od pe - x (1093 - 2x(logx -)) +c.tion OX) be a diffesential Func | Nee hig farrction covt x & ik to be equate to oO. LEE uAP Na hy ATEL Roe poots of PCO) re FG) so ak x= x, then bhe given functors has minimuno value gp F(x) » Hhen the given Value Funchion x x) has maaumury “Minimum Value @r) Maximum value of Fa) = F(%) ie. lo Bi Ce Neel to find beCause evety busines Want bo maximise the profits & mmimise the lossesces ay ee - : of 2 | Gost

i5 giver b C29” ~d. Fing > te rweS x is We no of ikems prarrtFockes tne MmsImur Value of c a 2 Sols as a2 3% SAS step Gre OFS DPE cork & ; a ! = 0+ 4e(—b x c™ o+ ae ()+ 32 c® = “48, ee Dep2 c Fivst desivative =O . COO r= Go “SS yey <9 S23 Gx «= 4s Se L= 8 lisp tao! PS DIFF c'Cx) Colt we OX” c'C#) =. -4s-E2)-1_ + 6 x3 c’@) = aq6u..6 xSep Pe aA-2 COs %y,E Fo 2? Cleawly = c"CD FO “The Given Purction COO has Iie Value ak = 2- Hence minimum Value ef CCU ab x=2 is 5+ a3 ,3@ = 4h 2: Pnvestigate be moaximurn lue & PVN'nDUr? Value 2 28+32- 36x +10 = FOO Se POO = 2824 3°-3BEx 4/0 DEF come xt FO) = 6X + 6x- 36 | exep: 2 lca) 22 0 a = O | Ett Ex -26 = 8) EOD fre - X "Step) p (#2 J2446 steppe Ae x ee FO = 2O+6 SO 7 AL xX=-3 "OD = 12C~46 Bx! 3 a ei = 5x1 20% +15 ’ PCA) = Oo » 6x4 20424 18%" = © tle grr PBR? 1212 3200 att 3X - Ux = x(x 4 B-4x) =O XOf-yx+B) = ° 2 ade 44320 Cord =O> x- 32 CY” I CD L=O0.- POD = 20P- 60x74 20 x Minimun valie ‘2 2° 8G) 3(r-I me BYSTLOS TS ~s 2 -23 Mex Value atwe= (032 5 Coy + BCD eaky Net Grex yak YIO% min a 800% 5O)TI Mar Value AE x= | ; =O oy ch oo bLhak FOD= ee ayt+ 3x47. Pas Neither rmaximuns on mirnineu. sole POD = RBH Bx+T eC > 2X ext 3 OA) = 0 Bx°-6xt3°°> O Bx(e—3)-3 oC Qat1 = 0 Pex = H+ JO x(x-)-1a-D=° x= |ee oe SCID =6 5° Hence the giver? furctior has neither maxmurn OF yrinimmunr> ak X=; The Pre of- a p= ooo gle, where product a quer by fun. pes the prt and 4% te the 90°C ong Hld- of ane Venable Cock Of the pte ag a6 per oor ard fined Cost produ om. pone and ourper
Coefficients af expansion Surm of Pocoess OF x & Y 1s. akoays ?- XY —-S SGeresa) Lesres of nd OY expansion ogy i Weg % % =) Pe oe ° 1) ce = ) rm! awe 2” ear vy, ae, yn! nr zy Sy _ Cn-3)) eI * The Psopesties of AQ Bromiial cx Pars ior) |: The above |Xpansion contains (141) bermsP TF’ fs F > & Ihe Suny of tre pocoess of the Yavinbles ~ x5 “‘y) In €ady. Lesrn iS ‘nt 5 2 The Geresa) btesm Te = Gor x J ATF Nis an even Pumber then He, 1S only one middle beso. The middie texm J's Bei. BIFY js an ook Purcbex Ler they. ose 2 middle Less ip Given pans ‘ on Middle LexmS axe Oe 5 Dt (. 2 Ye 9 2c, Saal O ny zoe) Soo 6 awe bhe F faa OF the ternmsg the given lexxparssiors also nr. 2 | Mian, Py. © ; ) i i) ly a, , 2! nD. 2! | 2 Gat 2 7 @-»)! ¥}I) Firod Ue expansior oF (ex- 4)" ed n-2 2 ys i 25 Gry”: Of y ry + vo XN \c ee (x = yy? - 4. -@0'(2)t Ae: @0 @) 4 OF E+ 4 GOD te, @ 3 - Bx ge 4 272 dy 6 gx Fg are = 4 +1 16 a € 5x y+ 2I¢%S aug 2 = SIR & 5GXY+ = * 2 16 & FInd Ebe 1 Levrs in exparsion of Cax+yy?? pa = RSS 6 fase) = Tey Ty Tors ma O) Bo! 2 Yo) es FG 20! iol 3 Find a Socioe ee es sole err > ey = PC 3 A. oC G0 eo" ea ors 1_ 6 320 Ze 4 Find the coefficient of x4 in kee expansion of (att aie Sol: ne © a w+) ee ie ¥ 4 oe Ge 131, (ae - 2 oS & ) x 60-4E —3Er = 15. x * o = 15. pF ' Ss ae hs since Finding coePFIcenk ob Mg, 1 ONE excparsion bo — TKS y ot = ot € Go--77 =4 Te = 5S E rr =8 ow 1 eS ee | Teer = S 4 7B) lett 7 4 Coefficier OF gis 185 =6435 GS Find Che Wdependert tesrr jn the . + 9 expansion of (32- a)5 Ge jaa ek ee ae a) *) a ‘D+ em (24 Go 3-28 ww g..(32) S42. (2). Xe pe oh <, (3) = 2, ey" oe x? -BO boern 18-3Bxe% =O By = 18 ye 6. -G, ~-G) o Tos 9. (2 274 3y3 1 - %c: (B) 3F in s g! 3 ) 27 2 a Ky —- x 6! al St co . }25 64 ‘ 3 FKBAX y 27 ye Bx2 125 ag 2 bet a =0°2835 ———— 7 6 The 5” term is 24 times Khe bhi tex’ 1m We expansion owf G+)" P Find x’, Selz Giver, Ee = 2463 n a is c: = 2y 4 3 Nxlox9x® 4 WB ex! 24 et Bz0x 1220 f - 1320 320 2 a =4Y =o di i Le H =t2- 25 t= 2 (igrese neganve vale)_ — = MPERMUTAPTLONS & COMBDVATLONS Gt: Care hall Rel! nels (irene Reornutation ec Trbesyicce Com binakior) ——* ¢ —> Aswangement B civeulay Selection ; lire Linear Pesrmutakiors —» all asserged (77 CPE = wecle Circulaw Pewnutation al) asearnged 0 & ° P feormttatiorn: Each of the difPesent arrangements Gohich can be made by Eaking Some o7 a time is called of all Lhe ro: AF Ehings at A Pesrmukabiorn. Suppose, bee Po Pesrmubabiors oP (Nn different bhings taker I r aes a Lime is denoted by py, Yn! re) = ———. Ps @e-*)! | Combination: A Geoup ov selechorn Enak can be moacle by taking Some Oo» all of the no- Of bhirgs at a Lime Is called & bemmbimniinn.oN 3 smbirwt 9s af F suppose, the no: of ee for > < ie = att ak bine diffesent bongs taker et Yn i¢ denoted by Ss » Youb Pee A 6 pew)! FI f — Rrrmutationea ase 92 types )+ Uneas Pesrouta born 2° Nor Line crs CY Cisculax Pes rrutation , Uneas Petroutakon: ( EE Pete ta bor Pveangerment aP all) Lhe Hirgs by a [or line Rion - Uneas/ eisclas Permutation The Pesrmutation of 795 axousd lye ciscle js called Cisccilax Pesrnutation * Suppese Urese axe jr’ objects, coe fix the Ppositio® of ore obyeck ¢, wena! Wr (O-) objeckS can Le asrarnged (P-)! waysEe &: These owe3sNlabyermatic beachess iin a College iD cpbiclh Ehese ase 6 Classes . Ie hoco YPany dliPfesent Gays Can Hey Choose the dasces Provided one Leacher Eeaches only ore class. Q ee Gre eG! an s6X BX 55 ae) coags xan Faundamenta) Psinciple:? TE one event ®° Car occus in different cays & Cosresponciing ke each coay aF occusermoce AF. event 1d oy = , anotber evenk Be car Occux I> ™ coays therm both everks Ae B can occux in mxn FE fre? coays (cer nox12 cays)1 - . - Suppose these ave 5 trdependence E enirance gakes a. 4 idepesdarnk ext gates foo a foot bal) stachbure- In hoes reany cooyS CH>7 & Pezsor enrtes & leave Loe Stoadiura 3p He py ccorr3 Lo the fundarncenta! principle, : jwe car asvange 3x4 “ogo = 12 caays,, 2-IN how mang differenE assange ments can 6 gentle mar e & ladies SIE aQuourd a table - (WD were iS 0 zestvicliorn jpn arrangement QNIO 2 ladieS Sik Side~ by-side 5 gertlermer @ 5S ladies i) (lo-D! = 9! @ (-1lk51 = aps! 8B Tennis club. consiskS aP g boys & i gwlS- D> hoc Many coays can a mixe yuble tearm can be choosen. Peco XS = Locoays4° Ip hoco many different coays @rD be the lettess of we word vowel ar be avranged Whoa many of lese avsangenents begira coit> co’ (ii) hoco mary OF these asrangerner&> ip kcobiclh We lektews 0,€ occupy ever Places WHoes many oF bese avvarngerments in q@bich the letters begin coib Vv & eros cits LU. (Div) Dr hoes mang assangemerrt VEE are | Logethe® - ee [taeda A eo oak ~ 24 coays | ce (eas ems oe ese eee | a = pexpe x3! Ce eee Gos & Vv om pre) Buix2! = YS coays- WO he ee ——_—— SIN we word Vowe ~ has 5 Jetkers . This can be arsanged in 5) Mass (ce Shall Fix bbe Jette¥ ‘yo’ bbe zerra5D Five bwavellews awrive aak a beer Coe, theve awe 6 betely. Dro heee wwany conys they an Select bheiw Reoras Cl bhe Chae, Hoke |e Soh &p * 5p o po 3p, x 2p s 6. conys - ~ 6 Coan, Se," Spay } 4B) = STDP how ynany coays Car a Corprmitkee of 5 Boys & 4ginis be selected Out of jo Logs, Ga A grls IZ x %, ways 5 7 Heco many different 5 Jether Coors n be foermed ouk Of the Jettexs Of ibe Coosd = DELHZ. Hoco many of these coy) begin cote D & End coith DL. CL Te T= 3} Coags Te Find the "0 of assAangeNnnts F the |ctte: 9& Ube Coond Mabberdakics. es atm ati 4°T0 eco many coayS car 5 sed ¢ 4 cobite bas be draco? from a bag containing fo Red &@ @ cobite balls es Ie x °c, coags 5 19° Ay exerminatior Paper consist of 12 fetestions divided joto Posts Ae B Rast »’ Contains 7” Guestions & fost B Contains 6 Questions. He Candidate jo xeguised to attempt & guestions Selecting atleast 3 foorm each poe. Poco rrargd cays Car bbe cardicdate Selec tbe guestons ‘ 5 Z 5S. gals lee *, + ice at Xe * 1% Sane som mopule once saa 4 Shoco Loak Ps 3g ie Fi - Wp Sol: lp. meg Pater jon : cameeieteU = pasate lo £ ele > = J+ 3 7 }O. Sy 2S. 7 7 ao = © 7 7 Hence shocoed.2-D9 hoes many different Selections of 4 books Can be made SFweorm Jo diPFesenk books. IF kcoo Pasticular books coere alesays be Selected. g a! Sao ieDATA COLLECTION ea ae | DAKA® the collection of Any ™° oF Observations Pertaining Eo happening of ether } OF rrore Variables RECORESLAr Mforrmatkion/obsesvationS axe Collected ror Lhe sycterm befose thse ave asvanged im a legical Fosrncak . >Pata collechion has the follocotrg Preliminary requisernents . lobseckives & scope OF Dako collections 2Sousces of jnfosmatior. Z- Method of Daka collector 4y Degree of accusacy sequised for bbe Final usage- usces Of infosormalior ave af tcoo Egpes * I peimasy cata os psimary sousce 2- secondesy dala os Secondesy Sousce— > The Seif collected data 1S Krcx aS “poimasy date’ €g: Thvouglh personal WDkes views , Sueavibeed A ctc p> T= used data Psorm Sorne one ©) data bark is krocon as “secondary data” i Magazines, Necas papes, Television, Roors, Jousnals , etc--5 METHODS OF CENTRAL TENDANCY {| > There ase 5 methods of rmetosures of » Certsal Terodarncy. Tnose aze |: peibeermaktic Mean (eM) 2 Geomelsic Mean Cam) 3 Hasrmonic Mean CHM) ~~ 4 Median 5 - Mode Pitre matic Meares The PritPermatic Mear of the giver Cet of daka jo theix Gur divided a de et A OF =Am (%) = 2% Suppose rs FoequerceS ace giverd Eben mM fs i pin is to be colculaked using he following Foxrrula ZFx ZF AM (¥) = value af age fer a es as ycalculate the average 6 ibe Wel SD class of Jo studené undexs ,)2> 13, 1B, 10,135, 37) 1, 10, J2 gears N2 _ })-7 seoss. PO) 6 2+ Follocoi9 table indicates the mask> obtained jo a class test . Calculate by tbe studerts ) of praxis OF eee class leve be avg oS ete Se Masks clained | © No: of studeks F 10 q 2) /2 9 9 2P ce LH Oo 2° 27 24 Go 102 56 STE 1B5 > Px 62 2 528 x > oP 125“Chen tbe volues of ¥ & F are large ther Caleulaking the mean fbx the giter sot, becomes very difficulk Koen wa cor use Step deviation Method. The Purpose of Lig mebeod is using deviations of the diver obsexvabionS From any oxbitoty Value. j “Re At ain [d= z=] Jn case of class -\ntervals vray be giver nen ge Ar Bfdaxc Fird the avg fox given cata by USieg Step deviation Method . Ki) 46s ode BA | Fad, | 446 ~ 20 | ¢ | > 7) | | 2b | 24 TS 2z | 19 b 22 CLP fh | 20 ° | o | 5449 ) 4 \ ip |< | 44D “a 26 3 | 345 | _t | 3p 1 aa | | |Frd Lhe G x 2 ogt Gms anslogt (S462 (0-415) \, ——_— Yo x52 43" Xo = By Xa Xa XprXo " $ 09 Car: Xa %3 = + (teg x, + 1og x2 +/e9 = $1564 x0) * Ayr + 1OFXo oe f x BHD log @b) = Joga+logh 5469) log (2) > loge “loge SFind GM of Lellccoing distsibullon Midvale Gre £ CD af e-10 4 5 20 lo-20 % 15 105 20-30 IS 25 325 3o-yo 2) 25 = or 1s 45 675 5O - 6 co 2500 65 ia 60-70 20 ce 13ce Tos 35 Jog Elen» 0698 11760 232 }B97 17-927 1594 32-424 1653 24795 174 42-85 812 26.24 165 266m = Antkiloy (SF = ANE (A852 ; = Anti (581) Gm = 38°18 mepran. dh oR Median is a middle poirt of Sek a Given set of obsesvakions. 50 cose of the giver ceves Is odd, 6 The middle wevolue is Median — 51) case of Khe Giver> Sexsies rs ebtteven, The avesage of koo micklle values iS Wedian I Find Lhe median for the Sevies. » 5,10, 25, 15, 50, 40, 35 5, 10, 15,25, 35, 40,50 Nedian = 25 2° 5510) 25,15, 50,40, 35,8 5, 8,105 15, 255 35.4% 5o Median = '8%22 2 = 202 oS be Frequency table givers belocs, Cal Median \esiable £ oF x e-4o 3; es 1 5 8 2 2 20 3 4s 65 a 6) 125 Ee 22. 142 J—3 median class cS 23) 177 7 5) 228 ie oS 26) 9 3 254 N=254 N 2 > 2S [27 Median Value = 5 a Med Median is Lhe reeasuse of Centsal tendancy Te IS the maddie OSE OF Most Central Value of Lhe giVeED Obsesyabions Tn case of, Continuous Frequency distribution De median . % 0 be coleulbteg Y using bbe Feliocoing Fo TrXU lajoie Hese, L ec ever bh « daas owidbs oF medion Class c Fre guer cd of Media Class Prequency of the c = Cumulative Class preceeding the media? Clas Mo = Total Frequency Mediad <= a Sy = ei 1: Fow the Frequency Lable gives belocs, Calculate: Medion c-2 £ oF o-1° 12 (2s lo- 20 12 BoC 7 7 ; : = BT fone = } |b Zo _27F Ie fee median 20+ IS fe0-: Zo-40 20 677 ei = 20+ 1° 4o - 60 17 a Ss Gel 4 27 50 - 60 c 100 = 32 20 + 2S 2 5 = 2ZotT4o N . [oo - 1289 . Bo = 2740:’”~ ee a- : Cal the median fos the fellecs ing Frey dis ae eee e-P o-5 1 ’ 5-10 6 7 lo-J5 g ua . bh Medians c+ P(N _c] gle 15-20 7 22 20-25 n 33 = 25+ 5 [25-33] SS —Eee = — JO-° a5- 43 boned (22°30 Jes =25+20) 2 Zo- 35 10 53 2 26 325-40 = Va 70 Ze N 2.35 2 MODE =: Moce iS be value cobich occuss most Fsequertly in a Set of obses vations - le, Mode iS he value CObich has lhe Greatest Frequency density io feES Iorecdete Neigbbous hoo d - Pncase of Continuous frequency ols Ezibuba. ne mode is bo be Calculated by “49'9 Lhe following foxsmulefF, - fod Mote Reta rye ee 2P,-&-B Chere bn = locoes Iimik of modal class b = ceidtbh o€ Modal class £, a Prequency of the Class preceeding Lhe Modal class = Feequency of modal class f= Foequenty of toe CasS succeeding Lhe Modal Class. eS eee I Give Lhe. folloce disk. cal: Mode. x 2 Since He ynox. Srey in ' Pe) Dis distsibution 1S 25 IB Aad = 25 J» Model Sass Mode =. 'P Ard te Value 3 a of tbe P A © Vax lable Cos responding a this Frequency is 3follocsing dato - al mode- > fos the oF, f 40+ jo()5 —'D 0-10 5 pode = ena (0-20 A pee 2 540 ee Bo- GO 12 Fo 13 “Go -50 jer\eivedal class) ao a a 2p! Bo - 60 BF. 2 423) Go - 70 3 5 The avg. monbbly coa ge oF all cooxkexs in a fackosy is BS 444. TP ibe avg coages fard Lo male & Germale cooxKexS ave B-yso & 8 360 Respectively. Fino! Hoo 7p of male & fernale tooskers eroployed by the factosy. SY 249 2 444 N+F 2 YJ A = 420 - 360 nm Fe R= YyZoM ef BSeoF a ~ 944 480M 444M ~ 44 F - S60F SEM = 84 >84 F 12m = 42F 6M = 14F BY = 7F Me TF 3. 430M + Be0F = G4400 160 4goM-+ 4480 (4E) + S60F = 4YUY¢00 N20F + 260F = 44400 1480F = 44400 Fletsoy. M = 7oy 5 1,28, + 22% Cobined Mean@= 12> Dit Pe YY 80) +2 (260). Bay = C480) +2 60), - Y, +> SGUD, + gygrs = 420, + 3602 BEEP, = B84, O 2 84 att Fy Bée aw 3G few bbe Pollocoing Frequency diets ibution. Find rece Caer ie o-lo gy to-20 a 20-20 13 BO THO 2) 240-50 IBA 2 BAL > Medal class 20f, Mode = BO+ —~— 2(25)-15-20 are wee 15 = 50+ 6:67 = 56-67 fs another meactuse F Contract a tHormic Mean bekd om Mathemate tandenty and also dooting Uke AM and GM. fox Jrocwped dat a For ung you Ped data jai y= Os tay x= See ne 2X S fix calculate Hm Of ne oumbers 13-5 14-5) 10% [Se2 (651 m1 tuk 2 am 16-6 ™~ 13-0 LW a S263 be H.cTS 0.079 0.067 0.005 OMe HMO X= aanPIEASURES. _OF DISPERSION The jdeas of spread abouk khe Cento) Value afk the obsexvalior is called “Dispersion j , jg ve The Concept of Dispexsior 1S xy useful So Wak Vasiabililey Of petfosrmarce Con be used to monitor & contso! bys Vasiability byingg in better pzoduck on Gesvice oF Sajes eFC--> These ave Comrmoriy 5 ™measuses af Dispession. Range Quaxstile Deviaborn Ca D) ein 2 3 Mean Deviation om bp) Beta aciwd « beviation CSD) Pp - Lowenz cusvelocoesk Volue Ronge : Highest’ Value The Af ference bebwocern Wwe bee lowes ObsesVation. Guowtile Deviation: 9.5 is tbe oF 3°32 and PF @uartile Sa a OK fee ae The fosrmula for Trtex qguastile highes= & difference divided by eo Range => @-, be woser hae ce psececding cf Hese = L + ooo c) ees 9, > L+ b/BN_ a9 = F ie § Find be Intex Quastile Range oF tbe Followeing Dato. cr 4 N 34 z 64 |_-5 class 109 ~ BN + 129] 1246 Jo -105 a 150—, = b04 5 [ars - 34) = 3) 2D ZO ® . ae rc 104. 2 fo + 5[267) - 34) - 6725 62-625 . ©, - 9 Dpter guastile Deviakion = es 35 “35 =S7-5 - = 62°625- 31:75 = 30° B75 cal F culate Lhe mean deviation from he mediay, for the folloceing disteibubion, sm Masks less Hoard Tt go | 7O | | 50| Paes be \ [ | 100 | 40 [a0 | 60 | 32 Se No: of Students | oe zx cf «Bp aw Midvalue f-t, cL ok gO 100 Yo o-10 i 5 To Go /\0 ot ea / [0-20 2 8 15 8 1D 20 ost 20 =«7 25 S go 2g } 25 / = ge I2 Nee 4o (B22 ae = zo / 20 [Go-50 60 28 [> Hibdian clogs, 20/7. "15 6 go 20 55 g57 A 5 5 go jo £5 is 2°57 joO 40 715 _}90_7o-30 Mean Deviation, Brorn | Medion js 2F)X - yo) Mm: p nN M:D Frond “Mean is Mp + 12 pla-D) N Median 2 Ly DSVanl 9 £27 ~ 404+ = 19 (80-32) = YorEeys = 46°45 _ Mean d tT _ co | cf Fmd value | = fate xo) |i to) 0-10 [ 5 6 / 5 / 4)°93 207 ise ys «fh. 15 Brg3 252 20-30 | 20 | 7 25 21-43 4S 20-4o Ba) 12 35 Wn 43 1262 _ 40-50, 60 28" 4B. a3 35.2 50-60 £0 20 55 257 "72 60-76 | 9010 65 ~ 19°87 1Bé foo 10 TS. - | 28°57 B 286 142% _————ral | 1422 N i —————— Dyson Men? loo =/428.- A ” fl N-D About Axilkermmabic Mean Fare bhe | Fa f lowoinng data. x F fa lo 3 320 a= ale a oe My 12 1B2 it 12 Ig 216 = ig - I Ja 156 + Ne AB = ( l@- D1 £]@-x) ~ q pee Ziad ef lx-x! o 87 10-44 Pe = On)? 2 24 - B95 | 113 13-56 4D R Brge = Or7) bw cormpure the Mean deviation fsorm DMediar GQ Prom Meanr fox Hee Follocsing disteibution oe 149-150 120-160 | 160-J70 170-e9| 1g0- 190] (P= to | 0 | 4/3 poequers) See mo J) 4 3) © |CTF CF wid mlehed Free [OD [ -fx-PY lyo- 150, 4 145 0 2548 toyz 26 roe \5o-(60 6 lo 155 930 54g q2- 98 Io 46 j6o-170 Ilo 20 [65 1650" Saye, 5y@ 6 ao 10 30] 175 1750 Re yon 4 a | Ig0-190 9 39 185 605 52 2068 yy Re | [90-200 3B 42 195 985 262 73:56 24 * 7 | a 7160 499-04. 92 10 ma . Median = I7o+ 181 20] aa Tléo0 Mean = E28 ~ j7o-4g. ZR. oa MD Pron, Medi? = 498 = 18o Ar MD fom Mean 2 YaIVOy _ 1) 23 Gr STANDARD DEYEATDON? Te iS a Positive Squase rook oF vasianes of the Square wook of Lhe reeara oF SQuare deviations af whe given cbsesvaktions Prorat Lhe ArikbemaktC mgarn p. [ae sy Vesianc = Dy = oea os The FONoMING ~ Obeesvations have beer obtai,., cohile baking a Sarmple « calculate bhe Sample Standesd deviation GD) e VasiaNrce Foon, fs data. 350, 361, 370, 373,376, 3279, 335+ 337,394, 395 . -ao S°D y=) ra 350+ B6)+ - -- J x 350+ 36)+ - -- +395 _ 3470 | } lo fo = OH" 377 Sp. x aD («-D” 350 E27, 7249 36) —I6 286 370 -7 2a 373 4 J6 376 =} PATSS 379 2 4 y 335 2 1G 337 10 100 394 17 229 395 1B Bey 377° jeB> ar 122) - = 12 32 — SD = | ~— + [203-5 = Jy 26- q Vawiance = (SD) = 203°2.a OBCCVAI WIS pf F S LY owe oble 240 °S7, 2 5 ZB, 240-15, 240°I2, 240/17, 249 16, 40 6, sz 2u0e 2 5 24056 A-A/} 2 o:O4 2 -0°O4 2 -OO!6 -O°o3 0: 0007 Zs -o-o) ooo) ees 2 cod Oo Oo 50-02) = <0-0 O 5-008) os 0°0022 2 . v Ze 22 OF post = O'O7H > 4-cosNet ee ee DY aajosie? ap fos Pte fo d-48 cal > cal C2 = * 7 90-94 2 = f° } go-eq 84 r° Jo-19 22. m5 4 = 60-69 20 6450 jo 3 50-4 14 5y 5 yo 4 Lyo -49 4 aus Cee Bo - 329 | . ay ST 60 ~© | Mears eapoe 640 cas =) jo 75) = |ss3—-69696 x10 Ps Pa ° 5 ! 2 4 38 gq Igo '6 224 23 joo 26 36 640 = [15637 x 10 = 1;250ux 10 es — hy Fiod SD ef the foocsing deta — —TF-~ Ton] zo Bo ue | 5° [ee | 70) go pgeunder | 10 | 20 | No: oF pewsons °| 30 | 53} 73 e ne| 13] 125 t dieying0-10 15 5@ O° o Les Ls Jo-20 3015 1 3° ' oo, 20-30 53 25 2 log 4 2 30-40 7 36 ig 225 9 675 4o-60 100 Qs 4 4oo 16 1600 60-60 10 53 5 550 25 2750 60-7o IG 668 Ss 6Jo 26 4)4o 7o-30 j25 75 7 875 49 6/25 623 2276 5532. SD = efa> ‘ej \> - N 7 te) = pssso _ 2a76y lo 623 aa) ~ [24980 21 Siog x 10 = 1°9026'x Jo = 159 -e2¢ 7 Note; — St The Po orsul a Sox Lhe 5 <3 CO-e PE cjenk of V“ . an OslatklTor Cev) = so = xVFind SpELbe Coefhic’ent af Vamiabon Ly werd bbe Fellocoriag IRE tei bution ea 2 ax d Fo Fd fx Gar 5 ‘ ! ° Cees rake toe a i. a ros 9 4 ) ! 9g 9 1505-7 200 eH eee | RE 290 7-3 35 3 q 315 los I70 a- 0 7 lo 4 16 272. 6g 120 n-13 10 ID 5 25 250 50 14 13-15 tay 6 36 36 6 776 loo 932 289 Sd = [ssst_ ey = (Ge) x > = a SEV y es loo, Ges R= -294y = JV32- 82944 x2 HF fx N = NIr5256 KX 2 == Z26 = 2-470 | Co- CPEyclenk of Vasialbor> = = ale xX =-A+ EFA SZ = 24 Aso = 488 7.76Fo ee ——— CV 5 = 247 Ee 776 cv 20°38 The leose Value of SD & cv Is Cons/starnt or valuable ov best os onifosmity (8° Foors Che data giver below be] lifes OF too rnodels of ReFsigesakous ip a wecenE Suevey ace e-g g-10 lowl2 Life(ro of years) O-2 2°74 4-6 Nlo-oF ReFrige a rrode A - 5 se 13 7 rnodel B = Zs 7 12 19 Ci I _——— ' SY F Pe cr-y SF te repel ngs! aeP fy Kar Es a o-2 5 2 in ° o ° oO ° ° 2-4 16 7 ! te naz od 16 7 4-6 2B iz | 5 ao | 2! 4m] 4] 5 48 &- 2 7 97 3i/2is/9/ 63] ™ } et] * 9 9 4 20 36 6 Bo | 44 toxi2y soon 1B) 20 2s too | 27 go 2 os aa. | oul 28 sp, = (fad. 2haas (BID 18 xo fp nee Am | ee - (#28) xb Be - By —— = 2 9I2oN, » 4 wiv A + efad N J3x%g = 812 50 x = 2fpd x , BR A ¥ - NN =} + 21,2 5 Ele 5O C\y = On > 2812 . 9.559 Xa Oils Op = 5B. 2230. 5. 362 a) 6°16 “ CVp 2 CVy MA Model has gxettes ONifosmicY.oo PNIT = 3 - PRoBppaitry g 176 basTRTBUTTON The Natuze age in couse ay bo cay life Situations aise in cobich coe Cannock | Predict Bibs absolute Certainitg abouk the exack occusernce of any Sutuse ever. THIEIANY , Loe applications Cf Prabability brecsy is westsicked 60 garnes of chances bUk- jn cousse OF Lime they ase being incon posated in, he business Pres> & the decrsiorm YIAaKNY. | | Prediction & demand for a nmeco Product, fosecashing cxop Failures & the Prepersakion oF a budgek ekc--> IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF PROBABILITY: SAMPLE SPACE? The Sek off all possible Rand Oukcomes of as ex pesinnenk is called athe [“Sarmple Space™ Te is deroked by “s”9 UEComes ave Head, bail S=fu,7g = 2! Renpom xPeeDMeNT: _ The Randers expesimment is an EXLPedrne,; Cohese Possible ResulkS ave Koacon but it , & DE Possible bo Predice ef the cukcome af c ony Pasticulae sail in advance. S: TP we &SsS a coin, Lhe cutcomes axe ‘2 a Head os a Tail Oppea®S byt exact Prediction IS nok possible IP any toss EVENT fr jis a subset aha sarnple space ID an Experiment Lota! Gt suppose, iF we boss a Coin wwe get | po ef eutcomes 12 sarnple space S = {4,75 Suppose Lhe everk SH4o0ccuss in the firsCn ~ Bens Mukaally exrdusive : < Exhaustive Telefe tcats | MoTVALLY EXCLUSIVE ¢ | Jooo EvenksS ave said to be rnutaally exclusive 12 both Gmnok occu’ Sireulkarenuy, Gls A ingle CoP jis bosced He Head & ball Cannol occus Ssimaltaneoussy ps Cannok occus ‘ip be sore ksial. Exhaustive? Event ave said lo pe cee Ie ableask one of Loerm rusk necessasily oceus: je., be Eota) ro oF possible outcornes lof Random experiment coil constitu te exhaustive See of evenks. | Gls Guppos©>s In bKosocomng a ake Se, bbe stive sek OF everts ave Co oe S34, BG exhoau EQureuy LrKeLy? Cvents ase said b0 be IS Wok skudying Sab/skics | (45-26) oad inp, Le pig Pcp) a5 y= o-8 (ico -*8)Total nio-of BoyS nok Studying SSRIS = 45-36=9 : 9. 9 a; “Rey Poobabiliy = P> > “1 2 2 - + 202 ’e , 8 Cohet fs bbe charsce that a no-leap year lores have 53 Sundays. 4) NO-oF days in a Noo-leap yeos = 365 No-oFr Sundays = 52 (S64 days) Remaining I day rma be Morsay or Tue or __ _. o- Sun ~ ee id Reg probability = ZF 2 oobak js the. chance bat a leap year Should ave 5s Sundays . NeloP days 15 leap Yea 2°36 Rema Ming = 2days’ fCeo men Crise, Tus), Geet (oved, Thad, (Thu, Fri), (Psi, cat), Coat, Sur) Reg Pre bability = =a ~ —w esos | 4° A pais of Byes 1S. thrown -Alod the Ipsoba bility Hak the sum is Néibber 7 vor p [0.0.0 D, B.C”, OSD, G6), @, dD, G2, 2, >, @YD, @S), G2), GD &®», C3, 2, | | sian, BD), BO, Gos CD, CO), OD, built (yD, 4), CY, GD G24, GD, Go, Gv, D2, 0, C2.E ag 23 J4 PO = a Sete EEL, - ee ee 5 Iwo dice ave trocur Sinsultareously e tbe points on Ue dice ave rmulbiplied fird the peobability Lhak the Logetes é Product ws 4. {a uw), & », (22)5 5 ge le Pla) = Be. OU By rmecd = 6-9 committee of 4 has to be 3 acconmssts, 4 EengineessS, amorg g@ a Declow. cobak is 2 Stabislichic!ans » lhe probobiliky thakSC SS eee _ . Ne€ach of Lhe 4 Professions I'S tPresented on He conenciitee. a WeskeThe Committee Consists of the Decter & akleast J eaonomisks. 2) tls 7 POBY 2 ef Beg 4 '6 Sey G+ G7 Fe, & TB committee of 4 Personss aze bo be OProinted Brom 2 offi cers ofroro G OFF Fron. Pusch npc, v Produc? dept, | 2 offcees From Sdes pepe a 1 cy Find ke probabilty OThese must be ( Fs0r~ each categosy MM) SE sheulg have ateacE ) Fro, bbe Lfuschase Dep (lf) Ibe CA mus&\be jr the Carerclelre. 3 : ab 4e, 42 [BE pray - 2eiP4er* Fe % &, | Serer 10 4 .6 E i) Pad = “et Bs 2, + 4c, % 4c, &, 10, cohbose Charces OF SAN a We respectively. Find the GCbuderts je ore 4% Probability that the prob oo Given, pwor- 45 PO> 2, PCO = Jers ray be solved. PCD) -+ PR) + PCE) = pian Bnd) = £ 1-08 pe) (8% Demoxgars lac3 PAVBUG) = 1 pw). pC: PC? 2.2.4 SG Ars = 5— aE A oe , a B90 The act's wat A Speaks Woe bulh og P32 B& bodd's bhat B Speaks the bab: ave 5:3.T> cabat pexcentage OF cases ar. ‘- likely bo Contwidick each obbes oF an lodlerntical poine , = PMs) + P(HnB) = PA): PIE)+ PA): KH: fet PIP) be A speaks the Esulb F(a) be }’ Speake the keith ifs PiA) = 2 Pe) - c 2 ye | PA). 2 Ca) " S PCE) » 2 iQ ; Op 355) +. pap 2. = Ar® - 3 3 5 = let Ba 'B be evexts Im he sarnple foce S oF @ wando™ exPesirment cych jot PA) +0 The occurence o& event B 9 Subject Lo the Condition that Cvet 7’ J areecoty ocuvsed 'S Called “he canciitione , of probabib lity “2 iver A” & Ie IS der:eel SS ek 1 Beis ERs] le Dp ad cenoinaban eee EEE eae a SS Se Soe Mnedes, lof of see Skuderks have Aniled in atsits = 25 have, Pailed te both A stodeast = s2et= ak Roneerm, eOhat & the seoimbiay === 4 16 Bkudenk bas Ravlel Nate = FS baat ne hae. Fatecl a> Stas rasa flec erper ® ~aeSs Pe D Wie akitolent ap a Shea biekias, He = pyr)» a3 via Lie eV OR ay Ye filev a le Raiheet fe yates a av Wa » 22. Te — awe lee '@ be lhe eye share weer Aaiferd ya ene Pt rt pyea =e \ , bifid dew) J} Lis ye !een es = ye oo Y Rens) Pt PEEP (ii) P(mus) = pm + PCS) — In By ep ee eke 1S SS 10 - 4-22 [oO These awe 5 white & 7 ved balls jn, & Levy, A ball 1S dencon < vePplaced. cohat is the p Probability Eat 0) A cobite & Red ball aze Asacen iM Lhak osder. @) cohat coould be the probability thak the halls ave deacon are Mok put black into the tisols (—Be, % ae” A, a7 jae, i) lee wo’ be We event that dencoing a copite ball. Pls) = 2 lee RP be Wwe event Lhat Clsacaing x Red ball then PR) = 75 1D PCweR) = Plos). PR) = 8. aes (i) PCconR) = P@)-Pre)-58-ZL => A box ; COMEAINS Seg Tcehite bails. one a) is sacs QE tandoco & fo jLS Place a bal OF Lie the box. reco + From bee box. Find the probebjirly hat it other Colour is Put in Eall is deacoo ak zandons je xed Sok The . po StS 2 Candace pan, dsaco a RA ball ; - ; 0 cobern cdbitke js racer ji Fisse& red 1D bbe Second Odgober Red kal) is deacon Gzst & Red ! | again fo koe second cwace ~a*e ae 3 y 2 28+6 ability = Lx +2x Sy aniee) Toke) prob =Y jo “to 7? jo *To = = 24 So S45 [oP | Multiplicatiod kheowerm of psobabiliicy ' PPB) = P@-FEA)»s PH)#o = PB): P(/B8), P(B)¥0 ‘eronal hese AB/A) vepsescenis the conditie | ’ ool ERS Peemenbalras of occuverxce of B eeeB has alseady ocaused & ple) ents the Conortoral prokability Cusermce of A’ corer bbe Evert ned \@ hbapp PP plicaliors oF Bayes boeorer ct De atdd fackosy roachines A,Bae Manufa chure wespectively 25/ 5 3gy & us OF Use total of bkthe respectively, of btbery Out pue 5/5 4) & 27. ase defective bolts P bolt iS drawn ak Tanders Frore thePoduck. aNd 15 Foursd to be defective weak arm toe Poobabilities that tke Cats mocufackused by machines A, 8&6 oA lee €&,€,& & denotes the evert bat a bold Selected at sander io rary facksred by machines, A,B &C zespectively, & leL & denotes the event of (ks herr oF defective “ PE) = 257-4 PCED - 35/ , PCEx3)» 407 bn os -0o35 “O40 Peele.) « op P(e 4h, PCS) * 2 =0:09 = o'oy4 = O'02 Neer, coe calculake P(E,/E> PG/0) hee pGle) P(BJeD - pease S Pce,)P (Jer) Pe, 0 (Eh, ) + Pew _ ©2500) + PE Me) es “250094 G30O-o4) + (OUP) Co” \(oro2) he <= 0: 0125 00345 - OO: 362 =Plea) PCED &, ple. p(eled P(CEa/E) » _ © 29:04 (028X008) +25 )(0' 04) + (0 YOXO'02) O-oly Oo 025 =~ 0-406 a PCEs) P(eles) 2, pce) PIS) PCEs, Je) ~ Co 4uoj(o-02) 0-0 345 i = 2008 | 0: 02345 =O 232 Since jeceve> 4 PEle) + P(es)e) =) ) 2D Gorepany bas boo Phones to ranuactirse Scoote 7s - Plane 4 MmanufactuseS Sos oF Loe Scootess G Plank 2 mera factuses 207: AE plane + 25 out OF 100 ScookesS ase |_ Chane Qualig os keltex. Ab plant 2 poly 6B Cue ef 100 Scooters ave sated godosxd Quality os better jycohat fs Probability teak saotex Selected fat warden cme fron plank 1 IF ft is Krecon bbat bbe enotet 15 OF starcasd quality. Picbek (S the pecheability beak bbe scooter come From plank 2 iF ys keocan bhet bbe Scooter fs of standard pualrty BE Giver, manu factuse of plant | & Plank 2 PCE) = 80f = 0B PEdD= 2f=O2 Co siovnind P(E/e,) - SB > 0-25 PEfes) - $2 = 065 pcr PCS e) 2 PCE PE) _@:)@ 8) _ } - (8 (088 )+ (2X05) PG/e) = oO SF. o-ey, o-g) Peep Ee/ed — _ EPCs) RE/€2) ow) i = o160. PE2/© G2) 6) W"3° Om-D Contains 5 Red &@ 5 black Falls ary 9mr-D contains 4 Red & S black balls Ven-D wrtains sRed &@ 6 black bolls 9 °F ome is Sanaseruae: aoe and 2 4ellis Adeacor @ koe colours of Wwe ball 1S black coher 1S bbe probability Eak te has been ‘dec Psons Um -m ° @lt tet e, >€23,€3 be the cvents of Seleching q V9r-LD, Or -D G& Lsm-W Fespectively. PC&> = PCED = PCE) = P(Gle) = = = ¢ ’ | ! + PEE) = $+ 5 Pele» $-3 bPeeafoy = PCED PSM) ( P(E): pE/e) +P): Ple/e)+ PCE» pele) 2 3 i +5 wily +2 ME w= wip a 3S oa a | IP ot + |v O\|-- ou — ee absentis™® ak assembe acer! ed Due to Eusnoe?™ & go/- oF the iLems ave % ) experienced eropkyees- Marnareager Ie eux J27 bhak custormet S re determined Vere 2 lhe [bers assermbled by e> jnexP= only BOF be rk jenoced ernployees are 7 ky Ehak ae Ee srenced erPpleyes errs assemble roployees yy exper Eenred shat fs be probabil ose bled by an jnexpe ne Coas jberns Coas vetusned. oe 207-202 PCED = g0/- - 2% B/]-oo3 ples) = 12} = 002 PCr) F (ele = pen plele,) + PIE! &) joneIe.m eo fez (0: goy(o"!2 ) _ (0-208) +© soz = O° F6)) Dect saiP lee & , & be the events of expesicnced a Nexpestenced emmpkyees. lee € be the evenk of Sterns vebusred. PyIHEORE IDLAL LLSTRIBU TIO Theosy - Somebadys opirion /ex pesiercelexpesirent ~ nN) Binomialen >Discrete sewied “p10 te a) 3 Gnbnucus Series G a ) applinble evewcohere in the _)) he Distsibubiors Which aze nok obtained nes but by actual obsesvabiors ©s) experince boese ave deduced mmabtbernsatically based or Cestair assuraptionS are called tMheostica) DISE=) bubions. These ave = types 4- Binomial Disks) bution (Besrouley) 2: poisson pigtsibution (Pesse2) 3 Nosrna!l Distsibutio2® BiNomrAL DISTRIBUTION: Te is useful in bee expend mer Gohere Were ave ba2°o Oukcorre > elbhes gc od OF cefective, Success OF failuse , bit os misc, yes oF MO etc --> x. —_——WOIMILOp& OF _ bs ift KIBU TION: he! 4) OS trail bas Oo reutually exclusive lew 4 Possible cutcornes (Ye of 70, Mt ox mis ® 4° €0ch bail is jodependent of the cthes e 22 The Probability OF cyccr6ess sermains Gnetn,, SF | Paern bao) to bel icf UThe no of trols are Fixed ' ¢ DeFanaTIoNn of BINOMIAL THEOREM: s | (The Probability of Success im any tsa f } ; f "iS Pp €, book oF follure in any bzail 15 -¢ Then the pxobability of x’ success in W E |iodependent twils ic giver by \ 4 ne i Pla) « Ye, Pg €P+2=!) fai 276,1;2350- 42) F en PROFEFTIES OF BINOMIAL DISTRDBLTToN! 7 TE iG o discrete Distribution 2 mean. np Variance) PPLyr | Foue COPS awe tossed Siroulkareously - qbak iS khe Probability OF gekting EwO beads (i)abHeask teoo Meads (ipaklease bead 2 Die ee Since the Psobob/ peg der2siFs Fewcttiorns ag Bicomial disteibutron ts PCAd= Yey? pg? Ce+e-5) Gd) GivverD N= y xX =2 2,2 Pad = 4e- (4) ee: 12 2 4g - soils. = x Te aes & @ pe lease ® beadS x= 2,3.4 n=4 PE@D+ P(2)+P(a) =atleast Head p P 4 Boye (3) PO) + Playy P(3)+Plu) = “6, OH 4 ie z [aay -axdxd + Sa = 1S ¥ ie 16 t (OP | Pecbabiliy of getting nico heatl )- Plo) ° -0 J 1 fora] - Lr) . _ J. 8 7 - 16 16 , i “2-Six coins ave boosed simulbarneously: Fed lhe psobability of geting more Wan 4 OI reads. es 5” wp! wn? }- sols n-6 w= 45,6 : 6-5 6 yy” P(B) + P(E) = “Gy i + . GY @ a 6 4 - Bayt (BH ! - EE) 7 cyE — = a SE Lhe mean of Lhe birermia) disksibutfor jo 2 & Veriance 1's 2% - Find bre Probability of atleast Y Success. P+o- ao Giver» np +>32n-2 P. Y=I-pP rpPyZ = % sao nat po mby-4 n=8 ~ Datieast 2 success P(2)+PC=) + PCUD + PCS) + PC) + PO) + Pca) Pp eGo Goro he, OG ero * %&. (b+ &(D* | (2. @e+ 56 + To+ 56+ 2@+ 841) . ; 2074) CPAP +P] = 18 LY (ATR, me 3 au ~ A “ ot 9 1 [em rP09) 2 5-(R GN & OO) 1 (oye (HF)) Atymost 2 success Prey + PO) +P) = 2+ 2 The yoean oF bin ordial chs eeibu bore ts 5D Discrete Kordore vaviable xX’ has mean equal lo 6 & variance = 2. TF ie ss Qssunc ey Usak the underlined disteibubiosn of x’ JS binomial. cobak Is bhe probability Lhak 52x27. als PP = 26 Ppy= 62 * S a ; os WEProbability of Bexe7 = P(5)+ PO+PM) 5 rp mS AS -e oO OrOY a & ey oe e Bx 7X6 5 Ne 9x8. 2 | IXBKTXE, Zs IXBX7_ 2+ = 4x3 x2 37 Bx2 3 = 7 = 4032, 3376 L602 4032 +4 37 39 39 \! l4ole 14016 f ~~ = a 12 ~) 37 sega O°” Pye DF tbe Wyrxean of BD is Y’. ¢g, its h SD is VB. cobak ase values of n, Page et =P O: Variance CS) = @y = 3 4 4 rpg = 3 ‘ | P| = ii = 3 4 4 P= w thjoJe2OW LLSIFLBUTLOJU: Given by “frisson 7 Loxge - Pers To (Binoncialk Disediscktom, (ioe | vakie lob finite. Buk bese ave feco Psoblems eshimated. So in tis Cannock be per Tr ise6, Binornias Disksibubior is inapplicable. i dD - ‘ coe Canrok expard (pP+g) IF N not kroosr, in such Cases Pelssorn Distvibuticr? [Ss applic able we HerrLrDON = The poobabilieg density Punclior of ro POO = EP (H+ 2? S Is Poissor? Diskwbubor !S mt (E> 2-718 “ ay x (oO f(x). Eo ok Hese , rm io the fixed posikive probeges ec 2712 R= Oy 1,25 sos DIS/PROPERTI: i- 1s Aso cd CHBRACTER LSTLICS: OF FOTS 4 like a Biro mias pDcbeibubion , Necrete probability Distmbubor, a=. =<. ——e r 2 There are lwo Parameters Jor bie Peisson dietebution are near & variance, a. u alwsays [Mean — vasiance/ ia PD [% -6-—~] + He n0-of Lelephone calle zecerved "Sermples / situalions applicable far p-D: i i The no- of telephone Gals weceited ak 4 Q Posticular Sepitt> boasd per nomnute dusting cestam hour af the day 2 Te no-oF deaths Pex day in a cty o co? jin one year by 2 Cextain disease The no-of Pessonsg box? deaf & dunab Pree yeas 50 a city 4 The No-of printing esvors few page [Assuming wot oP an avg a Peeiree o}p 12 @ factory marufactuzing cestaia bolbs & defective & that 200 unitS ave jn a Package iS be pat VS te probability thatne IS r ii 7 ) No! defective ii atreast 3 defective bolts. may be Found In bak Package (e%e 0-013) Pe 27,.4\2 s VF eee P2, ? joo a yo = OP > mo = 200x 0°02 = Y () None 1S ck fective ea Fey ees of 0)88X) _ 9:0)83 ot I 7) Yer *t at (0) + PO) + P02) +203) = eee + ety sty. eta oO! a “4 _ - oN +are+ 2) = eC) = 0-933! me op office, bleon 48 57m the avg rook Prone Calls Cincordirg) Per minuke jn a Sscolk- boasd 15 J2. Find He probability hak duearrg OPE Post icular minke there ci) coill be 0° Phere call aé all @exactly 6000 Prove calls. Giver ev 9-2679, OO 0:4493) Slt Given, m-=)8 ea 2) -) -o8 OFCOD = - ec! j a — - (oO 3679) (0 44ID)*O1E2T o!} e : 19 ; po, - €-'A2Y_ © 16529) (324) 2) 2 Oo 2677s OO | ThE OY oF the clectsi¢ bulbs mcrnafache, by a Company are defective. Use porssora 3 dishibution to And the Probability In a Sample of joo bul bS. : ( Alone IS defective * 8 i 5 bulbs coil! be clefedive. Gie?, e°- 0-001) tt Pe BY 20:08 51m = 100x 0°08 75 0) None i6 defective Mo) - 5 = 0007 | 15 coll be def A) ~ 28 _ CcoD)G129 o 6} 120 J = 9')9229 4 B/oo the hours 2prog ypre bre avg no: of Phone Colls Pex minube Coming thwvough the its board of a Corepany JS 2:35. Firad Probability Yat during ore pavt'culay rine there coll be atiaste 2 phere Calls (= 0-083) sok POs fOd4+..-. ~I- FOO+FO) e* *O ay We 32) ) +S . 2) c ro? ] \ —~ = J- [6.095370 Or 2397) = 0*690497) j\ - , na: wardom yariable, x Folloces LPE prisso? d’stribubion Such Laat bee probability Le fix- 1) = P(x 22). Find rmear. “7 col: oe eed ps Es y} > mm. 2a —> 27 = wm — > rm -=2 Find x pte SD of polsson pis 15 2- Giver 272 0-O18F. proba l1€9 tohak x= 3, Meayva = Vamarce SPCO) -- 2 Variorce (0) = 4 ror a a4, 3 e P@> = ay - (018 DG CG ©:)IB2 Theoseotica) Prequerccy fos mule FA) = nep@ a ni = Tobal Frequencd Lee On 2 BH? “ pA) ~Tr Mopper MIF a Poison dietwibubiorn fow the Follocing date. @ Cal theoretical Frequencies NO of deaths oO ff +» S$ YF Frequency a2 60 15 2 J Gien ie, Sh x a aes ° m2 o : ) € 60 Mean Cm) = 2Px zF 2 15 30 = J0e° 2 2 6 200 a ) rl 200 100 ae°% | -o5 ° . ' pods € es © S°7_ 0-61 °o! 5 | PCY? "ws = 0:308 | PR») ae 22 BF ~ 0:'07625 DI pea) - 2009) . Sra tt e027) = 44 ear) CE (os at = ©. 00)/593884POU 200 (0°61 +0 30840-07625 + 0:0/27) 40015 9854) 2ol 10 = 200 (appsoximately) me diss! bution of typing mikakes lammitted by oO Ly pick iS givers beloc- pesumirg the passon distvibu bron. Pind be sespective Frequency . 4 2b mistakes 0 page Gore eS 2 a ee < poof Poges (P lyn 156 69 79 | Bb x £ ex ° y42 ° 66 ! )5G ) -

i A IS also 2 baiting Gace of pis2o? Distribution cohen ~n’ b eCONnses pree @ @Ptinuous PRE pres PRESEPE, 1D occupies & Central roi? 1D Skabistics. N-D i85 given by “‘Dersouley” DEFINITION: P Conkiroucus Rarndem variable x’ Us said ko be Norma) distributor colle “ers 9! cobich JS mean & farance jf je bas bbe probability Bp = variance , density furnctior> represented by bbe INS TT ee YEG roy equakior y- FCA) = ! a here, y= the height of bee curve ak a OVstance CO Fors mear (7) O = Standard Deviatiors oF the giver M-Bapdasd Alosmal a =| w Wy re \everte - a= = 9 € = 2-718 PROPERTIES OF NI-Ds Hn oo + D8 8 contirucaus Probability Distribution 2 Naving Parameters mean G», SOC) x _2 The Normal curve ss Perfectly Symmetrig) o = be mean a e B The Normal Disctribution airve is I peli- shaped 4 Mean = Median - Mode is The maximum ordinate is ae x=mo i be probability Function is ys cay. ovr | a on Re tiHece many male coozkess jn a factory have a Salasy b/oo Aloo a AB 680. fi) salary more boar © 720 is Bi 500 And sD ISIPVIOC) Te ek on eeno oF cooskess ave # 10000. Salasy of We poskexS IS assumed to be Nosmally pists?buée of w Give, M= 500, 6-100 fes Calculating this, we apply nD, we gee Standard Nowmal vazsiale conv) Zs a Gos 2OP OO, -wexe y- P= pi. €° 26~ oser \saesy bho Boo & PS 680 Noco take x= 400 iO oO _ 4Goo- 800 _ - Aci oc 630-502 = }:8 Ye 7) 2* oa eD pceexeo)+ P(oe xe? p(-12x £0) + P(OE*= V yom ee : { D Se ee > 09054 = So 5y)Wotkers rrore than salazy P3 [oo°e0 x |-297' = 1/39 i x » Gales box officer hos zePported Goat He Penge Sales OF Loe S00 businesses atk } 90S to deal coith Cuzing a yea’ amount to § 3000 Biko We Standard deviakion of MicoPrensa: oho Keer siealect: ja gibierste Earoaiv ge Soe: eaeaia ly (Stipa beve yee bee hers of aS SES bho Sete oP audicts cote Si tyne? plies “8 of deere | af vaaheista oe mela La? eae a 2) ee ee Pee fvGba bility Ue he cates cet ep be. scleci= ocak emacs iow ere AM Zips ete ak = oe = eee ey tat Pere siumeeity trenpem Le a. ereoern . ree tates =ive wks & orecenve ma Po ve bility of Studertks exobabili $63) = 97 3 (eooxouS63)" T7 ., > O° uS& — 76 @ S2SAMPLING, 3 A Sample FS a SMa! parte or a Representative GeletkioN selected frorm a Rpulation Mr) ad SPMPLING: of —>» The Process:’selecltion oh A sample is Tale d “sampling * FoPulagion + —> Trt may be Finite oF infinite Accorching oo 7 bo finice or infinite nurober oF mernbers. oh De we Field of enquiry iF toe 0: of nyt Ss Finke wer population fs Finite. obberroise, it 1D IPFinite. characteristics of population & Sarnple : 1° Seatisuc- poy seapstica) meASure calculated on Lhe basis of Sarnple cbSexvations 1S Called ‘statistic & Sample Mean, Sample SD/vyanarce ete---+ (e3) 68) 2. Ppatametes: ANY Statistical measure Calculate On Ene basis Of PoPUlakior Observations ©popubtion Mean, Populations SD, Population vartiee [JA of V) ; ma G ® “yPES OF SPMIPLINIG): Generally Boere are tooo types OF Sarnpling at: probability sansphng 2: Nor- Probability SArnplog d- Probability SAnop! 28 a) Sinople Rarxdons b> SLaqurica Nclustex DOD Mules stage Oerca £ 2) Matti Face _ DB systematic 2- Non - babisit San Jie : 2) cominence b) Quctta D Sudge mental Stat'stice) Hypob>esis: Dr prackica) problems, skatisticians Are cupposed fo make Lentilive Conclusion LaseddOP sanople Obese pyabions for exansple, Use ave cot ar College Students js 629s g& effective life of a Pastrculas machine Is 15 Years > fr (Meco to weach Such decisions je rs essential fo mmate Cevxtain ASSsunsphions aboulk= ) charactesishics, af the populattor Pore cohich y the Sample has Lees taker. Scch assurnsptior, 0. kmocon- as statistical Hypobhes's 2- test — Caxge Sample — reese the 30 é-lest - tess thar o7 egual bo 30 hi test - NOE ID above both. ef ¥ These are ktwoo byPeS '— Statistica) Hypothesis 1 raul) Hypobsesis 2 Altesnative Hypobsesi's iNOW HyYPoTHESrTs: (Rs te pete De Festing signiPicance coe usually Stast witha certain HyPebbesis cbouk bhe populatio basacker. This (S Called Null Hypothesis & JE 1S denoted by ‘*H?Obiser thew 1) Aypotheds nec AS Aterrnative HyPotoesis. & is gerored lay 4, Negative Puspose) TYPES OF GRRORS: These axe Lioo Lypes 4. Type D-evsox 2- Type DT - exros Ss) ITH itipe D—exssos+ Ary ctatistical bypobhes!S besed orn We pr fosrPabtOr> cupplred key be Sarnple SAES , The Procedure of beshing 3 uc? hypobres!S does rok Quarantee bhak a) decysionS Gre accurate. There IS Aleoays 9 chavce OF error Tyre - T- ERROR = ae Reieckion Of H, altpough 16 15 Esue 2 Tyre -D- ERROR: Acceptance of H, , although jt 1s False,Level OF Ste niTFIcenicEe GC): The maxirnurn probability cohll> cobich A true nel! Hypothesis He 'S "Clectey Craking & Type-L exzor) 1S knecors as leve) of Significance CRITICAL REGIONS Cc-R): The set of Values Of the best Sta bi'skic that wrake the rection & nru!! Hypotbesi 1S Knecon as “CHtical Reqion” of Lhe test 2- Teese: the Sample af doo members has bees mean 34 Cra & SD 26). Can bee Sarnple , be vegasded as drawn from a Pepulatior exilh mean 3:25cr2s. CSingle Mean) Gren Zak of tevel af i Sige>Piownte ts 1) Be Given, 9 = FI00 Sevnpe mean, X = BYcrno Sample SD (5) = 261 crm Population Mean(v) = 3-25cro= Eee [ since Ss is kro) 2 - lz-ml Lk Kraocoro iA [= S jis 70 2) we set up Null hagpotbesis (Ho) wa #,: The carnple (6 deacon Fsore the fopulatior coith meat 225¢m 4: The sarnple 1s nok drawn Frore the Popul? seas sla Ba- 325 2-61) Foo O15 x30 26) Qnrce, 2 2 - 1724 Sirce z value at 5). level of significance 1S Ne G@hich Io greater than the calculated value 42 > level of significance — Mtewrative hyp « (COMP bed Z < (evel of significance — pig) hypothesis a —s bed a accepted So So $e accept Ho @ Conclude Lhot the, Sample be weyarded as deacon Feo 72> Populat, 2 The mean life Lime oF & Sample af [00 Fluo scent tubelights preduced Ly a Comperg 16 computed to be 1670 bourse Dib SPD of 120 heurs. The Cormparny Claims hak avg life of lubes Produced by Company 15 [600 hours Using 57 Level of signi Picance the Claim acceptable or nok . Ne murgee? YO & 100 a = 1870 , S- }20 Wes j600 ro Bet up™ pal! Mul) Hypothesis, Me The Clairn is acceptable H, The Ceirn is rejected ‘ i 4) o lie 7o t6oo] 2 KE ff y) 20 icofoe) 25 ince 2 Vee ak SY Los 1s 96 cohics 'S tvan bee calculated vate co we accept H, & Conclude teat We clain Ie pot acceptable afin osdes EO reake a Ssusvey OF the buying habies LB’ maskeks ‘Ba B ave Hoosen a& : 2 different Parts a city. 400 Corner? choppess ave chooser ak wander jn roa skee Do Theis avg cocekly experditure of Food /s Fourad bo py 250. coith SD of 2-40. These figures age [4220 & BF wespectively 19 Macket 8’ here also YOO Coenen Shoppers axe chose? ak Randonr. vse I/ deve! of SIgKIFaCAnce Whether the avg cocekly Food exp of the 2 Populations of Shoppers are equal (2 Value at |/ Los is 2-68)n> 4oo ad | A, = 290 Ag = 220 i S, = 40 Sas i | We setup nul Hypo bees!S | ¥ Ho + avg food exp of tcao populatfor> ove equal n>) u 13 Matt, z= se 30 4+7 5625 < 3 Goose Zz =-8e2 Value calculated iS gzeates than Seles then qe Cenciuce Look p+.yr es: ll : ? buyex oF Eeleckatc bulbs bought joo bu Ibs. e pp & 2 Farnous brands. tbo bestiag this 6 found bLhat bsand ’ bad a mean life & p90 PRS CD/IBD SD of 50 bss.cobese iS pond B bad 0 mean life af 1530 bss cith oof 02S. Can it be concluded tak pese 1S a cifPerence in SD af two Sa7Pples. fe 9, = Joo yor 2, ‘109 ' s a A, = 1800 xX = 1530 S, = 5O S, > 60 we Sek Up toe Hypotbesien sul) Hupthect= He: Woeswe je a dBFeverce blco beso | 2D Samples - fs po affesene bre, Ptesrotive Hypothesis H,2 These ‘x9 SD Sarrfles. eirce o' is lasge,toe use “2 tesk ane | 50 -60 \ zeal - 2 -———— OF ae So [2500 , 2600 / J3e5 Jz, boas Zoo 20° los ther Value calculated ‘is /ess than creaccept Ho. bitmere (5 diffevence b/es bee S&P Sansples,.» 5° : J = é |= SD of the cube life foo a Portier), a brand oF Obsa violate cube 1S 500 bes %, dq Opexaling life of tne cubes 1 rowmalg 2 AStsibuted. The manufactures Cains bhatk ti = Ong JiPe of cube js atleast Joo bus. Tesk tn i Climate 8/- of los. Given Woata Bardo? fer. Sample oF IS Cubes gave a mean oPetIHreg life of& @800h%S- Tabulated value ab 8/ les =2,: ¢ St Giver, n- |B So coe Use “E-Tesk” x-H Be: ‘co’ je Nok knocoo en 6/{P=i a ; ae be : [ }, CE Sct up Loe niall hype’eesis He P= %0 houss H, = pp# Foo hours 4 Sample Mean x = 3800 bouss = Yooo hes Oo = 5oob=s i ae =e) = 1496 ojn-1 Sco fist |. gqes < 23l H, G@ conclude Bet fife of Lube |ip = degree OF FO a ore Tailed 7 Tesk = mes pe fleeing Lp dice & Lovow? Bo & FesultS Face J 2. 3 7 eS Frequency 20 1g 22 3° 16 /F esis Wak bre aS Jes the ypekh the tabular value af chi-syue unbiased - Gisen ys cits ear 1 107 ak 5/- & we sel UP He > The dice is unbosed py poles 'S Hy:tre Kearce /S biasedSx@ the psobobiiity oF emo Face 19 2 ; 5 Leen the €1 petted Peequercies ® JS % 2ox L., ame if f& BK hy aS a << Smee a eee — : o —_—- a oa 2 oc r 2 5 ora a ae a q G 20 p 4 “ ° < . 4 « 36 1-2 so £0 < 11-07 He © Ceondude Khak bhe Ch” test —teco Bailed (os 2x2 antingency table) | See Hes me oF 120 Persons a-or-¥ <7 | 1 out ofa Sorpple of 120 PevSons in a 1 lege | 16 Peesons weve administered a new Am for Preventing influenza & out oF there 4 Persons were attacked by Influeozo. out akyore Cho Were Nok administered the new wag. | Persons nok attacked by 19F/luerze- jefore 2x2 berble shocoing Goe actual & epected Frequencies e use chi” Jest for pind'Ng cue cohetiner the [ae doug 'S cffechive or Noe { | nec dug rot | ay. Alen Gend Nee dug ockiniteed ek eda st Pktocked 52 12 yy 6 + aeeacked 2y 32 | 5 L 26 a4 J2O0 - we cet up Ebe nu) Hy pokbesis, New drug |S efFeckive z a ein 42 New doug © noe cPFective use &e the Chi-Szuare Tesk Coe Jo applying r= no of wos c= nto oF lures dfx degrec*af frequerCy Fos calculating expected FrequerieS & £P qoe use the © Reerosla I poco Teka) x lar To tal Foequer’ey at t 4 i Nok attected—> ; ae + 2. ¥ 2 f- ¥ & | f £2) &*) = Suk - 405s £8 irq [By 5609 Si ou6 L- a= = 3047 24 -1g7 131-5609 23-7099 3. = 2347 12 “1-47 13}-5609 6-605 Hr | 90-53 32 47 13/5609 } 6403.2 2 a 1s. 962 a? - Ce-1)(e-1) > @-DQ-1)= | New ak 31 LoS cwith Idk the babu lates alive IS 3@- chich Is less ben calculated value 33 < 19°-968. Then oe occept Hh Usen khe drug if not effech 2 T20 veseorthas adopted different sampling techniques cohile investigating tbe Game group & Students bo Find koe no-of students falling 10 AiPPemnk intelligerxe levele. The reulks are asyr folloo® ys of Sbidents i flo of students i) cath level) jprosor peo mg ay abose Geries a 26 co yy JO | 200 J 4o 22 22 2. | lee 43 37. 2 |00 126 what do you say toak ee Sarnplng ques adopted by the beso weseaxches ol vahke ave SIGDIF conksy diPfesent. Also given he ‘4 5/ los with gIAf '6 782. feck BE Now, Ce seb up Null ypowes!5 significantly diffesenk coll cliFfecet Tye BeseasIes Axe qo weseascches ave Nok aigntfi Mt | a po { & | -k | A 4 Ga “ ac | cy | 2 a | 00476 60 ez -2 4 0 0645 a! | oe a ¢ 10269 10 g 2 4 iG 4 BO 42 2 4 0-092 me \2) - 4 0/290 25 2 9 2 fe 7 01739 4 -2 4 ; 2°097293dF 4202 << 7:92 $0 coe accepE Hy Lhak Lhe researches aye YoniPicanHy diferent. de = @-D(c-)) i e-N@ a 23yr 4 CORRELPTIDON & REGRESSLON meMoDS OF CORRELATTON Patel; phortivent | MeHODS OF CORRELATION: "on ttnem @rvelatiom cn be detesmined by the follocring methods + Graphical Method - ce -naaon ib as & veaktemd Alitagsans. (The dhagscrm of clots presented : pn vey is scattes) pore 2-Pligebsaic Method : t kos! peassons Metlacd @lfAicienk Of Comselatays) 2 Speasrmans cee’Ra lk cosrelatior VS) Karl Peossons Consclobion Cochfecient' a great biornebmcio & kas] Peassor, Fatictician gugge#ed a mathernatical nrethod Sor Measusing Hoe rognitude of Jireas ve bliorsh)p tleo keoo Variables. Wis method 1S most coldely Used ynebhed in pwactice & I's known as r Rossors coefficient OF Ccowsebtiorn’s, Is denote by ‘w comCaod ax Od 49 GD @-3 Ga OD. GUID og e7 -3 075 2 oee22 50625 225 Gb 2 —2 o2 a 20422 o25 -o? 6. OP -) 2-75 , 7 £625 Be2s 275 a a = 222 ’ o0ezF 00625 -925 eo ° 4-25 2 s-0625 Qo 2 # WZ 4 425 ; 1g-0 622 )2-0622 43? ao z 25 4 4625 ie 2-5 Lu 6 34-345 le 45525 er 27 a wer a J2-Fnes gy Ze q) Tie 25 —6 bX 9 5655 -/6 57 379 e-0-2737 Here lnere IS vegobhve @rsvelatiom tegrks of FolrerS & there Sers bkoi _ QFlod Kew! Peowsers’s meetticlerte of Conrelati, Yo sales a expense® ar bbe Sblleceing to Piss, Fires aes S 6 7 8 9 nor 1Be Wo BS €5 #8 69 69 60 & , oo now 4 oo aa (ED OO 6D) or EDO -9 @! =3 a t62 7 * an wae -- oO _ =— \ [290 {zz Wal} 2G AYEIO ~e = go TEI | 7747 yarn5e Bere is positive conedav or bye wae j& OE erp VIE | — — - —$—$_$—$— ce | pecrarane Frank corm\atiorx Wie roctood ie bated of Loe Ranks OF Wwe WeVON OE Gober boars o> @ Speuhie didpibubkion Of x & YY This ceed imoting Ssirvple Colculaviors WSE4 Copper orks are Ger (nor- vepesve) p= nic of Values CD obsexvatbomds (se2 cohen corks ore equal Copetve) In same cases, it may be found Sax tre tanks of two os recse iocividuals OFF ewe! ten we use We FONoCAID forme.Fobtair ¢ he cant pe bdo Vamiables a) No No 55+ $c iio 65~* 125 n6 -50- 1 . se qe 125 6% O53 inp 140 Gor 48 us 5o# }.; 1320 65« Ro 7o3? Ms _75 - Igo 160 595 7- 895 > Parse of obsesvabions wie la klor 2G J fr bE Re Ry 9 46 65 a5 35 7 9 4 65 2 5 7 9 3 am 5 7 ! ! Sea pes) 7 / asa) je { 10(ie-1) \ > oo 990 ©: )373 Co-eFAicierst rp the 4 5 , 5 25 = 4 ¢ 36 Vs 2°25 Pa 25 ° o 134y oO judges oF as Shor 9 Jo y5° 27 25 5O f fiat={) / td 4 L J pare) 4 os) , 4 ) 747 / — 470 aS, peaernar ys Faonk Cre ation le ie ; » Spec ans COP 2 co) easrnons COF of cowsclabion bfeo male& aesigned bo 30 cuden te by de / an rer tala Cornpel tive best below? dalee / - 4 anit : : quer ah 52 52 42 60 4 ae Iutge 66 68 4 u V) (mh 19 %OHerxe 5wted ye gT0 compebtoss . 7 S toa musical Lest Herve Be ny BoUNdges A . by »B RC 1 be Lilleconng orcler ganks by Keks bey ranks ee . >) 3 _A =o bac hg She BS ye da Ve ) 3 6 a AS ee t ce) a } ; » 2 4 6S 3 3 -3 9°! » -4 JO 4 3 G 2a 4 « + a 3 7 ) 4 16 cx 2 2 10 ze 3 %& g 6 © ne? 4 2 = 2: q jae ) ’ 9 ) fo g 64 ve? SY A ) e 5 ‘ i yo) 2 G ) 3 g 7 ce ' ~ 2 cossclater SAsUSs using Eawole Judges kas Me nea reske QpproacP bo @rere like rmusic « - eéden oy — 6CA®D) _ ~9.2)2 PBT ne-l) GIO e6der ~ J J= 6M) 2 -0+296 qI0 Meee ce ec ! rAF-)) 6360 = 0: 636 6G@QO -z = ieee = Se eee IO [Se reacting Ros the pais Mac c has Pe Since he ( value So cee Conclude Yoak We bo_conx™ pais OF Pe L henxeck apercac?| i i 4 cocFPicient af cosrelalion b/eo Soo “aviah) | i Yayus 0:32. Theis Covamianrce 3 BRE Vastance af x rs fo, find sp oF Y. B ye cov HD : Ou Sy 0-22 7:36 Yio: Sy 786 ay fo x 0°32 . RESRESSDOAE REeGresstLon aE Oe ~ data given beloco, find om) 1 Poona Ue & beso ~Regses. sion @-eFFicienks ® -Ecoo Reguess) 0 eguation s iid covsefacion Sblco Ure masks oF econo): (& Statistics dY) be most likely asks No Sikehes cole : Ow. S,’ : masks 2 economics are 30. Gos) (For y) RegseSSOn cpeBitients axe denoted = by, & bry Regressior Lines” D tine x 02 ¥ |Pipes 79 ECO azks jin sted _ 5 ‘ org) 9 wD x-F 0 y-F GD OD ( 6 25 43 -7 5 49 25 o 2 46 ~y $ I ey . 35 ay 3 7 7 12) | : 32 4) ° 3 ° 9 } 3! Be A 2 ’ 4 4 = BE 32 4 ~~ 1636 sy 29 3) -3 7 9 49 = 3g 30 iG 3 36 ey us 4 34 332 = -5 4 25 ° ig! / 32. 3 ° 1! eo 43 32 320 ° ° yo 398 —~ 232 G-37 | Regsessio> coefficients ave by & xy b . £C-oC-D aa €Cx- 0” €C-DCy-) 2C¢-D)™ fegsessior eyuatior, ‘ -93 fegressiorn CoeeP& — byy = Se 66 byy 2 22 ~ 0.232 _ 398 fe . . SY Gu is x on Y e-—= X-32 = -0:2-33(y-39) > X#- 322 -0-23y + B85 9X40 rage es _ Oe ncaa sane” 5 2) we Scemwlee [Pe baa Dae | Ke SoD” a we Shey OF d = 931) o- JG €eCons) \ {740 J398— jp a aeala a = 0-39 @-38- -0-66(x-32) ry Y-33B = -0-66x4 20:12 Et O6EX +Y- Bq j2=0. > YJ =-0°66xX $+. 59°)2 t 0) Regression [ine oD Yor xX is O-D- byy (2) (19 eben x = 30, Bnd y? oy ox) Y= -0-66(20) + 59-)2 Y = 39°32 ’ B Feo we PSlocoing data 4 ObtelD keoo wegwessio? &quabors x = 28. = 90 g yoo 70Duschoses -— a aa GOD 7 1 ' ' ’ ' ed 7 5 “ur 26 35 oF 1 -1 324 / Ws 7 3) 27 96) 729 ge7 eed 23) 5 ©, 529 40 o a ay 96 9 4g) 4 39 39 «03! 152) v6! 1209 e 7 -9 239 gl jo3 - go 2) lo ay) yoo 210 # co a7 33 -23 /089 529 729 5 oo =e Jee E300 262 3900 or ———- —_—_— ——_ Zz ee So DOD) . 32? _ 9 6130 20-1) 6360 4G -DO-D_ gp RIO e387 ee) oe ge 2268 2(9-IP 2 zx z go) = 3579-72 yoy is @-O* byG@-J)> (-90) > 1? é bo st > 4-90 2 1 B5IY — 95° '3 —> x= 32599 -8:'3 _ p25 ce3eD yenx is G@-D~ byx OH) 2 OD —~ 95° )7 npg —T0qmen ela 5. > y= oe ax + 48?TIME SeRTES Tinse Semmes fs ar arrangement of ' Skakisbical data Ma cho«ornolog ica} Osdey Co mporents ak Time Sexles * The vasious forces ef Feckirg bree Values of pheromeno ip a time Series 709 be Lavo, classified into 4 EyPes' J jo seculas Trend ; 2: Seasonal vertcrtio FS | Z a cyelical Vasiakions . bg 4: Isveguias Variatioas /Tss egulas Conspere nts Tsend: The following are toe 4 methods cohich ave geresally used for calcalabion OF beerd f- 6saphical eee >. cerviaverage rnetho dh 2° Moving avesage method 4g.cusve Fitting by least squses. rey IP accosdance Cith fis Lime of occurence coher 2, ib analy applied vo business cohether For econornic/commecid con be used for §poal af Teerxd tp Use Lellocoing Saka by the protec! of least ieee Hates bs Xeriddleyens e byeatd — Prodluction Tokes val e be yo XS cy) zs 165, 672 a q goyk -2016 | g3 1966 $24 2 y BEt6-loye a ) Ge7 -967 Ee ° 2] ° ! f We 1464 ) i 4 jose. 3516 3 q 67! zee. eo 28 by» 6520 lek Yeatbe be @ Tend Jine by applying the | principle of Leask SquaseS coe have éy + na+bee —O aty = age+bee—© 8946 - 7a+b(o) Ja = 39UG Qa = /278 pul a= 1278 1 ® 6520 - (278X0)+ be8) 28b > 6520 b = 23225 guation e) live) Goome—> Y - 1278+ 23285 (tend Col ok ee\ t Nee — %- rnd value Rik fUotez |}. TF n' is odd & = Dotesval | we AMak 2 riddle You: re If in’ jseven = 3 tx Interval ——— ® @l of Frend of follocoing cata by mebhod of Least Squases wo lases 1 Jers Poly) ob by Deere 195) Jo} 25 #625 ~ 2528 ia) lo7 15 9226 = ~-l6oD 53 n3 05 025 -569 54 yay o5 025 605 59 136 5/5 2-25 204 56 148 2°5 6:28 370 y26 5 ITS 165 Zy¥= na+bsk ~> 126= Garb a =)2) 2b ély- waekt bet > (65> 0+(79)b3 be q:43 Y= 1214+ %43Elas, wee, Me, 15.2 aod 16+) for WO * a mes = wes yuars 1S. \e-) A 2 + = = W63 2% o3gn @ ever ape follacing Sie meney Oilee. of frit Year College - #9¢ (yeas) 3 No-of GtadeoG 2 co Ca leelate Coen of aA xc UM Par Heala iy ts WwW ID 1m 4 3 x= 34 Bese Le EZ a9 © Caleslate me mMorKs Ha to toe geen beleg 29-39 Yor 44-50-59 OO 69 Nv 20 > so-19 Zo- LF qgo-N9 Be ac 7