giorgi baRaTuria

strategiuli dagegmva

meTodologiuri safuZvlebi

`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

g. baRaTuria

strategiuli dagegmva
meTodologiuri safuZvlebi

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
uak (UDC) 303.4

ganxilulia saxelmwifo marTvisa da ekonomikuri

amocanebis strategiuli dagegmvisTvis aucilebeli Teo-
riuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi. saxelmZRvanelo moicavs
strategiuli dagegmvis ZiriTad cnebebs, amocanebsa da
meTodologiur safuZvlebs, maT Soris avtoris origi-
nalur kvlevebs. dawvrilebiTaa Camoyalibebuli stra-
tegiuli dagegmvisa da marTvis arsi, strategiuli dageg-
mvis zogadi algoriTmi, naCvenebia Tu rogor unda gan-
xorcieldes gamosakvlevi problemis formalizeba stra-
tegiuli dagegmvis mizniT. ganxilulia agreTve poli-
tikur-ekonomikuri procesebis prognozirebis meTodebi.

recenzenti sruli profesori SoTa doRonaZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-562-9
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 S i n a a r s i

Tavi 1. strategiuli dagegmva _ efeqtiani

marTvis safuZveli ------------------------------------- 4
marTvis Teoriis warmoqmna-------------------------------------- 4
marTva: menejmenti Tu administrireba?------------------ 8
menejmentis zogadi principebi-------------------------------- 19
politikuri procesebis marTvis
Tanamedrove principebi ------------------------------------------ 24
Tavi 2. strategiuli dagegmvis arsi--------------------- 30
strategiuli dagegmvis ZiriTadi cnebebi ------------ 30
strategiuli dagegmvis amocanebi-------------------------- 35
strategiuli alternativa-------------------------------------- 39
biznes-strategiis tipebi----------------------------------------- 41
biznes-strategiis miznebi---------------------------------------- 43
strategiis efeqtianoba------------------------------------------- 45
strategiuli dagegmvis zogadi algoriTmi---------- 47
Tavi 3. strategiuli dagegmvis kibernetikuli meTodi--- 53
Sesavali----------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
marTvis kibernetikuli principis arsi------------------ 55
saxelmwifo marTvis kibernetikuli modeli--------- 57
saxelmwifo marTva strategiuli
kriteriumiT-------------------------------------------------------------- 61
daskvna----------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
Tavi 4. gadawyvetilebis miReba------------------------------- 66
gadawyvetilebaTa tipebi------------------------------------------ 66
gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveli----------------------- 68
gadawyvetilebis miReba modelirebis
meSveobiT------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
Tavi 5. prognozirebis meTodebi --------------------------- 79
Sesavali-------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
prognozirebis meTodologia---------------------------------- 82
scenaris Sedgenis meTodi--------------------------------------- 84
trendebis eqstrapolaciis meTodi------------------------ 86
literatura--------------------------------------------------------------- 87
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis--------------------------------- 89
sadiskusio masala---------------------------------------------------- 93

4
Tavi pirveli

strategiuli dagegmva _
efeqtiani marTvis safuZveli

marTvis Teoriis
warmoqmna

nebismieri organizmis, sawarmos, sazogadoebis,

teqnikuri Tu ekonomikuri sistemis, saxelmwifos Tu
sasoflo TviTTmmarTvelobis met-naklebad
sicocxlisunariani funqcionireba uSualod
ukavSirdeba marTvis im principebsa da sistemas,
romelic am organizaciis (sawarmos, sazogadoebis,
qveynis) marTvisTvis gamoiyeneba. efeqtiani marTvis
ganxorcielebis erT-erTi aucilebeli winapiroba
aris strategiuli dagegmvis meTodebis gamoyeneba,
gansakuTrebiT didi ganzomilebis mqone
obieqtebisTvis
zogadi sociologiuri ganmartebiT marTva aris
adamianTa mizanSewonili organizacia, maTi imgvari
koordinacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs ama Tu im
sistemis axal mdgomareobaSi gadayvanis procesis
warmarTvas.
sxva ganmartebebiT:
_ marTva aris moRvaweobis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba,
adamianTa araorganizebuli masis gardaqmna efeqtian,
mizanmimarTul da mwarmoeblur jgufad.

5
_ marTva aris socialuri cvlilebebis
stimulatori. ganaTlebis ,,afeTqeba” _ ramdenadac
metia ganaTlebuli adamiani, miT ufro metia
organizaciis (da marTvis) moTxovnileba da piriqiT.
_ marTva aris dagegmvis, organizaciis, motivaciis da
kontrolis procesi organizaciis miznebis
Camoyalibebisa da miRwevis mizniT.
marTvis principebi warmoiqmna jer kidev uxsovar
dros, roca sazogadoeba pirvelyofili Temuri
principebiT iyo mowyobili. sakvebis mopoveba da
mtrebisagan Tavdacva maSin adamianebisgan moiTxovda
SeTanxmebul moqmedebebs. marTvis principebis Casaxva
miekuTvneba Zveli welTaRricxviT IX – VII
aTaswleules. am periodSi daiwyo gadasvla
samomxmareblo tipis ekonomikidan (nadiroba,
Tevzaoba, nayofis Segroveba da sxv.) materialuri
faseulobebis warmoebis ekonomikaze. III
aTaswleulSi egvipteSi Zlier ganviTarda
saxelmwifo marTva, amasTan, saxelmwifo iyo rogorc
politikuri organo, aseve sameurneo subieqti. V-IV
saukuneebSi sokratem saberZneTSi gamoavlina marTva,
rogorc moRvaweobis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba da
daadgina misi universaluroba. uZvelesi
saxelmwifoebis organizeba, maT mier
ganxorcielebuli grandiozuli proeqtebi –
babilonis dakiduli baRebi, inkebis qalaqebi
tenotitClani da maCu-pikCu, egviptis piramidebi
SeiZleboda aSenebuliyo mxolod mravali adamianis
koordinirebuli, organizebuli ZalisxmeviT.
saxelmwifo marTvis SesaniSnavi adreuli nimuSebia
uZvelesi imperiebi _ CineTis, sparseTis, aleqsandre
makedonelis imperia, rodesac Seuferxeblad
imarTeboda udidesi teritoriebi, dabolos, romis
imperia, romelsac saxelmwifo marTvis mkafiod
Camoyalibebuli sistema hqonda. marTvis da
dagegmvis mkafio struqturis mqone

6
disciplinirebuli romauli legionebi marSiT
ipyrobdnen cudad organizebul evropul da aziur
qveynebs. romis imperias hqonda im dros saukeTeso
kavSirgabmulobis sistema - aSenebdnen SesaniSnavi
gzebs, romelTagan nawili dResac gamoiyeneba. gzebis
meSveobiT xdeboda gadasaxadebis drouli akrefa,
vaWrobisa da warmoebis ganviTareba, jarebis swrafi
gadaadgileba. XX saukuneSi menejmentis
specialistebi ukve Teoriulad daasabuTeben, rom
nebismieri organizaciis warmatebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi piroba aris mis sxvadasxva
nawilebs Soris kargi kavSiris arseboba. romis
imperiis dRegrZelobis erT-erTi winapiroba swored
kargi gzebic iyo VIA EST VITAL – gza sicocxlea, _
imdroindeli romauli sentenciac amas adasturebs.
XX saukunis miwuruls saqarTvelos aRorZinebac
garkveulad gzas daukavSirdeba, daiwyeba didi
abreSumis gzis aRorZineba (proeqti “traseka”).
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad
rTuldeboda marTvis xelovnebac. evropaSi
samrewvelo revoluciis periodSi _ XVIII –XIX
saukuneebi, marTvis Sroma gamoeyo sakuTrebas.
mesakuTreebi qiraobdnen garkveuli tipis adamianebs,
romelTac andobdnen sawarmoebis marTvas, Caisaxa
mmarTvelis anu menejeris profesia. XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi marTvis sferoSi revoluciurma
gardaqmnebma xeli Seuwyo menejerebis Sromis
gancalkevebas, normebisa da standartebis SemoRebas,
Tanamdebobrivi instruqciebisa da pasuxismgeblobis
mkafiod gansazRvras. XX saukunis ukanasknel
meoTxedSi marTvis Sroma kvlav Tvisobrivad
Seicvala informaciis kompiuterebiT gadamuSavebis
SesaZleblobis gaCenis gamo.
marTvis mecnieruli meTodebis damuSavebis
aucilebloba Tavdapirvelad samrewvelo
revoluciam warmoqmna. mamapapuri meTodebiT ukve

7
SeuZlebeli xdeboda sul ufro mzardi warmoebis
marTva da saWiro xdeboda iseTi meTodebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic axlad fexadgmul kapitalizms
efeqtiani ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas miscemda.
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis marTva gaxda marTvis
Teoriis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mimarTuleba,
romelic sabunebismetyvelo, ekonomikuri,
sociologiuri, sazogadoebrivi da sxva kanonebis
Segnebuli gamoyenebiT anxorcieldebs sawarmoo
koleqtivebze mizanmimarTul zemoqmedebas.
mrewvelobisa da sazogadod ekonomikis
ganviTareba moiTxovs sul ufro met ganaTlebul
adamians. meore mxriv, rac ufro metia ganaTlebuli
adamiani, miT ufro metia organizaciis (da marTvis)
moTxovnileba da piriqiT. amdenad, marTvis procesi
socialuri cvlilebebis stimulatori xdeba _
iwvevs ganaTlebaze moTxovnis ,,afeTqebas”.
vinaidan warmoebis marTva, upirveles yovlisa,
aris adamianTa da maTi gaerTianebebis marTva,
amdenad, marTvis mecniereba socialur mecnierebas
warmoadgens, romelic mecnierebis mravali dargis
(ekonomikuri, fiziologiuri, pedagogiuri,
fsiqologiuri da sxv.) miRwevebs emyareba. axal
mecnierebas warmoebis marTvis Sesaxeb ewoda
menejmenti.
pirveli samecniero Sromebi marTvis TeoriaSi,
romliTac ganzogadebulia marTvis dagrovili
praqtikuli gamocdileba, XIX saukunis miwurulsa
da XX saukunis dasawyisSi gamoCnda. mecnierebisa da
teqnikis da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
ganviTarebis kvalobaze warmoebis marTvaSi
warmoqmnili aqtualuri problematikis gadaWra
menejmentis sxvadasxva skolebiT xorcieldeboda.
Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda mecnieruli menejmentis
skola, romelic Semdeg sxvadasxva mimarTulebebiT
ganviTarda, imis da mixedviT Tu ra problemebi

8
iCenda Tavs sul ufro garTulebuli marTvis
procesis srulyofis dros. ase warmoiqmna
administraciuli menejmentis mimarTuleba, Semdeg
adamianur urTierTobaTa menejmentis mimarTuleba,
meti yuradReba daeTmo qceviT da procesualur
midgomebs. XX saukunis meore naxevridan marTvis
amocanebis gadawyvetis dros sul ufro farTod
gamoiyeneba raodenobrivi, sistemuri da situaciuri
midgomebi.

marTva: menejmenti Tu
administrireba? 1

efeqtiani saxelmwifo marTvisTvis

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aris sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebis Seuferxebeli funqcionirebs, rac
pirvel rigSi, sworad da mkafiod Camoyalibebuli
kanonebis miRebas gulisxmobs. kanonebis
SemuSavebisas ki aucilebeli aris zustad
gansazRvruli terminebis gamoyeneba. am
TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa sityvebis: marTva,
menejmenti, administracia _ gamoyenebis specifikuri
mxareebi, vinaidan menejmenti (da ara
marTva/administracia) gaxda mTavari kategoria,
razec Teoretikosebi da praqtikosebi saxelmwifo
samsaxuris organizaciasTan dakavSirebiT kamaToben.
sityvebi „menejmenti“ da „administracia/marTva“
saxelmwifo samsaxuris organizaciaze saubrisaTvis
imdenad standartul kategoriebad Camoyalibda, rom
maT gareSe warmoudgenelia gasagebi gancxadebebis
gakeTeba am sferoSi. am sityvebis terminologiuri
aRreva arTulebs saxelmwifo menejmentis, rogorc

1 momzadebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis kvleviTi departamentis

analitikuri ganyofilebis mier warmodgenili masalis mixedviT
(www.parliament.ge/kvlevebi/analitika/arqivi/. 2006 w. ianvari)
9
samecniero disciplinis, Camoyalibebas.
terminologiuri uzustobebi ki Tavis mxriv,
konceptualur aRrevas uwyobs xels.
istoriulad did britaneTSi
administratorebis (Administrators) samsaxuri, romelsac
ZiriTadad mamakacebi ikavebdnen, Tavdapirvelad
SedarebiT prestiJulad iTvleboda. am dros termini
`menejeri~ iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda oficialuri
samsaxurebrivi Tanamdebobebis gamosaxatavad. axla
sxva suraTi gvaqvs _ administratori (romlis
funqciebs ZiriTadad qalebi asruleben) naklebad
prestiJuli da dabalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebrivi
poziciis gamomxatveli sityva gaxda, miuxedavad
imisa, rom administrators damoukideblad SeuZlia
masze dakisrebuli amocanebis gadawyveta. amJamad
menejeri ufro prestiJuli Tanamdebobis
gamomxatvelia, menejeris pozicia (Tanamdeboba)
gulisxmobs liders, romelic Tavisi funqciebis
Sesasruleblad ramdenime aTeuli an aseuli
adamianis xelmZRvaneloba, marTva uwevs.
vebsteris leqsikonis2 ganmartebiT sityva
`menejmenti~ niSnavs _ `resursebis organizacia da
marTva sasurveli miznis misaRwevad”. aqedan
gamomdinare ras niSnavs saxelmwifo menejmenti? ras
gulisxmobs termini `menejmenti”, rodesac saubaria
saxelmwifo menejmentze? riTi gansxvavdeba termini
`menejmenti” terminisagan `administracia”? vin
miekuTvneba saxelmwifo menejerebs _ merebi,
gubernatorebi Tu prezidentebi, municipaluri
mmarTvelebi, mdivnebi, sagangebo rwmunebulebi,
kanonmdeblebi, mosamarTleebi?

2
Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary
10
 j. muSkini3 `saxelmwifo menejmentis”
gansazRvrebis nacvlad mis Semadgenel elementebs
gamoyofs:
• personalis marTva
• samuSao Zalis dagegmva
• koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis miRweva da SromiTi
urTierTobebis marTva
• saqmianobis produqtiulobisa da efeqtianobis
Sefaseba
• organizacia/reorganizacia
• finansuri menejmenti
• Sefaseba da programisa da menejmentis auditi
l. gulikma4 ki marTvis ZiriTadi arsi gamoxata
abreviaturaSi „POSDCORB“ _ Planning (dagegmva),
Organising (organizacia), Staffing (sakadro politika),
Directing (xelmZRvaneloba), Coordinating (SeTanxmeba),
Reporting (angariSgeba), Budgeting (biujetis Sedgena).
a. grei5 aRniSnavs, rom `terminis `menejmenti~
gamoyeneba sxvadasxva saqmianobisTvis ubralod
mosaxerxebeli meqanizmi ki ar aris azris
gadmosacemad, aramed ufro mniSvnelovani ram, rasac
realobaze garkveuli zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia.
sityvebis gamoyeneba meqanikurad ar xdeba da
`menejmentis~ SemTxvevaSi ki igi sxvadasxva
nagulisxmev mniSvnelobas (implikacias) ukavSirdeba~.

3
Mushkin Selma J., Sandifer Frank H., Familton Sally. Current Status of
Public Management:
Research Conducted by or supported by Federal Agencies (Public Services
Laboratory,
Georgetown University, 1978).
4
Gulick Luther, Urwick Al, eds. Papers in the Science of Public
Administration (Institute of
Public Administration, 1973).
5
Gray, A and Jenkins, B 1999 “from Public Administration to Public
Management: Reassessing
a revolution?” public Administration 75-99
11
enaSi amgvari cvlilebebi ZiriTadad saxelmwifo
seqtoris revoluciuri transformaciis _ Zveli
saxelmwifo marTvidan (old public administration)
axal saxelmwifo marTva-menejmentamde (new public
management) gamoxatulebad aRiqmeba.
realurad am terminebis gavlena
damokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad xSirad gamoiyeneba
isini kanonebSi, akademiur kvlevebSi, oficialur
moxsenebebSi, saubrebSi da a.S. realobisa da enis
urTierTobis analizis TvalsazrisiT metad
sainteresoa jon ostinis naSromi `rogor gavakeToT
sagnebi sityvebiT”6. j.ostins miaCnia, rom ena mxolod
faqtebis konstatacias ki ar axdens, aramed
Semsruleblis funqciasac asrulebs. Semsruleblis
funqciis matarebeli ena ki iseTi enaa, romelic
„raRacas akeTebs realurad da realobisTvis“.
Semsruleblis funqciis mqone komunikaciad ki
avtori iseT komunikacias miiCnevs, romelic ar
izRudeba ukve dasaxelebuli da WeSmaritebad
aRiarebuli semantikuri (leqsikuri) Sinaarsis
mxolod gadacemiT. saqarTvelos parlamentis
kvleviTi departamentis analitikuri ganyofilebis
azriT, sityvebi „menejmenti“ da
„administracia/marTva“ swored Semsruleblis rolSi
gamodian. es mosazreba ewinaaRmdegeba tradiciul
midgomas, romlis mixedviTac komunikacia erTi
mosaubridan meoresTvis sityvis mniSvnelobis
gadacemas gulisxmobs, magram aSkaraa, rom es
sityvebi wminda semantikuri mniSvnelobis garda, sxva
damatebiTi implikaciebis matareblebi arian da maTi
gamoyeneba mosaubris konkretul ganzraxvebs
ukavSirdeba.

6
Austin J. L. 1962 How to do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

12
 saxelmwifo seqtoris marTvam mniSvnelovani
transformacia ganicada XX saukunis miwurulidan.
saxelmwifo marTvis mkacri, biurokratiuli forma,
romelic manamde dominirebda, Secvala moqnilma,
saxelmwifo menejmentis bazarze orientirebulma
formam. axali saxelmwifo menejmenti sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi sxvadasxva formiT dainerga saxelmwifo
seqtoris marTvis istoriuli bunebidan da reformis
amocanebidan gamomdinare. magaliTad, skandinaviur
qveynebSi aqcenti gakeTda Sesrulebis menejmentze,
amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da didi britaneTis
gaerTianebul samefoSi da yuradReba gamaxvilda
sabazro tipis meqanizmebsa da momsaxurebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom reformebis
grZelvadiani Sedegebi empiriulad dasabuTebuli ar
iyo, reformatorebi SeTanxmdnen, rom ganviTarebad
qveynebs saxelmwifo seqtoris marTvis gaumjobesebis
mizniT uari unda eTqvaT saxelmwifo marTvis
tradiciul modelze da daenergaT axali
saxelmwifo menejmenti.
axali zelandiis saxelmwifo menejmentis
modeli sanimuSod miiCneva Tanamedrove tipis
administraciul reformebSi. am modelze muSaoba
jer kidev 1988 wels daiwyo. reformis konkretuli
amocanebi daaxloebiT amgvari gaxldaT:
ƒ biujetis Sedgenisas orientireba danaxarjebze
da ara Semosavlebze;
ƒ sicocxlis bolomde xelmZRvanelebis
daniSvnis praqtikaze uaris Tqma;
ƒ im menejerTa gaTavisufleba, romlebic
aramiznobrivad iyenebdnen biujets;
ƒ individuluri samuSao kontraqtebi TiTqmis
yvela doneze;
ƒ wliuri angariSebi;
ƒ auditis mier momzadebuli finansuri da
organizaciuli angariSebi da a.S.
13
 reformis TiToeuli elementi emsaxureboda, erTi
mxriv, mTavroba/saministroebsa da, meore mxriv,
departamentebsa da sxva erTeulebs Soris
momxmareblis da mimwodeblis tipis urTierTobis
Camoyalibebas an gaZlierebas. „kontraqtze“
damyarebulma urTierTobam mTlianad Secvala
saxelmwifo marTvis tradiciuli sistema. Zveli
saxelmwifo marTvidan axal saxelmwifo menejmentze
gadasvla ZiriTadad Semdeg princips emyareboda:
menejeri ar aris pasuxismgebeli Sedegebze, Tu mas
ara aqvs moqmedebis Tavisufleba. es imas niSnavs, rom
menejers saSualeba unda hqondes damoukideblad
marTos Tavisi organizacia. axali zelandiis
magaliTma aCvena, Tu rogor SeiZleba kerZo seqtorSi
gamoyenebuli efeqtiani menejmentis danergva da
ganviTareba saxelmwifo seqtorSi. saxelmwifo
menejmentis Semadgeneli nawilebi: `strategia~,
`personalis marTva~, `finansuri menejmenti da
kontroli~ umeteswilad biznesidan damkvidrda. es
procesi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT ara rogorc mxolod
axal ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvla, aramed rogorc
mTlianad sazogadoebis da misi yvela institutis
fundamentaluri transformacia sabazro ideologiis
Sesabamisad.
j. boinma7 dasva aseTi SekiTxva: „Secvala Tu
ara saxelmwifo menejmentma (public management)
saxelmwifo marTva (public administration)?“. am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia ganvmartoT
am terminebis mniSvnelobebi. o. hius8 ganmartebiT,
saxelmwifo marTva fokusirebulia procesze,
procedurebsa da sakuTrebaze, maSin roca
saxelmwifo menejmenti bevrad mets gulisxmobs.

7
Boyne, G. 1996 “The intellectual crisis in public administration: is public
management theproblem or the solution? Public Administration, 74, 679-94
8
Hughes, O.E. 1994 Public Management and Administration: An
introduction
14
administracia ufro viwroa Tavisi mniSvnelobiT,
vidre menejmenti da Sesabamisad erTidan meoreze
gadasvla Teoriasa da praqtikaSi cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs. oqsfordis leqsikoni
amgvar definicias gvTavazobs:
- administracia: „administrirebis aqti _ sxvaTa
saqmeebis marTva an aRsrulebis kontroli“;
- menejmenti: `saqmeebis warmoeba~, `kontroli
sakuTari xeliT~, `movaleobis Sesruleba”;
sityvebis laTinuri Zirebidanac Cans maT
Soris arsebuli aSkara sxvaoba: administracia
momdinareobs sityvidan “minor”-“ministrare” da niSnavs:
“samsaxursa da mmarTvelobas”, xolo menejmenti _
sityvidan “manus” da niSnavs: `sakuTari xeliT
kontrols”.
meriam-vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT
administrireba/marTva niSnavs:
1. administrireba, xelmZRvaneloba, marTva,
mmarTveloba, winamZRoloba; magaliTad: `me
vxelmZRvanelobdi saqvelmoqmedo fonds~. “I
administered the Charity Fund.”
2. kontroli, zedamxedveloba, meTvalyureoba;
magaliTad: `mTavari sakiTxi, rasac petre
akontrolebda, iyo Sesrulebis xarisxi~ “The main
issue Peter used to administer, was the quality of performance.”
3. gankargva, ganxorcieleba, aRsruleba; magaliTad:
`mama gankargavda bavSvebis jibis fuls~ ”Father
administered children’s pocket money.”
4. Cveneba, warmodgena, prezentacia; magaliTad: `man
yvela damswres warudgina kritikuli SeniSvnebi~ “She
administered critical remarks to everyone present.”
menejmenti/marTva niSnavs:
1. administrireba, organizeba, movaleobis Sesruleba,
zrunva, saqmeebis mogvareba, gamklaveba, damuSaveba,
koordinireba, gankargva, muSaoba. magaliTad: `me
SemiZlia muSaTa am jgufs movuaro” “I can manage (deal
15
with) this crew of workers”; `is agvarebda mSoblebis
saqmeebs, mas Semdeg rac isini Zalian moxucdnen” –
“She managed her parents’ affairs after they got too old”.
2. meTvalyureoba, zedamxedveloba, kontroli.
magaliTad: `vin uwevs am proeqts zedamxedvelobas?”
“Who is managing (overseeing) this project?”.
3. miRweva, gadalaxva, gamarjveba, molaparakebis
warmatebiT dasruleba.
magaliTad: `man moaxerxa cixidan gaqceva” “She
managed to escape from prison”.
4. damuSaveba. magaliTad: `am blenders ar SeuZlia
Txilis damuSaveba” “This blender can’t manage (handle) nuts”.
5. Tavis gatana. magaliTad: `dReSi naxevari puriTac
ki gahqondaT Tavi”. “They managed even with a half a loaf of
bread”.
Cveulebrivi instruqciebis Sesrulebis garda,
saxelmwifo menejeri fokusirebuli da
pasuxismgebelia Sedegebis miRwevaze. problema is
gaxlavT, rom am terminebis martivad Canacvlebis
SesaZleblobis gamo rogorc Teoritikosebi, aseve
praqtikosebi upiratesobas `menejments~ aniWeben da
amiT mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs uyrian safuZvels.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, menejmenti ufro zogadia
da met rames gulisxmobs, vidre marTva
(administration). garkveuli movlenebisaTvis
`marTvis~ darqmeva, sxvebisTvis ki _ `menejmentis~ ar
aris ubralod maTi saxeldeba, es maTTvis garkveuli
mniSvnelobis miniWebas niSnavs, albaT imitomac, rom
es saxelebi maT Rirebulebas sxvadasxvanairad
afasebs. sailustraciod gamodgeba Semdegi magaliTi
didi britaneTis gaerTianebuli samefos
janmrTelobis erovnuli departamentis erT-erTi
xelmZRvaneli piris interviudan. daniSvnamde sul
cota xniT adre igi ambobs: „...am saxis samuSaos
Sesasruleblad radikaluri da strategiuli
azrovnebis deficits ganvicdidiT. saavadmyofoSi
16
ZiriTadad dasaqmebuli iyo mxolod
administratorebis xrova...“ marTalia, es gancxadeba
aRiqmeba rogorc empiriuli pretenzia da mas am
TvalTaxedviT wavikiTxavT Tu ara, is mainc udavo
ciliswamebaa. sityvis „ZiriTadad“ damateba
miuTiTebs, rom departamentSi termini
`administratori~ damamcireblad aRiqmeba. magram
mxolod es ar aris saintereso. mosaubre am terminis
gamoyenebiT sakuTar Tavzec saubrobs. igi gvamcnobs
imasac, rom ar aris administratori da igi aris
radikaluri da strategiuli _ gaaCnia is Tvisebebi,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, sanimuSo organizaciebis
TanamSromlebs unda hqondeT.
rogorc zemoTmoyvanili magaliTebidan Cans,
sityvebs: `menejmenti~ da `administracia~ Soris
arsebuli zRvari paradoqsulia. igi ara mxolod
ganasxvavebs am or termins, aramed aerTianebs
kidevac maT9. ase rom im magaliTebis miuxedavad,
romlebSiac Cans am sityvebis gancalkevebis
mcdeloba, is rasac uwodeben menejments,
aucileblad ukavSirdeba administracias. termini
„menejeri“ Tavis TavSi aucileblad moicavs termin
„administratoris“ mniSvnelobis elementebs. amis
damadastureblad Tundac is faqti gamodgeba, rom
menejmentis diskursis Tavdapirveli popularizacia
saxelmwifo seqtorSi tetCeris xanaSi moxda da igi
ubralod Caenacvla administraciis diskurss. amis
paralelurad ki inglisSi iTvleba, rom samTavrobo
dokumentebsa da ministrTa moxsenebebSi sityva
`menejmentis~ gamoyeneba modernizaciis magaliTia. am
ori terminis gamoyeneba imdenad bunebrivad xdeba,
rom yvelas aviwydeba rom isini mxolod pirobiTad
aRiarebuli kategoriebia: am terminebTan

9
Derrida, J. 1997. Monolingualism of the Other; or, The Prosthesis of
Origin. Stanford,California: Stanford University Press.
17
asocirebuli kulturuli garkveuloba
„WeSmaritebad“ mxolod mas Semdeg Camoyalibda, rac
moxda maTi xSiri gamoyeneba.
zemomoyvanil interviuSi paradoqsuli isa aris, rom
TiTqos „administraciasa“ da „menejments“, rogorc
sityvebs, garkveuli funqciis Sesruleba mxolod da
mxolod imitom SeuZliaT, rom isini akeTeben
„arafers“; ubralod warmoadgenen etiketebs
samyaroSi gansxvavebuli „sagnebis“ dasaxasiaTeblad.
realurad ki `menejmentTan~ asocirebuli sityvebi
axasiaTebs da akanonebs imgvar organizaciul
samyaros, romelSic mosaubre grZnobs sakuTar
upiratesobas, „administratoris“ SemTxvevaSi ki,
piriqiT, misi prestiJisa da Zalauflebis xarisxi
damcrobilia. qeTli da jonsi10 am movlenas
`struqturul, simbolur Zaladobasac~ ki uwodeben.
am terminebis gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli realoba
ki aris „is raRaca, rasac SevisunTqavT rogorc
haers, ar vgrZnobT misgan zewolas; is yvelgan aris
da amave dros arsad da misgan Tavis daRweva Zalian
Znelia“.
amrigad, marTva saxelmwifo marTvis SemTxvevaSi
politikasTan erTad warmoadgens mTavrobis mkafiod
gamokveTil funqcias: realurad ganaxorcielos ukve
gansazRvruli politikuri RonisZiebebi da
amasTanave aRasrulos saxelmwifos mier gamoxatuli
neba. marTva araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs
ubralod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqcias,
e.i. mTavrobis sistemaSi garkveuli Zalauflebis
aRsrulebas, aramed igi warmoadgens saxelmwifos
nebis ganxorcielebasac. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT
moqmedebis es areali zog SemTxvevaSi aWarbebs
mTavrobisTvis kanoniT miniWebul uflebamosilebas,

10
Caltley and Jones, 2002 “Philosophy-The luxurious Supplement of
Violence?”
18
zogan ki _ masze mcirea. amdenad, tradiciul
samTavrobo organoebSi mmarTvelebs pirobiTad
SeiZleba vuwodoT saxelmwifo menejerebi, xolo maT
mier ganxorcielebul saqmianobas _ saxelmwifo
menejmenti. aqve aRvniSnoT, rom menejmentis cnebas
ukavSirdeba agreTve sityva `xelmZRvaneloba“. imis
gamo, rom am sityvas uaryofiTi asociaciebi
naklebad axasiaTebs, igi ar iTvleba damamcirebel
terminad da ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba, rogorc imijis
Seqmnis ZiriTadi resursi. amasTanave, saxelmwifo
seqtorze saubrisas es sityva araviTar gaugebrobas
ar iwvevs.
rogor unda moiqcnen kanonmdeblebi,
Teoritikosebi da praqtikosebi, romlebic
aRmoCndnen sityvebis: `menejmenti~ da
`xelmZRvaneloba~ upiratesobis winaSe sityva
„administraciasTan“ SedarebiT? romeli termini unda
gamoiyenon maT saxelmwifo organizaciis
saqmianobebis aRsawerad? saqarTvelos parlamentis
kvleviTi departamentis analitikuri ganyofilebis
azriT, mizanSewonili iqneba, rom maT Tavi aaridon
terminebis daaxlovebas, Canacvlebas da am terminebs
Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis ugulvebelyofas.
piriqiT, sasurvelia, rom detalurad iqnas
Seswavlili da aRiweros am terminebis
mniSvnelobaTa zusti Strixebi, raTa maqsimalurad
SeizRudos maTi erTmaneTSi martivi Canacvleba,
amasTanave mosazrebebis advilad da komfortulad
gamoxatva terminebis implikaciebTan dakavSirebiT.
terminebis aRrevam SesaZloa garkveuli
Sinaarsobrivi gaugebroba gamoiwvios. magaliTad,
inglisuri sityva „public“ konteqstis mixedviT
qarTulad SeiZleba iTargmnos rogorc
„saxelmwifo“, „sajaro“ an „sazogadoebrivi“, Tumca
xSirad xdeba am sityvebis aRreva da maTi meqanikuri
Canacvleba; `erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi~ ar

19
gulisxmobs nacionaluri niSniT Catarebul
gamocdebs, amdenad upriani iqneboda Tu mas
saxelmwifo gamocda daerqmeboda. an aseTi
gancxadeba _ `... mimdinareobs narCenebis marTvis
maregulirebeli kanonis proeqtze muSaoba~. aq
`narCenebis marTva~ „waste management“-is sruli
kalkaa da qarTulad arabunebrivad JRers.

menejmentis zogadi
principebi

samecniero menejmentis fuZemdeblad iTvleba

amerikeli inJineri frederik teilori (1856-1917). igi
ganaTlebiT inJineri iyo, muSaobda muSad, ostatad,
Semdeg mTavar inJinrad. mogvianebiT konsultanti
gaxda da Tavisi Sexedulebebi Camoayaliba wignSi
`mecnieruli menejmentis principebi~ (1911), romelic
asaxavs XX saukunis dasawyisis industriuli
periodis menejeruli azrovnebisa da praqtikis
Taviseburebebs.
man pirvelma gansazRvra menejmenti, rogorc
`warmoebis organizacia~, daamuSava mecnieruli
marTvis principebi, romelsac `teilorizmi~ ewoda.
teilorma es principebi Camoayaliba SromiTi
operaciebis, standartuli da zedmeti moZraobebis
acilebis empiriuli analiziT. aman saSualeba misca
teilors, gaezarda Sromis nayofiereba, firmis
Semosavali da muSaTa xelfasi. teilorma pirvelma
Semoitana xmarebaSi `adamianis faqtoris~ cneba. igi
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda materialur
stimulirebas marTvaSi. marTvis miseuli koncefciis
mTvari principebi aris organizaciuli harmonia,
ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri mizanSewoniloba.
teiloris azriT menejmentis principuli mizani unda
iyos damqiraveblisa da TanamSromlebis maqsimaluri
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa. erTi mxriv,

20
damqiraveblisaTvis `maqsimaluri keTildReoba~
niSnavs ara marto did mogebas mokle vadaSi, aramed
sawarmos yvela aspeqtis ganviTarebas misi mudmivi
warmatebis miRwevis mizniT. meore mxriv,
TanamSromlisaTvis `maqsimaluri keTildReoba~
niSnavs ara mxolod droebiT maRal Semosavals,
aramed misi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas samuSaos
maqsimalurad efeqtianad Sesrulebis mizniT.
menejmentsa da muSebs Soris winaaRmdegobis
daZlevisa da efeqtianobis zrdis saSualebad
teilori miiCnevda samuSaos sistematurad Seswavlas
misi Sesrulebis yvelaze efeqtiani meTodebis
dadgenis mizniT. maTze dayrdnobiT teilori
axorcielebda muSebis efeqtian kontrols. teilorma
sawarmoSi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis 4 ZiriTadi
stadia gamoyo:
1. samuSaos Sesrulebis mecnieruli Seswavla;
2. muSaxelis mecnieruli SerCeva da maTi mudmivi
wvrTna (treningi);
3. samuSaos mecnieruli organizaciis da
mecnierulad SerCeul-gawvrTnili muSaxelis
Serwyma;
4. menejmentisa da muSaxelis mudmivi da uSualo
kavSiri.
teiloris naSromebSi xazgasmulia viwro
specializaciisa da samuSaos gareSe elementebis
maqsimaluri gamoricxvis mkacri aucilebloba
amocanis arsze yuradRebisa da Zalisxmevis
koncentraciis mizniT. igi amave koncefcias iyenebs
menejmentis mimarTac, Tumca gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobs ara menejmentis zeda doneebs,
aramed zedamxedvelisa da ostatis urTierTobas.
teiloris principebi farTod iyo danergili da
amJamadac sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba masobrivi
warmoebis kompaniebSi. Tumca es ideebi mis
sicocxleSive iqna gakritikebuli muSebis

21
garkveulwilad efeqtianad momuSave manqanebis
donemde dayvanis gamo. aseTma midgomam Semdgomi
ganviTareba pova henri gantis, frenk da lilia
jilbertebis, g.emersonis, h.fordis SromebSi.
teiloris mowafem _ gantma gamoikvlia ara
calkeuli SromiTi operaciebi, aramed warmoebis
procesi mTlianobaSi. man pirvelma danerga sawarmos
muSaobis kalendaruli gegma, gegmuri grafikebis
sistema da operatiuli marTva.
col-qmari jilbertebi 20-ian wlebSi aqtiurad
eZebdnen nebismieri samuSaos Sesrulebis optimalur
(saukeTeso) xerxebs. maT pirvelad gamoiyenes
fotoaparati da kinokamera muSaTa moZraobis
Sesaswavlad. maT moigones xelsawyo
mikroqronometri – saaTi, romelsac SeeZlo Caewera
1/2000 wm xangrZlivobis intervalebi. stop-kadrebis
meSveobiT jilbertebma gamoavlines xelis mtevnis 17
ZiriTadi moZraoba, romlebsac treblijebi uwodes
(jilbert - wakiTxuli SebrunebiT). dakvirvebebiT,
gazomvebiT miiRweoda sxvadasxva xelis Sromis
ZiriTad operaciaTa srulyofa da muSaobis
efeqtianobis amaRleba.
amerikis saavtomobilo industriis
damfuZnebelma _ h.fordma XX saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi daamuSava marTvis Teoria, romelmac
`fordizmis~ saxelwodeba miiRo. fordis warmoebis
organizaciis ZiriTadi piroba aris samecniero-
teqnikuri siaxleebis operatiuli danergva, xelis
mZime Sromis manqanebiT Secvla, saamqroebSi
sisufTavisa da simyudrovis uzrunvelyofa,
avtomobilebis maRali xarisxi, maTi servisuli
momaxurebis qselis ganviTareba. mrewvelobis miznad
fords miaCnda ara mxolod momxmarebelTa
dakmayofileba, aramed maTi Seqmna, muSaTa Sromis
maRali anazRaurebisa da produqciaze fasebis
Semcirebis miRweva.

22
 XX saukunis pirveli meoTxedis menejmentis
udidesi warmomadgenelia frangi inJineri anri
faioli (1841-1925) – administraciis Teoriis (1916)
avtori. igi ganaTlebiT samTo inJineri iyo. muSaobda
frangul samTo-metalurgiul kombinatSi jer
inJinrad, Semdeg mTavar menejerad, direqtorad.
Madministraciuli Teoriis Tanaxmad warmoebis
efeqtianobis miRweva SesaZlebelia ara mxolod
samuSao adgilisa da saamqros, aramed mTlianad
organizaciis (sawarmos) srulyofiT. marTvis
fuZemdeblur principebad faioli ganixilavda
Zalauflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sexamebas,
disciplinas, xelmZRvanelobis erTianobas, kerZo
interesebis saerTo interesebisadmi damorCilebas,
TiToeulis iniciativas, korporaciul ganwyobas da
a.S. faiolim pirvelma dayo administraciis moqmedeba
sxvadasxva operaciebad da funqciebad. es funqciebia:
dagegmva, organizacia, motivacia (Sromis
stimulireba), koordinacia da kontroli.
praqtikulad menejmentis Tanamedrove gageba
faiolis interpretacias eyrdnoba, romelTanac
Sexamebulia sxvadasxva mimdinareobebi.
faiolim Camoayaliba Mwarmoebis marTvis 14
zogadi principi, romlebic dResac aqtualuria. es
principebia:
1. Sromis danawileba;
2. uflebamosileba da pasuxismgebloba;
3. disciplina;
4. erTmmarTveloba;
5. mimarTulebis erTgvarovneba;
6. piradi interesebis saerTosadmi damorCileba;
7. personalis dajildoeba;
8. centralizeba an decentralizeba;
9. marTvis ierarqiuli sistema.
10. wesrigi;
11. samarTlianoba;

23
12. kadrebis dabali denadoba;
13. iniciativa;
14. korporaciuli ganwyoba.
faiolis principebis msgavsia marTvis
mecnierebis Teoretikosis, h.emersonis (1853-1931 ww)
mier Camoyalibebuli sawarmos marTvis 12 principi:
1. mkafiod Camoyalibebuli sawarmos miznebi da
amocanebi;
2. keTilgonivruli midgoma yoveli saqmisadmi;
3. kompetenturi sabWos arseboba;
4. disciplina;
5. samarTlianoba;
6. saimedo, swrafi da mudmivi aRricxva;
7. samuSaoTa dagegmva;
8. normebis Sesruleba;
9. samuSaos morgeba garemosadmi;
10. warmoebis saSualebaTa normireba;
11. instruqtireba;
12. Sromis anazRaurebis mizanSewonili sistema.
h.emersonma SeimuSava marTvis maqsimaluri
efeqtianobis meTodi rogorc warmoebis dargSi, ise
sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela
sferosTvis.
1927 wels JenevaSi daarsda ,,mmarTvelobis
saerTaSoriso instituti”, xolo 1959 wels
,,mmarTvelobis meTodebis swavlebis centrebis
saerTaSoriso asociacia”.
XX saukunis 30-50 wlebSi gavrcelda mecniereuli
menejmentis neoklasikuri skolis Sexedulebebi, an
adamianur urTierTobaTa skola, romelsac
miekuTvnebian germaneli fsiqologi h.miunsterbergi,
amerikelebi _ m.foleti da e.meio. isini Tvlidnen,
rom warmoebis procesSi marTvis simZimis centrma
unda gadainacvlos adamianebs Soris urTierTobebze.
marTvas isini Seiswavlidnen fsiqologiisa da
sociologiis meTodebis gamoyenebiT, e.i. adamianis

24
qcevis mecnierebiT. am Teoriis Tanaxmad adamiani
aris yuradRebis mTavari obieqti, amitom Tvlidnen,
rom kandidatebis SerCeva unda ganxorcieldes
testirebiT, momavali TanamSromlebis erTmaneTTan
ETavsebadobis SemowmebiT, midrekilebiT sxvadasxva
profesiebisadmi, rekomendebulia agreTve
fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis gamoyeneba muSakTa
moRvaweobis gasaumjobeseblad.
50-iani wlebis bolos adamianur urTierTobaTa
skola gardaiqmna ,,qcevis” anu bihevioristul
(inglisuridan “behaviour” – qceva) mecnierebad,
romlis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi _ r.laikarti,
d.makgregori, a.maslou Tvlidnen, rom firmaSi
marTvis efeqtianobis gazrda unda ganxorcieldes
ara pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis mowesrigebiT,
aramed TiToeul adamianze zemoqmedebiT
stimulirebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT. amJamad es
meTodebi personalis marTvis samecniero
safuZvelia.
marTvis erT-erT mTavar principad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos saqmisadmi integrirebuli midgoma (parki
mTlianad unda dainaxo, rodesac axali jiSis xes
rgav). unda imoqmedo ise, rom gadawyvetileba
pasuxobdes konkretul gansazRvrul situacias.

politikuri procesebis
marTvis Tanamedrove principebi

20-30-ian wlebSi msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma

gaaZliera saxelmwifos roli sazogadoebis
ekonomikur da socialur cxovrebaSi. TandaTan
wamoiWra imis aucilebloba, rom mecnieruli
meTodebi gamoyenebuliyo ukve politikuri
procesebis marTvisTvis.

25
 am periodSi gamoikveTa organizaciis
damokidebuleba garemosadmi, rac marTvis 3 modelis
saxiT Camoyalibda:
A) administraciuli = direqtiuli = mbrZanebeli
da Semsrulebeli organoebi. aq yvelafris
pasuxismgebelia mbrZanebeli. Semsrulebebli TavisiT
arafers akeTebs.
B) situaciuri = reaqtiuli = normatiuli
qmedeba. mocemulia erTgvari traeqtoria situaciis
cvlilebisas.
C) strategiuli = proaqtiuri = Segueba
garemosTan, miznobrivi da sistemuri midgoma.
amisaTvis saWiroa strategia.
krizisis periodSi ufro efeqtiania
administraciuli modeli.
metad mniSvnelovani roli miekuTvneba
saxelmwifos krizisidan gamoyvanis saqmeSi aSS-is
prezidents _ franklin delano .ruzvelts (aSS-is 32-
e prezidenti, marTavda qveyanas 1933-1945 wlebSi,
arCeuli iqna oTxgzis). saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi
Careva Teoriulad daasabuTa ingliselma mecnierma
j.keinsma 30-iani wlebis bolos. ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulireba sabazro ekonomikis
pirobebSi xorcieldeba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT:
- saxelmwifos gamgeblobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis
uSualo marTva;
- sabazro ekonomikis iribi saxelmwifo regulireba
saxelmwifo biujetis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo
politikiT, sakredito-fuladi sistemiT da a.S.
II msoflio omis Semdeg keinsis Teoria
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis Sesaxeb
gamoiyena dasavleTis yvela qveyanam da maT
brwyinvale Sedegebs miaRwies.
politikur procesebSi marTvis zogadi
principebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba faqtobrivad
amerikelma maTematikosma norbert vinerma daasabuTa
26
naSromiT ,,kibernetika11 anu marTva da komunikacia
cocxal organizmebsa da meqanizmebSi” (1948). vineris
mixedviT marTvis principebi erTgvarovani iyo
rogorc cocxali organizmebisTvis, ise teqnikuri
sistemebisa da sazogadoebisTvis, rogorc
ekonomikuri ise politikuri procesebisTvis.
am periodidan sul ufro TvalsaCino gaxda
saxelmwifo marTvis sabWoTa sistemis CamorCena. es
gasagebic gaxldaT. sabWoTa komunisturi
ideologiis TvalsazrisiT sazogadoebis marTvis
principebi erTxel da samudamod savsebiT
ganisazRvra marqsizm-leninizmis moZRvrebiT. amrigad,
sruliad bunebrivia, rom kibernetika sabWoTa
kavSirSi burJuaziul crumecnierebad gamocxadda,
sazogadoebis marTva e.w. ,,mecnieruli komunizmis“
meTodebiT xorcieldeboda, qveynis ekonomikuri
sistemisa ki _ administraciul-mbrZanebluri
meTodebiT, romlebic politbiuros dadgenilebebiT
ganisazRvreboda da srulebiT gamoricxavda
arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebas anu marTvis
procesSi ukukavSiris rgolis gaTvaliswinebas.
saxelmwifo marTvis sabWouri sistemis mTavari
naklovaneba gaxldaT marTvis procesSi ukukavSiris
rgolis ignorireba anu ar xdeboda sazogadoebis
azris da, Tundac, realurad arsebuli saSinao Tu
sagareo ekonomikuri da politikuri viTarebis
gaTvaliswineba.
ucdomel komunistur partias ar esaWiroeboda
sazogadoebasa Tu ekonomikaSi praqtikulad
arsebuli viTareba. mecnierul azrovnebis
politikuri ideologiis prokrustes sarecelSi
moqcevam faqtobrivad ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSiris
sul ufro mzardi sayovelTao CamorCena, jer

11
.cybernetics – mesaWe
27
mecnieruli, Semdeg ekonomikuri, rasac sabolood
qveynis politikuri kraxic mohyva.
rodesac ,,perestroikis“ dros qveynis
xelmZRvanelobam moindoma arsebuli realobis
gaTvaliswineba, ukve Zalian gvian iyo.
samarTlianobisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom sagareo
urTierTobebSi mainc moxerxda garkveuli Sedegebis
miRweva, rac udavod gorbaCov-SevardnaZis tandemis
damsaxureba gaxldaT, magram saSinao mdgomareobis
cvlileba sxvadasxva, mravali subieqturi da
obieqturi mizezebis gamo veRar ganxorcielda.
piriqiT, kibernetikuli midgomis gamoyenebam aSS-
Si mZlavri stimuli misca saxelmwifo marTvis
axali mecnieruli meTodebis SemuSavebas, ramac
ganapiroba sul ufro garTulebuli sazogadoebrivi
da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis efeqtiani marTva da
ganviTareba. prioritetuli gaxda strategiuli
marTva (anu strategiuli menejmenti), strategiuli
dagegmva biznesisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi.
aRmosavleT evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa
kavSirSi, marqsistuli, socialisturi meTodebi iyo
gabatonebuli, rac pirwmindad gamoricxavda pirad
iniciativas da kerZo sakuTrebas. miuxedavad amisa,
sabWoTa kavSirSi stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi
administraciul-mbrZaneblobiTi meTodebiT moxerxda
mZlavri industriuli saxelmwifos aSeneba, rac
sastik represiul meTodebs eyrdnoboda, magram didi
iyo agreTve mosaxleobis enTuziazmi. saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis ekonomikaSi Carevis gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino uaryofiTi magaliTia sabWoTa kavSiris
lideris _ n.xruSCovis saqmianoba (skkp ck I mdivani
1953-1964 wlebSi).
avtoritaruli sistemebis warmatebuli ekonomikis
saukeTeso magaliTia singapuris miRwevebi, sadac
erTpartiuli mmarTvelobiT (e.w. ,,inteleqtis

28
diqtaturiT”) miRweulia msoflioSi ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis erT-erTi umaRlesi done.
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobiT miRweuli politikur-
ekonomikuri warmatebis magaliTebia agreTve Cile
(pinoCetis diqtatura) da espaneTi (frankos
diqtatura). sagulisxmoa aRiniSnos, rom am qveynebSi
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis mier politikuri
stabilurobis miRwevis Semdeg misi demokratiul
sistemiT Secvla faqtobrivad umtkivnulod
ganxorcielda.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo
marTvis saintereso nimuSia kunZul taivanis
gamocdileba, sadac diqtatoruli reJimidan
TandaTan ganxorcielda saxelmwifos mier
regulirebul sabazro ekonomikaze da srul
demokratiaze gadasvla, agreTve, saqarTveloSi
mimdinare ekonomikuri eqsperimentebi XX saukunis 70-
ian wlebSi, romelic met-naklebi warmatebiT
xorcieldeboda, miuxedavad sabWoTa kavSiris
centraluri xelisuflebis mier ekonomikis
reglamentirebuli diqtatisa. msgavsi reformebi
grandiozuli masStabiT da sruli ekonomikuri
warmatebiT Caatara CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi
den siao-pinma. sabWoTa kavSiris reformirebis
mcdeloba ki, romelsac ssrk lideri mixeil
gorbaCovi atarebda 1985-91 wlebSi (,,perestroika”),
warumateblad dasrulda, radganac erTdroulad ver
ganxorcielda komunisturi saxelmwifos rogorc
ideologiuri, aseve ekonomikuri gardaqmna.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi gamoiyeneba marTvis
sxvadasxva midgomebi: procesualuri, sistemuri,
situaciuri.
procesualuri midgoma ganixilavs marTvas,
rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli marTvis funqciebis
uwyvet serias.

29
 sistemur midgomaSi igulisxmeba, rom
xelmZRvanelma organizacia unda ganixilos, rogorc
urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebis erToblioba,
rogoricaa adamianebi, struqtura, amocanebi da
teqnologia, romlebic orientirebulia sxvadasxva
miznebis miRwevaze cvlad garemo pirobebSi.
situaciuri midgomiT xazgasmulia, rom marTvis
ama Tu im meTodis efeqtianoba Seqmnili realuri
situaciiT ganisazRvreba.
realurad, rogorc organizaciaSi, ise garemoSi
arsebul faqtorTa didi simravlis gamo, ar
arsebobs organizaciis marTvis erTaderTi saukeTeso
meTodi. yvelaze efeqtiania is meTodi, romelic
yvelaze ufro Seesabameba mocemul situacias.
informatikis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia raodenobrivi
meTodebis gamoyeneba, rodesac statistikuri
informacia da misi damuSavebis meTodebi
SemTxveviT movlenebSi kanonzomierebaTa SemCnevisa
da movlenaTa ganviTarebis prognozirebis
saSualebas iZleva.
Tanamedrove msoflios ekonomikur
ganviTarebas ganapirobeben transnacionaluri
kompaniebi, romelTa marTvisTvis aucilebeli gaxda
strategiuli meTodologiis damuSaveba da
Sesabamisi meTodebis _ strategiuli kvlevis,
strategiuli dagegmvisa da strategiuli marTvis
gamoyeneba. marTvis amocanebis gadawyvetis mizniT
Cven gamoviyenebT agreTve kibernetikul midgomas,
romelic, marTvis problemis strategiul xedvasTan
erTad opitimaluri (garkveuli TvalsazrisiT _
saukeTeso) Sedegebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas iZleva,
rogorc ekonomikuri, ise politikuri sistemebis
kvlevisa da marTvisaTvis.

30
Tavi meore

strategiuli dagegmvis
arsi

strategiuli dagegmvis
ZiriTadi cnebebi

ganvsazRvroT zogierTi ZiriTadi cneba:

strategia; strategi anu strategosi; misia;
potenciali; miznebi – moklevadiani da perspeqtiuli.
termini strategos (berZnulad) niSnavs sardlis
xelovnebas. xolo strategia (berZnulad) –
xelovneba an mecniereba iyo mxedarTmTavari.
strategia – armiis sworad dawyoba, formireba,
rodis daviwyoT brZola, rodis gavmarToT
molaparakeba xalxTan, politikosebTan,
diplomatebTan.
Zv.CineTSi (480 – 222 ww.) ukve iyo dawerili wigni
,,strategiis xelovneba~. dawerilia sun cus saxeliT.
metad sainteresoa sun cus azri strategosis
Sesaxeb: ,,vinc gaimarjva asjer as konfliqtSi, mas
maincdamainc didi xelovneba ar gaaCnia. strategiis
gamoyenebis xelovneba imorCilebs sxvas masTan
konfliqtis gareSe”.
biznesis TvalsazrisiT strategia aris
detaluri, Sors gaTvlili, yovlemxrivi,
kompleqsuri gegma, rac imisTvis aris gamiznuli, rom
31
uzrunvelyos organizaciis misiis ganxorcieleba da
misi miznebis miRweva.
aq sagulisxmoa aRiniSnos strategiuli
koncefciis evolucia samxedrodan ekonomikurisken.
maT Soris mravali msgavsebaa, magram aris
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. samxedro strategiis
mizani aris mtris ganadgureba. ekonomikuri
strategiisa ki _ komerciuli efeqtis miReba.
momxmarebelTa mosazidad sulac ar aris saWiro
konkurentebis ganadgureba an maTTan kontaqti,
SeiZleba konkurenti sulac ar gyavdes (mag. rkinigza
saqarTveloSi, vaWroba da warmoeba ssrk-Si). aq
mTavari aris miaRwio konkurentul upiratesobas.
upiratesoba ara konkurentze, aramed momxmarebelTan
mimarTebaSi.
afTiaqi iq sadac sxva afTiaqebicaa da ara calke
sadRac. ratom? aq meti momsvlelia. sxva afTiaqs ki
ar iSoreb, aramed Seni xarisxi, fasi unda iyos
ukeTesi.
strategiis gansazRvrebebi:
strategia – es aris saboloo Sedegis miRwevis
saSualeba.
strategia aerTianebs organizaciis yvela nawils
erT mTlianobaSi.
strategia moicavs organizaciis yvela ZiriTad
aspeqts.
strategia aris organizaciis grZelvadiani gegma.
strategia uzrunvelyofs organizaciis gegmebis
yvela nawilis urTierT-SeTavsebadobas.
strategia iZleva pasuxs organizaciis arsis, misi
arsebobis ZiriTad kiTxvebze:
- ra aris, ras warmoadgens Cveni biznesi dRes?
- rogori unda gaxdes Cveni biznesi xval?
- rogoria Cveni saqoneli, funqciebi, bazrebi?
- ra unda gavakeToT dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad?

32
 strategia _ es aris organizaciis Zlieri da
susti mxareebis, agreTve misi ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebis da Seferxebebis analizi.
strategia aris winaswar dagegmili reaqcia
garemos cvlilebaze.
strategia unda:
- Seicavdes naTel miznebs, romelTa miRweva
gadamwyvetia saqmis saboloo warmatebisaTvis.
- xels uwyobdes iniciativas;
- axdendes mTavari Zalisxmevis koncentrirebas
saWiro dros da saWiro adgilas;
- iTvaliswinebdes moqmedebis iseT moqnilobas, raTa
resursebis minimaluri odnobiT SesaZlebeli iyo
maqsimaluri Sedegebis miRweva;
- anxorcielebdes koordinirebul moqmedebas;
- varaudobdes moqmedebaTa gasageb ganrigs;
- uzrunvelyofdes garantirebul resursebs.
mincbergis 5P-s mixedviT strategia aris:
- Plan - moqmedebaTa gegma;
- Ploy - eSmakoba, mowinaaRmdegis gacucurakeba;
- Pattern - moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba. SeiZleba gegma
Seusrulebadi iyos, magram moqmedebaTa gegma,
mimdevroba, nebismier SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofili
unda iqnes;
- Position - pozicia garemoSi. kavSiri garemosTan;
- Perspective - perspeqtiva. im mdgomareobis danaxva,
saiTkenac unda miviswrafvodeT.
strategiis ganmxorcielebelia strategosi anu
strategi. strategi isaa vinc pasuxismgebelia saerTo
saqmis warmatebaze: prezidenti, aRmasrulebeli
direqtori, generaluri direqtori, mepatrione,
direqtorTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, reqtori, dekani,
kaTedris gamge, mewarme, mwvrTneli, reJisori,
sardali (TamaSs igeben fexburTelebi, agebs –
mwvrTneli. oms?) Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom

33
xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze myofi piri yovelTvis
Seefereba strategis cnebas.
strategiul saqmianobaSi yvelas Tavisi stili
aqvs, gemovneba, meTodebi. magaliTad PC Apple-is top-
menejerebis msoflioSi pirveli personaluri
kompiuterebis Semqmnelebis stiv jobsisa da stiven
vozniakis slogani gaxldaT _ ,,SevqmnaT axali,
ignorireba daeWvebulebs, yuradRebas nu vaqcevT maT,
uarvyoT istebliSmenti. “LOTUS”-is direqtorTa
sabWos axali Tavmjdomaris devid uikinsis azriT
maTi kompania adre ar imarTeboda mogebis miRebis
mizniT. kolis Cepmens (direqtorTa sabWos wina
Tavmjdomare,) ubralod manqanebis swrafi moZraoba
moswonda.
strategi eZebs pasuxs Semdeg kiTxvebze:
1. vin varT?
2. rogoria Cveni biznesi?
3. sad vimyofebiT? rogoria Cveni biznesis
mdgomareoba?
4. sad viyaviT guSin? rogori iyo Cveni biznesi
guSin?
5. ra Zlieri da susti mxareebi gvaqvs, ra SegviZlia
da ra ar SegviZlia? an sxva sityvebiT _ unda
Caataros SWOT analizi (Strenghts – Zlieri
mxareebi, Weakness – susti mxareebi, Opportunities _
SesaZleblobebi, Threats _ safrTxeebi).
6. ra gviSlis xels?
7. ra gviwyobs xels?
8. saiT mivdivarT?
9. ramdenad kargad vasrulebT Cvens misias?
10. ra unda gakeTdes, rom misia ukeT SevasruloT?
11. ra unda gavakeToT?
12. ra strategiuli alternativa gvaqvs?
13. ra movimoqmedoT, rogori unda iyos Cveni
strategia?

34
14. ramdenad mdgradia Cveni strategia cvladi
sivrcis (biznes-garemos da/an politikuri garemos
cvlilebis) SemTxvevaSi?
15. riskis analizi – mizezebi, ratom ar iyidian Cvens
saqonels?
misia - hipermizani, is riTac erTi kompania
gansxvadeba meorisgan, roli biznesis scenaze, raRac
ufro meti vidre mizani. rogori unda iyos misia –
realuri Tu miuRwevadi? ra aris adamianis,
saxelmwifos, politikuri partiis misia?
biznesis amocanebisTvis misia SesaZloa
Semdegnairad ganisazRvros:
• zusti gansazRvra im miznis, romelic
ganasxvavebs am bizness sxvisgan.
• biznesis arsebobis miznebis deklarireba
• kredo, mizani, filosofia, principebi, biznesis
aRwera
• Sexeduleba biznesze perspeqtivis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rogori unda gaxdes da vis
moemsaxurios
• motivi, zogadi mimarTuleba, tonaloba
• momxmareblis interesebis dakmayofileba
amitom vupasuxoT kiTxvebs
• ras vakeTebT da riTi ganvsxvadebiT sxvebisgan,
vinc igives akeTebs?
• ra sargeblobas naxulobs momxmarebeli Cveni
saqonliT an momsaxurebiT?
• ra uwyobs xels Cvens bizness?
• vin aris Cveni momxmarebeli, ras elis Cvengan?
kompaniis potenciali warmoadgens mis resursebs,
resursebis Sevsebis wyaroebs, igi uzrunvelyofs
kompaniis konkurentul upiratesobas da mdgradobas
cvlad garemoSi, axdens negatiuri faqtorebis
neitralizebas;
miznebi unda iyos SMART:
35
 • Specific – iseTi naTeli da zusti, rom ar iyos
orazrovnad gagebuli;
• Measurable – raodenobrivad gamoixatos
Sedegebi, maT Soris subieqturi molodinic ki.
• Achievable – miRwevadi. amasTan, ufrosic da
xelqveiTic darwmunebulni unda iyvnen, rom
mizani miRwevadia.
• Related _ Seesabamebodes strategias, sameurneo
miznebs, Semsruleblis interesebs.
• Time-Bond – droSi gansazRvruli.

strategiuli dagegmvis
amocanebi

strategiuli dagegmva warmoadgens organizaciis

strategiis gansazRvris process misi misiis
dadgeniT, strategiuli poziciebis analiziT, Sida
da gare faqtorebisa da im moqmedebebis kvleviT,
romlebsac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion konkurentuli
upiratesobebis miRweva, ganviTareba da
kapitalizacia.
strategiuli dagegmvis amocana saboloo
anagariSiT gamoxateba strategiuli marTvis
procesis efeqtianad warmarTviT. strategiuli
dagegmvis procesSi naTlad Cans TviT strategiuli
dagegmvis arsi. es procesi Sedgeba Semdegi
urTierTdakavSirebuli procesebisgan:
• strategiis dagegmva,
• strategiuli organizacia,
• strategiuli kontroli da regulireba
strategiis dagegmva. organizaciis strategiis
dagegmva iwyeba analiziT: arsebuli situaciis Sida
da gare faqtorebisa da moqmedebis kvleviT. es aris
is faqtorebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia
konkurentuli upiratesobebis miRweva, SenarCuneba,

36
ganviTareba da kapitalizacia. saboloo angariSiT
strategiuli dagegmvis stadiis dros xorcieldeba
strategiis damuSaveba, strategiuli analizi da
strategiis arCevani;
arCeulma strategiam unda moaxdinos:
• firmis Zlieri mxareebis kapitalizacia;
• susti mxareebis daZleva;
• safrTxisaTvis Tavis arideba.
strategiuli dagegmva _ sawarmos miznebs, misi
potencialuri SesaZleblobebsa da bazarze arsebul
situacias Soris strategiuli Sesabamisobis Seqmnisa
da SenarCunebis mmarTvelobiTi procesia, agreTve
sawarmos safinanso saqmianobis prognozireba
xangrZlivi periodisaTvis.
strategiuli organizacia Zlier (SesaZloa
yvelaze ufro) rTuli procesia. moiTxovs
organizatorTa da SemsrulebelTa TviTdisciplinas,
pasuxismgeblobas, Tavdadebas. strategiuli
organizaciis stadiis dros xorcieldeba
organizaciuli sistemis awyoba-gamarTva arCeuli
strategiis Sesabamisad, strategiis danergva,
strategiis realizacia, organizaciuli sistemis
strategiuli organizacia an regulireba;
am dros strategiis srulad Sesasruleblad unda
ganxorcieldes kompaniis misadageba arCeuli
strategiisadmi. amisaTvis:
1) strategiidan gamomdinare unda damuSavdes
miznebisa da amocanebis sistema.
2) Catardes analizi _ ramdenad Seesabameba
kompania am sistemas. cvlilebebia saWiro?
rogor? resursebis ganawileba.
strategiuli kontroli da regulireba _
miRweuli Sedegebis da TviT arCeuli strategiis
monitoringi, kontroli, Sefaseba da regulireba.
erT-erTi sqemis Tanaxmad strategiuli dagegmva
moicavs Semdeg etapebs
37
 1. strategiuli analizi,
2. strategiuli arCevani,
3. strategiis realizacia,
4. monitoringi da Sefaseba.
amasTan TiToeuli etapis dros unda
gaviTvaliswinoT yvela sxva etapebis Sedegebi.
strategiuli analizi Seicavs: kompaniis
faseulobebs, romelic Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs
Sida da gare audits, progresis analizs da miznebs.
strategiis arCevani niSnavs alternativis Ziebas,
saidanac gamomdinareobs saukTeso strategiis
arCevani (saukeTeso – rogori kriteriumiT?)
strategiis realizacia gansazRvravs struqturas,
funqcias, adamianebs da sistemebs.
strategiuli dagegmvis procesi SesaZloa agreTve
warmovadginoT agreTve Sedgeba Semdegi etapebisgan:
1. misiis gansazRvra, sasurveli parametrebis da
strategiis dadgena
2. miznis gansazRvra
3. Sida auditi
4. gare auditi
5. arasaxarbielo pirobebis gansazRvra
6. saxarbielo pirobebis gansazRvra
7. Zlieri mxareebis dadgena
8. susti mxareebis dadgena
9. kompaniis sasurveli parametrebis gansazRvra
10. kompaniis ganviTarebis strategiis
Camoyalibebaa
11. miznebis gansazRvra (menejmentis, marketingis,
finansebis, wyaroebi, samecniero da
sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis)
12. politikis damuSaveba (menejmentis, marketingis,
finansebis, wyaroebi, samecniero da
sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis)
13. resursebis ganawileba
14. Sesrulebis monitoringi (gazomva) da Sefaseba.

38
 rogorc vxedavT am SemTxvevaSic gvaqvs 3 etapi:
dagegmvis etapi (poziciebi 1-10), danergvis etapi
(poziciebi 11-13), Sefasebis etapi (poziciebi 1-14),
romelsac mosdevs koreqtireba (Tu saWiroa).
qvemoT mocemulia strategiuli dagegmvis erT-
erTi SesaZlo procedura (algoriTmi), romelsac
SeiZleba konceptualuri algoriTmi vuwodoT. igi
miuTiTebs im zogad etapebze, romelTa
ganxorcielebac aucilebelia strategiul
dagegmvisTvis.
1. sawyisi pozicia – gavaanalizoT sad viyaviT
guSin?
2. miRweuli mdgomareobis gaanalizeba – sada varT,
ras vakeTebT, ras mivaRwieT?
3. misiis gansazRvra, vina var, ra minda, ras moelian
Cemgan?
4. Zlieri da susti mxareebis gaanalizeba.
5. strategiuli Sefaseba. saiT mivdivar, ra melis,
risi miRweva msurs?
6. strategiuli Seyovneba,– ra unda gavakeTo?
7. gavaanalizoT - ra miSlis xels?
8. davZlioT arsebuli winaRmdegoba.
9. gavarkvioT _ vin mexmareba?
10. gamoviyenoT mxardaWera.
11. strategiuli alternativa – ra SeiZleba rom
gavakeTo?
12. miznebis sistemis Camoyalibeba _ ra unda
gavakeTo?
gadawyvetileba miRebulia.
gadawyvetilebis miRebiT ukve viciT ra unda
gavakeToT, rogor vimoqmedoT, ukve gvaqvs moqmedebis
strategia.
rogorc vxedavT strategiuli dagegmva unda
daviwyoT sawyisi poziciis gaanalizebiT, Cven
sakuTar Tavs (kompanias) vusvamT kiTxvebs _ sad
viyaviT guSin? sad varT axla? vin var, ras

39
warmovadgen? ra gvsurs, ras vapirebT, saiT
mivdivarT? ra aris gasakeTebeli miznis misaRwevad?
magram amave dros unda gavarkvioT ris gakeTebaa
saWiro da SesaZlebeli. paralelurad vaanalizebT
Cvens sust da Zlier mxareebs. Tu ki viciT ra
gviSlis xels da ra gvexmareba, maSin TiTqos
naTeli xdeba ra aris gasakeTebeli: winaaRmdegoba
unda daiZlios, xolo mxardaWera _ gamoviyenoT.
cxadia, rom praqtikulad am sakiTxebis gadawyveta
arc Tu ise ioli gansaxorcielebelia.

strategiuli
alternativa

strategiuli dagegmvis procesSi erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi etapi aris strategiuli
alternatiuli arCevanis gakeTeba. marTvis obieqtis
specifikisgan damokidebiT strategiuli dagegmvis
amocanebic gansxvavdeba, magram ZiriTadi, principuli
sakiTxebi ucvleli rCeba. ganvixiloT strategiuli
alternativebi biznes-kompaniis ganviTarebis
amocanebSi.
biznes-kompaniis ganviTarebis dros, kompaniis
mdgomareobis mixedviT, aucileblad warmoiqmneba
erT-erTi Semdegi amocana:
1. stabilur, Camoyalibebul organizaciebSi
yvelaze ufro xelsayrelia kompaniis ganviTarebis
SezRuduli zrda. am dros miznis dadgena miRweuli
donidan unda ganxorcieldes. gegmebis da miznebis
koreqtireba ki _ inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Camoyalibebul organizaciebSi yvelaferi kargada
aris, ismis kiTxva _ ra SevcvaloT?
2. dinamikurad mzard dargebSi uzrunvelyoili
unda iqnes swrafi zrda, TviT zrdis tempis zrda,
maT Soris diversifikaciiT – produqciis
nomenklaturis mravalferovnebiT

40
 3. kompaniis stagnaciis periodSi dgeba misi
saqmianobis Semcirebis problema, esa aris kompaniis
racionalizaciis ukanaskneli saSualeba, jansaRi
gza. kompaniis saqmianobis Semcireba SesaZloa
ganxorcieldes Semdegi meTodebiT:
• kompaniis an misi romelime mimarTulebis
likvidaciiT;
• zedmetis mocilebiT;
• orientaciis SecvliT;
• samive saSualebis SexamebiT.
strategiuli alternativebis SerCevis dros didi
mniSvneloba aqvs kompaniis safinanso analizis
sworad Catarebas, vinaidan, xSirad `cifrebi
sityvebze ufro metyvelia!”.
safinanso analiziT miiRweva strategiuli
dagegmvisTvis mniSvnelovani Semdegi Sedegebi:
• gamovlindeba kompaniaSi arsebul problemaTa
simptomebi;
• raodenobrivad Sefasdeba kompaniis Zlieri da
susti mxareebi, rasac metad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs;
• SevamCnevT kompaniis safinanso saqmianobaSi
arsebul mdgrad tendenciebs.
amasTan erTad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
strategiuli TvalsazrisiT safinanso analizis
Sedegebze gadametebul dayrdnobas SesaZloa
axasiaTebdes uaryofiT mxareebic, kerZod:
• safinanso saqmianobis analizi arasdros
xorcieldeba mocemuli momentisTvis. igi
yovelTvis warsuls asaxavs, warsuli
gamocdilebidan gamomdinare ki xSirad
SeuZlebelia momavlis ganWvreta;
• safinanso monacemebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
subieqturi interpretaciisTvis;

41
• teqnologiebis, bazrebisa da ekonomikis swrafi
cvlilebebis gamo safinanso inormacia xSirad
usargeblo xdeba.

biznes-strategiis
tipebi

saqmianobis masStabebis mixedviT SeiZleba

ganvasxvavoT biznes-strategiis sami tipi:
• korporaciuli strategia _ mTlianad
organizacis ganviTarebis strategia;
• biznesis saxeobis, mimarTulebis strategia;
• funqcionaluri strategia.
strategiuli amocanebis dagegmva da marTva
praqtikulad SeasaZlebelia mxolod korporaciuli
doneze. korporaciuli strategia ufro zogadia.
misi mizania:
• naklebi danaxarjebi _ mogeba
kapitaldabandebebze, mogeba aqtivebzeA
• gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis miRweva –
uzrunvelvyoT myidveli unikaluri saqonliT,
axali faseulobiT, gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT,
momsaxureba gayidvis Semdgom periodSi da sxv.
maRali fasebis karnaxi.
• kombinireba – (mcire xarjebi + axali Tvisebebi) –
Zneli misRwevia.
korporaciuli strategia gulisxmobs, rom
organizacia erTi mTliania. strategiuli dagegmva
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba korporaciul doneze. am dros
ZiriTadi strategiuli gadawyvetilebaa investiciis
warmarTva, Sedegi _ investiciis optimaluri
struqtura.
biznes-doneze strategiuli dagegmvis mizani aris
konkurentuli upiratesobis miRweva da, Semdeg, am
upiratesobis SenarCuneba, misi kapitalizacia,
arawamgebianobis wertilis gansazRvra.
42
 funqcionaluri doneze strategiuli dagegmvis
mizani aris kompaniaSi finansebis marTvis
uzrunvelyofa, marketingis warmarTva, warmoebis
organizeba, resursebis ganawileba, samecniero da
sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis Catareba.
strategiuli dagegmvis dros aucilebelia
ganvasxvavoT biznesi dargis saxeobidan.
manqanaTmSenebloba, qimiuri mrewveloba,
navTobgadamamuSavebeli warmoeba – es ar aris
biznesi, esa aris mrewvelobis dargi.
rodis funqcionirebs damoukidebeli biznesi?
• strategiuli avtonomia _ gansakuTrebuli misiis
Camoyalibeba, damoukidebeli ganviTareba.
• gare bazari _ unda arsebobdes gasaRebis bazari.
Tu firmaSi aris energomowyobilobebis remontis
saamqro, romelic mTlianad firmas emsaxureba, es
ar aris biznesi. magram Tu es saamqro
moemsaxureba gareSe sawarmoebs – es ukve ris
biznesi.
• momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva wre _ zogi firmis
remontiT sargeblobs, zogi avtomobilebiT da
a.S.
• konkurentebis garkveuli wre _ mkafiod unda
icode vina aris Seni konkurenti.
• faswarmoqmnis gansakuTrebuli meqanizmi da
Tanamimdevroba.
• produqciis urTierTSenacvlebadoba.
• ganyofilebebis likvidaciis gavlena _ Tu
romelime ganyofilebis likvidacia auaresebs
saqmianobas, e.i. es ar aris damoukidebeli biznesi
(mag. eleqtrowarmoeba).
• unda arsebobdes realuri Semosavali.
gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis SesaZlo variantebi:
1. institucionaluri codna:

43
 - samecniero-kvleviTi Tvisebebi, niWi da
gamocdileba.;
- nou-hau;
- momxmareblis faseulobaTa sistemis codna.
2. Sida procesebi:
- xelmZRvanelobis stili da kompetenturoba;
- kavSiri klientebTan (momxmareblebTan);
- gasaRebis arxebis codna da iq SeRweva;
- urTierToba xelisuflebasTan;
- personalis kompetenturoba.
3. reputacia da ndoba
- saxeli;
- dominireba bazarze;
- finansuri resursebi. mxardaWera
4. sakanonmdeblo dacva
- SeTanxmeba koncesiebis Sesaxeb;
- patentebi.

biznes-strategiis
miznebi

biznesis strategias gansazRvravs strategiuli

marTvis 5 amocana:
1. gadawyvetileba – romel biznesSi imuSavebs
firma da strategiuli xedvis formireba. e.i.
faqtobrivad xorcieldeba grZelvadiani,
Soreuli miznisa da konkretuli misiis
gansazRvra;
2. strategiuli xedvis da marTvis gardaqmna
konkretul amocanebsa da miznebSi;
3. dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis strategiis
damuSaveba;
4. arCeuli strategiis kvalificirebuli
danergva da gamoyeneba;
5. muSaobis Sedegebis Sefaseba, axali
tendenciebis Seswavla, koreqtireba
44
 gamocdilebis, Secvlili situaciis, axali
SesaZleblobebis, ideebis da a.S. bazaze.
strategiis realizaciis procesSi
aucilebelia mudmivi monitoringis strategiuli
gegmis Sesrulebis Semowmebis mizniT. am dros
SesaZlebelia:
- davubrundeT 1,2,3,4 amocanebs da gadavxedoT
miRebul gadawyvetilebebs Tu ki es saWiroa;
- srulvyoT an SevcvaloT me-4 amocana Tu ki es
saWiroa;
- srulvyoT an SevcvaloT me-3 amocana Tu ki es
saWiroa;
- gadavxedoT me-2 amocanas Tu ki es saWiroa;
- gadavxedoT me-2 amocanas Tu ki es saWiroa.
strategia erTdroulad aris aqtiuric
(dagegmili) da reaqtiulic (situaciisadmi
morgebadi). realuri (faqtobrivi) strategia unda
warmoadgendes dagegmili moqmedebebisa da
Secvlili garemoebebiT gamowveul sapasuxo
momedebebis Sexamebas. strategiuli marTva aris
procesi. 5 amocanas Soris sazRvrebi ar aris
(mxolod gonebaSi).
xelmZRvanelis amocana aris dainaxos kompania ara
iseTi, rogoric aris, aramed iseTi, rogoric unda
iyos (Sdr. sadRegrZelos saqarTveloSi). amasTan
strategia orientirebuli unda iyos upiratesad
gareSe da ara Sida pirobebze.
kompanias unda hqondes ara mxolod safinanso,
aramed agreTve strategiuli miznebi. safinanso
miznebi gasagebia. Tu mogeba ar geqneba biznesi
daixureba. strategiuli miznebi miuTiTebs
xelmZRvanelobas ra unda gaakeTos biznesis
gasaZliereblad.
safinanso miznebi aris – mogebis zrda,
sainvesticio Semoavlebis zrda, kreditunarianobis
amaRleba, aqcionerTa dividendebis zrda.
45
 strategiuli miznebi aris – kompaniis
konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, poziciebis
SenarCuneba bazarze, konkurentTa produqciaze
ukeTesi xarisxis miRweva, dargSi arsebul zrdis
maCvenebelze ukeTesi maCveneblis miRweva,
momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba, bazris wilis gazrda,
konkurentebTan SedarebiT xarjebis Semcireba,
saerTaSoriso bazarze poziciebis mopoveba,
teqnologiuri liderobis miRweva, zrdis pirobebis
Seqmna. direqtorma (mflobelma) unda izrunos ara
mxolod safinanso mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofaze,
aramed kompaniis konkurentunarianobasa da
perspeqtivaze.
sxvadasxva kompanias sxvadasxva miznebi aqvs.
kompaniis strategia dinamikurad formirdeba
sxvadasxva elementebisgan sawarmos ganviTarebis
procesSi. strategia aucileblad yovelTvis unda
gadaixedos cvladi pirobebis an/da srulyofis
mizniT.
kompaniis strategia nawilobriv Cans, nawilobriv
ki dafarulia gareSe TvalTagan. sajaro
samsaxurisgan gansxvavebiT komerciuli sawarmo
mTlianad gamWvirvale ar unda iyos.

strategiis
efeqtianoba

strategiis efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba Semdegi

maCveneblebis mixedviT. es maCveneblebi aris:
Sesabamisoba, konkurentunarianoba da
mwarmoebluroba.
Sesabamisoba – kargi strategia zustad
Seesabameba kompaniis Sida da gare mdgomareobas.
konkurentunarianoba – karg strategias
mivyavarT mdgradi konkurentunarianobisken. rac

46
ufro konkurentunariani xdebi, miT ufro kargia
strategia
mwarmoebluroba – kargi strategia iwvevs
mwarmoeblurobis zrdas, mogebis zrdas an
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
amave dros kompaniis warmatebas gansazRvravs
mTeli rigi faqtorebi. vuwodoT maT warmatebis
faqtorebi. es faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva
xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis:
ƒ teqnologiuri (samecniero klevis gamocdileba;
sawarmoo procesis srulyofis unari; produqciis
srulyofis unari; mocemuli (an axali)
teqnologiis gamoyenebis unari);
ƒ sawarmoo (mcire danaxarjebi; maRali xarisxi, m.S.
uremontoba; kapitalis gamoyeneba;
kvalificirebuli muSaxeli; maRali Sromis
nayofiereba; iafi produqcia; warmoebis
moqniloba);
ƒ ganawilebiTi (dilerebisa da distributorebis
qseli; maRaziebSi didi seqciebi; sakuTari
maRaziebis qseli (mag. ludis restornebi); mcire
xarjebi produqciis gasaRebis dros; swrafi
miwodeba);
ƒ marketinguli (gamsaReblebis kargi Stati;
momsaxureba da teqnikuri daxmareba; SekveTis
droze da zustad Sesruleba; farTo asortimenti
da didi arCevani; vaWrobis maRali kvalifikacia;
SefuTva da gaformeba; garantiebi momxmareblebs);
ƒ kvalifikaciuri (talanti; nou-hau; dizainis
gamocdileba; teqnologiebis gamoyenebis
gamocdileba; reklamis unari; axali produqciis
Seqmnis unari, swrafad bazarze gamotana);
ƒ organizaciuli (sainformacio sistemebi; swrafi
reagireba clilebebze; mmarTvelobis nou-hau);

47
ƒ sxva (imiji da saxeli, reputacia; saerTo mcire
danaxarjebi; kargi adgilmdebareoba; Tavaziani
muSakebi; kapitali; patentebi).

strategiuli dagegmvis
zogadi algoriTmi

strategiuli dagegmvis zogadi algoriTmi

SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:
1. problemis gansazRvra
2. misiis gansazRvra
3. miznis funqciis dadgena
4. kriteriumebis gansazRvra
5. SWOT analizi
6. faqtorebis analizi
7. ,,xmauris” analizi
8. gadawyvetilebebis simravlis gansazRvra
9. gadawyvetilebis efeqtianobis analizi da
alternativebis SerCeva
10. SerCeuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba da/an
modelireba
11. gadawyvetilebis sacdeli realizeba
12. gadawyvetilebis saboloo realizacia
gadawyvetilebis saboloo realizaciis Semdeg
grZeldeba mudmivi monitoringi da gadawyvetilebaTa
SesaZlo koreqtireba.
ganvsazRvroT algoriTmis etapebi:
1. problemis gansazRvra. problemis (amocanis)
zogadi daxasiaTeba, misi, rogorc marTvis
(strategiuli dagegmvis) obieqtis formalizeba;
2. misiis gansazRvra
misia - hipermizani, raRac ufro meti vidre
mizani, kredo, filosofia, principebi. misia SesaZloa
arc iyos absoluturad realuri da miRwevadi. ra
aris adamianis misia (`ratom gavCndi am qveyanaze”)?
qristiani misionerebis miRvaweoba, saxelmwifos

48
misia, politikuri partiis misia _ zogadi miswrafeba
qveynis, kacobriobis sayovelTao keTildReobisken.
ssrk-s misia (formalurad) _ komunizmis damyareba
mTel dedamiwaze; aSS-is _ demokratiis gavrceleba
da damkvidreba, adamianTa uflebebis dacva.
biznesis SemTxvevaSi misia SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, rogorc:
- zusti gansazRvra im miznis, romelic
ganasxvavebs am bizness sxvisgan, kompaniis roli
biznesis scenaze, motivi, zogadi mimarTuleba;
- biznesis arsebobis mizezebis deklarireba;
- Sexeduleba biznesze perspeqtivis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rogori unda gaxdes da vis
moemsaxurios;
- momxmareblis interesebis dakmayofileba.
vupasuxoT kiTxvebs:
- ras vakeTebT da riTi ganvsxvadebiT sxvebisgan,
vinc igives akeTebs?
- ra sargeblobas naxulobs momxmarebeli Cveni
saqonliT an momsaxurebiT?
- ra uwyobs xels Cvens bizness?
- vin aris Cveni momxmarebeli, ras elis Cvengan?
2. miznis funqciis dadgena
miznebis simravlis gansazRvra. CamoayalibeT
yvela SesaZlo mizani (maT Soris faruli) da Semdeg
airCieT ramdenime mTavari mizani. gansazRvreT,
ratomaa es miznebi mTavari. sazogadad miznebi unda
iyos miRwevadi!
3. kriteriumebis gansazRvra
miznis miRwevis Sesamowmebeli kriteriumebis
Camoyalibeba; rogor unda gavigoT vaRwevT Tu ara
mizans?
4. SWOT analizi
ra Zlieri da susti mxareebi gvaqvs, ra SegviZlia
da ra ar SegviZlia? ra SesaZleblobebi gvaqvs, ra
safrTxeebia mosalodneli? (SWOT - Strenghts,

49
Weakness, Opportunities, Threats). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
marTvis obieqti biznesis sferos miekuTvneba, maSin
es etapi aucileblad moicavs agreTve safinanso
analizs – Sida da gare audits.
5. faqtorebis analizi
im faqtorebis analizi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen problemaze, kriteriumze da romelTa
SemCneva da/an gazomva SesaZlebelia. SesaZlebelia
agreTve maTi gavlenis sididis daxasiaTeba. gamoiyos
xelSemwyobi da xelisSemSleli faqtorebi.
6. ,,xmauris” analizi
anu im faqtorebis analizi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen problemaze, kriteriumze da romelTa
SemCneva da/an gazomva SeuZlebelia
(arakontrolirebadi faqtorebi). SeuZlebelia
agreTve maTi gavlenis sididis raodenobrivi
daxasiaTeba.
7. gadawyvetilebebis simravlis gansazRvra
am simravleSi gaerTianebulia is SesaZlo
(hipoTeturi) gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic met-naklebi
sisruliT uzrunvelyofen miznis miRwevas garemos
zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ganmarteT,
konkretulad ras gamoiwvevs miRebuli
gadawyvetileba, ras velodebiT.
IX-XII etapi – ukukavSiris etapebia. am etapebis
realizebis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
esaWiroeba imis garkvevas Tu rogor ganxorcieldeba
ukukavSiri. ras veliT ukukavSirisgan, rogor
viTvaliswinebT ukukavSiris Sedegebs.
8. gadawyvetilebis efeqtianobis analizi
eqspertuli analizi, delfosis meTodi;
faqtobrivad xdeba gadawyvetilebaTa efeqtianobis
prognozi da saukeTeso gadawyvetilebis
(gadawyvetilebebis) SerCeva.
9. SerCeuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba da/an
modelireba

50
 winaswar gaxmovaneba – mTavroba apirebs amas da
amas, sazogadoebis reaqciis Semowmeba da, Tu
saWiroa, koreqtireba. ganmarteT, ras gamoiwvevs
miRebuli gadawyvetileba Semowmeba. rogor vamowmebT
gadawyvetilebis efeqtianobas, ra kriteriumebiT.
biznes struqturis SemTxvevaSi – marketinguli
kvlevis Catareba da a.S. amocanis specifikidan
gamomdinare marketinguli kvleva SesaZloa Catardes
nebismier etapze.
10. gadawyvetilebis sacdeli realizeba
monitoringi, Sedegebis ganxilva, gadawyvetilebis
koreqtireba. koreqtireba SesaZloa iteraciulad
gagrZeldes ramdenime etapad.
unda vivaraudoT gadawyvetilebaTa simravlidan
romeli gadawyvetilebis Secvlaa ufro
mosalodneli. rogor SeiZleba Seicvalos
gadawyvetileba.
11. gadawyvetilebis saboloo realizacia
ra meqanizmebiT moxdeba gadawyvetilebis
realizeba _ kanonis, brZanebulebis gamocemiT,
saqonlis axali partiis damzadebiT da bazarze
masobrivad gamotaniT, kreditis aRebiT da a.S.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
gadawyvetilebis saboloo realizaciis Semdeg
grZeldeba mudmivi monitoringi da gadawyvetilebaTa
SesaZlo koreqtireba.
strategiuli dagegmvis zemoaRniSnuli
algoriTmi Camogavs iujin bardaxis mier
damuSavebul rva safexurian midgomas problemaTa
efeqtiani mogvarebisTvis. aseTi midgoma farTod
gamoiyeneba sajaro politikis analizis amocanebSi
da moicavs Semdeg safexurebs12:

12
Eugene Bardach. A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: the Eightfold Path
to More Effective Problem Solving. qarTuli gamocema. iujin bardaxi.
praqtikuli gzamkvlevi politikis analizSi: rvasfexuriani midgoma
51
 1. problemis gansazRvra,
2. argumentebis Sekreba,
3. alternativebis konstruireba,
4. kriteriumebis SerCeva,
5. Sedegebis prognozireba,
6. arCevanis problema _ mogvarebis gzebi,
7. gadawyvetilebaTa miReba,
8. saTqmelis gadmocema.
problemaTa gansazRvris dros yuradReba unda
mieqces misi Sefasebis SesaZleblobas, m.S.
raodenobrivad an xarisxobrivad mainc. problemaTa
gamomwvev garemoebebs, arsebul SesaZleblobebs da
aRweris neitralurobas. problemis emociuri aRwera
ufro publicistikis saqmea da ara politikis
analizisa da strategiuli dagegmvis.
Aargumenetebis (da/an monacemebis) Sekrebis
procesi mravalwilad gansazRvravs miRebuli
Sedegebis efeqtianobas. vinc flobs informacias _
is flobs samyaros. aq Znelia universaluri meTodis
Camoyalibeba, vinaidan informaciisa da argumentebis
Sekrebis meTodebi mniSvnelovnada aris
damokidebuli gansaxileli problemis xasiaTze.
qvemoT mocemulia is ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, romlebic
unda davicvaT informaciis Segrovebis dros.
alternativebis Camoyalibebis dros
rekomendebulia daviwyoT farTo xedviT da
davasruloT gamokveTil sakiTxze fokusirebiT.
kriteriumebis SerCeva faqtobrivad
gansazRvravs analizis efeqtianobas. kriteriumi
SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri an politikuri xasiaTis,
magram mTavaria, rom misi meSveobiT zustad
moxerxdes problemis gansazRvra da problemaTa

problemaTa efeqtiano mogvrebisTvis. saqarTvelos biznes samarTlis

centris gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 2002.
52
gadawyvetis dros miRebuli Sedegebis xarisxis
dadgena.
Sedegebis prognozireba ganapirobebs SesaZlo
gadawyvetilebebs, man SesaZloa kvlevis
mimarTulebac Secvalos.
gasagebia, rom am midgomis gamoyeneba ar unda
iyos meqanikuri. rogorc sajaro politikis
analizis, ise strategiuli dagegmvis sxvadasxva
etapze SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas esa Tu is
meTodi, rogorc strategiuli dagegmvis
zemoTmoyvanili algoriTmidan, ise rvasafexuriani
midgomidan. rogorc marTvis, ise politikis
analizisa da strategiuli dagegmvis amocanebSi
erTmaneTs gonivrulad unda SevuxamoT xelovneba da
mecniereba.
iujin bardaxis azriT politikis analizi aris
ufro xelovneba, vidre mecniereba da intuicias
iseTive mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rogorc kvlevis
meTodebs. piter drukeris azriT ki biznesmens
warmatebisTvis sami ram esaWiroeba – niWi, iRbali da
strategiuli dagegmva. sagulisxmoa duait
eizenhaueris azri dadgemvis Sesaxeb: gegma _
araferia, dagegmva _ yvelaferi.
problemaTa gadwyvetis procesSi saWiroa
mimdinare procesis mudmivi monitoringi, miRebuli
Sedegebis mixedviT adre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis
gadasinjva da SesaZloa radikaluri cvlileba, rac
praqtikulad ukukavSiris Seuferxebel
funqcionirebas niSnavs.

53
 Tavi mesame

strategiuli dagegmvis
kibernetikuli meTodi

Sesavali

meore aTaswleulis miwuruls msoflioSi

mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi ori
zesaxelmwifos, aSS-sa da ssrk-is dapirispirebis
fonze, ,,civi omis“ pirobebSi viTardeboda. mas
Semdeg rac amerikelma maTematikosma norbert
vinerma Tavisi cnobili wigni ,,kibernetika“
gamoaqveyna sul ufro TvalsaCino gaxda saxelmwifo
marTvis sabWoTa sistemis amerikulisgan CamorCena. es
gasagebic gaxldaT. vineris mixedviT marTvis
principebi erTgvarovani iyo rogorc teqnikuri
sistemebis, ise sazogadoebisTvis. sabWoTa
komunisturi ideologiis TvalsazrisiT ki
sazogadoebis marTvis principebi erTxel da
samudamod savsebiT ganisazRvra marqsizm-leninizmis
moZRvrebiT. amrigad, sruliad bunebrivia, rom
kibernetika sabWoTa kavSirSi burJuaziul
crumecnierebad gamocxadda, sazogadoebis marTva e.w.
,,mecnieruli komunizmis“ meTodebiT xorcieldeboda,
qveynis ekonomikuri sistemisa ki _ administraciul-
mbrZanebluri meTodebiT, romlebic politbiuros
dadgenilebebiT ganisazRvreboda da srulebiT
gamoricxavda arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebas
54
anu marTvis procesSi ukukavSiris rgolis
gaTvaliswinebas. saxelmwifo marTvis sabWouri
sistemis mTavari naklovaneba gaxldaT marTvis
procesSi ukukavSiris rgolis ignorireba anu ar
xdeboda sazogadoebis azris da, Tundac, realurad
arsebuli saSinao Tu sagareo ekonomikuri da
politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. ucdomel
komunistur partias ar esaWiroeboda sazogadoebasa
Tu ekonomikaSi praqtikulad arsebuli viTareba.
mecnierul azrovnebis politikuri ideologiis
prokrustes sarecelSi moqcevam faqtobrivad
ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSiris sul ufro mzardi
sayovelTao CamorCena, jer mecnieruli, Semdeg
ekonomikuri, rasac sabolood qveynis politikuri
kraxic mohyva. rodesac ,,perestroikis“ dros qveynis
xelmZRvanelobam moindoma arsebuli realobis
gaTvaliswineba, ukve Zalian gvian iyo.
samarTlianobisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom sagareo
urTierTobebSi mainc moxerxda garkveuli Sedegebis
miRweva, rac udavod gorbaCov-SevardnaZis tandemis
damsaxureba gaxldaT, magram saSinao mdgomareobis
cvlileba sxvadasxva, mravali subieqturi da
obieqturi mizezebis gamo, veRar ganxorcielda.
piriqiT, kibernetikuli midgomis gamoyenebam aSS-
Si mZlavri stimuli misca saxelmwifo marTvis
axali mecnieruli meTodebis SemuSavebas, ramac
ganapiroba sul ufro garTulebuli sazogadoebrivi
da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis efeqtiani marTva da
ganviTareba. kibernetikuli koncefciis Sesabamisad
prioritetuli gaxda strategiuli menejmenti,
strategiuli dagegmva biznesisa da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo marTvis
kibernetikulma modelma praqtikulad daamtkica
Tavisi upiratesoba, mainc, postsabWoTa sivrceSi, maT
Soris saqarTveloSi, saxelmwifo marTvis

55
kibernetikuli koncefcia ukeTes SemTxvevaSi
ignorirebulia, uares SemTxvevaSi _ uaryofili.
winamdebare werilSi ganxilulia kibernetikis
principebi maTi saxelmwifo marTvis amocanebSi
gamoyenebis miznebisaTvis.

marTvis kibernetikuli
principis arsi

kibernetikuli midgoma rogorc teqnologiur

sistemebs ise cocxal organizmebs da sazogadoebas
marTvis Teoriis erTiani poziciebidan ganixilavs.
aseTive midgoma unda iqnes gamoyenebuli politikuri
procesebis analizisa da marTvisaTvis da, maT
Soris, saxelmwifo marTvis amocanebisTvis.
marTvis obieqti SeiZleba iyos sazogadoeba,
saministro, qarxana, safexburTo klubi, simfoniuri
orkestri, Sigawvis Zrava, TviTmfrinavi, adamianis
guli, hospitali, samxedro SenaerTi da a.S. marTvis
Teoriis TvalsazrisiT gadasawyveti problema
ganixileba rogorc erTgvari ,,Savi yuTi”, romlis
SigniT mimdinare procesebi CvenTvis ucnobia, an
naklebad cnobili. Cvens gankargulebaSia ZiriTadad
obieqtze moqmedi gare procesebi da obieqtis reaqcia
am zemoqmedebaze, misi e.w. gamosasvleli procesi _
gamoZaxili.→Y
Cveni amocanaa ganvaxorcieloT am ,,obieqtis”
optimaluri (garkveuli TvalsazrisiT - saukeTeso)
marTva. anu obieqtis gareT da mis SigniT mimdinare
socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu fizikur-
qimiuri procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvaxorcieloT
iseTi gadawyvetileba (movaxdinoT marTvis iseTi
zemoqmedeba), romelic saSualebas mogvcems
mivaRwioT dasaxul mizans _ uzrunvelvyoT
,,obieqtis” optimaluri funqcionireba. Tu ,,obieqti”
sazogadoebaa – mivaRwioT mis socialur

56
stabilurobas, ekonomikur keTildReobas,
ideologiur Tanxmobas. Tu ,,obieqti” – farTo
moxmarebis saqonlis mwarmoebeli sawarmoa –
mivaRwioT mis efeqtian, momgebian funqcionirebas, Tu
,,obieqti“ safexburTo klubia - mivaRwioT misi
Sedegebis gaumjobesebas (Cempionobas, Tasis aRebas)
da a.S.
obieqtis Seswavlisa da marTvisaTvis saWiroa
mopovebul iqnas mravalmxrivi informacia, gaizomos
mravali sidide, romlebic gavlenas axdenen obieqtis
funqcionirebaze. esaa Sesasvleli cvladebi,
romelTa gazomva, Semowmeba an Sefaseba
SesaZlebelia xelsawyoebiT an eqspertuli analiziT,
marTvadi cvladebi anu gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic
SeiZleba vcvaloT saWiroebis mixedviT da ,,xmauri”.
,,xmaurs” ver vaxasiaTebT verc raodenobrivad,
verc Tvisebrivad, ucnobia maTi obieqtze
zemoqmedebis wertilebi, dro, intensiuroba,
araiSviaTad – maTi fizikuri arsic. ,,xmauri” marTvis
procesze xelSemSlel zemoqmedebas axdens, ris
Sedegadac marTva SesaZloa araefeqtiani an sulac
uSedego aRmoCndes.
obieqtis optimaluri marTvis amocanaa vipovoT
da ganvaxorcieloT iseTi gadawyvetilebebi (marTvis
zemoqmedebebi), romlebic saSualebas mogvcemen
mivaRwioT dasaxul miznebs, Sesasvleli faqtorebis
arsebuli mniSvnelobisa da ,,xmauris” zemoqmedebis
pirobebSi.
imisaTvis, rom SevamowmoT, ramdenad vaRwevT
dasaxul mizans, sworad unda iyos SerCeuli
Sefasebis kriteriumi. kriteriumis mixedviT unda
davadginoT, ramdenad efeqtiania Cveni
gadawyvetileba, ramdenad vuaxlovdebiT mizans.
magaliTad, mizania qalaqis policiis kargi muSaoba.
magram, ras niSnavs kargi muSaoba, ra maCvenebliT, ra
kriteriumiT? aseTi kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos

57
gaxsnili danaSaulebis raodenoba. aqve SevniSnoT,
rom TviT Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenoba ver
iqneba policiis muSaobis maCvenebeli. SeiZleboda
gvevarauda, rom danaSaulebriobis zrda policiis
cudi muSaobis gamoa, magram sinamdvileSi aseT
mdgomareobas ganapirobebs mTlianad sazogadoebis
cxovreba da ara mxolod policia.
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da misi sacdeli
realizaciis Semdeg mniSvnelovania ukukavSiris
meSveobiT miRebuli informaciis anu miRebuli
Sedegis gaanalizeba. ukukavSiriT xorcieldeba adre
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis koreqtireba, Secvla an
sabolood ganxorcieleba, agreTve Sesasvleli
faqtorebisadmi saWiro moTxovnebis wayeneba.

saxelmwifo marTvis
kibernetikuli modeli

struqturulad saxelmwifo marTvis sqema

zogadi modelis msgavsia, magram icvleba marTvis
obieqtis, ukukavSiris rgolis da moqmedi faqtorebis
Sinaarsi (nax.3.1.).
am SemTxvevaSi marTvis obieqts warmoadgens
politikuri procesi an reJimi, romelic Sesasvlel
faqtorebs (sazogadod amomrCevlis nebas)
gamosasvlel faqtorebad (kanonebad,
brZanebulebebad) gardaqmnis da uzrunvelyofs am
kanonebis Sesrulebas.
obieqtis Sesasvleli faqtorebia arCevnebis
Sedegebi, sazogadoebrivi azri, mmarTveli partiis
politikuri azrovneba, komunikacia xelisuflebasa
da opoziciur politikur elitas Soris, masmediisa
da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianoba.
politikur procesze, saxelmwifos
funqcionirebaze gavlenas axdens rogorc Sida, ise
qveynis gareT arsebuli politikur-ekonomikuri

58
garemo. am zemoqmedebis xasiaTi, intensiuroba,
gamovlenis dro da adgili winaswar ganusazRvrelia,
gansakuTrebiT arastabiluri politikuri da/an
ekonomikuri viTarebis pirobebSi. ZiriTadad aseTi
viTarebaa gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi,
CamorCenil da ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi,
gansakuTrebiT dsT sivrceSi. politikur-
ekonomikuri garemos winaswar ganusazRvreli,
araprognozirebadi zemoqmedeba ki, rogorc wesi,
uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens arsebuli politikuri
sistemis (saxelmwifos) funqcionirebaze. swored
amitom, politikur-ekonomikuri garemo marTvis
Teoriis TvalsazrisiT ,,xmaurs” miekuTvneba.
ukukavSiris gamoyenebiT Teoriulad metnaklebi
miaxloebiT SesaZlebelia politikur-ekonomikuri
,,xmauris” zemoqmedebis xasiaTis prognozireba da
saxelmwifo politikis saTanado strategiis SerCeva.
efeqtiani da sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifo marTvis
pirobebSi ukukavSiri gavlenas axdens politikur
sistemaze da ayalibebs sxvadasxva moTxovnebs, ramac
sabolood unda gamoiwvios saxelmwifoebrivi
miznebis miRweva.

amrigad, saxelmwifo marTvis amocanebSi

gadawyvetilebis (kanonis, brZanebulebis) miRebis
zogadi algoriTmi SeiZleba Semdegnairad
Camoyalibdes:
ƒ problemis (amocanis) Camoyalibeba, misi, rogorc
marTvis obieqtis formalizeba.
ƒ miznis funqciis dadgena (maT Soris SesaZlebelia
iyos faruli miznebic).
ƒ miznis miRwevis Sesamowmebeli kriteriumebis
Camoyalibeba.
ƒ im faqtorebis analizi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen problemaze da romelTa gazomva an
Sefaseba: a) SesaZlebelia, b) SeuZlebelia.

59
 ukukavSiri
(kanonproeqtebis koreqtireba)

obieqtis politikuri gamosasvleli

Sesasvleli sistema sidideebi
sidideebi (,,Savi yuTi“) (kanonebi)
(eleqtorati)

politikur-ekonomikuri garemo
araprognozirebadi zemoqmedeba

nax.3.1 saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis kibernetikuli modeli

ƒ gadawyvetilebebis (kanonproeqtis) Camoyalibeba,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen miznis miRwevas garemos
zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
ƒ kanonproeqtis analizi _ imitaciuri modelirebis,
saqmiani TamaSebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
ƒ kanonproeqtis sacdeli realizacia da misi
Sedegebis Semowmeba ukukavSiris gamoyenebiT
(magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxviT).
ƒ kanonproeqtis koreqtireba. koreqtirebis
procesSi SesaZlebelia Seicvalos marTvis sqemis
yvela Semadgeneli elementi (miznebis CaTvliT).
ƒ gadawyvetilebis saboloo realizacia (kanonis
miReba) mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ukukavSiriT
miRebuli Sedegebi gvaCvenebs, rom dasaxuli an
koreqtirebuli mizani miRwevadia.
kanonproeqtis parlamentSi ganxilvis
procedura formalurad ukukavSiris rgolis
moqmedebas niSnavs. magram Tu parlamenti marTvadia
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier, maSin
praqtikulad ukukavSiri ar moqmedebs da Sesabamisad
saxelmwifo marTvis procesi kargavs efeqtianobas. am
TvalsazrisiT, TviT aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
unda iyos dainteresebuli raTa parlamenti
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgan damoukidebeli
iyos, vinaidan mxolod am SemTxvevaSia ukukavSiris
rgoli moqmedi da, Sesabamisad, aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba _ efeqtiani. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba TandaTan dakargavs
saxelmwifos marTvis unars. susti parlamentis
SemTxvevaSi ukukavSiris roli Teoriulad SeiZleba
itvirTos agreTve Zlierma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam,
Tu xelisuflebas aqvs sazogadoebis azris mosmenis
da gaTvaliswinebis keTili neba.
amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom ar kmara mxolod
ukukavSiris rgolis konceptualuri gaTvaliswineba.
obieqtis formalizeba, miznebis dasaxva, saTanado
kriteriumebis SemuSaveba, moqmedi faqtorebis
gaanalizeba da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis miReba
metad rTuli amocanaa da moiTxovs mecnieruli
meTodebis, kerZod marTvis Teoriis gamoyenebas.

saxelmwifo marTva
strategiuli kriteriumiT

saxelmwifo marTvis amocanebSi gansakuTrebiT

gansaxilvelia mravalsubieqtiani an droSi mimdinare
mravalstadiani politikuri da ekonomikuri
procesebi. Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoTa
umetesoba swored marTvis aseT obieqtebs
ganekuTvneba, miuxedavad am qveynebis federaciuli
Tu unitaruli mowyobisa, vinaidan, unitarul
saxelmwifoebSic sxvadasxva regionebi inarCuneben
garkveuli xarisxis avtonomiurobas da marTvis
TvalsazrisiT isini calkeul subieqtebs
warmoadgenen. garda amisa, calkeul subieqtebad
unda warmovidginoT agreTve qveyanaSi arsebuli
mrewvelobisa da ekonomikuri meurneobis sxvadasxva
dargebi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis sxvadasxva
sferoebi. mravalstadiuri marTvis obieqtebs
miekuTvneba agreTve didi erToblivi proeqtis
monawile qveynebi, rogoricaa magaliTad traseka,
suuami da sxv.
kibernetikis TvalsazrisiT aseTi procesebs
warmovadgenT rogorc mravali calkeuli
politikuri da/an ekonomikuri fazisgan Semdgar
process. calkeuli fazebi avtonomiuri marTvis
obieqtebia (avtonomiuri respublika an olqi,
calkeuli regioni a ekonomikis dargi), romelTac
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sesasvleli, marTvis da
gamosasvleli faqtorebi axasiaTebs da
optimalurobis sakuTari kriteriumi aqvT. vuwodoT
maT lokaluri optimumis kriteriumi. saxelmwifo

62
marTvis politikuri procesis saboloo mizani
ganisazRvreba globaluri anu strategiuli
optimalurobis kriteriumiT.
rogor unda iqnes miRweuli strategiuli
kriteriumis optimumi? saboloo angariSiT
saxelmwifo marTvis efeqtianoba imiT ganisazRvreba,
Tu rogor gaviTvaliswinebT strategiuli
kriteriumis moTxovnebs calkeul fazebSi
(subieqtebSi) ukukavSiris rgolis meSveobiT.
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis qveynebSi, romelTac
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT dsT-is qveynebic
miekuTvneba, ukukavSiri praqtikulad
ugulebelyofilia, rac am qveynebis arasakmarisi
tempebiT ganviTarebas ganapirobebs. meore mxriv,
avtoritarizmis sruli uaryofis procesSi
mosalodnelia centridanuli tendenciebis warmoqmna,
rodesac regionebis marTva mxolod adgilobrivi
interesebis dakmayofilebis mizniT (anu lokaluri
kriteriumebis optimizaciiT) xorcieldeba. am dros
strategiuli kriteriumis moTxovnebi (anu
saxelmwifo miznebi) naklebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
mmarTveloba ukanasknel dromde swored am
naklovanebiT xasiaTdeboda. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSic
ki, rodesac miRweulia calkeuli subieqtebis
miznebi (lokaluri kriteriumebis optimumi), es mainc
ar iZleva saxelmwifoebrivi funqcionirebis miznebis
miRwevis SesaZleblobas, vinaidan calkeuli,
lokaluri optimaluri Sedegebis ubralo
gaerTianeba sazogadod ar iZleva saerTo globalur
(strategiul) optimums. magaliTad, trasekas
proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegebis miRweva
trasekas monawile qveynebSi SesaZlebelia mxolod
saerTo warmatebiT anu strategiuli kriteriumis
optimizaciiT.

63
 amdenad, calkeul stadiebze (qveynis
regionebSi, ekonomikis dargebSi) miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebi optimaluri unda iyos ara
adgilobrivi interesebis dakmayofilebis mizniT (anu
calkeuli lokaluri kriteriumiT), aramed
strategiuli optimalurobis kriteriumiT an,
sxvagvarad, saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis
zeamocaniT. am dros lokaluri kriteriumi arsebobs,
rogorc garkveuli SezRudva regionis, dargis
ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli moTxovnebis saxiT.
maSasadame, mravali subieqtisgan Semdgari
saxelmwifos optimaluri marTvis mizniT calkeuli
regionisaTvis (an dargisaTvis) miRebuli
gadawyvetileba unda akmayofilebdes saerTo
saxelmwifoebrivi optimaluri marTvis strategiul
kriteriums.
aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc warmatebuli
mravalsubieqtiani qveynebis saxelmwifo marTvis
gamocdileba aCvenebs, TviT calkeuli
subieqtebisaTvisaa ufro momgebiani eswrafvodes ara
sakuTari miznebis miRwevas (anu lokaluri
kriteriumis optimizacias), aramed daumorCilos igi
saerTo saxelmwifoebriv miznebs anu strategiuli
kriteriumis optimalurobis moTxovnas.
mTavrobis gunduri wesiT formireba
garkveulwilad qmnis strategiuli kriteriumis
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas,
ZiriTadad ekonomikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis dros
_ calkeuli dargebi viTardeba ara avtonomiurad,
aramed saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi zeamocanis
Sesrulebis mizniT. magram ukukavSiris rgolis
gamoyenebis gareSe arc saxelmwifo marTvis gunduri
principia sakmarisi, gansakuTrebiT politikuri
amocanebis gadawyvetis dros.

64
daskvna

saxelmwifo marTvis dRes arsebuli

problemebi, gansakuTrebiT postsabWoTa sivrceSi,
ZiriTadad kvlav ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo marTvis
procesSi ukukavSirisa da strategiuli kriteriumis
ugulebelyofas.
saxelmwifo marTvis procesSi daSvebuli
umTavresi Secdoma swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
ignorirebulia marTvis Teoriis mecnierulad da
praqtikulad ukve mravalgzis dadasturebuli
mTavari Sedegi _ Mrogorc teqnikuri, ise
ekonomikuri da sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos marTvis
efeqtianobas gansazRvravs Seuferxeblad moqmedi
ukukavSiris rgoli. cxadia, rom am dros unda
sruldebodes marTvisaTvis aucilebeli sxva
pirobebi: mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli da
gansazRvruli marTvis miznebi da kriteriumebi,
gaanalizebulia moqmedi faqtorebi da ,,xmauri“ da
a.S.. miuxedavad am, ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
faqtisa saxelmwifo moxeleebs uCndebaT iluzia, rom
maTi brZanebebi da gankargulebebi mainc Sesruldeba,
miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara ukukavSiri,
amrigad arcaa saWiro ukukavSiris (anu
sazogadoebrivi azris) gaTvaliswineba. amis mizezi
isic aris, rom teqnikuri an ekonomikuri
sistemebisgan gansxvavebiT araswori saxelmwifo
gadawyvetilebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi swrafad ar
vlindeba. magram amiT saqmis arsi ar icvleba.
ukukavSiris gareSe ganxorcielebuli marTva adre
Tu gvian kraxiT dasruldeba., rac TvalsaCinod
daadastura saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikurma
procesebma
aRniSnulis sapirispirod aSS-is saxelmwifo
marTvis strategias da saxelmwifoebriv ganviTarebas
swored ukukavSiri (ZiriTadad qveynis

65
sazogadoebrivi azri da eleqtorati) da
strategiuli mizani ganapirobebs, rac kerZod aSS-is
politikur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ciklurobiTac
gamoixateba. meore mxriv, swored kibernetikuli
marTvis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba koreqtulad aixsnas
amerikis istoriis ganviTareba, rac demokratiuli da
respublikuri partiebis mmarTvelobis cikluri
cvlilebebiT aisaxeba.
strategiuli kriteriumisa da ukukavSiris
rgolis efqtiani gamoyenebis gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino magaliTia Sveicaria, sadac met-naklebad
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba referendumiT
xorcieldeba. amrigad, SveicariaSi ukukavSiris
saxelmwifo marTvaSi gamoyeneba faqtobrivad wesadaa
qceuli da kanoniTaa reglamentirebuli.

66
Tavi meoTxe
gadawyvetilebis miReba

gadawyvetilebaTa
tipebi

strategiuli dagegmvis procesSi

kulminaciuri etapia gadawyvetilebis miReba.
gadawyvetilebis momzadeba da miReba faqtobrivad
warmoadgens informaciis miRebisa da gadamuSavebis
process. sxvadasxva meTodebiT Cven vRebulobT
informacias obieqtis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da gar-
davqmniT mas marTvis informaciad. es gardaqmna
SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisaa, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebeli xdeba misi formalizeba. informaciis
formalizeba xorcieldeba gansazRvruli
maTematikuri modelis Sesabamisad, romelic aRwers
arsebul sawarmoo-ekonomikur Tu politikur
situacias.
gadasawyveti amocanis masStabis da xasiaTis
mixedviT SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT gadawyvetilebaTa
sxvadasxva tipi.
gadawyvetileba SeiZleba iyos umaRlesi,
saSualo da dabali donis, imis mixedviT, ra
instanciis, ra masStabis gadawyvetilebaa misaRebi,

67
zogadad saxelmwifo politikis ganmsazRvreli,
regionuli Tu adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis.
gadasawyveti amocanis xasiaTis mixedviT
ganasxvaveben sainformacio, organizaciul da
operatiul gadawyvetilebebs.
sainformacio gadawyvetilebis amocanaa
Sefasdes miRebuli informaciis xarisxi, dadgindes,
ramdenad sandoa miRebuli informacia, Setyobinebebi,
eqsperimentuli Sedegebi da a.S. amasTan, TviT
arsebuli informacia SeiZleba iyos srulebiT
gansazRvruli an arasruli. rogorc wesi, Cvens xelT
arsebuli informacia arasrulia da miRebuli
gadawyvetilebaSic gaiTvaliswineba es garemoeba.
organizaciuli gadawyvetileba adgens marTvis
struqturas, operatiuli gadawyvetileba ki –
moqmedebaTa Tanamimdevrobas.
gadawyvetilebaTa gamomuSavebis principebiT
ganasxvaveben algoriTmul da evristikul
gadawyvetilebebs. algoriTmuli gadawyvetilebebis
miReba xorcieldeba garkveuli wesebiT,
algoriTmebiT, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
SesaZlebelia am gadawyvetilebaTa mkacrad
formalizeba. evristikuli, an sxvagvarad, intuiciasa
da gansjaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba
ki araformalur, SemoqmedebiT midgomas gulisxmobs.
am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis
raime mkacri wesebi.
eqspertis, menejeris intuiciuri
gadawyvetileba emyareba mis codnas, gamocdilebas,
arsebul viTarebaSi orientacias, Sinagan intuicias,
romelic ar eqvemdebareba formalizacias. zogi amas
zeciur xmad da gangebis nebad miiCnevs. magaliTad,
monadire intuiciiT grZnobs, sad SeiZleba waawydes
nadirs, Sua saukuneebis didi mxedarTmTavrebi –
rodis daiwyon brZola da a.S.

68
 gansjaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetileba emyareba
logikur msjelobas, sxvadasxva SeuZlebeli
movlenebis gamoricxvis meTods. cnobili
kriminalistebi logikuri msjelobiT pouloben
damnaSaves. logikuri msjelobis saukeTeso
magaliTebia konan doilis novelebi Serlok
holmsis Sesaxeb.
gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis meTodebis
mixedviT ganixileba analitikuri, statistikuri,
maTematikuri daprogramebiT da TamaSTa TeoriiT
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.
sazogadod gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesi
SeiZleba daiyos sam etapad:
• dazvervis etapi – gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
saWiro masalebis, informaciis moZieba;
• - kvlevisa da daproeqtebis anu Camoyalibebis
etapi – moqmedebebis SesaZlo mimarTulebebis
kvleva da analizi;
• - arCevis etapi – arsebuli SesaZleblobebidan
konkretuli qmedebis SerCeva.
TiToeuli es etapi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba
moicavdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis rTul process
– problemebi Tavis mxriv iyofa qveproblemebad da
amocanebad, romelTac aqvs moZiebis, Camoyalibebisa
da arCevis etapebi. TviT gadawyvetilebebis
Sesrulebac garkveuli TvalsazrisiT
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesia, radganac
gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebis procesSi SeiZleba
wavawydeT sruliad axal problemebs, romlebic
moiTxovs axali gadawyvetilebebis miRebas.
gadawyvetilebis arCeviT ar sruldeba
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi, SesaZlebelia
saWiro gaxdes am gadawyvetilebebis efeqtianobis
Semowmeba, rogor miiRebs mas sazogadoeba (Tu es
saxelmwifo donis gadawyvetilebaa ama Tu im kanonis

69
an brZanebulebis saxiT), miuxedavad misi saWiroebisa.
aseT dros gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sazogadoebis
mentaliteti, tradiciebi, Semdgomi agitaciis
aucilebloba da a.S.
gadawyvetilebis miReba yovelTvis aris
pasuxismgebeli piris, politikosis, organizaciis
xelmZRvanelis, menejeris winaSe arsebul
alternativebs Soris saukeTesos arCeva, anu iseTi
alternativis arCeva, romelic yvelaze ukeT
pasuxobs am pirebis, zogadad, menejeris winaSe
mdgari amocanis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas.
amasTan, alternativis arCevis procesSi pasuxi unda
gaeces mraval kiTxvas. am TvalsazrisiT tipuri
gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg klasebad:
• dagegmvis amocanebi: rogoria saqmianobis buneba?
ra aris Cveni mizani? rogoria sawarmos, firmis,
organizaciis, politikuri partiis da a.S imiji
bazarze, sazogadoebaSi? rogoria Cveni Zlieri da
susti mxareebi? ra cvlilebebi xdeba garSemo da
rogor aisaxeba isini momavalSi Cvens
saqmianobaze? rogori strategia da taqtika unda
avirCioT dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad?
momxmareblis (amomrCevlis) ra moTxovnebi ar
kmayofildeba sazogadod da konkretulad Cvens
mier? da a.S.
• saqmianobis organizebis amocanebi: rogoria
samuSaos struqtura, rogor sjobs samuSaoTa
gamsxvileba (an detalizeba-specializacia)?
rogor ganxorcieldes am blokebis koordinacia
ise, rom maT Soris ar iyos winaaRmdegoba?
rogori gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba vandoT
sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebis adamianebs? garemo
pirobebis cvlilebebis gamo unda Seicvalos
organizaciis struqtura?

70
• motivaciis amocanebi: ra sWirdebaT
TanamSromlebs saqmianobisaTvis? rogor
kmayofildeba maTi moTxovnebi? ratom gaizarda
(Semcirda) Sromis nayofiereba da samuSaoTi
dakmayofileba? ra unda gakeTdes Sromis
nayofierebis gasazrdelad?
• Semowmebis amocanebi: rogor gavzomoT Sromis
Sedegebi? ramdenad xSirad aris saWiro Sromis
Sedegebis Sefaseba? ramdenad vaRwevT Cvens mizans?
ratom ver vaRwevT warmatebas? risi koreqtirebaa
saWiro? da a.S.
aRniSnuli amocanebis analiziT xdeba iseTi
gadawyvetilebis miReba, iseTi alternativis arCeva,
romelic uzrunvelyofs miznis miRwevas. amasTan,
saWiroa ara ubralod swori gadawyvetilebis, aramed
iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romlis
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli iqneba Seqmnil
situaciaSi.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis
safuZveli

ismis kiTxva: ris safuZvelze iRebs menejeri

gadawyvetilebas? tradiciuli ekonomikuri Teoria
gulisxmobs racionalur midgomas, anu iseT
midgomas, romelic gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas
iZleva maqsimalur ukugebas. es aris e.w. `ekonomikuri
adamianis~ modeli. magram, rogorc cnobilia,
adamianis azrovneba Seicavs mraval araracionalur
elements, romelic zemoqmedebs gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesze da, aqedan gamomdinare, gavlenas
axdens saboloo gadawyvetilebaze. garda amisa,
gasaTvaliswinebelia sxvadasxva faqtorebi,
romlebic zemoqmedeben gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.
esenia:

71
 • xelmZRvanelis piradi Sefasebebi;
• gadawyvetilebis miRebis garemo:
gansazRvruloba, riski, ganusazRvreloba.
• arsebuli informaciuli SezRudvebi.
`ekonomikuri adamianis~ modelis nacvlad
saimonma Semoitana `administraciuli adamianis~
modelis cneba. `ekonomikuri adamiani~ axdens
gadawyvetilebebis maqsimizacias (anu eZebs garkveuli
azriT saukeTeso gadawyvetilebas), `administraciuli
adamiani~ eZebs damakmayofilebel gadawyvetilebas,
anu iseT qmedebas, romelic `sakmarisad kargia~.
saerTo aRiarebiT, adamianTa gadawyvetilebebis
umravlesoba, miuxedavad imisa, individualuri iqneba
igi Tu organizaciuli, damakmayofilebeli
gadawyvetilebaa. arCevani iSviaT SemTxvevaSia
optimaluri. ekonomikuri terminologiiT, umravles
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara `maqsimalur mogebasTan~,
aramed `damakmayofilebel – adekvatur mogebasTan~.
ara optimalur fasTan, aramed `misaReb fasTan~. es
amartivebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis process,
radganac mxedvelobaSi miiReba faqtorebis
SezRuduli simravle.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis teqnikis
TvalsazrisiT saimoni ganasxvavebs daprogramebad da
dauprogramebad gadawyvetilebas.
gadawyvetilebebi daprogramebadia, Tu isini
ganmeorebad, rutinul saqmianobas moicaven
gamokveTili standartuli proceduriT. rogorc
wesi, isini ar moiTxoven axlebur gaazrebas
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. saWiroa mxolod
martivi gaangariSeba.
gadawyvetilebebi dauprogramebadia, Tu isini
Seexebian axal, jer ganuxilav sakiTxebs, an rTul,
mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs (magaliTad, axali
produqciis gamoSveba, Statebis mniSvnelovani

72
Semcireba, organizaciis adgilmdebareobis Secvla
da a.S.), rodesac adamianebma unda imoqmedon axal da
rTul situaciebSi. aseT dros savaraudoa, rom maTi
gadawyvetileba naklebad efeqtiani iqneba. amitom
saWiroa, rom iq, sadac es SesaZlebelia,
daprogramebad gadawyvetilebas mieces upiratesoba.
daprogramebadi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
tradiciul teqnikas warmoadgens Cvevebi, codna,
gamocdileba, standartuli operaciebis arseboba,
organizaciuli struqtura da kultura.
dauprogramebadi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
dros, misi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, arsebiTia
iseTi Semsruleblebis SerCeva da wvrTna, romelTac
aqvT intuicia, gansjisa da saqmisadmi SemoqmedebiTi
midgomis unari. kompiuteruli teqnikis ganviTareba
SesaZleblobas iZleva daprogramebadi gavxadoT
rTuli dauprogramebadi gadawyvetilebebi.
dauprogramebadi gadawyvetilebebi Seicavs
intuiciur da gansjaze dafuZnebul
gadawyvetilebebs, agreTve, e.w. racionalur da
statistikur gadawyvetilebebs.
problemis racionaluri gadawyveta ramdenime
etapisgan Sedgeba:
• problemis gamoyofa – diagnostika;
• SezRudvebisa da Sefasebebis kriteriumebis
SerCeva;
• alternativebis SerCeva;
• alternativebis Sefaseba;
• alternativebis arCeva kriteriumebis mixedviT;
• SerCeuli gadawyvetilebis realizacia;
• ukukavSiri – gadawyvetilebis realizaciis
Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gaTvaliswineba
Semdgomi procesisaTvis.
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas exmareba sxvadasxva
samaxsovro gegmebis Sedgena: mniSvnelovan movlenaTa

73
gegma, versiaTa gegma, kalendaruli gegma
(grafikulad naCvenebia samuSaos, proeqtis
Sesrulebis vadebi), dagegmvis qseluri teqnika da
sxv.

gadawyvetilebis miReba
modelirebis meSveobiT

rTul situaciebSi alternativebis martivi

mizez-Sedegobrivi Sefasebebi ar iZleva obieqturi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebas. aseT dros, Tu
SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneba modelireba. modeli aris
obieqtis, sistemis an ideis warmodgena garkveuli
saxiT, garkveuli miaxloebiT. magaliTad,
medikamentebis efeqtianobis Semowmebis mizniT iyeneben
sxvadasxva cocxal organizmebs. am SemTxvevaSi am
cocxali organizmebis (zRvis goWebi, ZaRlebi,
maimunebi) sasicocxlo organoebi garkveuli
miaxloebiT warmoadgens adamianis Sesabamisi organos
models.
modeli SeiZleba iyos:
• fizikuri,
• analoguri,
• maTematikuri.
modelirebis procesi SeiZleba warmovadginoT
Semdeg etapebad: amocanis dasma, informaciis Sekreba
modelis asagebad, modelis ageba, modelis
utyuarobis (adekvaturobis) Semowmeba, modelis
gamoyeneba, modelis ganaxleba.
modelirebis dros warmoiqmneba saerTo
problemebi:
• araswori sawyisi daSvebebi;
• informaciuli SezRudvebi;
• momxmarebelTa SiSi da praqtikaSi modelis
susti gamoyeneba;

74
 • modelis metad maRali Rirebuleba.
• startegiuli dagegmvis amocanebSi ZiriTadad
SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT Semdegi tipis
modelebi:
• TamaSTa Teoriis modelebi;
• rigTa Teoriis modelebi;
• maragebis marTvis modelireba;
• wrfivi daprogramebis modelebi;
• imitaciuri modelireba;
• ekonomikuri analizis modelebi.
radganac modelis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia
yvela im faqtoris gaTvaliswineba, romlebic
gavlenas axdenen amocanis gadawyvetis procesze,
amitom modeliT miRebuli informacia
SemoqmedebiTad unda gadamuSavdes gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi kompetenturi piris mier. gansakuTrebiT
efeqtiania maTematikuri modelebis gamoyeneba
ekonomikuri amocanebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi
gadawyvetilebis momzadebis da miRebis procesi
SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg etapebad:
• ekonomikuri situaciis analizi da amocanis
Camoyalibeba;
• amocanis parametrebis gansazRvra da misi
warmatebuli funqcionirebis maCveneblebis
gansazRvra;
• amocanis aRwera - konceptualuri modelis
SemuSaveba;
• amocanis maTematikuri modelis ageba;
• gadawyvetilebis miReba.
aseTi procesis erT-erTi magaliTia sawarmos
funqcionirebis gegmis Sedgena. sawarmos gegma
arsebuli konkurenciis pirobebSi unda iyos
momgebiani da ganxorcielebadi. es aris mizani.

75
 ekonomikuri situaciis analiziT
ganisazRvreba, rom gegmis Sesrulebas ganapirobebs
arsebuli resursebi da nedleulisa da
makompleqtebeli nawilebis garantirebuli mowodeba,
agreTve, bazarze arsebuli moTxovna mza nakeTobaze
(rogorc adgilobriv bazarze, ise saeqsporto
SesaZleblobebi). amasTan, ar kmara imis garkveva – ra
produqcia da ramdeni unda damzaddes.
gasaTvaliswinebelia qveynis sagadasaxado da sabaJo
kanonmdebloba, rogoria faswarmoqmnis sistema,
rogor pasuxobs sawarmos saqmianoba TanamSromelTa
socialuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, aris Tu ara
samecniero-teqnikuri progresis Sedegebis
gamoyenebis da sawarmos rekonstruqcia- moderni-
zaciis SesaZlebloba?
amrigad, sawyisi informaciis safuZvelze,
romliTac gaTvaliswinebulia sawarmos
SesaZleblobebi, personalis gamocdileba da
kvalifikacia, bazris moTxovna da a.S unda
vupasuxoT mTavar kiTxvas: ra nakeToba unda
daamzados sawarmom ra raodenobiT, ra fasis?
amocanis parametrebis da misi warmatebuli
funqcionirebis maCveneblebis gansazRvra; miRebulma
gadawyvetilebam dasamzadebeli produqciis
saxeobisa da raodenobis Sesaxeb unda uzrunvelyos
sawarmos mogebis (an sxva maCveneblis) maqsimaluri
mniSvneloba. rogorc wesi, sawarmos warmatebul
fuqnqcionirebas sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi
gansazRvravs mogeba - sxvaoba sawarmos Semosavalsa
da xarjebs Soris. amasTan, winaswar aris cnobili am
parametrebis zRvruli mniSvnelobebi, rogori unda
iyos minimaluri Semosavali da xarjebis ra
maqsimaluri sididea dasaSvebi. gadawyvetileba miT
ufro ukeTesi iqneba, rac ufro meti Semosavlis
miReba iqneba SesaZlebeli (vTqvaT, kargi sareklamo
kampaniiT fasis an gayiduli produqciis raodenobis

76
gazrdiT) naklebi danaxarjebiT (energiisa da
nedleulis ekonomiiT, aramwarmoebluri personalis
SemcirebiT) da a.S.
konceptualuri modeliT sityvierad
aRiwereba damokidebuleba gegmur maCveneblebsa da
sawarmos monacemebs Soris, amave dros,
ganisazRvreba is damokidebulebebi, romlebic
SeiZleba mkacrad iqnas formalizebuli, rac
maTematikuri modelirebis safuZvelia.
amocanis maTematikuri modeli ZiriTadad
aigeba operaciaTa kvlevis maTematikuri aparatiT –
wrfivi daprogramebis meTodebiT. es meTodebi
saSualebas iZleva sxvadasxva SezRudvebis pirobebSi
(muSaxeli, mowyobiloba, nedleuli, samuSao dro,
nedleulis Rirebuleba) davadginoT optimaluri
(garkveuli TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso) gegma – ra
raodenobisa da fasis rogori produqcia damzaddes.
es gegma dabalansebulia droSi da resursebis
mixedviT, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos sawarmos
ritmuloba.
realur situaciebSi Cvens gankargulebaSia
arasruli informacia, amitom gadawyvetilebebs mudam
axlavs garkveuli riski. am SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba
TamaSTa Teoriis da statistikuri gadawyvetilebebis
aparati, romelTa saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba
saukeTeso strategiis arCeva ganusazRvrelobis
pirobebSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi gadawyvetilebebis
miReba emyareba albaTobis Teorias da statistikuri
hipoTezebis Semowmebis maTematikur-statistikur
meTodebs.
operaciaTa kvlevis meTodebs xSirad uwodeben
`jansaRi azris raodenobriv meTodebs~, Tumca
daaxloebiT CerCiliseuli perifrazisa demokratiis
Sesaxeb arsebobs ingliseli mecnieris _ T.saatis
aseTi ganmartebac: `operaciaTa kvleva es aris cudi
pasuxebis gacemis xelovneba im praqtikul kiTxvebze,

77
romlebzec kidev ufro uaresi pasuxebi gaicema sxva
meTodebiT~. rogorc rusi mecnieri _ e. ventceli
ganmartavs, `operaciaTa kvleviT SesaZlebelia
gaices cudi pasuxi im kiTxvaze, romelzedac
saerTod ar arsebobs pasuxi~. amgvarad, operaciaTa
kvleva xSirad erTaderTi xerxia swori pasuxebis
mosaZebnad.
saboloo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros
mxedvelobaSi miiReba ara marto maTematikuri
modelirebis Sedegebi, aramed, agreTve sxvadasxva
socialur-fsiqologiuri da samarTlebrivi pirobebi,
menejeris intuicia, gamocdileba da a.S. magaliTad,
xe-tyis damzadeba SesaZlebelia momgebiani iyos erTi
romelime tyis masividan, magram adgilobrivma
mosaxleobam SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom es warmoeba
ekologiurad sazianoa, daazaralebs arsebul
rekreaciul teritorias da a.S. ar aris gamo-
ricxuli, rom aseT informacias avrcelebdes
konkurenti firma. es SeiZleba mosaxleobis
araadekvaturi reaqciis detonatori gaxdes da saer-
Tod sawarmos funqcionirebac ki dadges kiTxvis
niSnis qveS. aseT situaciebSi wina planze gamodis
sawarmos xelmZRvanelis unari – ipovos kompromisi,
sworad ganmartos sawarmos SesaZlebloebebi da a.S.
gadawyvetilebis warmateba mraval pirobazea
damokidebuli. zogadad ismis kiTxva – ra unda
gavakeToT imisaTvis, rom gadawyvetilebam migviyvanos
sasurvel miznamde? warmatebis maCvenebeli
damokidebulia Semdegi sami tipis pirobaze:
1. winaswar mocemul gansazRvrul pirobebze. es
is pirobebia, romlebic Cven winaswar viciT,
magram romelTa Secvla ar SegviZlia
(magaliTad winaswar dadgenili biujeti).
2. miznis miRwevaze gavlenas axdens agreTve
iseTi pirobebi, romelTa zusti prognozi
SeuZlebelia – magaliTad, wvimiani dReebis

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 raodenoba weliwadSi, amasTan, verc movaxdenT
gavlenas am pirobebze. miuxedavad amisa, maTi
gaTvaliswineba mainc SesaZlebelia garkveuli
daSvebiT.
3. dabolos, miznis miRwevaze gavlenas axdens
iseTi garemoebebi, romelTa ara Tu
gaTvaliswineba, aramed Secvlac SegviZlia.
amgvarad arsebuli garemoebebis da pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT da, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi,
maTi cvlilebiT, Cven SegviZlia mivaRwioT dasaxul
mizans.

79
 Tavi mexuTe

prognozirebis
meTodebi

Sesavali

saxelmwifo politikuri Tu ekonomikuri

marTvisTvis umniSvnelovanesi elementia SesaZlo
movlenaTa prognozireba.
strategiuli gegmis mixedviT kompaniis Sors
gaTvlili miznebi warmoadgens ara mimdinare
saqmianobis ubralo asaxvas, aramed kompaniis
saqmianobis Sida da gare faqtorebis cvlilebaTa
analizisa da prognozirebis Sedegs. amasTan,
prognozireba, erTi mxriv, dagegmvis winapirobaa,
xolo meore mxriv, strategiuli dagegmvis procesis
Semadgeneli erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementia, romelic
am procesis (dagegmvis) sxvadasxva etapze gamoiyeneba.
ekonomikis marTvis administraciul-
mbrZanebluri sistema, romelic farTod
gamoiyeneboda sabWoTa kavSirSi da, sazogadod,
socialisturi meurneobriobis pirobebSi, icnobda
dagegmvis mxolod droSi gansxvavebul tipebs:
moklevadian, saSualovadian da perspeqtiul gegmebs,
romlebSic metnaklebi sisruliT aisaxeboda

80
sawarmos, zogadad meurneobis, sxvadasxva
ekonomikur-finansuri maCveneblebi.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi aseTi saxis
gegmebze daydrnoba ukve dagegmvis etapzeve
ganapirobebs sawarmos, zogadad mTeli meurneobis
marcxs, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi mis arsebobas ukiduresi
CamorCenilobis pirobebSi, risi naTeli
dadasturebacaa ekonomikis socialisturi sistemis,
gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa sistemis kraxi.
safinanso mogebaze orientirebuli
komerciuli sawarmos efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba strategiuli
dagegmvis meTodebis swor da mizanmimarTul
gamoyenebas. perspeqtiuli dagegmvisagan gansxvavebiT
strategiuli dagegmva yovlismomcveli cocxali
organizmia, romelic iTvaliswinebs rogorc
ekonomikuri organizaciis ZiriTad Sida elementebs,
ise cvlad garemos: qveyanaSi arsebul socialur da
politikur aspeqtebs, momxmarebelTa gemovnebasa da
moTxovnilebebs, konkurentebis moqmedebas,
saerTaSoriso ekonomikur da politikur cvlilebebs
da a.S. amasTan, yvela am faqtoris cvlileba,
rogorc wesi stoqastikuri xasiaTisaa, rac
strategiuli dagegmvis procesSi albaTuri
(statistikuri) meTodebis gamoyenebasac gulisxmobs.
amasTan, Tu grZelvadiani prognozi qveynis
strategiuli ganviTerebis safuZvlebs qmnis da
principulad naklebi riskis fasad aris SesaZlebeli
(miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom
Secvlili viTarebis kvalobaze yovelTvis
SesaZlebelia grZlevadiani prognozis koreqtireba),
moklevadiani, operatiuli prognozi, TiTqos da
naklebad mniSvnelovania, Tumca gacilebiT rTuli
da fataluri Sedegebis momtanic aris araswori
prognozirebis SemTxvevaSi. amis magaliTebi mravlad
aris msofliosa da saqarTvelos istoriaSi.

81
operatiuli, moklevadiani prognozis didi
mniSvneloba imiT gamoixateba, rom igi gvaiZulebs
saswrafod da operatiulad vcvaloT adre miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebi Pprognozis Sedegebis
gaTvaliswinebiT marTvis sistemis ukukavSiris
rgolSi. moklevadiani prognozis Sedegebis
monitoringis interpretacia saSualebas aZlevs
mocemuli dargis xelmZRvanelobas swrafi reagireba
moaxdinos Secvlil viTarebaze. amave dros, naTeli
xdeba, rom ekonomikuri da politikuri movlenebi
urTierTgadajaWvulia da politikuri viTarebis
cvlilebaze myisier reagirebas SeuZlia ekonomikuri
movlenebis sasurvel kalapotSi warmarTva da
piriqiT, ekonomikuri viTarebis cvlileba moiTxovs
politikis saTanado warmarTvasac. cxadia, rom
prognozirebas mxolod maSin aqvs mniSvneloba, Tuki,
prognozis gaTvaliswinebiT miRebuli Sedegebis
monitoringi saSualebas gvaZlevs sworad
warvmarToT qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri
ganviTareba. am TvalsazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs
qveynis samrewvelo-ekonomikuri dargebisa Tu
msxvili biznes-kompaniebis ekonomikuri maCveneblebis
prognozirebasa da monitorings. operatiuli
prognozirebisa da prognozirebis Sedegebis
monitoringis Sedegad miRebuli informacia
saukeTeso masalas iZleva qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis Sesafaseblad (ekonomikis
`temperaturis~ gasazomad) saTanado rekomendaciebis
gasacemad da ekonomikuri marTvis mimarTulebebis
misaniSneblad, rac aseve damatebiT impuls iZleva
saxelmwifo politikuri marTvis mimarTulebebis
koreqtirebisaTvis.

82
prognozirebis
meTodologia

sxvadasxva ekonomikuri saqmianobis

prognozirebisaTvis SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT
saZiebo prognozirebis meTodebi, romelTa ZiriTadi
arsi mdgomareobs momavali Sedegebis ganWvretaSi
arsebuli informaciisa da dRevandeli mdgomareobis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
ganasxvaveben saZiebo prognozirebis
eqstrapolaciur da alternatiul midgomebs.
eqstrapolaciuri midgomis gamoyenebis dros
ivaraudeba, rom ekonomikuri da sxva Tanmxlebi
procesebi mdovred da uwyvetad mimdinareobs,
amdenad, prognozi SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes
rogorc warsulis erTgvari proeqcia momavalSi.
eqstrapolaciuri meTodebis gamoyenebis dros
xorcieldeba kompaniis saqmianobis damaxasiaTebeli
warsuli maCveneblebis (Cven SemTxvevaSi gadaziduli
tvirTis moculobis) da maTi cvlilebebis
tendenciebis Sefaseba da, Semdeg, am tendenciis
momavalSi gadatana garkveuli koreqtivebiT an
koreqtivebis gareSe.
alternatiuli midgomis gamoyenebis dros
ivaraudeba, rom kompaniis funqcionirebis garemo da
Sida struqtura cvalebadia, ris gamoc kompaniis
ganviTareba mimdinareobs ara mdovred da uwyvetad,
aramed naxtomiseburad da wyvetilad. amasTan,
arsebobs kompaniis ganviTarebis variantebis (e.w.
kompaniis wonasworobis wertilebis) garkveuli
raodenoba.
amrigad, prognozirebis alternatiuli
meTodologiiT SemuSavebuli iqneba prognozuli
sistemebi, romlebic Seicaven arCeuli maCveneblebisa
da movlenebis sxvadasxva variantebsa da maT
konglomeratebs, sadac ganviTarebis TiToeuli

83
varianti momavlis gansakuTrebuli scenaris
safuZvels warmoadgens.
prognozirebis Sedegebis strategiuli dagegmvis
procesSi gamoyeneba SesaZloa ori mimarTulebiT
ganxorcieldes. erTia pasiuri prognozi, romlis
mixedviTac kompania ar apirebs arsebul garemoze
zemoqmedebas da Tavis moqmedebas agebs Sida da gare
ekonomikuri procesebis mimdinareobis kvalobaze.
pasiurisgan gansxvavebiT aqtiuri prognozi
gulisxmobs kompaniis garemoze zemoqmedebas,
magaliTad sakuTari bazris gafarToebas agresiuli
sareklamo kampaniiT.
ganasxvaveben prognozirebis Semdeg ZiriTad
meTodebs:
• eqspertuli Sefasebis meTodebi;
• trendis eqstrapolaciis meTodebi;
• korelaciuri da regresiuli analizis
meTodebi;
• strategiuli safinanso dagegmvisa da
prognozirebis meTodebi;
• ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis
meTodebi;
• socialur-politikuri analizisa da
prognozirebis meTodebi.
trendebis eqstrapolaciisa da regresiuli
analizis meTodebi mTlianobaSi miekuTvneba droiTi
mwkrivebis analizis meTodebs, xolo regresiuli
analizisa da ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis
meTodebi erTad mizezobrivi kavSirebis analizis
meTods Seadgens.
eqspertuli Sefasebis meTodebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi kompaniis saqmianobis momaval
ganviTarebas eqspertTa subiqeturi azri
gansazRvravs. eqspertuli Sefasebebi eyrdnoba
rogorc racionalur mosazrebebs, ise intuicias.

84
amdenad eqspertuli Sefasebebis meTods aqvs
araraodenobrivi, Tvisebrivi xasiaTi.
eqspertuli Sefaseba iyofa or jgufad:
individualur da koleqtiur eqspertuli Sefasebad.
individualur eqspertul meTodebs miekuTvneba:
intervius meTodi, analitikuri moxsenebiTi baraTebi,
koleqtiuri eqspertuli meTodebi, dabolos, rogorc
kompleqsuri meTodi _ scenarebis Sedgena.
scenarebis Sedgena faqtobrivad pronozirebis
kompleqsur meTods warmoadgens, vinaidan am
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba individualuri eqspertuli
Sefasebebi, romelTac momzadeba da Sekreba
esaWiroeba, miRebul monacemebs _ statistikuri
damuSaveba.
kompleqsur eqspertul meTodebs mikuTvneba
agreTve e.w. komisiebis meTodi, `Brainstorming~-is
(breinstomingis) meTodi da delfosis meTodi.

scenaris Sedgenis
meTodi

scenaris Sedgena iTvaliswinebs momavali

movlebebis aRweras sarwmuno, damajerebeli
varaudebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTan, rogorc wesi
situaciis prognozisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
ganviTarebis ramdenime variantis SesaZlebloba,
romliTac sxvadasxva albaToba gaaCniaT. amitom,
prognozi Cveulebriv ramdenime scenars Seicavs.
ZiriTadad amuSaveben sam scenars:
optimisturs, pesimisturs da saSualos, romelic
iTvleba, rom yvelaze ufro mosalodnelia (an
sxvagvarad _ romlis realizebis albaToba ufro
maRalia). scenaris damuSavebis dros
gasaTvalsiwinebelia, rom SedarebiT rTulia
raodenobrivi monacemebis miReba (magaliTad, Znelia
ganvsazRvroT rogori iqneba tvirTzidvis moculoba

85
ramdenime wlis Semdeg), amitom, rogorc wesi
gamoiyeneba Sefasebis Tvisebrivi meTodebi
(`meti/naklebi~, `ukeTesi/uaresi~) da prognozirebis
intervaluri maCveneblebi.
scenarebis damuSavebis dros
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes mravali faqtori,
socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba, tvirTebis
gadazidvasTan dakavSrebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri
maCveneblebi da a.S. Sesabamisad farTovdeba
gamosayenebeli maTematikuri aparati, romelTa
Sorisaa kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebi, ekonomikur-
maTematikuri modelireba, jvaredini zegavlenis
analizi, korelaciuri da regresiuli analizi da
a.S.
scenarebis Sedgena ramdenime etaps Seicavs:
• sakiTxis struqturizeba da formalizeba.
• gavlenis sferoTa gansazRvra da dajgufeba.
• kompaniisa da misi biznes-garemos
umniSvnelovanesi (sasicocxlod aucilebeli)
faqtorebis mosalodneli mniSvnelobebis
dadgena saprognozo periodisaTvis.
• TanakveTadi varaudebis SerCeva da formireba.
• kompaniis miznebis ganmsazRvreli
kriteriumebis Semowmeba prognozirebadi
maCveneblebis mixedviT.
• analizSi damangreveli movlenebis
gaTvaliswineba
• SesaZlo Sedegebis gansazRvra.
• zomebis miReba
scenaris Sedgenis dros farTod gamoiyeneba
eqspertuli Sefasebebis sxvadasxva meTodebi,
ZiriTadad: interviu, analitikuri moxsenebiTi
baraTebi, komisiebis meTodi, breinstomingi, delfos
meTodi.

86
trendebis eqstrapolaciis
meTodi

trendebis eqstrapolaciis meTodi emyareba

mocemuli maCveneblis dinamikis statistikur
analizs. maCveneblis wina periodSi cvlilebis
tendenciis (trendis) dakvirvebis safuZvelze keTdeba
daskvna gansaxilveli maCveneblis (magaliTad,
mocemuli saxeobis tvirTis gadazidvis) momavali
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. Cveulebriv trendebis
eqstrapolaciis meTodebi gamoiyeneba moklevadiani
prognozirebis amocanebSi, rodesac biznes-garemo
mdovred icvleba da mkveTri cvlilebebi mcire
odenobiTaa. prognozi keTdeba TiToeuli calke
aRebuli maCveneblisTvis da Tanmimdevrulad yoveli
Semdgomi momentisaTvis.
trendebis eqstrapolaciis meTodebs Soris
gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia `mcocavi saSualo~ da
`eqsponencialuri midevnebis~ (an `eqsponencialuri
gagluvebis”) meTodebi.

87
 ZiriTadi literatura

1. H.Mintzberg, J.Lampel, J.Quinn, S.Ghoshal. The Strategic

Process. 2003
2. A.A.Thompson, Jr., A.J.Stricklend III. Strategic Management.
Concepts & Cases. IRWIN. 7th ed. 1993
3. M.Maskon, M. Albert, F. Hedouri. `The Basis of Management”.
4. F. Tailor. `The Basis of Scientific Management”.
5. Эффективное государственноке управление. Под ред.Марка
Хольцера. Пер с английского под ред. С.А.Батчикова и
С.Ю.Глазьева. Москва, 1998.
6. `saxelmwifo politika (Public Policy). Sesavali
specialobaSi~. damxmare saxelmZRvanelo. stu, 2002
(avtorTa jgufi a.cincaZisa da g.baRaTurias
saerTo redaqciiT).

damatebiTi literatura

1. T.A.Birkland. An Introduction to the Policy Process.

2. N.Herrmann. `The Whole Brain Business Book”.
3. P.Drucker. The Practice of Management (1954).
4. James Morrell. How to forecast. A guide for business. 2001
5. Makridakis S., Wheelwright S. Hyndman R. Forecasting: methods
and applications. 1998
6. В. Абчук. Лекции по менеджменту. Санкт-Петербург, 1999.
7. В.Хасси. Стратегия и планирование. 1998.
8. Баканов М. И., Шеремет А. Д. Теория экономического
анализа. - М.: Финансы и статистика, 2000г.
9. Стоянова Е. С. Финансовый менеджмент: теория и
практика. - М.: Перспектива, 1996 г. – с.405
10. Арженовский С.В. Методы социально-экономического
прогнозирования. Москва, 2008.
11. j.l.gordoni. strategiuli dagegmva adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobisTvis. 2003.
12. i.bardaxi. praqtikuli gzamkvlevi politikis
analizSi. rvasafexuriani midgoma problemaTa
88
 efeqtiani mogvarebisTvis. saqarTvelos biznes-
samarTlis centris gamomcemloba. 2002.
13. gregori menqiu, ekonomikis principebi,
gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2000.
14. a.cincaZe, g.baRaTuria. arCevani. demokratiis
mSenebloba totalitarizmis epoqaSi. monografia.
Tbilisi, 2002.
15. g.baRaTuria. taivani – keTildReobis kunZuli.
monografia. Tbilisi, 2000.
16. T.gorSkovi, g.baRaTuria, p.cagareiSvili,
d.sadraZe. sarkinigzo gadazidvaTa prognozirebis
kompleqsuri meTodologiis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb.
Jurnali ,,mecniereba da teqnologiebi”. № 1-3, 2005
17. g.baRaTuria, n.abaSiZe, o.baRaTuria. `saxelmwifo
marTvis amerikuli sistemis saqarTveloSi
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi da problemebi~.
amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi. Tsu, Tbilisi, 2005.
18. o.baRaTuria, `idealizmi da pragmatizmi amerikul
politikaSi~. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi. Tsu,
Tbilisi, 2004.
19. a.cincaZe g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. `saxelmwifos
demokratiuli marTvis specifika saqarTveloSi~.
stu-s Sromebi, # 7 (446), Tbilisi, 2002.
20. g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. Cybernetic Conception of
Public Management saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis moambe. 171, # 2, 2005.
21. g.baRaTuria, o.baRaTuria. saerTo niadagis
koncefcia – solidaruli saxelmwifoebrivi
msoflmxedveloba Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi.
monografia. ,,mecniereba”. Tbilisi, 2006.
22. g.baRaTuria. Russian-Georgian Relations and European
Security. abreSumis gzis me-3 saerTaSoriso
simpoziumi. SromaTa krebuli, Tbilisi, 2006

89
 kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis

Tavi 1

- ra aris marTva?
- rogori iyo marTvis principebi antikur
epoqaSi?
- ra iyo romis imperiis samxedro warmatebebis
mizezi marTvis TvalsazrisiT?
- ram ganapiroba marTvis mecnieruli meTodebis
ganviTarebis aucileblob?
- ra aris menejmenti Tanamedrove gagebiT?
- vin aris samecniero menejmentis fuZemdebeli?
- rogor yalibdeba mecnieruli marTvis
principebi teiloris mixedviT?
- sawarmoSi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis ra
stadiebia saWiro teiloris mixedviT?
- ra aris henri gantis wvlili marTvis Teoriis
ganviTarebaSi?
- ra aris jilbertebis wvlili marTvis Teoriis
ganviTarebaSi?
- ra aris h.emersonis wvlili marTvis Teoriis
ganviTarebaSi?
- ra aris h.fordis wvlili marTvis Teoriis
ganviTarebaSi?
- ra aris anri faiolis wvlili marTvis
Teoriis ganviTarebaSi?
- CamoayalibeT warmoebis marTvis zogadi
principebi anri faiolis mixedviT.
- CamoayalibeT warmoebis marTvis zogadi
principebi h.emersonis mixedviT.
- rogoria mecnieruli menejmentis Tanamedrove
mimarTulebebi?
- ra aris marTvis bihevioristuli principi?

90
 - CamoayalibeT piter drukeris Sexeduleba
marTvis Sesaxeb.
- ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa administrirebisa
da menejmentis terminebs Soris?

Tavi 2

- ra aris strategia?
- vin aris strategosi sun cus mixedviT?
- ra aris samxedro strategiis mizani?
- ra aris ekonomikuri strategiis mizani?
- ra aris strategia organizaciisTvis?
- ra msgavsebaa ekonomikur da samxedro
strategiebs Soris?
- ra gansxvaveba ekonomikur da samxedro
strategiebs Soris?
- organizaciasTan dakavSirebiT ris pasuxs
iZleva strategia?
- ra aris strategia quinis mixedviT?
- ra aris strategia mincbergis mixedviT?
- ra aris misia?
- ra aris potenciali?
- ra aris garemo?
- ra aris konkurentuli upiratesobani?
- ra aris moklevadiani mizani?
- ra aris grZelvadiani mizani?
- riT gansxvavdeba mokle vadiani miznebi
perspeqtiulisgan?
- rogori unda iyos miznebi?
- ra unda ganaxorcielos arCeulma strategiam?
- ra aris strategiis dagegmva?
- ra aris strategiuli organizacia?
- ganixileT strategiis tipebi.

91
- ra pirobebSi funqcionirebs damoukidebeli
biznesi?
- ras warmoadgens korporaciuli strategia?
- ras warmoadgens biznes-startegia?
- ras warmoadgens funqcionaluri strategia?

Tavi 3

- vineris mixedviT rogoria marTvis principebi?

- ra aris marTvis administraciul-mbrZanebluri
meTodi?
- ra aris marTvis obieqti?
- ra aris ,,xmauri”?
- ra aris obieqtis optimaluri marTvis amocana?
- ra aris kriteriumi?
- ra aris ukukavSiri?
- CamoayalibeT saxelmwifo marTvis struqtura
marTvis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT
- gansazRvreT saxelmwifo marTvis obieqtze
moqmedi faqtorebis Sinaarsi
- CamoayalibeT saxelmwifo marTvis amocanebSi
gadawyvetilebis (kanonis, brZanebulebis)
miRebis zogadi algoriTmi
- ra aris strategiuli kriteriumi?
- rogor unda iqnes miRweuli strategiuli
kriteriumis optimum?
- ra aris saxelmwifo marTvis procesSi
daSvebuli umTavresi Secdoma?

Tavi 4

- ra aris sainformacio gadawyvetileba?

- ra aris organizaciuli gadawyvetileba?
- ra aris operatiuli gadawyvetileba?
- ra aris algoriTmuli gadawyvetileba?

92
 - ra aris evristikuli gadawyvetileba?
- ra etapebisgan Sedgeba gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesi?
- rogor klasebad SeiZleba daiyos tipuri
gadawyvetilebebi?
- ra aris gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveli?
- ra aris daprogramebadi gadawyvetileba?
- ra aris dauprogramebadi gadawyvetileba?
- ra etapebs Seicavsa gadawyvetilebis miRebis
racionaluri meTodi?
- ra aris modelireba?
- ra tipis modelebi arsebobs?
- ra tipis saerTo problemebi warmoiqmneba
modelirebis dros?
- ra etapebisgan Sedgeba modelirebis procesi
ekonomikuri amocanebisaTvis?
- ra aris konceptualuri modeli?
- ra aris operaciaTa kvlevis amocana?
- rogori tipis garemo pirobebi axdens gavlenas
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze?

Tavi 5

- ra aris prognozireba?
- ra aris prognozirebis eqstrapolaciur
midgoma?
- ra aris prognozirebis alternatiuli
midgomeba?
- ra aris pasiuri prognozi,
- ra aris aqtiuri prognozi
- ra aris prognozis eqspertuli Sefaseba?
- ra aris scenarebis Sedgena
prognozirebisTvis?
- ra etapebs moicavs scenarebis Sedgena?

93
- ra aris trendebis eqstrapolaciis meTodi

sadiskusio masala

- ratom daingra sabWoTa kavSiri?

- ra aris politikuri strategiis mizani
zogadad da sxvadasxva qveynebisTvis (aSS,
evrokavSiris qveynebi, ruseTi, dsT-s qveynebi,
kavkasia, irani, TurqeTi, saqarTvelo)?
o sagareo politika
o saSinao politika
o sagadasaxado politika
o saganmanaTleblo politika, mecniereba,
religia
o jandacvisa da socialuri
uzrunvelyofis politika
o sporti, turizmi, kultura

strategiuli TvalsazrisiT daaxasiaTeT:

- iulius keisari da pompeusi
- Tornike erisTavi
- daviT aRmaSenebeli (da didgoris omi)
- erekle II (da krwanisis brZola),
- napoleoni da taleirani (aRsaniSnavia, rom
- vaterloo da gruSe (S.cveigi `JamTasvlis wami
vaterloosTan~)
- bismarki
- I msoflio omi
- germania da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.
social-demokratiuli mTavroba. g.kvinitaZe,
saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli gmiri _
v.goguaZe
- poloneTi ruseTis winaaRmdeg _ pilsudski
- fineTi ruseTis winaaRmdeg _ manerheimi
- II msoflio omi

94
- ruzvelti, CerCili, stalini, de-goli
- `didi abreSumis gzis~ aRorZineba
- afxazeTis omi 1992-93 ww.
- strategia sportSi: zep herbergeri, gfr da
ungreTis ,,didi gundi” (1952 w. msoflio
Cempionati fexburTSi), vinsente feola,
braziliis nakrebi; oto rehageli, saberZneTis
nakrebi (2004 w. evropis Cempionati fexburTSi).
- daaxasiaTeT warmatebuli biznesmenebis stili
(msofliosa da saqarTvelos kompaniebi da
biznesmenebi.)
- ganixileT strategiuli kriteriumisa da
ukukavSiris rgolis efqtiani gamoyenebis
TvalsaCino magaliTebi biznesisa da
saxelmwifos marTvis TvalsazrisiT.

95
 ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 30.09.2007. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

05.06.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 6.
tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77

gamomcemloba `cis nami~,

q. Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis 121