Theoretical Criminology Fourth Edition by the ate George B. Vold, ‘Thomas J. Berard, wel Jeffrey B. Snipes New York Oxford Oxford University Press, 1998ogo “Re say, ne oe ‘ito ong Ka iyi ©1808 Ue FI re mr ed ry Pe As ene No at thy git edn (yaya mee cee eal, top cea er beso pie Lay ages Caen Pin Dat ints Bp Toni athepig 2 Chiming. 2 Dut eae {Sta Rapa Tm ‘i | Contents Foreword ix (Chapter One: Theory and Crime 1 Spiritual Explanations Nutra Explanations—Clasa_ Criminal — ost Cniaogy “The Behavor of Criminal Lane—The Relationship Among the Vous Fraes of Referens Chapter Two: Classical Criminology MM “The Soll an! nee Hackgound of Casal Crniolog—Baccr nd the Cassie Schoo!—The NeoClndealSehool-Aswsng, Bess “Theor Inplaasons and Conhaions Chapter Three: Postivist Criminology 27 CGuery and Queteket—Cesae Lmbrino—Maderm Crinnaogy the Sec for the Canes of Cim—The lation Between oti od Chas seal Their —Concaion“ Gontents (Chapter Four: Theories Related to Physical Appearance 40 Pysiognomy std Phesology—Catninal Antroplogs: Lamba Gannge Hy Type Theres: Sheldon to Cortés -Concaion ‘Chapter Five: Theories Related to Intelligence 52 Background Ido and Coneopts—neligene Tesing ad Crine—Crent Controreses: Deligency, Hae, and 19 Interpreting the Anoiion Betoren Delany and 1)—The Bell Cune—Canason Chapter Six: Biologia! Factors and Criminal Behavior 68 aniyStudles Twin and Adopt SudesNeweransiters— Hormones—The Cents! Newens”System—The Autonomic. Nerot Sistem Ensronnently Induced Bolg Components of Beaver Implication and Conclions ‘Chapter Sevens The Personality of the Offender 88 Historical Backgount: Pyehiary as 4 Springourd for Pechomaltle ‘Teory—Signund Freud and Psjchoanlss—Psjeoande Explanations of Cina Beir Research Us Porsonlty TestsAntsodal Pe SonaliyDiorder—Predting Future’ Dangrousnese—Inpulty and (Cre Ieplaton and Conan ‘Chapter Eight: Crime and Beonomie Conditions 108 Reseach on Crime and Eeonornie Conon: Contractions and Dis sgremente Cre and Unemployment. A Det Look t Research Fblens lnterpting Rewrarch on Cre and Eetonie Conions— Implications aed Conlsions ‘Chapter Nine: Durkheim, Anomie, and Modernization 123 Eile Durbin —Crine as Normal i Mechanic Soleter—Anomi a4 Phologal Stte in Ong Sots Asenng Durhbens Tayo Crne Candie Contens wi Chapter Ten: The Ecology of Crime 140 “The Theory of Human Ecology—Reserch i the “Delingueny Amat” of (Geo Poi Impl Revet Thro and Resear on Neigh ods Cause of Crime Stutonal Contents of Ce —Conchons Chapter Eleven: Strain Theories 158 bert K. Merton an Anois in Ameren Soiety—St the Epa sation of Gang DenqoengyPay npatons—The Dc ad Reser {ever of Strain Thorsen In Indl and Societe: Neue Errtins and Isutonal Anon ~Conlsion Chapter Twelve: Learning Theories 179 Base Paclogal Approates o Learing—Tare's Laws of Ietation— Suterand's DifereatalAswcition » Themy—Reserch Teng Sutherland's Theon:—The Content of Learning Cultural sd Suber ‘Theories The Leaming Pros Seca Leaning Theory Ingato Concasone Chapter Thirteen: Control Theories 201 Early Control Theories: Reiss to Nye—Matats Delinquency ond Drift isch Soc Conta Theoy- Aven Social Contr Theres From Sac Gaol o Self Cond Gottedson and Hin’ General Theory of Crne—Conchions ‘Chapter Fourteen: The Meaning of Crime 219 ‘The Measing of Crime tothe Sel Labeling Tog —The Mean Cxine tothe Crna Kat Soactions of Crine Tho Mesaing of Cr othe Laer Society: Deine and Social eation-Stte Poe i tht Meat Inu Cre: Conta log—pattone and Concho ‘Chapter Fifteen: Conflict Criminology 235 Sal's Clare Conflict Thory—Val's Grup Coli Theory —Qieys ‘Theory f the Sota Realty of Cme—Twrks Theory of Criminaizton — Chants nd Seudmaas Anais of the Grminl Jt Sytem — Mecarrel and Castellanos Integrate Conic Model Haga Struct Geininology—Dlads Behar af Law Unie Cont Tay of (Crimes Cant Theory Pay Ingle —Canchonvi Contents Chapter Sisteen: Ctical Criminology 260 Se Crt focal and Potmedemit ining Penson and Fonsi Contoge-Amcrment of Ct ites ‘Chapter Seventeen: Developmental Criminology 284 “The Great Debate: Csininal Careers, Langa Research, and the Re Ibsonsip Between Age and Crime—Cmial Prpensty Criminal Carer "The Transition to Deelepmenal sre Thombery’ tater ‘tonal They™Sunon and Las Age Crate Teor of Tlral So ‘al ContalConcaston Chapter Bighteen: Integrated Theories 800 Elite a's ttgated Theony—Brthwaes Theory of Re Sniniag- “tet Cnr Baace They ier Come Pudi Berard an Sipe Inegted Model—Conchsion| Chapter Nineteen: Assessing Criminology Theory 316 Scene, Ther, Research, and Poley—tndvidal Dierence Theories ‘Shucur/Prce Theores—‘Thoeres of the Behavior of Criminal Eaw— Conch Subject Index 337 Name Index 945 Foreword to the Fourth Edition Te now has been eleven years since the publieation ofthe third edition of Theortcal Criminology. The reasons forthe long delay in publ ings fourth eiton are interesting from the point of view of what his ceition seek to accompli ist started working on a fourth edition in 1980, but that effort sgound to a alt when T was about onethitd done. The ineressingy ‘Complex and interrelated native of erinology theory ha made Feu forme to divide the field intoa sequence of neat ite boxes (chap ters) ass requed ina textbook T eventually became dsatisied with imy proposed organization ofthe material but was unable to reconcep tule fe at that point. In ution, I bad elininated too much of the ‘older materal so that I could preset recent work mone completely ‘while maintaining the approximate size ofthe hook. I eventual real ized that the very completeness of my presentations, as well asthe loss ofthe er mtr oll ie the Boke acest and ful to ts readers. “This book's major contbation to the fl of exminaogy has been that i provides seaberent, aceurte, and acessble overview ofthe fies in their historic and socal contest. had lost the thead of ths ma jor contribution, o I abandoned my attempted revision and decided to tome back tot ater when Thad a better sense of what Twas doing 'At that same Hine, Twas working on to ses related to the ole of | theory in erninlogy In the process of working on succes editions ofthis book, I became convinced that criminology was fling to make Selenite progres. For example, in each acces edition, 1 See ontx Forord tthe Fourth Bdion ‘quite bit of material because, to my opinion, no one would be inter (Ste in i any more, But Ua not thrown ont any materal Because 1 ‘ought it had been false. This syggests a astounding lack of se ent progress over fry year period of increasingly vigorous and phistiestesl empiri esearch orginally presented my concerns about this station in a 1980 ar- tide entitled “Twenty Years of Testing Theories: What Have We Learned and Why?” In that article, I took a Popperian approach, with sn emphasis on how to falsify theories in order to get raf ehem. At the same time, I wis working on integrating eimiaclogy theories. In my view, tegration ian alterative to falsification as a way to reduce ‘he numberof theades in eximinlogy- Where I boieved that flsifien- tion had largely fale Decanse esearch misspecfied the theories, Labo Ipelieved that Ifthe theores were propery specified, then a moch Irouder integration among them would become apparent ‘All hese sues came together in a 1906 stile on theoretical inte _mtionwnten sith Jef Snipes Thi article abundoas the Popperian “emphasis onflsietion and takes “risk fat” approach hat deals in Structured probabiies, This highly smtegratve apprtach maitansafo- tsssonthe empirical adequacy’ a dhoores but moves policy implications to the forefront. It ako makes clear that there has been cousierable ‘cientife progres in ciminology, uti is noe inthe form of alsin Aheories "el has jolned me a coauthor in writing this fourth eition of The oratical Criminology, andl our new conchiding chapter interprets the ‘eld of erminology in these terms Ax coauthor, Jel brings song ail ‘es to aecuratly summarize and organize exiting criminology theory snd research, Ultimately this invobves having a god intuitive sense of theories and how they operat. Beyond thal, he buoys a fees per spective onthe field of eminology and ts eurrent exer organization. ‘This was one of dhe stumbling bloks in my intial attempeto revise this book, snd Jef solved aumber of my’ problems with alc and sim ply Finally, el brings mich better quantitative sis than I posses. “These sls are a great deal more important today than they were i ‘the past, and they wil be incressingly important as eriminology devel ‘ops in the fare "The gl of ths fourth edition, asi was with the second and third, Isto rng the text completly up to date in away that provides cont nity with ee earlier ection while introducing a grest deal of new ma terial But beyond that, elieve that this edison aso stractures the book to accommodate the increasing complenty’of the Ded of eri nology and rate of change within With this dion, Lele that Dh Foretcard tothe Fourth Elion a retical Criminology swell postone to move nology for some time to cone. ‘We wish to thank Disna Fishbein for making extensive comments sud suggestions on the biology chapter. We also wish to thank Wayne (Osgood and Lynne Goodstein for eeaing and earnmenting on various sections ofthe book, and Kim Menard and Mark Motiany for eating ‘nl making comments the ene daft. Any errs ar omissions ae, ‘ofcourse, the sole responsibilty ofthe authors. oto the future af ein T)B. State College, Pa March 1997