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    of 3
    18 The steady-state Stokes equations chil, §1 We have now to show that uy © H. But div uy = div (uw —1, —u))= divu—Ap=0, and Wo = YW (4 — my — #2) = 7,(u — grad p) — 8q/av = 0. Remark 1.6. Let us write B, for the orthogonal projector in L? (Q) onto H; obviously Fy is continuous into Z?(Q). In fact By also maps H' (Q) into itself and is continuous for the norm of H1(Q). In the proof of Theorem 1.5, let us assume that u € H1(Q); then div u € H}(Q)9 HP (Q); u — grad p belongs to H (Q) and y,(u — grad p) belongs to H'?.(), Finally we infer from (1.44) that q € H? (9), and Byu =u — grad (p+q) EH! (Q). It is clear also (see for instance Lions & Magenes [1]) that the mappings utp u — grad p+ q, are continuous in the appropriate spaces and we conclude that By is continuous from H}(Q) into H} (Q): WF ays :y 1, a similar argument shows that if u € H"(Q) then Bu € H’(Q) and By is linear and continuous for the norm of H’(Q): WB tll gray SCC 2) lll yreqye Wu EHO). (1.48) Characterization of the space V. Theorem 1.6. Let Q be an open Lipschitz set. Then V = {u€ H}(Q): divu =0}. (1.49) Proof. Let V be the space in the right-hand side of (1.49). It is clear that V CV} for ifu € V,u=lim u,,, uy EY; this convergence in H}(2) implies that div u,, converges to div u as m > ©, and since div u,, = 0, div u = 0. To prove that V = V'', we will show that any continuous linear form L on V° which vanishes on V is identically equal to 0. We first observe that L admits a (non-unique) representation of the type n LO)= 2 (2, 0). YEH). (1.50) Che, §1 Some function spaces 19 Indeed V is a closed subspace of H}(&) = [H}(Q)]"; any linear con- tinuous form on V can be extended as a linear continuous form on H}(Q) and such form is of the same type as the form in the right-hand side of (1.50). Now, the vector distribution £ = (2,, ..., 2,) belongs to H~1(Q), and (2, »)=0, Vv €¥- Propositions 1.1 and 1.2 are applicable and show that Q=gradp, pEL*(Q); thus &, ») = Dip, ¥) = — (@, Diy), VE H}(Q). For pV", 10) = 2, &,¥)=—(, div») = 0, and L vanishes on all of V*. Remark 1.7. We can give a more direct and much simpler proof of (1.49) for a set & which is globally star-shaped with respect to one of its points. Let us suppose that 9 is star-shaped with respect to 0 and let a, denote as before the linear transformation x > dx. Let u € V*. Then the function 0,° u belongs to H}(o, 2) and div o,u=0. The function u,, equal to 0,°u in 4, 9 and to 0 in 20,20 << 1}), is in H}(Q) and div u, equals Xo, (div u) ino, 2 and 0 in 2 —0,9; hence div u, = 0, u, € V" and has a compact support in Q. In this case it is easy to check by regularization that u, € V, and since , converges to u in H}(Q) as\> 1,u€ Vand V=V". Remark 1.8, The results which will be extensively used below are Propositions 1.1 and 1.2, Theorem 1.6 and less frequently, Theorem 1.5. Remark 1.9, A result weaker than Proposition 1.1 but sufficient for what follows can be proved by a more elementary method. Assume that Q. is a Lipschitz bounded open set in &" and that f € H~(Q), satisfies ¢f, v) = 0 (1.51) Vv (or V). Then f= grad p, p € I? (Q). 20 The stationary Stokes equations Ch. 1, §2 For an arbitrary open set 9. R", the same result holds, with only p € L2,.(Q). (1.52) Let us sketch the proof of this result due to L. Tartar, and based on Proposition 1.2 and Remark 1.4 (ii). It is clear that there exists an increasing sequence of open sets 2, (Qqy C My +1)» Which are Lipschitz and whose union is 9. Let A (or A,,) es the gradient operator € £(L? (2), H~!(Q)) (or € LU? (Qs H-1(Q,,))), and let A* € £(H}(Q), L2(Q)) (or A*, € LAK, L?(Q,))) be its adjoint. By Remark 1.4 (ii), the range of A (written R(A)) is a closed subspace of H-!(Q)). Now it is known from linear operator theory that the orthogonal of Ker A* is the closure of R(A) and this is therefore equal to R(A); Ker A* is the Kernel of A* ‘m)> Ker A* = {u €H}(Q), divu = 0} Similar remarks hold for A,, Now let f satisfy the condition i in (1.51) and let wu €Ker Ay. If is the function extended by 0 outside Q,,, then # went (Q) and div a= divu =0. Since @ has a compact support in O, it is clear by regulariza- tion that i is the limit in H}(Q) of elements of ¥, hence # € V, and (f, 7 = 0. Therefore the restriction of f to Q,, is orthegonal toKer A}, and thus belongs to R(A,,) : f = grad py, on By + Pm €L?(Qm). Since the ©, are increasing sets, Pm +1 — Pm = const On 2m, and we can choose Pm +1 80 that this constant is zero. Hence f = grad p, p € L?,,(Q). This is sufficient for (1.52). For obtaining (1.51) (p € L*(Q)), we use the fact that © is locally star shaped (see Section 1.1). Let (0,1

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