Multi-loop model and Simulation research
of turbine generator with inter-turn short
circuits fault of field windings
Ji-yong Hou, He-ming Li, Jun-qing Li,，hong-yu Wang Jing Fan
School of Electrical and electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206 , China
E-mail:alex83@126.com
Abstract-- The inter-turn short circuits fault of field
windings is one common fault in generators. It will cause
serious damages if such faults are not handled properly in
time。For this reason, according to the multi-loop method
of AC machines this paper proposes multi-loop
mathematical model of turbine generators with inter-turn
short circuits fault of field windings. The inductance
parameters are calculated by air-gap permeance method
and the calculated wave-form of inductance parameters
shows reasonable. Combining with the actual structure of a
300MW turbine generator, the normal rated load operation
and the short circuits fault operation of generator have been
simulated based on the model. The normal stator winding
currents and the fault currents difference in stator winding
parallel branches of same phase were obtained. The
currents of normal and fault field winding are calculated.
The model considers the different structure and the
harmonics in air gap magnetic field, which provides the
basis for further fault analysis for turbine generator with
inter-turn short circuits of field winding.
Index Terms—Inter-turn short circuit fault of field
windings, Inductance parameters, Multi-loop method,
Turbine generator
I. INTRODUCTION
The inter-turn short circuits fault of field windings,
which often happen in turbine generators, will cause
serious damages that the field current increases, the
reactive power output decreases, and the rotor vibration
aggravate [1][2][3]. So it is very important for the safe
operation of generators to know fault characteristic of
inter-turn short circuit of field windings. Existing
research followed the experimental research, the
qualitative analysis approaches and the numerical
simulation method [2][3][4]. Some useful results have
been achieved up to now. The qualitative analysis can get
fault characteristic. The experimental research is closer to
the actual situation, but for large-scale units, the
experimental research needs the higher the cost of the
experiment, and does not have universality, which has
limitations in practical applications. The numerical
This work is supported by Doctor colleges special research fund for
academic point of China(NO.20060079007) and Natural Science
Foundation of He bei Province (No:08B005) and Ph.D.graduate
innovative funding schemes of North China Electric Power University-
cultivate top-notch graduate program
simulation method can obtain accurately the distribution
and the value of fault current in the loops [4] by
simulating different operations of different structure
machines with less cost [5][6][7][8].
This paper researches the model and simulation of
generator according to the multi-loop method of AC
machines [6]. Combining with the actual structure and
the fault feature of a 300MW turbine generator, this paper
calculates the inductance parameters by air-gap
permeance method and proposes multi-loop mathematical
model of turbine generators with inter-turn short circuits
fault of field windings. The calculated results wave-form
of inductance parameters shows reasonable. Based on the
model, the normal rated load operation and the short
circuits fault operation of generator have been simulated.
The normal stator winding currents and the fault currents
difference in stator winding parallel branches of same
phase were obtained. The currents of normal and fault
field winding are calculated. The model considers the
different structure and the harmonics in air gap magnetic
field, which provides the basis for further fault analysis
for turbine generator with inter-turn short circuits of field
winding.
II. MULTI-LOOP MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF
TURBINE GENERATORS
A. The loops selection
It is the key for Multi loop method to select loops and
calculate the parameters especially the inductance
accurately [6]. The more loops, the more detailed fault
characteristic, but more loops lead to more equations that
has solving difficulties especially for large generators [9].
To meet practical application, the loops should be
selected to simulate detailed fault characteristic under less
loops. For the inter-turn short circuit fault of field
windings, this paper select loop as follows:
(a) The loops selection of stator winding
For stator, after the short circuits fault happens, the
stator winding appears the unbalance current. As Fig.1 an
example, the currents i1 ≠ i2 , i3 ≠ i4 , i5 ≠ i6 ,
(corresponding to the map labeling), there are 5
independent variable in stator winding, so the paper
selects 5 loops that show 5 independent variable. The
solid arrows show positive direction of stator branches,
dashed arrow and numbers in parentheses show loop’s [U ] = [Ua1, Ua2 , Ub1, Ub2 ,Uc1, Uc2 ,U fd , U fk , 0, 0]
T
positive direction and loops serial number. If the number
T
of stator parallel is m, then the number of the branches is [ I ] = [ia1 , ia 2 , ib1 , ib 2 , ic1 , ic 2 , i fd , i fk , i1d , i1q ]
3m. In the same selected method, the loops will be 3m-1 T
in stator winding. U AB is line voltage in Fig.1. [ψ ] = [ψ a1 ,ψ a 2 ,ψ b1 ,ψ b2 ,ψ c1 ,ψ c 2 ,ψ fd ,ψ fk ,ψ1d ,ψ1q ]
[U ] , [ I ] , [ψ ] are the voltage, the current, the magnetic
UCA
linkage of stator and rotor winding. p is the differential
operator d/dt .
[ M ] is time-varying mutual inductance matrix that is
UAB UBC
calculated separately according to the actual connection
( 2) of the stator and rotor coils including inductance of stator
a1 a a 2 b1 b b2 c1 c c2 loops, self inductance of field loop, mutual inductances
between stator loops and field loop, mutual inductance
(1) (3) (5 ) between field loop and damper loops.
⎡ − L11 − M 12 − M 13 − M 14 − M 15 − M 16 M 1 f M 1 fk M 11d M 11q ⎤
⎢ ⎥
1 2 3 4 5 6 ⎢ − M 21 − L22 − M 23 − M 24 − M 25 − M 26 M 2 f M 2 fk M 21d M 21q ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − M 31 − M 32 − L33 − M 34 − M 35 − M 36 M 3 f M 3 fk M 31d M 31q ⎥
Fig.1. stator loops ⎢− M − M − M − L − M − M ⎥
M 4 f M 4 fk M 41d M 41q
⎢ 41 42 43 44 45 46 ⎥
(b) The loops selection of rotor winding ⎢− M − M − M − M − L
51 52 53 54 55 − M 56 M 5 f M 5 fk M 51d M 51q
⎥
⎢
[M ] = ⎢ ⎥
For rotor ,the rotor winding involves field windings − M 6 1 − M 62 − M 63 − M 64 − M 65 − L66 M 6 f M 6 fk M 61d M 61q ⎥
⎢ ⎥
and damper windings, when the short circuit fault of field ⎢ − M f1 − M f2 − M f3 − M f4 − M f5 − M f6 fL M ffk M f 1d M f 1q ⎥
windings happens, field windings is considered as 2 loops, ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − M fk1 − M fk 2 − M fk 3 − M fk 4 − M fk 5 − M fk 6 M ffk L fk M fk 1d M fk1q ⎥
that are normal loop (the current i f )and fault loop (the ⎢− M − M ⎥
⎢ 1d 1 1d 2 − M 1d 3 − M 1d 4 − M 1d 5 − M 1d 6 M 1df M 1dfk L1d M 1d 1q ⎥
⎢− M − M ⎥
current i fk ). So the number of field winding loop is ⎣ 1q1 1q 2 − M 1q 3 − M 1q 4 − M 1q 5 − M 1q 6 M 1qf M 1qfk M 1q1d L1q ⎦
[ R ] are inductance and resistance matrix respectively.
n=2, EZF is field system voltage, RZF is field system
Equations (1)(2) are stator branch equations and
resistance, Rfkk is short circuit resistance in Fig.2. rotor loop equations. In calculating internal faults above
The paper considers damper winding as an equivalent equations need to be transformed to new loop equations
direct-axis and an equivalent quadrature-axis damper through transformation matrix [T ] , for example, when
loops. the short circuit fault of field windings happens, the
if transformation matrix is
R ZF
i fkk ⎡1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 ⎥
EZF uf ⎢ ⎥
i fk Rfkk
⎢0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
Fig.2. Loops of field winding with inter-turn short circuit
⎢0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 ⎥
According to the analysis above, when the short [T] =⎢⎢0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎥ (3)
circuit fault of field windings happens, the loop number
of stator and rotor winding are m+n+2. For 300MW ⎢0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0⎥
turbine generator, there are 9 loops. ⎢0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
B. Multi-loop mathematical model of turbine generator ⎢0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
⎥
The main idea of multi-loop theory is getting voltage ⎢⎣0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ⎥⎦
equations and flux equations according to the actual
circuits [6]. The paper set up equations based on such Equation (1) is multiplied from left by (3)
basic condition, that is, for the each stator branch one
voltage equation and one magnetic linkage equation are [T][U] = [T]p[M][I ] +[T][M]p[I ] +[T][R][I ] (4)
set up, and for the field winding, voltage and magnetic
Stator branch current, rotor loop current and loop current
equations are set up according to the selected loops,
of stator and rotor current meet equation (5):
equations are set up for an equivalent direct-axis and an
equivalent quadrature-axis damper loops. The voltage T
[ I ] = [T ] [ I ′] (5)
equations and magnetic linkage equations can be written
as matrix form: Where [ I ′] is loop currents of the stator and rotor.
[U ] = p[ψ ] + [ R ][ I ] (1)
[ψ ] = [ M ][ I ] (2) Substitute equation (5) into equation (4)
Where T T T
[ ][T] [I′]+[T][M][T] p[I′]+[T][R][T] [I′]
[T][U] =[T]pM
That is 2 w1d wkτ l 1 kβ π
ma1d = λ0 ∑ sin( 1d )
[U ′] = [ M ′] p[ I ′] + [ R′][ I ′] pπ
2 k =1,3,5... k
2 2
(6)
Where
kqθ (8)
[U ′] = [T ][U ] sin( )
k βπ 2 q +1
[ M ′] = [T ][ M ][T ]
T * sin( ) cos k (γ + θ)
2 kθ 2
T T sin( )
[ R′] = [T ] p[ M ][T ] + [T ][ R ][T ] 2
Equation (6) is a differential equation group with time Where w1d is the turn number of equivalent direct-axis
variable coefficients. Using numerical method their value damper loops, β1d is the short pitch ratio of equivalent
solution that’s current state variables can be obtained.
direct-axis damper winding, p is the pole pair number.
Before solving equation (6), It is the key to calculate
the parameters [ M ] accurately. The mutual inductances between stator branch and
equivalent quadrature-axis damper winding loops
C. Multi-loop parameters [ M ] of turbine generator
This paper calculated the parameters by the air gap 2 w1q wkτ l 1 k β1qπ
ma1q =
2
λ ∑ sin( )
permeance analysis method. k =1,3,5... k 2
0
pπ 2
For the inductance of stator, first calculating mutual
kqθ (9)
inductance of two coils, and then the needed mutual sin( )
inductance parameters can be Superposition obtained k βπ 2 q +1 π
* sin( ) cos k (γ + θ− )
based on winding connection information of the loop. 2 kθ 2 2
Reference [6] has the detail. sin( )
2
For the mutual inductances between stator and rotor
winding, which is time variable. The results are as Where w1q is the turn number of equivalent
follows quadrature-axis damper loops, β1q is the short pitch ratio
The mutual inductances between stator branch and of equivalent quadrature-axis damper winding .
field loop is
For the inductance of rotor, the field inductance
4 w fd wkτ l N 1 k β fdiπ parameters can be Superposition obtained according to
ma1 fd = 2
λ0 ∑ ∑ 2
sin( ) fault condition.
π a fd i =1 k =1,3,5... k 2
The self-inductance of equivalent direct-axis damper
kqθ (7) winding loop is
sin( )
k βπ 2 q +1 2
* sin( ) cos k (γ + θ) 2 w1d τ l 1 k β1d π k β1d π
2 kθ 2 L11d = 2
λ0 ∑ (10) 2
sin sin
sin( ) pπ k =1,3,5... k 2 2
2
The self-inductance of equivalent quadrature-axis
λ0 μ0
Where = , λ0 is air gap permeance. l is length of damper winding loop is
2 δ 2
stator iron core, τ is the pole pitch, wk is the turn number 2 w1q τ l 1 k β1qπ k β1qπ
L11q = 2
λ0 ∑ 2
sin sin (11)
of each stator coil, w fd is the turn number of each pπ k =1,3,5..... k 2 2

concentric field coil. q is the slot number of each pole in The mutual inductance between field loop and
damper loops
a phase, β is the short pitch ratio, β fdi is the short pitch
4 w fd w1d τ l nfd _ rotor 1 k β fdi π k β1d π
ratio of i-th concentric field coil, a fd is the number of M 1dfd = λ0 ∑ ∑ sin sin
2 2
a fd π i =1 k =1,3,5..... k 2 2
parallel field winding, γ is electric angle between d axis
(12)
k βπ
and the stator 1-th coil axis , sin( ) is the short pitch Where nfd _ rotor is the turn number of each pole
2
concentric field coils.
coefficient of stator coil, θ is the electrical angle per slot
in the stator.
The mutual inductances between stator branch and D. The verification of Multi-loop parameters [ M ]
equivalent direct-axis damper winding loop. In this paper, the calculation values of traditional
formula are the reference values. The amplitude results
of time variant parameters show as TABLEⅠ,the 0.08

invariant parameter show as TABLE Ⅱ

0.06

mutual inductance(H)
0.04

TABLE I 0.02

The parameter The amplitude The amplitude

0

name values of Multi- values of

-0.02

-0.04
（abbreviation） loop method Traditional -0.06
method -0.08
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
ma1 fd 0.0611 0.0676 t(s)
(b) the mutual inductance between a2 stator branch and field loop
Fig.3. the mutual inductances between stator branch and field loop
ma1d 0.0044 0.0048 -3
x 10
8

6
ma1q 0.0025 0.0028

mutual inductance(H)
4

2
TABLEⅡ 0
The parameter The values of The values of -2
name Multi-loop Traditional -4

（abbreviation） method method -6

-8
L11d 0.0055 0.0051 0 0.05 0.1
t(s)
0.15 0.2

(a) the mutual inductances between stator branch a1 and equivalent

L11q 0.0027 0.0017 direct-axis damper winding
-3
x 10
8
M 1dfd 0.0708 0.0711 6

mutual inductance(H)
4

III. SIMULATION RESULT -2

-4

Combining with a 300MW turbine generator, the -6

wave-form of inductance parameters has been obtained. -8

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
t(s)
Based on multi-loop mathematical model above, after (b)The mutual inductances between stator branch a2 and equivalent
generator short circuits fault happens under the rated direct-axis damper winding
operating conditions, the currents in stator winding Fig.4 .the mutual inductances between stator branch and equivalent
direct-axis damper winding
parallel branches of same phase are obtained. The -3
x 10
currents of normal and fault field winding loop are
6

calculated. The stator winding of turbine generator is Y-Y 4

mutual inductance(H)

connection, the number of parallel branch is 2.The main 2

data of the machine are as follows 0

4 4 -2
U N = 2.0 × 10 , I N = 1.7664 × 10 , p = 1 , f N = 50 ,
-4

cos ϕ N = 0.85 , I f 0 = 990 , I f = 2650 , a fd =1 -6

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
t(s)

The wave-form of time variant inductance parameters (a) the mutual inductances between stator branch a1 equivalent
quadrature-axis damper winding
as Fig.3, Fig.4 and Fig.5 -3
x 10
The amplitude of mutual inductances between stator
6

branch (a1,a2 )and field winding is the same,the phase 4

mutual inductance(H)

difference is 180-degree electric angle as Fig.3,which 2

consists with the actual structure of generator winding. 0

So the calculation results are reasonable. -2

Fig.4,Fig.5 also show reasonable results. -4

0.08 -6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
0.06 t(s)
(b) the mutual inductances between stator branch a2 equivalent
mutual inductance(H)

0.04

0.02
quadrature-axis damper winding
0
Fig.5. the mutual inductances between stator branch equivalent
-0.02
quadrature-axis damper winding
-0.04 The stator currents have been obtained in normal
-0.06 rated load operating conditions. The phase a current
-0.08
0 0.05 0.1
t(s)
0.15 0.2 shows model reasonable as Fig.6
（a）The mutual inductance between a1 stator branch and field
winding
 are obtained. The currents of normal and fault field
5
x 10
1.5

1
winding are calculated. The paper provides the basis for
further fault analysis of turbine generator with inter-turn
0.5

0
current(A)

-0.5 short circuits of field winding

-1

-1.5
REFERENCES
-2

-2.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
[1] Li Wei-qing, Analysis And Prevention Of Fault Of
t(s)
Turbine-Generator. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,
Fig.6. the phase a current
2002, pp. 80-81.
The simulation current of stator and rotor after [2] Wan Shu ting, Li He ming, Li Yong gang, etal. Analysis
generator short circuits fault (10%) happens under the of generator excitation current harmonics on rotor winding
rated load operating conditions show Fig.7 Fig.8. Fig.9. inter turn
the unbalanced currents emerge because of unbalance short circuit fault. [J] Automation of Electric Power
magnetic field caused by the fault current in Fig.7 Fig.8 Systems 2003,27 (22) :64 267
Fig.9. the unbalance magnetic field cause some [3] Li Yong-gang, Li He-ming, Zhao hua, Wan shu-ting
harmonics currents. Fault identification method of rotor inter turn short circuit
1.5
x 10
5
using stator winding detection [J] Proc.CSEE ,2004,24
1
r:i1
b:i2 (2) :107 2112
[4] Sun yu-guang, simulation research on inter-turn short
circuits of field windings in synchronous machines.
0.5
current(A)

0
Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering
-0.5
andenergy.April 2008,vol.27,No.2,pp,5-10
-1 [5] Wang Xiangheng, Chen Songlin,Wang Weijian, Sun
-1.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Yuguang . A Study of Armature Winding Internal Faults
t(s)
and Protection Schemes for Turbogenerators. Industry
Fig.7.the currents i1 , i2 of stator branchs a1,a2 Applications Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the
2000 IEEE ，vol.1：402 – 408
5
x 10
3

2 [6] Gao Jingde, Wang Xianghcng, Li Fahai, “Analysis of AC

1 machines and their systems”, Tsinghua University Press,
current(A)

0
Beijing, 1993. (Chinese Book )
[7] Peter P. Reichmeider, Charles A. Gross, Dale Querrey,
-1
Damir Novosel, et al. Internal Faults in Synchronous
-2
Machines Part I: The Machine Model. IEEE Transactions
-3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 on Energy Conversion, 2000, 15(4): 376-379.
t(s)
Fig.8.the current difference of stator branch a1,a2 [8] Peter P. Reichmeider, Charles A. Gross, Dale Querrey,
4
x 10
4
Damir Novosel, et al. Internal Faults in Synchronous
Machines Part II: Model Performance. IEEE Transactions
r:ifd
3 b:ifk

2
on Energy Conversion, 2000, 15(4): 380-383.
[9] Wang Xiangheng, Sun yu-guang, Gui Lin, Wang Weijian.
current(A)

0
Reasonable Simplification of Multi-loop Model of the
-1
Hydro Generators. [J] Proc.CSEE,2007,27(3):63-67.
-2

-3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
t(s)

Fig.9.the currents of normal field ( i fd ) and

the current of fault field( i fk )

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The self-inductance and inductance parameters of
stator and rotor loops are calculated by air-gap permeance
method in this paper, in which the harmonics in air gap
magnetic field were considered. The time variant
waveforms of the inductance are obtained by numerical
simulation which consists with the actual structure of
generator winding. The paper proposes multi-loop
mathematical model of turbine generators with inter-turn
short circuits fault of field windings. Based on the model,
the stator phase currents which verify the correctness of
the model have been obtained in normal rated load
operating conditions. After generator short circuits fault
happens under the rated load operating conditions, the
currents in stator winding parallel branches of same phase