Doe fata. THY Ad¢. a Goa) Issvor ore ae BEN ESSioan67 _aNorassioais7 ey Bova: o1s7-4 ‘Springs Chi ei Now Yet Dok Loa ‘Una Caps Cat Neer 38455 Mae Set nin 030,250, Srnec Spap Sceins Mae emp) DB (1386Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics The Real Numbers SIaqUINN 1eay AHL g SpringerSuppose o xpi he Foundons of eae, uly sues + dnton of eas 1 an ape. By fing to each he el fondant {std} el amy rns the riko king ie mee rr lus at the real nmbes cresting inthe, yf int the fndamenl once that so flor books since 1930 ne even tempted ie ncae the cmstcion of the ‘inualy he it wri gor The ony way fe moe rigs woul er for youve hen i” anda his Pc forthe Teacher "My bk wt, asbefssichexy aerial im merciestelegram syle" Whe mens of anda remars Al heft ht he Ss nothing with hs al ube np Sone ‘hem Ison ied bean ety dif sory if war epi ath eal mbes af teeing This wh haved odoin he es ok jini alae pray eel the ying of a Uni SisE met mas adenoma ‘eas ty hve teen jie by many ew exotic ce facta cs snd dynamical systems "Te et Se ring fon Symi ems ar oe es ‘he enya of aay mew ancions na Imre insoienes of umber ad quence of fac 2 tem ely esate ay sequences of st ses aay sett Cantor a ath its. Ano reason smal ne ssn mae st hy tc ine deci, may of them a the debts under e al numbers. These alvancr ae tea {eras dhcin deta t hey rh rm the frdamtl ct ean ‘asad on noontabe sean te urvgee wo understand ti ft “The et of weal nome isthe fn nd till the mos intereig, exam ummm et The sind exami the sto count onsale heleg {amir ox mathematicians, bua of great importance insnalyt fea ister be the yo init proces then countable onde the amo the mea the compltiy of non and sett dened a li of spans ‘a perial we aig he lowest lel of comsienty (zo) te coma fens he net eel of cote (neo the anos that oct ‘ing fom the aha 0 bevel ‘rca ints of oninsus econ complexity eel two 1 fection that el ont it factions elo and 0. ast a ae fmt of al eel 0.1.2, and beyond: beaenc onc can a Spee iio ffi fo. tepecivelyelenel 0,1.2. whose limi ism ay fii lth Ths ara rams number. co i the toe en ened Wl ee of compet oie es mp at ny me Ci et Th nr mcr ofan oan ro monn aeaph py ee ee Soe sec ect vier ain ee erty in pc et el mmc ene Pe crime pb rtm ers oe io eam te a at tne neve hs al ome ste cpt tay a Ih dvi ott expan ope ye pee bok Sous Restate chat neta oe ane gett teal underzadeatecuriculum rics odo so, The pica seb eee oe cermin sd agers An PL Ses Stee mses roe ry fom ite et eny psc Whe tn ss | Seem retdeed mornin ‘ci Space On of th marlin y sem: poplar ook Rov ® ‘ce Site 20) atk tema ith soto ro nf ten, nd sregihene conto with aay The hoc reacts, inant expan nw concep of ral maner and int decd rmet ring tr bk Thad in mind an mate of nr ener wove studied ecules ander sc mathematic. Bu {expt i wl abo be weal 0 adh ade anyon mathematics ho unl ae bent {0 "asm the al nuber Twos at go fra Landa ps forget ‘Serie en eel nd ry rk ne itveaehening an fan, en comeing new aout eal mar. My thnks oo Jon rion and toys fewer t Spine foe Wan wwtinach pes tones RA fe sin nnn Fon tot foc Fg 27 Lt Ufa 2.9)= 2+ nae aes oe ee 1.6 What Is Continsity? Inte previosseion we served te concep of mines con on 0m) tothe general concept of action But he ence of etic ect, ph i arse cai thn te pcr conce tare be mach ade fo ne Our immanent comin inconscmwioe phisan minden curve. We ae i pig Ut the emcee os ve teey kel the ‘pesto mn aS kp a ‘bout the ent of cue. Bu for now we wl cnn menag 0 “vnheokenress othe absece of gaps which sconces cle connected. Wehave lets noted atcomeceines an tite ofthe Bat ome ‘comncas icon ore general, ers as meting Whe he ‘oman ofthe onc ono ‘We wil veal wn sy connows econo cone ming tut forthe pen we rear cannes fo func on Bron nrasof Rach [0.1] = (e025 I} (Oe) = (x > 0 Inti case ne can den ¢ fenton fw econo ie nr foray umber ae tra) spprochcs fla) asx apphene There vaan aye forage ao “perachig whic wil dss mich For none jt Mae th Wes wih wo expe of ftos a vs 0B rata ot ‘a The isteranpl ste function won (ise This faction fis to esis a x= 0 becuse) appoates 1 (a ft stays constantly equal =I) 2+ approaches D fom blow, 3 0) = I. The ‘scood example the anion xo-{ hich ist approach ay vale a approaches fm above, este nies etween I and Ino mater how clone x cmes WO. The ip of 9 adit Fg 1 lO charly stom eo of dca. or = WN e130 Ci fins anA continous ncn on sched itv a,b] = La x <8 has popes that one woul exec rom he nttion ht ts graph an nb ane fs he pint aa) the po (Naty the Flowing Intermediate Vale Property If onto fntion om th closed ine (a.Ph ten ftaleseack value hetcen fi) and fh Extreme Valu Property. contin fenton the close ners), then fakes aman dina a) ‘Asctiows these propeics pyar hey ae fr fr vl prove nd hey O-Tosee why, note tat we ca angel eal in (01 im the allowing lit ceonding wo mses Senna seeds 12 ae SESS: os Soif we coverthe mh anal nthe stb a eral feng 2"! hen wal nthconered s $+ ‘Shoe can be mide nal at we plead mesa ofthe rains aber ‘ao be This sul Supiig'In ek weave exponen arn 1 The rational umes in. can Be sng 8. 2. Any liable et as mere ero, nde ist eral These two fics other ge anh oa iratonal aun exis in fact they show that “alos al” numbers a rao cus the rota hat = “Tha, the cence of messy led 1 expe covers aout of scl autor Enea meee suprvg reale cme tah we are te coe fare, we wl do oar chaps 174 Area and Volume ‘Theiden of demining sry ating sy mary ems cl gs ck ‘ancient Gree, whee mtb wa ey El an Aine od Sm mest sole A spectral compe ws Arch denrainion ‘the area of parabolic iegment wich foun ying the anole ssc 1 itiniely mony wags His mtd i lla nig. -12 For simpy» 1 Tense Question 18 What Does Analysis Want from &? From he dicsions in the rceing sections We et ht owes 49 Seve ‘nde gestions abou numbers, uncon, and cure il emerge fom + ee undentning of he sys Roel numbers To sein gio ens m seme want he th foliong yt only vaguely dened) proper 1. Agra te. Since the members of Rare spp ters ty shold di se itrece, pout apd quent opentons, bjt he al also alah Focesampi tbo be thi b= dt (VB =? 2. Completes, “aticns on R hve results. Fer ctample, the infinite som represented by a2 inti deci sich aso. Should he amenber of shoul ao be geome comple, in there of ving wo ps Hie continous i. Frm he popery me hope ove a cof cote fmcson whe expect reper sch a the rte ale pepe opel, rthmetc ad geome completeness wl alent Both ‘ane chee simulans, tenes ie then BE show ete ike ne Mesa of subst (oth Rand). ‘We ope fr a dein of menare that ges defiie meas 10 ch abl of erat ach "iy died et aR We bop these ‘anes y= "the mente of whch sl ent eee oF Thus, he problem of Ging th esse of ln se cs he pblem ‘ing ingralsone lh Fanner robin of nls Exercises Lee mya depen te cnt, ih a en heh wieermnd beta oo wl ops tam cogs se Toate torr ee rpms te oA ap oS Serena cca ons mira yes Sma (: st Thane mn nd ps of ptr hs dri of eno ihe ‘Sacto p tes ten. ty ora Fe Soa)-b Moa) x2 110 (9) tot 40 tata i 19° Historical Remarks Asc be se fom te ely ethons of his hut, some endamental pois atl ng felis fae sy, however tat all focused be atentn of ‘thematicin nite process lit drove he seach oases othe fandamentlgueions red out hat he ancients deme were clo 0 nswers—or wits nih the advantage of Ringo ey wore el ck year of it Much of hat we know shout the ancient Grek andertanag of suabes| snd geometry comes ro Bac’ Elements, ween round 300 Bex. We kao tht El cols es from ever hema sch a Bona, te lomen be knows syateratic preset of mama Hover toh metry td mm thy, sd sls wih he problem tht ier a the cxitence of ito uatiey Te knget ok the Elements, Book X, © deve othe clseton of rational nes angi Bort. And ‘he mont sl ook in te Hlement, Book V deed wo Els “cof proportions” wich serve Sa wi ira us y compra th tertona8 1 Meh Qe tn te exch we wil ow ht ite comparing an ine uatty wih sna ws ree hy Deki im the ninety t pve Teamdon fr peony The noe! pa of Dein en i essence ini ean sex tthe Gres al ter des of onus, "method of exhausion” mas ko ped fuer inthe ite nn entry hry of mens Jat he ter of pets ‘Smpares completed (iraea) ber wih simple oo fata) the pth of exhantinn compare» comphesel gemeine set wah me ant ‘eat ooe ch as tag or ingle A types example of eimaicn Is Archimeden’ dermination of tea of parol segment by comparing ‘ith costons of ingles St 7) Altgh hee aenfintly many tans ‘thc cmuncton the Grcks vod comeing thor itty ySboing fete mane of bem : “Ts ty summing fie gos GES ome can show tht any ae ess than 4 mye erode ya ft colton of wanes isis he pra ‘Sond "sahatin mean inhi one one dete eat vale fhe ae by chasing all oe possible vals In he lt nineteenth cen it ws fund ‘tat extonsly complicate peomeric ebject called mearuble et coh be ‘ly a to Th jt eine an pid the apponimaon array ce may gue the ase fife clei ‘This wi be expaed in Chap. In this sons, we can sayfa the ancient Grek came coe answering function al eontaity ae sce sy rey tac det oft Svelopment ‘As enon! Sec, sunctoes” were ogily things decried by onl thgh formals cond he nite omer ser gsm Sis Ba wes eons (175) constr a he ap of a ie te cominas Te was dsved bythe gener thy of gsm sees ‘eveloeyFoser (1807) Among creme, rie eribedthe "ae seve” ncon a iat ‘Despite sich ctamples, Fourier tended wo assume that functions defined by AS Dan Bra eh rer brary fein relly a ve shir aloes an ay general agunes oat cts sb cove cote uncon Asa example be more he funtion wealth Dhl, oa Crete tn fact. ty the dof he ice centr. he Dil fancied ot ce ‘specially pabogtal hs 4 Unt of tof comin oats ad ux Be ‘xpress bye forma ‘uch father tan was ot ought “Forms” may not be aa forall Functions, Bt hey extend far Beyond the coins factions ceri all fe called he Bare ance fer Rene Bae, ws Gist sel them in 198 fan astcrpsoprove he fundamental hore of sgt, pail he a ty Gauss (1815. tsb be aed tht no nl i the nn ome fom {he problem ti Ori the notation ors fndamcral rem of eta Iintcgrate ty qt 4) of panama, povided we cae pt n> ‘allie and ida fates Soch fran lows rom he Taam‘teaem falar. The novel cottesion of Gat as ose ton shold net en of armas fortes of poyomal eqns, ato dds the catenc oft rom pec properties of continous fates. Ts problem about te mont cncete Kind of formals plyonials, was ‘xzmly Shel st ning sat the nr is fener | hs pine dvs, Tec fs nt isl rime Sctrizs it mle pie neg, ‘my and my, © which these argument pps Since cach sp 0 te {ces price smaller umber, mn etnte—aecoany on 8 ime ‘Siac The Bciee alge terminates on any pi of ove np be “he False alors Ech time excel “epenelysakrats the hse sue fom the gest That we an wth he pa ob) (4.8) forsich ne can ase a> band scree fr pls (xb) = (ath. ~~), (as) = (sah, ~bn. mins 2 unl we get a = be. Sice he algrthm proces decrening quence of “Thos to res re ounltion sons of mbes hry. The et shows he ‘ome rsp we omit ee the gues of prime erat. Sinton ‘evidently a undanetal eile oy “Toy, we know tat vial ll tbe ery can be eat by 2 seals of avom—the Fran aom—that sine ete popes of fe induct simpbcitin the eins of sion od mliplcaon adi Sot 22 ‘we ml chow tei propericsuiod when icons spd. However hs as gt developmen in he soy of mematcs tok aon tie or the Mea o nds evolve frm the "xen frm wed by Each ace form pet inh Pea sam Exercises (oft pbb kt tn na pt ‘Seas tr oe pea ut cv tt tn en Oa me eg ith ann he pram cay ain rt a gna mete Soran a nn tt ‘tick wot wey item lh eee wes uns Ste oe mat mbt ee nes nam specs 21.1 Ue te Fons mee ent 37 of ea 33 NG Sanetea tele mentite =e Thea pe os ction ofp me im latch cach eae i oe a of pti 214 Show ht Fonsi el 6 io as nt (8) 21s EES fa ten inayat mat a et lly of tcf pe re 213 We senso fe pe pone 71 pe a ech poe neg a Be sun What dneutsoe2 Stn ted wh ry so? 2.2. Induction and Arithmetic Aah induc) bs ten pesca mites at ent si the time of ci, the rltion tie umlerics even va” proper of dso srt ‘ications quite emt Even mere emarabie thsdscovery was pubes {a book lend fr tiga chool dents Loch der Arie Centbokof Avital) of Hermann Gresinan, ia 186. Geena’ ae mat wa far aeadof ie time and tent notice. ven by maracas, nl ws ‘econo by Deskin (188 and Pan 899) epesing osc ow gy indecision aipenion "We falow Grit by ig ema amber. 23. eran he poskte igs 2.3, a Hi econ wo saw hen Sting Si map Wee her nn doe ‘Thon we ily Some te natal mandy 0,510) $81) 58500 ane ‘secenor function ite ony anton we oom "Apr by dont propery Pfr oats aed y pig ee, a7 he ni mp. 221 Addition (tier Sdation we mw bid ic ction yh allowing Ince defn ‘+ Sn forallm suing tat mn a aleay ben eins for alm follows by indoion ts is dtd for ntl ues me nd Te Bs hog © ‘ies defini of addon tt mpi ns 1 Shas bol, 50) bese #0 ny definition ado. Next a) =I bythe felling ndocin on m, Form = Owe ve So)=1=140, by dtm of aon ‘And ssuming at (a) = 1+ bos for =k wehine by deo fas, induct hyo, sss ecase Sn) = Son) =m = 1 + forall natura uber by ndacton | on cate niin tone als poe of on Himem=Uemen oral aura sues case. thet shes +s. which s+ my deeion of me And tet Sie (I+m) + Oa eqs +m. for the sane res. Ths] + (ss) = ++" Sots forall and n when n= 0. ‘Now forthe ction pe sappon a+ ) = (+m) + aloe = and prove at tao soem SU). We, 1(m+Sa))= 14 Sim +h) by deinion of adion SU (m+) by deiniton of abion, = Sem +b) by induction ype, +m) +s0) by desinion of bio. ‘Thi complete te induction "Wath the ep the scan aw we can pron oe letra popes of addon, sch a e conmeute la ms n+. The sep aon athe ‘erie below 2.22 Multiplication imply my he low dace The usta alpic propeies of muhiplicaion alow fem this inion. For ‘xample, we an prove he Weippe, that I"m = m by indton om“The hse ep 1-0 = 0 fms fromthe detonation. or the inducve ep, we supose atm = mls form =k Then by tition of eipicaion, hy nda ype, ty the pro above at t+ 1 = SU. “This completes endo, 01 = m fal aaa mabe 22.3 The Law ab = ba Revisited the fila ropes of muito follow hy inden aoe ind exes below, Te manic nthese poise sence alae ‘simpnos in he deinion of aon and malupbeaon. So all lst ‘rperics mat he pov ro src a5 Baus whith ens NE Fs rout fr example, tt one bk 1 prove oc bor roving "This may be ssn, Hesse we ein Set. 1 at ab = has ovions when we view mmber sph and tk he pod feng nd 0 Fe Tir rectangle” But n Sot 12 wesw tha the conse of Teng isn 5 ‘Spe i ks earl, tm lr ot ern rae ents By amber If we wit op the number concept on 2 nun oun, we shuld ‘resomaly gm with he nal mune where Gsanansapteach lows [topo ab ~ ba without appeal wo geometric ition. Hopf we an tes {ted he number concep fa cough capture the come fain length, ‘tiles same tne extending he pro tah = be aot pea geo The remainder of his chaer we explain how this rogram muy te cari cut The number concep Mend i wo sages fom tr amber 1 ‘atonal uber, sad fom raps o rel number. Te et tages tity str nd pry sigs, Te age we Wee tracing coe that rune: Bee! ene Exercises ‘Sen ceume fe wore asin ey ro se 221 Smt ete pr a ping = a ey 222 Tend ep nino mte958= 5) 6m Pr tg, Seetemainms ts! ca,5i) ied ceased sone Net mrs da wih tno fain nd mation A wim ae ctgrdurnetnavesiriso au beret esl Ue 223 Pon heh ound ee en mp 224 Powe arent eof mito Nm) = Gy indo on Fe Inte af mane et 225 Fe iy tnt i ey an mnt i mrt = my ton 2126 Stow tat eb e+ = flows on 0 =a oe ary inion 227 Show tt eins sept) Sm fle don ‘touts. ae 23. From Rational to Real Numbers The arithmetic of matral umbers in he pvius ton i eal extend he srtmeti of be aegate aon numbers, whee ma a ny a bers witha #0 Adm he dation f'n for ronal mae Bae eater at eee eee eeet eed ere ‘heconcept is matred ir ot har tse the commetatve seater ‘sndso on exe fro he sar aur tote anal names. Meroe ‘terational ner ves omeniet pope th intra amb ack ch tional number ¢ Obata malice ere ac at" ~ 1 Namely, em m/nthen nlm that of te inl nuber To extend abet ira uber We ed ‘rnd where he iro numbers ie rel i fest fra suber, tn we really hive oa hnking of eral amber ih ete 9 (The symbol Qapyrnt stand fr "gucient) Im Ser 12 wd Lo ee curved te foals raked by he execs of ‘rational mune, soch V2. for geomet and ane. On he ome han we ‘Seng amber ofl he ne On he ote band we want be ae wad {muy te pois oe he ie ins way that consent din sdumber bet imei act outro paca ew We ial of ‘in tig nite na Ts makes hel ber ee Neverels it decal do sale te problem fees al points of eso wor exping he eft We wil tat infinite imate cress some 7a ay ‘ton manbct Metre cw cea ember Coney sell cas ttimberssochas Ven alowa ato pane athnan Ve WS= V6. Fre re ne sn x Yipee ye ac enugh inne dsl fs ne. Th infin dcinal Wie Laie, {is what we call he at oper und (ab) fe following set of ite cima ais tis onopper boyd because i renter mca fhe nd iis east case fny mmr esha 1414213. must Beles i some decimal pes, and ence les than some member ofthe. Ths any ube than 1414213... per bound sa "he number 414213... the grat or ound (pb) fhe se 1413 Lala Laieeis by similar argument Teste ition number VE fs a pasizd be” pap ewe thet te desma bag ava, ate, Lanes, ‘There are of couse mary holes in the st of ae decal feats (a simpler ‘zample 13), at ac of thom 2p sized efor the ame reno ts “itn we can ape stray clon, romeo above. ne a {rcs Ths tne decimal complete arn y Engl Looking tk ove ths explanation, sess ht thre asin pec bat the st of fnte dima rcions. We cold ase any factions hat are peril naught aproach cach pe tray Sw. cxmple the inary ran ‘nfo imges mse Al the eer exter oe could weal the as Sumbers m/n This gives te vantage of ingle approach addon and Ilion, awe wil ce nthe met ston So ets wha gp ok Ike nthe sf ratoral mame If coneient 0 consider ow the st Qf ’A ga occurs wherever he Se Q” beaks it wo Ses, La, with he fotowing proper. 1 Bach memberof Lice tan every member of 2 Lhas no geaest menberand U has 0 kast mene,Underhese ecutances. the gap etme Lat U represen seperation ‘umber eqealtolb Land Ib U- An exagle i where u=eg sr > in which ae te gp eres tbe umber V5 = gb U Tsearaton of @” i two ts Land U wth the aon proper called 2 Dedekind ea ae Ricard Deckind ho fn ght of rpeseig atc tha tect ts ps0 re ling te ep simply yc the ape This noc 4 JA, but actly @ ep iden. Since L and U completly Phen les memo 'R qi ne” baie dese nds og, becuse ny bounded set of el mambrs i les oper bo “Psoralea at eal arbor ro apes by) rnin ce of namely, lower Doe as A ound toe mbes “Tis those flower Deskin et, a alle bw sae found . Bat then the nin Lal he ae sl omer Dedekind ot od is viously the Tec tha eatin (wich means > ember a be ea Ly Ts the thio Lo thet he est oper ed Th est ype hod pope haw smprnt consequences in ans sch at the intemdateaethorem ad the nepal of coainors facions. We il dy these sls in Chap. They depend onthe ft tha Ras 0 0s Sich we alt eompicteness of "The dts propery of be onSrof Ris called he Archimedean proper Insaye thm ita and ba ues with O <2 forsee natal rumker The propery hos beans inte mer Dodekin ct or thera ate pg snd we i oti nd ata umber sich at pla nis Fr example = will do “The Ariel pope ps ht hee are no infil mame: hat is numbers a> Oth «1a awa unos. ras finesinal, then ‘nv fecal aun umber» which comrade he Axsimedean poet wih “To mmmatze: the omer of the pesve eal mambers is lina dese Archimelenand complte. Se pe pnttcee ate <2 25 One adAptn Poin 2S. Algebraic Properties of B. ‘ni now we have worked nly with omsepate numbers, 031 he the stores rote Declines at cr makipieaion Lacking bck at he ete ‘scm it sea to ce how eave aun ca be cred slong well ‘We began with the twa mms, Dt. showing that ey hve he ‘king algerie prope (al provable by indo (commatativeln) (aseciave ens) (entity ews) ab 40) ~ab vac (thbuveten) ‘When we ain he segaiv integer 1 foreach positve mth ov aw re reserved i welt (=~ tnd we pin th able iver lo ateo-0. ‘hot sight algebraic laws deine what i als ring (or mie pei, 2 commutative ng with nt) We cll herr number and ther agus he Inert det tig fingers 2 The symbol comes he Caan ‘ont “Zale for “ives” “The quotes mn of eae mn wih # 0 form the st of (postive nd septive) ronal manbers and thy sts al he ls i ls he mlipicative mera a sere a! = nif = mi. A nce ating the nine laws alls fel ‘Our nal eject sntedce neve el amber thal he esiig et of real numeri el If we cotaus to die postive rl sumer ‘abs ofthe et Qf ke aoa, we ced din O ses nese el foreach pote. Then the fle (-)b = “ab estes that al he elds ‘Row let uscheretow hore of Rises wih sand pcs Cle, oct Macbienarectss(Given hat ie linear onder 8 ened ahve id wiht er te properties Iselin onde edd Since te ero eal ames iscomple we have is 2 comple one et isan oncnary 0 ad hat Ris Archineean bec hs prope actualy feos on coenes in andere Ba Archimedean property af complete ordered i 1 Fi compete omer Geld anda. be Fh © for Some natal mabe Proof. Sapose, cn icon tat ma bf each natal umber. Then the ‘lia2a te fs tounfedandbene bases upperboond, compen Sine thre mata amber AN = koolee We wool iw he slo whether a sequence comers with omg i vance what ts imix The Cauchy comergece terion makes is posible Cauchy convergence erteron. Sequecee.c.c.-comerseri foreach 0 ‘hee isn Now tatProf he segs 66 sist Cavey comerzee tein tere Ie scence of ual pmers i < Ne Ns <""= mach at mum > BM = kn-a < 172 mm> MN = kn <1 mmo Ny 9 ene <6, 306 Now i al < 12 foal mn > Nj hs mean arial that Alles say witha Sonos 12 of enn or > Mand tence witha nin of Teng Smarty fr N,N 0 we placed hse tras 1 ng with forall > 2 emg 12, with oall > Ni 2h emg 8, with fs fall n> Ns the leaginof wh becomes rbicary sil Byte need ira propery ther ia ange poim c common lo eae iat, and cede the nt ofthe limi hese of th eta intel proper, ad Rene skmtly Peau of he enrpleeces of Convers at memiows above, seach noe sas the Cac cero has 3 Hit hn is camplte Tne he comptes of ISetien expensed he way vey Canc sequence ha it wee 3 Cauchy ‘Sequence tre saying the Catchy conegene ei, This may sem re wide than, th last wpe bn property sport or several “Ones that seqpences of umber ar ery commaa—we have det sca sever cumpley so we need oun te concep of comverpnce Morne omfers cam voy ell be cone, a Bence no eed he Coney of Dakin/ct yt apply. Amer eno thal sequece of acon re als) ‘common and wean se the Cac conergoce terion for fants, where he ‘Somcepeof Dedekind lo drs peel ap. Exercises 252 Incr cr Va cm tof le a SOU patience ah ks id ‘one ete pes mrt 22 2 wilt cmap ee Ce otekeni 266. Show tut eth ac peepee Din 265 Sr Sa Ss ne mia en ‘Sevan eeiy Dende 247 Daihen oer Cay enn, 27 Continued Fractions ‘he Bacliean goin fom Sect. 2.1 whch pets o pai ab of ine integer can aoe vowed aa prose for xpi each poste ral a/b {63 conte action Ind. he cond cto ees ences he an Sepsin the aves Heri anctample. We oes onthe amhers Ian 7, by fin ccaing sae rction 197 ioe Bard satuncting ice 19 subuacting? ice fam The umbers2 2,2 ocarmasia the coisued facto for 197 corte ber ‘times the smaller smb cat te tac fon rperatcach sage: Inet ‘ends they meer th pin when he ger uber vided bythe seer, ‘Given any sumer mre mand ae pone ftps we an silat