INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Short-circuit Characteristics of D-c Motors a7 Page 1 and Generators ee INTRODUCTION Short-circuit currents in direct-current systems are acquiring increased importance as the total capacity of the machines connected to a single bus continues to increase. It is not unusual for 15,000 lew of genera- tion and a similar or greater amount of load to be con- nected to one bus at 600 volts. Likewise, at 250 volts, concentrations of several thousand kilowatts of source ‘capacity and a like amount of load on one bus are not ‘The magnitude of the short-circuit current avail- able from such concentrations of power is often not fully appreciated. ‘The data in this section is presented to provide fundamental information on the short- circuit characteristics of direct-current motors and generators. Knowledge of these characteristics should Permit a better appreciation of the short-circuit cur- rents which can occur in d-c systems. ‘Motors and generators are probebly the most com- mon source of short-circuit current. There has been a considerable amount of investigation on the subject of their behavior under short-circuit conditions and tthe result is a well-defined method of determining the curren for a solid short circuit atthe terminals of the COMPLETE EXPRESSION FOR SHORT-CIR- CUIT CURRENT A complete expression for the short-circuit current is art at. ania @ i. =per-unit current internal emf prior to short circuit (per-unit) fq steady-state effective resistance of machine (per unit) Ws ctraaent fective resistence of machine (per unit) @, armature circuit decrement factor a; =fild circuit decrement factor @ ‘The decrement factors for the two parts of equation (2) are so different that the two parts can be con- sidered independently. ‘The first part of equation (2) has a time constant which is determined by the armature circuit eharacter- istics. This time constant is relatively short and con- trols the build-up and peak magnitude of the short- circuit current. The time constant for the second part of equation (2) is determined by the shunt field characteristics and is relatively long. It controls the decay of the current from it peak value. Dee. 4, 1956 ee Peak Short-circuit Current from Complete Expression The maximum short-circuit current is given by the expression ee e where i, is the per-unit peak short-circuit current. Rate of Rise of Short-circuit Current from Complete Expression ‘The initial and maximum rate of rise of the short- circuit current is determined by taking the derivative of equation (1). Thus, apa ajar ® where di,/dt=rate-of-change of current in per-unit amperes per second. The other parts of the derivative cof equation (1) are negligible. Effect of Saturation Considering only the foregoing four equations, it would appear to be # simple matter to calculate and construct @ curve of the short-circuit current from lof oF generator. Indeed, it would be easy to.de.; ‘this if all the terme in equation (1) remained constant; uring the short circuit. The two decrement factors, however, are affected by magnetic saturation and do: ‘not remain constant. This fact makes it a ong and, Inborious task to calculate the curve of short-cirenit” current versus time. ‘The effect of saturation on the armature circuit decrement factor is to cause the factor as the machine seturates. As a magnitude tthe change in the decrement factor is not a matter of agreement among the investigators of this subject: Approximate values suggested for the armature circuit’ decrement factor under saturated conditions. vary from 1.5 to 3.0 times the unsaturated value. ‘To be conservative a value of 3.0 has been recommended. ‘These two values for the armature circuit decrement factor, the saturated and unsaturated values, repre-? sent the factor at the initiation of the fault and et the time maximum current is reached. Between these two - limits, the decrement factor is changing from one value to the other value and the change for apy desired time interval would have to be estimated. APPROXIMATE CURVE OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT VS. TIME ‘The difficulty involved in calculating the curve of short-circuit current versus time by use of the com plete expression, equation (1), has led investigators to develop a good approximate method. ‘Analysis of oscillographs of actual short-circuit cur. renta indicates that the current-time curve ia a straight,cuncnar @ tuserae Short-circuit Characte: INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA 00K s of D-c Motors and Generators line from the initiation of the fault until the current Teaches two-thirds of its maximum value. The rate of rise of the current during this period has been found to remain constant at a value equal to the initial, maxi- mum rate determined by equation (4). (Mtn 142950) Flas 1. Type! shortcut choractral of doe meter 6 generator After the Teaxcr-1=73X10° amperes per second, ‘or 2010 amperes.i~ INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Short-circuit Characteristics of Electronic ceenacp eveciaic Power Converters : eS INTRODUCTION Electronic power rectifiers are @ major source of power for direct-current systems in industry. A Knowledge of the short-circuit characteristics of the power rectifier is essential for those who operate, design, or supply equipment for a direct-current sys- ‘tem incorporating a rectifier. ‘The material presented here permits the enginecr to determine the approximate short-circuit character- istics of the power rectifier imum knowledge of the power rectifier and the system. TYPICAL CHARACTERISTIC ‘A typical current-time curve for a power rectifier is showa in Fig. 1. This curve is for a bolted fault at the terminals of the rectifier, The bolted fault is, in effect, f three-phase fault on the a-c system and the magni- tude of the d-c fault current depends primarily upon ‘the impedance of the rectifier transformer. inn _ Imre 1560407 Flas 1. Typleat ‘The peak at the hslf-cycle point in the current- time curve is caused by the same phenomenon that Creates the d-c offset in an ac short circuit. The fuagnitude of this peale current depends on the X/R tatio of the rectifier transformer and the a-c system, ‘and algo on the amount of resistance and inductance through which the short-circuit current flows in the Gre ayatem. The X/R ratio of the transformer and Que system determines the moximum possible value for this current in any particular case. The addition Of resistance and/or inductance in the d-c system then acts to reduce the magnitude of the peak current. ‘The current-time curve is shown in Fig. 2 for a case where the peak is eliminated. ‘The initial sate of rise of the d-c short-circuit cur- rent for a solid fault at the rectifier terminals varies Ghrectly with the magnitude of the sustained short- Girouit current. The addition of inductance in the d-c System acts to decrease the rate of rise of the fault Current. The addition of resistance in the d-c system falso decreases the rate of rise of the fault current, but to a much lesser degree than inductance. The addition of resistance acts to decrease the rate of rise only through its ection in reducing the magnitude of the nustained fault current. (tho rsem.08) 2. Coren. corvs for case where pook het been allincted ‘iy tndottence in de syste: METHOD OF EVALUATING SHORT-CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC ‘The determination of the rectifier short-circuit characteristic; ie, current-time curve, for a bolted Fault at the fectiter terminals is feirly simple, since the ac system (rectifier tranaformer included) ts the Controlling factor. The evaluation becomes more dif: Celt however, when the short circuit occurs out in the Le aystem end inductance and resistance are, present Sm'che de system. ‘The problem becomes even mor Ecmplicated when other sources of short-circuit eur rent are present in the d-c system. sity Tt is necessary to develop an equivalent circuit to: epterent the rectiher, if ealculations-are to be per formed with any ease, This rectifier equivalent circuit ; eould have on equivaient resistance and an equivalent) Inductance which would be used es constants for} faloulating the d-c fault current. ee "The equivalent resistance in determined from @ rectiner requiation curve, similar to Fig. 3, and.a.step-" by-step procedure is given later for this purpose. The}, Eectvalehe resistance, will vary for “diferent: fault. ‘conditions and depends upon the rectifier terminal ] Shtage daring the fault, ‘The nature of the regulation { Tove rnakes it necessary to use a, trial-and-error Grocedare to determine. the correct equivalent. redp Prtance, This resistance is then used to calculate the! Nintained value of de short-circuit current. erwinae vourace ite ssomson(6172 GENERAL etecrnic INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS, DATA BOOK! $ 4;/: evetces hae oe « Ved, at in ME Short-circvit Characteristics of Electronic |’ Power Converters ; eS by assuming that the rete of rise of the current re." ‘mains const until the current reaches a value equal |. !!* to the magnitude of the sustained short-circuit cur,” rent. The time duration of region B will stay at ap." 7, proximately one cycle. As the amount of inductance ia. : increased, the current peek is reduced nd when the eee peak is eliminated, region B will be nonexistent. That in, the current will transfer from region A to region G- with no overshoot. 7 i ‘The current-time curve developed ia accordance!” ; with the procedures outlined represents the short- circuit characteristic of the rectifier It represents the * current which that particular rectifier will supply to the short cireuit. : I rte tera) ate Pa. a. Peak tout earant fest : fone s sf ryton content ARC.BACK 1" he equivalent inductance is determined from a ronic power rectifiers ere eubject to failure knowledge of the sustained. shortcircute current for ying action of a tube. This type of failure, @ bolted fault and the rated system voltage. An ex- is termed ‘“are-back,” and is’ agsociaied with current, min the procedure for caleaecig We flow through the falled tube in the een ae reasion is t {Ui he magnitude of the pea short-circuit current Te represents a fault on the rectifier transformer andl i determined by the ac and dc ayatoms impedance of the de but. Ay a raul, the curent magetade’ oats f gharseteritics and the effect of both aystema ia cov- may be quite high, Rectiler substation manufacturers aye Eo Ged by the one family of curves Fig i" ormully include a protective device to protect agaiat SY Bahru Aih bY [VA step-by-step procedure is given later that details the current during are-back and, hence, no methed of | 15713) 4 [sR sted of ctlalating the equivalene resistance calculating this Curent wil be Included inthis didi 04 <5) A [and inductance, and of using these quantities to cal-. cussion, Spree tote eee -eulate the sustained fault current, peak fault current, EESEHE tee |, {and rate of rise of the fault current, ‘STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE” FOR: x i E 2 LATING RECTIFIER SHORT- CONSTRUCTION OF CURRENT-TIME CURVE RENT i ‘The a ae will LA ee three 1. Obtain values for: box regions, Fig. 5, to facilitate a discussion of its con: fa. Rated de voltage (Ey) struction. Region A covers the period of initial rate cunipee “of rise, region B covers the time during which the Peseaeed iperes (Ip) | feurrent is above the sustained value, and region C ‘covers the time after the current has obtained its RESON A. |. sustained value. The time duration of regiona A and B depends upon the emount of inductance and reat the d-c system through which the fault car- ijrent flows. For a rectifier terminal fault (no. resist ance of inductance in dee system), region’ A covers ‘one-sixth eyele, region B covers fivesixth cycle, and Fegion C covers the time after one cycle until the Curent is intecrupted. “the ‘masimase cusent is Feached at one half cycle after the fault occurs, Resistance only (to appreciable inductance) in the dc oyatem between the sectifer and the fault reduces “the magnitudes of the peak current and the sustained current. The time which the peal occurs will remain the same as for the case of « terminal fault; that i one half cyele after the fault occurs, The time dr tion of regions A'and’B will be the seme @s Tor a terminal faut. Inductance in the d-e ayatem will cause the current peak to occur ata time later than one-half cycle after the fault and also decreases the magnitude of the current peak, Thus, the tune duration of region A rte smc Fill be increased and can be calculated approximately Fig, 8, Type! covenlaine meta 4 a “2 5 “2 s 1 alee 1 ' { {INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK cuit Characteristics of Electronic Power Converters semen @ euecrme . Total acc impedance in ohms (Z,) and in per 12 unit (7), reactance in ohms (X.) and resist- lance in ohms (Re). (Include rectifier trans- former and a-c system. See page 5 for conver- sion formulas and typical impedances.) 4. Dec aystem inductance in henries (Uy) and resistance in ohms (Ry) from source to fault, _° including fault. 5 2. Convert d-e system inductance (Lp) to an equiv. £°*| lent reactance in ohims (X,) by use of the ex E pression: is system frequency For 60.cycie system Xp=377 Low 3, Determine the ratios K; and Ky: Wee Ko/ Pe and KEE double-way rectifiers i 2Ry oR for doubie. 1 wye rectifiers. 4. Assume a value for the rectifier terminal voltage ‘per unit (e) under the faulted condition. From Fig. 6, obtain a value for the eustained faulty, current factor (K:). 5. Using the value of z, from Step 1 and Ks from Step 4, calculate the value of Ig, in amperes. Tay=(K+/2.) X Ip amperes. 6. The equivalent rectifier resistance for use in the ‘equivalent circuit is calculated 08: a R= E2=E ohms i ian ms 7 7. Calculate equivalent inductance for the rectifier by the expression: henties (for f= 60) A rent for a terminal bolted fault, (rectifier Voltage of zero), oF Iyy™ (1.02/2,)Xh Value of inductance to use in the equi cuit to represent the rectifie 8, Draw the equivalent circuit and calculate the ustained value of fault current and the rate of tise of the fault current. Sustained fault cur- rent mig, Tae amperes Rate of rise of current: pperes per second. 9, Calculate the rectifier terminal voltage as: pla XRe- Ew Fig, 6 Seitlned foul current factor EXAMPLES OF USE OF CALCULATING PRO: CEDURE Poe or ag a gE le 5 3 s ea 35 * Me roe een If the Bq! (Bu=euXEn) assumed. in Step’ 4]: fa within 10 percent of the value calculated for, | E,. in Step 10, the solution is satisfactory, TEs the error is too great, repeat, the procedure as: suming a new velue for ea: eee When a satisfactory solution for the sustained! fault current hes been obtained, calcul peak fault current 08: ‘Peake current (amperes) —Zay (amp) 11= Ta Where the peale fault current factor, Ky wad Gbtained from Fig. 4 using the ratios ealcule- ted in Step 3. : Using the rate of rise and sustained fault curre from Step 8 and the peak current from Step 1 Plot a curve of current vs time. 0: Calculate current-time curve f fier terminals. Tho step num correspond to procedure: 1. Given: 500 kw, double-wye rectifier on cyele ace aystern- ‘Rated dc voltage (Ep) =250 volts Rated doc amperes (Iq) =2000 amps Sane et elero. pec uit and. waka the formula on page 5 for the conversion of, 10 Zo 2 Zq=0.076X2.3X Foqg 7-022 ohms Acc reactance (X¢)=0.0217 ohms. ‘Acc resistance (Re) ~0.0036 ohme | Dre resistance and inductance are, zer f By‘ 200 cenenan @ cueerare Dee. 4, 1955, 2. Converting the d-c system inductance to an equivalent reactance gives: Lp=Xy=0. double-wye rectifier, therefore For the terminal fault, the rectifier terminal voltage is zero. From Fig. 6, Ks 1.02. With Ky=1.02 and 2=0.076: 6,900 amperes. ©. Rectifier equivalent resistance is then: Re= = 0.0093 ohms. 26900 amps culate Ley, the value of Ty ot firet be calculated. in this case, a terminal fault, I~ Ta. 26900 amperes (from Step 5). 1. To ‘Then, (or f=60). 8, Sustained fault current (Ia) 26900 amperes Rate of rise of fault current (RR,) = 250 BEX per second. 9. ‘The rectifier terminal voltag lated as: Eye= 280 — (26600 0.0098) = 250-250 250 009370) 9.7 X10° amperes is now cateu- 10, Eye ané Eq are both zero and solution is ‘satisfactory. From Fig. 4, Ki=1.62 for K.=0.166 (Step 3) and Ky=0. Tj," 1.62 26900 = 43600 amperes. ‘The current-time curve is as plotted in Fi 4. 2, Calculate the current-time curve for a fault In the d-c system for the same rectifler as used in Example A. 1, Given: 500 kw, double-wye rectifier, 250 volts, 2000 amperes, on 60-cycle a aystem Re=.0036 ohms Ly = 10X10 henries OL ohms. Short-circuit Characteristics of Electronic Power Converters ‘EURREWE (THOUSANOS OF AMPERES! a | Fy (mate vs0H4n “oul (Example ; Ere 2. Converting d-c system inductance toan equiv. |) alent reactance: : Xp=377X10X10"= 0.00377 ohms. | Jie 2Xp _2X0.00377 _, ze Xe "027 4, Assume that ¢j4=0.2 re From Fig. 6, Ky=0.9 5. With Ky=0.9 and z,= 0.070: p 9 7 ‘ Tau= 5,576 2000= 23650 amperes, 6. Rectifier equivalent resistance is now, : __(250~50) volte 7 Ry = GE FO) 2Ol8 9 00845 ohms : 7, Rectifier equivalent inductance is unchanged: Ly™25.8X10-# henries {from Example A) 8. Sustained fault current = L 250 * " §p08es FOOT = 26400 amps Rate of rise =RRu= aE gy 7.0X10* amperes per second. 9. ‘The rectifier terminal voltage is calculated Eqe= 250—~(26400X0.00845)=250—224 = 26 volts,INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK 7 Short-circuit Characte: Power Conver In Step 4, cy was assumed =0.2 per unit, or E450 volts ‘The difference between Ey, and Eq is too great so the procedure from Step 4 to Step 10 must be repeated as follows 4a, Assume that ¢yq=0.1 From Fig. 6, K=0.965 0.965 0.076 (250~25) votts 25400 amps Ja. Lq=25.8X10~ henries a, Sustained fault current=Ta,= ea0eR EaoT 725350 ampere 0.00887 -+.001 Pee Rate of rise=RR,.=7.0X10" amperes per second. 9a. Hy. 250— (25350 0.00887) = 250 ~ 224 =26 volts 10a, In Step 4, e401 Ey 0.1250 v=25 volts ‘The difference between the assumed ter- minal voltage, Ea, and the calculated value, Ey, ia now so slight that any further calculation is not necessary. LL, ‘The rectifier peak current is then determined. From Fig. 4 for Ks=0.35, and Ky=0.26, Kant and 1y, = 25350 X 1.4 = 35500 amperes. 12, The current-time curve for the current from the rectifier to the fault is drawn in Fig. 8 with, Sa. Tye 9-32 X 2000 = 25400 amps 6a. R, 0.00887 ohms RR,.=7.0X10- amperes per second Typ 38500 amperes y= 25350 amperes. TYPICAL CONSTANTS FOR 250-VOLT OR 600-VOLT RECTIFIERS ‘The following ranges of values for and aystem constants may be used in those cases where it is impossible to obtain the actual values. Rectifier Transformer— Reactance=0.055—0.08 per unit on trans former kva base Resistance=0,018—0.01 per unit on trans- former kva base System— Reactance=0.002—0.02 per unit on trans- former kva base, The lower values of transformer reactance and higher values of resistance apply to small units (ap- proximately 500 kw) and the higher values of react ‘ance and lower values of resistance apply to large units (approximately 5000 kw). : 1) cewenas @ cucerns| 4 rters CcunmeNT (THOUSANDS OF AMPERES) ‘Time (miLtsseconos) (rete 150840) ‘The system reactance is quite variable, but in: general, the low values are for use with amall rect fiers and the higher values for large units. CONVERSION FORMULAS Conversion of 2, to Zc circuits) where Zo ohms at rectifier tranaformer secondary volts age oe 2, per unit on rectifier transformer iva base: E, = rated d-c voltage Ip) rated d-c amps These formulas can also be used to convert.com- mutating reactance or resistance from a per unit, value to an ohmic value. i EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS ‘The step-by-step procedure presented in the preced- ing paragraphs i @ fairly simple and straightforward method for calculating the short-cireuit current from, ingle rectifier or from several’ paralleled rectifiers. In the case of paralleled similar ection 4 ‘he caleulting procedure ean be applied by coh ining Be Ee 1“72 GrncRa @ cuecrase pin pi Dee 4, 1956 the rectifiers into one equivalent unit having a rating equal to the sum of the individual units. The step-by-step procedure is not quite so con” venient nor 0 easily applied when the rectifiers are dissimilar, when they are located at different points in the system, or when other sources of short-circuit rent are present in the eystem. The drawback to its use is simply that the entire system short-circuit calculation must be completed in order to check the terminal voltage which was assumed in Step 4 of the procedure. If the calculated value of terminal voltage does not check the assumed value, the entire calcul tion must be repeated with a new assumed terminal voltage. ‘Thus, for these cases, an equivalent circuit for the rectifier is of considerable assistance in performing the system calculation. Equivalent Circuit for Initial Rate of Rise ‘The rectifier can be represented by the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 9 for determining the initial rate Of rise of the current for all types of system calcula: tions. The value of La is determined by the expression (given in Step 7 of the step-by-step procedure. _ Equivalent Cireult for Sustained Fault Cur- rent The equivalent circuit for calculating the sustained ‘short-circuit current containe a voltage source and a resistance. If the voltage source ia considered to be equal to the rated dc voltage the resistance is @ variable (dependent on the rectifier current) and can be determined by use of the atep-by-step procedure previously given or an approximate value can be used. ‘The approximate value assumes that the volt-ampere curve given in Fig. 6 can be replaced by one straight Jine running from 1.0 per unit voltage to K,=1.15. ‘The resistance of this one straight line is then deter: mined as shown in Fig. 10. The maximum error in- troduced by use of this resistance value is approxi- mately 15 percent. If the system short-circuit current is to be calculated ‘by the superposition method one of the rectifier equivalent circuite chown in Fig. 11 or 12 can be used. ‘The use of these two circuits involves trial and error to the extent that an assumption must first be made as to whether the rectifier current will be greater or less than a certain value. The calculation would have to be repeated if the first. assumption proved to be errone- ‘ous. The superposition method of calculating requires series of calculations in which the current due to ‘each source is calculated independently and the cur- rents are then summarized to give the actual current in each part of the system, INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA‘BOOK 4 Short-circuit Characteristics of Electronic nS Power Converters wr» ke | Recrinien FERNS Lys VALUE FROM STEP 7 OF CALCULATING PROCE! lg. 9, Recife equivalent clit for calelatng Inia rot 3 ‘ot shortceelt corel. ast, E*108E» Se ne teceeree eee Ft VALUE FROM STEP 6 OF EALCULATING PROCEDURE OR + Zefa ron aponoxware DURE. (hoe 1159997) er x i Fecrinen! : ‘ Teniinacs f ‘CALCULATIONS. (toa aso Recneien TERMINALS : } Tee i (FOR CALCULATION RECTIFIER TERMINALS 108 25 Ep (FOR CALCULA Re ON WHEN ‘ ae 751, Tae < (tet 1c) Fa. 12. ResttirINDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Short-circuit Characteristics of Electronic Power Converters caveat @ xecras 72 Page 7 Dee. 3, 1936 SYMBOLS Ey =rectifier rated d-c voltage (volts) Ey, =rectifier d-c voltage (volts) with sustained fault current flowing Ip =rectifier rated d-c current (amperes) Tj, =sectifier current (emperes)—preliminary value of sustained fault current calculated from an ‘assumed rectifier terminal voltage. Tx =rectifier current (amperes)~—final calculated value of sustained fault current Is. =fectifier current (amperes) for bolted fault L} =inductance (henries) of d-c system from recti- fier to fault, including the fault Ry resistance (ohms) of dec system from rectifier ‘to fault, including the fault Re =commutating resistance (ohms) based on recti- fier transformer secondary voltage, includes rectifier transformer and a-c system Ry “equivalent rectifier resistance (ohms), for use in equivalent circuit Xe =commutating reactance (ohms) based on recti- fer transformer secondary voltage, includes rectifier transformer and a-c system . Xp equivalent reactance (hme) of d-c system from rectifier to fault, including the fault Iu, =peak rectifier fault current (amperes) Ki =peake fault current factor K, =sustained fault current factor Ky =reactance constant for determining Ky KK, =resistance constant for determining K, Ze =commutating impedance (ohms) based on recti- fier transformer secondary voltage, includes rectifier transformer and a-c system Ze =commutating impedance in per unit on rectifier transformer kva base 4, ~assumed rectifier terminal voltage (volts) under fault condition eq assumed rectifier terminal voltage in per unit of rated rectifier d-c voltage RR, rate of rise of current Ig. (amperes per second)INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK D-c System Short-circuit Current : Calculations cxnenaL @ euternic ealT&A Oe Page 1° Dee. 3, 1956 SOURCES OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT ‘The sources of short-circuit current in direct-current systems include motors, generators, rectifiers, bat- teries, electrolytic cella, and synchronous converters. ‘The short-circuit characteristics of motors, gen- erators, rectifiers, batteries and synchronous con- verters are presented in preceding sections. The characteristics in each case include equivalent circuits to represent the particular source when calculating the initial rate of rise of the current and the maximum short-circuit current. ‘The characteristics for electrolytic cells are not firmly established at this time. BUS SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULA- TION ‘The calculation of the short-circuit current for a bus fault can generally be done by considering each source individually, (neglecting the other sources entirely) ‘constructing a current-time curve for each source, and ‘adding the curves graphically to obtain the total short-circuit current, This method can be used when the bus is considered to have negligible resistance and inductance, since the short-circuit current from one source has no effect on the other sources. The short circuit itself fs always assumed to have zero resistance and inductance. ‘The information presented in the preceding sections is adequate to make this calculation since each source of short-circuit current is considered individually. ‘This method of calculating the total short-circuit current, i.e. by graphic summation of the individual currents, is also applicable when calculating the short- circuit duty on a feeder circuit breaker. The resistance fand inductance of the feeder circuit breaker are neglected when calculating the duty on that circuit breaker and, therefore, the calculation of the short- Gireuit current is usually the same as for a bus faut. "The above discussion of the calculation of bus short- circuit current is applicable when the bus is con- sidered to have negligible resistance and inductance. ‘This would be the case for a switchgear bus or a short, ‘open bus. In some cases the ina plant does not have an actual bus or if there is a bus it may be quite long. In.these cases the bus short- it current _cannot be calculated by considering each source individually. A procedure such as Gescribed in the following parsgraphs for a feeder short-circuit current calculation will have to be used. FEEDER SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCU- LATION A short circuit on a feeder will result in the current from all of the sources flowing together through some of the same system elements. Referring to Fig. 1, for the indicated short-circuit location the currents from all three sources must flow through a common. circuit element which in this case is the feeder from the nog -cicut ovng the corente sharing the path through the common cil! alomen's bus to the short-circuit location. Since the currents must share a common path, the calculation of the currents for a feeder short circuit must be a system calculation where the entire system ia taken into account at ell times in the colculation. This calcula- tion is best performed with the aid of two system diagrams: an inductance diagram and a resistance diagram. . Resistance Diagram : “Phe resistance diagram for a direct-current system is similar to n system one-line diagrain and shows all tr the system resistances. The resistance dlagram is Shown in Fig. 2 for the very simple direct-current tystern shown in one-line diagram form in Pig. 2. For’ Simplicity only one feeder cireut is tadicated. ‘The Yalues for the internal resistances of the sources of Short circuit current are determined on the baisof the Short-cireuit charecteristice. presented in. preceding Sections. Resistances of the offer ayatem components tre determined from a knowledge of their sie and composition : ‘This diagram is used to calculate the maximum. short-circuit current for a short cieuit at any polat Inthe system. The resistance diagram is handled in the same manner ee the reactance diagram in an‘erc thoctereult study, The resistances cat be combined ‘parallel or series until one equivalent. system. fesistence ig determined to fepresent the aystemn from the point of short circuit back to the voltage source. ‘rhe total maximum short-circuit current then calculated by using this equivalent system resistance ih the following expression. Seat 1p=Z__ amperes where @) system voltage (volts) R_,=Bquivalent ayster resistance (ohms) {1 Totalmaximumshortciruiteurrent(amperes) ‘the current in each branch of the ayatem can be. calgulated in the samme manner as the branch eurrents fe calculated in at alleraating current impedance oF factance diagram Bee Systen Short sree