“Example20___ Ifathree-digit number is formed from the digits 1,3, S and the digits cannot be repeated, find the probability that the number can be divided by 5. Solution Let S be the sample space, then n(S) = 3! = 6. Let £ be the event ‘the number can be divided by 5°. Only the numbers ending with 5 can be divided by 5. Assuch, n(E) = number of ways of arranging 1 and 3=2! =2 nm) 221 Thus, PE) =) 63 Combinations When calculating the number of combinations of r objects from n unlike objects, arrangement is not taken into consideration. ‘The number of combinations of r objects from n different objects is "C,, C nt n(n = 1)(n=2) ... = r+1) ri(n=nt 1.2.3 Example 21 Three letters are randomly selected from the word ‘BEAUTY’. (@) How many code words of three letters can be formed? (b) Find the probability that all the three letters chosen are consonants. Solution (@) Number of three-letter code words that can be formedis the number of permutations 6x5x4=120 (©) Number of ways of selecting 3 letters from 6 letters without considering its arrangement, n(S) = °C, = 6x5x4 1x2x3 =20 If Eis the event ‘three consonants are selected’, then n(E) =). 1 Pe) nS) 20 ‘The probability that three consonants are selected is w Example 22 eee Four balls are randomly selected from a box containing 5 red balls and 6 white balls. (@) In how many ways can the four balls be chosen if (i) there is no restriction? (ii) the white balls must be more than red balls? (b)\ Find the probability that of the four balls chosen there is only one white ball. \ thal i us Cran) Since the order ofthe letters matters, thisisa ‘permutations problem. Consonants are the non- ‘vowel letters. in this case, there are three consonants B,TandY. ‘Since the order in which the balls are selected is not important, this is a ‘combinations’ problem, Probablity 73 Scanned with CamScanner‘Multiplication Rule fan event can occur in m ways and another event can occur in n ways, then the two events can occur successively in m x n ways. 7A probability Solution (a) @) Number of ways of choosing randomly 4 balls fom 11 balls wig 1! _ 330 considering its arrangement = "C, = 7 ii) If the white balls must be more than the red balls, then the possibilities 3 white balls and I red ball or all the four balls are white, By the multiplication rule, the number of ways of choosing 3 white ball -5=100 Number of ways of choosing 4 white balls = °C, = 77 = ‘Therefore, number of ways of choosing 4 balls on condition thatthe nu of white balls must be more than the red balls = 100 + 15 = 115 ways, (b) If $ is the sample space consisting of all the ways of choosing 4 balls, n(S) = 330. If Eis the event that only one white ball is chosen, then | Saat In how many ways can a committee of 2 male adults, 4 female adults and 3 boys| chosen from 6 male adults, 8 female adults and 4 boys if (a) there are no restrictions? (b) a particular male adult and a particular female adult must be included? Solution (a) Number of ways 2 male adults can be chosen from 6 male adults = “C, Number of ways 4 female adults can be chosen from 8 female adult Number of ways 3 boys can be chosen from 4 boys =“C, ‘Total number of ways = C, .'C, . 15.70-4 =4200 (b) If a particular male adult must be included, then the other male adult must © selected from the remaining 5 male adults. ‘Number of ways of selecting 1 male adult from 5 of them = 4C,=5 Ifa particular female adult must be included, than the other 3 female adults ™ be selected from the remaining 7 female adults, Number of ways of selecting 3 female adults from 7 of them = Number of ways of selecting 3 boys from 4 of them =*C, = 4 Total number of ways = 5.35.4 * =700 235 Scanned with CamScannerConditional Arrangements and Selections Consider the following examples. Example 24 ee In how many ways can 5 men and 2 women be arranged in a row if (a) the two women must be side by side? (b) the two women must not be side by side? Solution (a) The two women can be grouped into one unit and there are 2! ways of arranging them. WOOHOO Now we have 5 men and 1 unit containing 2 women to be arranged in a row. ‘These can be arranged in 6! ways. ‘Therefore, number of arrangements = 2! 6' 440 (b) Total number of arrangements without restrictions = 7! Number of arrangements with both women side by side = 2! 6! So, number of arrangements with both women not side by side = 7! - 21 6! =3.600 Use the concept of nie) = n(5)- mE). Croce Example 25____ In how many ways can the word ‘MERGED" be arranged if both letters E must be separated? Solution ‘Number of arrangements without conditions = —- With two E’s placed side by side, then number of arrangements = S! i 6 Therefore, number of arrangements with both E's separated =—7-~5!=240 Example 26 —_________ Four letters are selected from the word ‘SENDING’ to form a code word. Find the number of these code words that (a) do not contain the letter N, (b) contain one N, (©) contain two N's. Solution (a) Without letter N, 4 letters can be chosen from (S, E, D,1, G). manana Thus, number of selections of 4 letters from the 5 letters = *C, = 5 on Now, each selection of 4 letters can be arranged in 4! ways. Thus, number of arrangements = 24 x 5= 120 (b) With a letter N selected, there are 3 letters to be selected from {S, E, D, I, G). Conditional arrangements Number of selections = °C, = 10 ; Sat | Also, each selection of 4 letters can be arranged in 4! Thus, number of arrangements = 24 x 10= 240 Probability 75 Scanned with CamScannerConditional arangements with 2NS Number of selections = *C, x °C, = oe But each selection can be arranged in 5 = 12 ways (reason: there are 24) ‘Thus, number of arrangements = 10 x 12= 120 Eee 10 76 (©) With both N’s included, 2 letters need to be selected from (S, B,D, 1,G), Find the total number of ways to arrange the letters of the words: (a) ‘STATISTICS’ (b) ‘SOME” In how many ways can odd numbers greater than 4.000 be formed from the digits 1, 2, 4 and 8 if the digits can only be used once? Find the total number of ways to arrange the letters of the words: (a) ‘SINGSONG’ (b) ‘REPORTS’ ‘Two fair dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability of getting a sum of 7 from the two dice. Find the number of ways that 9 people can be divided imo (a) two groups of 6 people and 3 people. (b) three groups of 4, 3 and 2 people. ‘A child, 2 ladies and 3 gentlemen are to be seated at a round table, Find the number of ways the 6 people can be arranged if the child (a) can sit at any place, (b) sits between two ladies, (©) sits between two gentlemen. ‘Two gentlemen, two ladies and a boy are required to stand ina line. Find the number of arrangements if the boy must stand between the two ladies. ‘A bag contains 4 red cubic blocks and 3 yellow cubic blocks. Five cubic blocks are removed randomly from the bag and arranged in a line, How ‘many arrangements are possible? ‘A box contains 2 spoilt tubes and 5 good tubes. Two tubes are picked randomly from the box without replacement. (@) What is the probability that the two spoilt tubes are picked? (b) What is the probability that one spoilt tube and one good tube are picked? ‘A committee of four is randomly chosen from a group of 10 people. Find the probability that Ali end Awang will be in the committee, Probability 11 Abox contains 24 eggs. Four of the eggs are spi IFA chooses 10 eggs at random from the bora B receives the remainder, what is the protatiy that the four spoilt eggs are with the samp person? 12 Acommitice of 3 people isto be chosen from$ ney and 3 women. If X represents the number of nea chosen, find the probability distribution forX. 13 A committee consisting of 5 people is to selected from 6 Form six prefects and 4 Form re prefects, Find the probability that {a) exactly 3 Form six prefects are chosen, (b) at least 4 Form six prefects are chosen, (©) at least one Form five prefect is chosen. 14 (@) In how many ways can the letters A, B andC be arranged in a line? (b) In how many ways can the number 2, 4,631 8 be arranged in a line? 15 (a) In how many ways can the five letters R,S:% Uand V be arranged? (b) Find the number of two-letter code words can be formed from the letters ‘HONEY’. 16 Six graduates Ali, Bala, Chandran, Dols, Est and Falun apply for three vacancies 3 rj manager, executive and junior exccutive the total number of ways of filling up posts. 17 Find the number of different 4-lettef that can be constructed from the rene oe M, O and E, where no letter is word and inespective of whether the exist, nthe vot f 18 (@) In how many ways can the letters i ‘FANTASTICAL’ be arranged? (b) In how many ways’can the letters in “COOL” be arranged? Scanned with CamScanner19 All the letters in the word ‘INTERNATIONAL’ are randomly arranged in a line. (a) What is the number of possible arrangements? (b) How many of the arrangements are with three A’s together at the end? 20 A child, 2 ladies and 3 gentlemen are to be seated in a row. Find the number of ways the 6 people can bbe arranged if the child (@) can sit at any place, (b) sits between the two ladies, (©) sits between the two gentlemen. 14.2, Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events Probability of Two Events Given A and B are two events from an experiment, where P(A) » 0 and P(B) # 0. ‘Then, the probability that A or B occurs is given by P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)— P(A NB) AU Bis the event that A occurs or B occurs or both A and B occur while A Bis the event that both A and B occur together. ‘The above result can be explained with the help of a Venn diagram (see Figure 3). IFA and B are two events from the sample space S and n(A) = a, n(B) = b, n(S) =n AUBistheevent’A or 8” andAN Bistheevent ‘AandB. = = ar and n(A OB) =d, then P(A U B) = MAUB) n(S) (a~d) +d+(b-d) af4bd nnn = P(A) + P(B)— P(A NB) Example 27__ Find P(A. B). Solution P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A NB) 1.341_pans) 3 of events A and are such that P(A) = 3, P(B) = and P(A U B) = Cis) ‘A Figure 3 Frobabity 77 Scanned with CamScannerP(Event A or event B) =P\AorB) =PAUB) GhGEirse ‘AVenn diagram can help us see the problem clearly. ‘AVenn diagram is useful in helping us solve problems involving probability of three events. 5 7 e € A Figure S 7B Probability ‘Example 28. —____—— i irls and 15 are boys. ~s Jass consisting of 25 students, 10 are git V8. Four ofthe Bo he bo + asses, Ifa student is selected at random, what is the 83g 8 of the boys wear gl 2 1 ti that the student selected is a girl or wears glasses? iy Solution : Let A be the event that the student selected is a girl B be the event that the student selected wears glasses nA) _ 10, 2B) - 12 PA)= (5) 25 PO)= 4S) 25 — MAN B)_ 4 PAN B)= 7S) 75 ‘The probability that the student selected is a girl or wears glasses is & ~Example29_ Scbaste A survey is conducted among the students in a school on their interest to read magarne AA and magazine BB. The results show that 80% of the students like to read magaie AA including 10% who like to read both the magazines. The results also show tha S& of the students do not like to read both the magazines. A student is selected at random Find the probability that the student likes to read (a) magazine BB, (b) magazine AA or magazine BB but not both. Solution Let A be the event that a student likes to read magazine AA B be the event that a student likes to read magazine BB P(A) = 0.8, P(A 9 B) = 0.1, P(A NB) = 0.05 (a) P(the selected student likes to read magazine BB) s =0.15+0.10 = 0.25 (b) P(student likes to read AA or BB but not both) .70 + 0.15 = 0.85 a Figure4 Probability of Three Events * ‘The result P(A U B) = P (A) + PCB) ~ P(A NB) can be extended to three eve follows: IFA, B, and C are three events from the sampl ple space S, then PAU BUC) =P(A) +P(B) + P(C)-P(A NB) - PANO) ‘ ~PBNC+PANBNO i ; a anes Tee involving probability of three events can be solved with ™ Scanned with CamScannerexampl230____ _ ‘A student in a school can join the English Language Society (£), Malay Language Society (M) and Science Society (5). Information regarding the students joining these societies are as follows: P(E) = 0.4, P(E U M) = 0.65, P(E U S) = 0.8, PE A M) = 0.15, P(E NS) = 02, P(MN S)=0.2 and P(E UM US) =0095. AA student is selected at random from the school. Find the probability that the student is (a) amember of Malay Language Society, (6) a member of all the three societies, (©) nota member of any society. Solution (a) P(E U M) = P(E) + P(M)- P(E M M) 0.65 = 0.4 + P(M) -0.15 P(M) = 0.65 - 0.4 + 0.15 =04 (b) PEUS) = PE) + P(S)- PENS) 0.8 = 0.44 P(S)-0.2 P(S) =0.6 P(EUM U S) = P(E) + P(M) + P(S) - (EN M) =-P(EUS)-P(MNS)+PEN MNS) 0.95 = 0.4 +04 +0.6-0.15-0.2-0.2+P(ENMNS) PENMNS)=0.1 (©) P(not a member of any society) = 1 - P(E U MU S) =1-0.95 =0.05 -Erample32_0 = = A population of 100 women is divided into three categories: working women (A), degree holders (B) and married women (C), as shown in the Venn diagram in Figure 6, ‘A woman is selected at random. Find the probability that (@) she is working, (b) she is working and has a degree, (©) she is not married but working and has a degree. Solution Let : event that the selected woman is working B event that the selected woman has a degree C:event that the selected woman is married @) n(S)= 100 mA) =25 +104 10+5=50 Pa) = 2A) . 50295 n(S) ~ 100 ‘The probability the woman selected is working is 0.5. A Figures Probatitty 79 Cae Scanned with CamScanner