one ‘An athlete runs at a steady speed and covers 60m in 8.05. Calculate her speed. distance time 0 Sms = 1.5m[s speed = Col Suey Measurement of speed ES We can measure the speed of an object by measuring the time it takes to travel a set distance. Ifthe spe speed of the object. To get a better idea of the 2:1 Acar travels 200m in 80s Calculate its speed. varies during the journey, the caleulation gives the avers} jnstantancous speed we need to measure the distance travelled in a very 22 Aericketer bowls a ball at short time, 45 m/s at a batsman 180m ‘away from him. Calculate the time taken for the ball to reach the batsman. ‘One way of doing this isto take a multi-flash photograph. A light is set up to flash ata steady rate. A camera shutter is held open while the object passes in front of it. F shows a toy car moving down a slope. 4 Figure 22 ‘he car is moving at constant speed. that the ‘ta constant speed. To find the speed, we measure the Successive images of the car are equal distances apart, showin aris travellin distance between two images and divide by the time between each flash Acceleration So far we have looked at objects travelling at constant speed. in real life this is quite unusual, When an object changes its speed its said to accelerate, If the object slows down this is often described as a deceleration. Figure 2.3 shows the toy car rolling down a steeper slope. ‘This time its speed increases as it goes down the slope ~ itis accelerating 4 Figure 2.3, Here, the ea is accelerating.Figure 2.1 What determines the maximum height that a pole-vaulter can teach? In this chapter we look at moving bodies, how their speeds can be measured n be calculated. We also look at what happens when a body falls under the influence of gravity nd how accelerations. 2.1 Speed ] In everyday life we think of speed as how fast something is travelling, @ Katvity 21 [Fin , ] Heo ete-apee far cleo purpows speed is defined asthe distance travelled in unit time Itean be calculated from the formula sed = stance epoca time Units The basic unit of distances the metre and the base unit of time sth second, The unit of speed is formed by dividing metres by seconds, An alternative considering lo nit is the kilometre per hour (krm/h) often used wherFigure 2.1 What determines the maximum height that a pole-vaulter ean In this chapter we look at moving bodies, how their speeds can be measured and how accelerations ean be calculated. We also look at what happens when a body falls under the influence of gravity 2.1 Speed ——__ineveryday life we think of speed as how fast something is traveling, Bienne However his too vague fr scentife purpose. Speed is defined as the distance travelled in unit time. It can be calculated from the formu distance time speed Units The basic unit of distance is the metre and the basic unit of time is the second. The unit of speed is formed by dividing metres by seconds, An alternative unit is considering long distances. he kilometre per hour (km/h) often used when@ heiy22 @ hiviy23 A Figure 2.4 Distance changing at a steady rate A Figure 25 Increasing distances with time traveled. A Figure 2.6 Story ofa car journey. Using graphs Distance-time graphs a lot in science and in other mathematical situations, Graphs are use They are like pictures in a storybook, giving alot of information in a compact manne We can draw distance-time graphs for the to journeys of the car in Figures 2.2 and 2. In Figure 2.2 the car travels equal distances between each flash, so the total distance travelled increases ata steady rate. This produces a straight line as shown in Figure 2.4, The greater the speed, the steeper the slope (or radient) of th the car travels increasing distances in each time interval. This In Figure leads to the aph shown in Figure 2.5, which gradually curves upwards. igure 2.6 shows the story ofa journey. The car starts at dually ‘high speed and celerates before coming to rest at point P. ve 5 x a tot 2.3 Describe the journeys shown in the diagrams below.ee Speed-time graphs Instead of using a graph to look at the distance travelled over a period of time, we ean look at how the speed changes Figure 2.7 appears similar to Figure 2.4, However that itis the speed which is increasing at a constant rate, not the distance. This graph is typical for one in which there isa constant acceleration, In this case the gradient of the graph is equal to the acceleration. The ater the acceleration the larger the gradient, closer inspection shows The graph in Figure 2.8 shows the story of the speed on a journey. This i astral downwards from left to right (a gradient). This shows constant deceleration, sometimes described line graph, slopin as negative acceleration. Using @ speed-time graph to calculate distance travelled speed = distance Rearrange the equation distance ~ speed * time Look at Figure 2.9, The object is travelling at a constant speed v for time t The distance travelled = vx | We can see that its the area of the rectangle formed. Now look at Fig. 2.10, from rest. The area under this, that is formed, hich shows a journey with constant acceleration aph is equal to the area under the triang! The distance travelled = 4v x 4 is the aver he objec and distance travelled is given by in the distance travelled is equal to the ge speed 0 speed X ti area under the graph, The general rule is that the distance travelled is equal to the area under the speed-time graph E ee Use the graph in Figure 2.11 to calculate the distance travelled by the car in the time interval from 0.55 to 45s, Time passed = (4.5 ~ 0.5)s = 40s Initial speed = O mis: Final speed = 120m/s In this case, the area under the fine forms a triangle and the area of a triangle is found from the formula: area = § base * height area under the graph = the distance travelled 4x 403 x 120m/s = 240m speed | A Figure 2.7 Speed changing at steady rate. speed A Figure 2.8 Story of speed on a journey. peed A Figure 2.9 ‘Avea under graph of constant speed. speed \.. A Figure 2.10 ‘Avea under graph of constant acceleration 160 3 8 o 7 2 3 4 3 ‘A Figure 2.11 Distance traveled by a car.2.2 Velocity Velocity is very similar to speed. When we talk about speed we do not concern ourselves with direction, However, velocity does include direction, So an object travelling at 5 m/s due south has a different velocity from an object travelling at 5 m/s northwest. It is worth observing that the velocity changes ifthe speed increases, or decreases, or if the direction of motion changes (even if the speed remains constant) Such quantities are called veetors. Quantities, such as mas, which hav A Figure 2.12 only size but no direction are called scalars. The ap ofthe trackis 30m, and the tar completes fll lpn 60s ; Theaveragespeed ofthe carisosms | 2e3 Acceleration However is average velo is eo! Velocity isa veetor and the car Fishes at the same point as It stared so there has been no net displacement We have already introduced acceleration as occurring when an object changes speed. We now explore this idea in more detail a body changes its speed rapidly then itis said to have a large .cceleration, so clearly it has magnitude (or size). Acceleration can be ound from the formula change in velocity acceleration = Time taken — @ Wivity 24 ") | Units o d- i graphs? | | The basic unit of speed is metres per second (nv/s) and the basic unit of time This gives the unit mys’, This can be thought of as the change in velocity in mis) every second, You will also notice that the formula uses change of velocity, rather than It follows that acceleration can be not only an increase in direction of the range of sp in speed, but also a decrease in speed or even a chan, velocity. Like velocity, acceleration has dire 1 Acaron straight, level test track accelerates from rest to 34 m/s in 68s. iculate its acceleration hange of velocity acceleration = SUANS* OTVCOCNY Time (Final velocity ~ initial velocity) = time 84-0 ae Iris important that the track is straight and level or it could be argued that there isa change of direction, and therefore an extra accelerationSUT TTY 2 Aboy on a bicycle is travelling ata speed of 16m. He applies his brakes and comes to rest in 2.5, Caleulate his acceleration. You may assume the acceleration is constant acecteration = “12Nd€ of velocity time {final velocity — initial velocity) SEE cess @ reivity 25 semis Le = —6.4 m/s? @ reiivty 26 Notice that the acceleration is negative, which shows that itis a | deceleration | Calculation of acceleration from a | velocity-time graph 3. Wee | Look at the graph in Figure see that between L0s and 40s the speed has increased from 5.0 m/s to 12.3 mis, G=T Mathematically this is known as the gradient of the graph ‘A Figure 2.13 Velciy-time graph increase in | gradient = TorCose ny increase in x We see that acceleration is equal to the gradient of the speed-time graph. does not matter which two points on the graph line are chosen, the answer will be the same, Nevertheless itis good practice to choose points that are well apart; this will improve the precision of your final answer. 6 i Be: 2.4 Describe the motion of 25 a) Describe the motion of the object shown in the the objectshown inthe * Graph in Figure 2.14. raph in Figure 2.1. b) Calculate the distance g *? distance, travelled by the object. = ©) Calculate the oe acceleration ofthe object. 2 time a oz 0s ads “A. Figure 2.14 os0) A Figure 2.15A Figure 2.16 Falling steel ball Figure 2.16 shows a mult-flash photograph ofa steel bal falling. The light We can see that the ball travels further in each time interval, so we know that itis accelerating. Figure 2.17 shows the speed-time graph of the bal A Figure 2.17 ‘Speed-time graph of falling ste! ball The graph is a straight line, which tells us that the acceleration is constant We can calculate the value of the acceleration by measuring the gradient Use the points (0.10, 0.50) and (0.45, 3.9) 3.9 ~ 0.50) m/s gradient = T= 8 (0.45 — 0.10) The acceleration measured in this experiment is 9.7 mis! All objects in freefall near the Earth's surface have the same accelers The recognised value is 9.8 m/s, although it is quite common for this to be rounded to 10 mist. The result in the above experiment lies well within the uncertainties in the experimental procedure This is sometimes called the acceleration of free fall, or acceleration due sravity, and is given the symbol g In Chapter 3 we will look at gravity in more detail, including what happens if there is significant air resistance ie 2.6 An aeroplane travels at a constant speed of 960 km/h. Calculate the time it will ake to travel from London to, Johannesburg, a distance of 9000 km.at 2.7 Describe what hrappens to the speed in the two journeys deseribed in the graphs a) distance b) distance, 2.8 Describe how the speed changes in the two journeys described in the graphs. a) speed ©) speed. time time 29 A motorists traveling at 15m/s when he sees a child run into the road, He brakes and the car comes to rest in 0.755, Draw a speed time graph to show the deceleration, and use your graph to calculate 4) the distance travelled once the brakes are applied 0) the deceleration of the car. 2.10 A car accelerates from rest at 2ms? for Bseconds. a) Draw a speed-time graph to show this motion. +) Use your graph to find (the final speed of the ear (i) the distance travelled by the car. 2.11. The graph shows how the speed of an aeroplane changes with time, 40 8 c @ 0 E % 20. & 10. a o o 1 2 30 40 30 time(s) 4) Deseribe the motion ofthe aeroplane b) Calculate the acceleration of the aeroplane during the period A 0B €) Suggest during which stage ofthe journey these readings were takenNow that you have completed this chapter, you should be able to: define speed = distance time understand that acceleration isa change of speed. recall and use the equation speed draw and interpret distanee-time graphs draw and interpret speed-time graphs calculate distance travelled from a speed-time graph recognise that the steeper the gradient of a speed-time graph the greater the acceleration recognise that acceleration of free fall is the same for all objects oO understand that velocity and acceleration are vectors. hange tcl and sete equation aclration = Stee nuloty calculate acceleration from the gradient of a speed-time graph describe an experiment to measure the acceleration of free fall