CDMA Technology

Access Network:

Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the Telecom Network
accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and manpower. So far, the subscriber
loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable providing cost effective solution in past. Quick
deployment of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and remote locations coupled with modern
technology have led to the emergence of new Access Technologies. The various technological options
available are as follows :

1. Multi Access Radio Relay

2. Wireless In Local Loop

3. Fibre In the Local Loop

Wireless in Local Loop (WILL)

Fixed Wireless telephony in the subscriber access network also known as Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) is
one of the hottest emerging market segments in global telecommunications today. WLL is generally
used as “the last mile solution” to deliver basic phone service expeditiously where none has existed
before. Flexibility and expediency are becoming the key driving factors behind the deployment of WILL.

WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for residential as well as commercial complexes where people are
highly mobile. It is also used in remote areas where it is uneconomical to lay cables and for rapid
development of telephone services. The technology employed shall depend upon various radio access
techniques, like FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.

Different technologies have been developed by the different countries like CT2 from France, PHS from
Japan, DECT from Europe and DAMPS & CDMA from USA. Let us discuss CDMA technology in WLL
application as it has a potential ability to tolerate a fair amount of interference as compared to other
conventional radios. This leads to a considerable advantage from a system point of view.

SPREAD SPECTRUM PRINCIPLE

Originally Spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter the interference
by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise to “ Spread Spectrum”. A
Spread Spectrum signal is generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF) signal with a code
consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal
environment.

A number of Spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum and thus
the entire bandwidth available in the band is used by each of the users using same frequency at the
same time.
 Fig-1 CDMA ACCESS – A CONCEPT
On the receive side only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is accepted and
original information content (data) is recovered. The other users signals, whose codes do not match
contribute only to the noise and are not “despread” back in bandwidth (Ref Fig-1) This transmission and
reception of signals differentiated by “codes” using the same frequency simultaneously by a number of
users is known as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Technique as opposed to conventional method
of Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access.

In the above figure, it has been tried to explain that how the base band signal of 9.6 Kbps is spread using
a Pseudo-random Noise (PN) source to occupy entire bandwidth of 1.25 Mhz. At the receiving end this
signal will have interference from signals of other users of the same cell, users of different cells and
interference from other noise sources. All these signals get combined with the desired signal but using a
correct PN code the original data can be reproduced back. CDMA channel in the trans and receive
direction is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) channel. The salient features of a typical CDMA system
are as follows:

Frequency of operation: 824-849Mhz and 869-894 Mhz

Duplexing Mehtod: Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

Access Channel per carrier: Maximum 61 Channels

RF Spacing: 1.25 Mhz

Coverage: 5 Km with hand held telephones and approx.

20 Km with fixed units.

The different types of codes used for identification of traffic channels and users identification etc as
follows:

Different Codes used in CDMA

Walsh Code:

In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by unique “Walsh” code. All such codes are orthogonal to
each other. The individual subscriber can start communication using one of these codes. These codes
are traffic channel codes and are used for orthogonal spreading of the information in the entire
bandwidth. Orthogonality provides nearly perfect isolation between the multiple signals transmitted by
the base station.

The basic concept behind creation of the code is as follows:

(a) Repeat the function right

(b) Repeat the function below

(c) Invert function (diagonally)

0 ----- 0 0 -------- 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

Long Code:

The long pseudo random noise (PN) sequence is based on 2 42 characteristic polynomial. With this long
code the data in the forward direction (Base to Mobile) is scrambled. The PN codes are generated using
linear shift registers. The long code is unique for the subscribers and is known as users address mask.

Short Code:

The short pseudo random noise (PN) sequence is based on 2 15 characteristic polynomial. This short code
differentiates the cells & the sectors in a cell. It also consists of codes for I & Q channel feeding the
modulator.

Advantages: CDMA wireless access provides the following unique advantages.

Larger Capacity:

Let us discuss this issue with the help of Shannon’s Theorem. It states that the channel capacity is
related to product of available band width and S/N ratio.
C = W log 2 (1+S/N)
Where C = channel capacity
W = Band width available
S/N = Signal to noise ratio.
It is clear that even if we improve S/N to a great extent the advantage that we are expected to get in
terms of channel capacity will not be proportionally increased. But instead if we increase the bandwidth
(W), we can achieve more channel capacity even at a lower S/N. That forms the basis of CDMA
approach, wherein increased channel capacity is obtained by increasing both W & S/N. The S/N can be
increased by devising proper power control methods.
Vocoder and variable data rates:
As the telephone quality speech is band limited to 4 Khz when it is digitized with PCM its bit rate rises to
64Kb/s vocoding compress it to a lower bit rate to reduce bandwidth. The transmitting vocoder takes
voice samples and generates an encoded speech/packet for transmission to the receiving vocoder. The
receiving vocoder decodes the received speech packet into voice samples. One of the important feature
of the variable rate vocoder is the use of adaptive threshold to determine the required data rate.
Vocoders are variable rate vocoders. By operating the vocoder at half rate on some of the frames the
capacity of the system can be enhanced without noticeable degradation in the quality of the speech.
This phenomenon helps to absorb the occasional heavy requirement of traffic apart from suppression of
background noise. Thus the capacity advantage makes spread spectrum an ideal choice for use in areas
where the frequency spectrum is congested.
Less (Optimum) Power per cell:
Power Control Methods: As we have already seen that in CDMA the entire bandwidth of 1.25Mhz is
used by all the subscribers served in that area. Hence they all will be transmitting on the same frequency
using the entire bandwidth but separated by different codes. At the receiving end the noise contributed
by all the subscribers is added up. To minimize the level of interfering signals in CDMA, very powerful
power control methods have been devised and are listed below:
1. Reserve link open loop power control
2. Reserve link closed loop power control
3. Forward link power control
The objective of open loop power control in the reverse link (Mobile to Base) is that the mobile station
should adjust its transmit power according to the changes in its received power from the base. Open
loop power control attempts to ensure that the received signal strength at the base station from
different mobile stations, irrespective of their distances from the base site, should be same.
In Closed loop power control in reverse link, the base station provides rapid corrections to the mobile
stations’ open loop estimates to maintain optimum transmit power by the mobile stations. The base
station measures the received signal strength from the mobile connected to it and compares it with a
threshold value and a decision is taken by the base every 1.25 ms to either increase or decrease the
power of the mobile.
In forward link power control (Base to Mobile) the cell (base) adjusts its power in the forward link for
each subscriber, in response to measurements provided by the mobile station so as to provide more
power to the mobile who is relatively far away from the base or is in a location experiencing more
difficult environment.
These power control methods attempt to have an environment which permits high quality
communication (good S/N) and at the same time the interference to other mobile stations sharing the
same CDMA channel is minimum. Thus more numbers of mobile station are able to use the system
without degradation in the performance. Apart from the capacity advantage thus gained power control
extends the life of the battery used in portables and minimizes the concern of ill effects of RF radiation
on the human body.
Seamless Hand-off:
CDMA provides soft hand-off feature for the mobile crossing from one cell to another cell by combining
the signals from both the cells in the transition areas. This improves the performance of the network at
the boundaries of the cells, virtually eliminating the dropped calls.
No Frequency Planning:
A CDMA system requires no frequency planning as the adjacent cells use the same common frequency.
A typical cellular system (with a repetition rate of 7) and a CDMA system is shown in the following
figures which clearly indicates that in a CDMA network no frequency planning is required.

CDMA Frequency

Frequency Reuse of 7 in GSM

High Tolerance to Interference:

The primary advantage of spread spectrum is its ability to tolerate a fair amount of interfering signals as
compared to other conventional systems. This factor provides a considerable advantage from a system
point of view.
Multiple Diversity:
Diversity techniques are often employed to counter the effect of fading. The greater the number of
diversity techniques employed, the better the performance of the system in a difficult propagation
environment.
CDMA has a vastly improved performance as it employs all the three diversity techniques in the form of
the following:
A .Frequency Diversity: A wide band RF signal of 1.25 Mhz being used.
B. Space Diversity: Employed by way of multipath rake receiver.
C. Time Diversity:Employed by way of symbol interleaving error detection and correction coding.
Capacity Considerations
Let us discuss a typical CDMA wireless in local loop system consisting of a single base station located at
the telephone exchange itself, serving a single “cell”. In order to increase the number of subscribers
served the cell is further divided into “sectors”. These sectors are served by directional antennas.
The capacity of a cellular system is claimed to be 20-40 active lines per sector per 1.25 MHz for a single
CDMA Radio Channel. In WLL environment assuming an average busy hour traffic of 0.1 Erlang, 400
subscribers can be served per sector over a single 1.25 MHz channel.
Assuming typically six sectors in a cell the total capacity of a CDMA network consisting of 1.25 MHz
duplex channels is 2400 (400x6) subscribers.
Capacity can further be increased if we use another frequency on the same base station covering the
same geographical area (overlapping cell). Thus in 10 Mhz in the bandwidth we can utilize 5 MHz of
bandwidth in the forward link and 5 Mhz in the reverse link. Hence if we have 4 RF carriers in 5 Mhz
bandwidth, the network can support 12000 (5x400x6) subscribers per cell.
Conclusion
Hence we see that use of common frequency, multipath rake receiver, power control & variable bit rate
vocoding and soft hand-off features of CDMA give us the benefits of no frequency planning, larger
capacity, flexibility alongwith high performance quality.

Introduction to CDMA 2000-1X

Network entity description

Base station subsystem (BSS) Base station subsystem is the general term for the wireless
devices and wireless channel control devices that serve one or several cells. Generally, a
BSS contains one more base station controllers (BSC) and base transmitter stations (BTS).
 Architecture of CDMA MSC Based WLL system

MS M SC PSTN

Um E Ai

Abis A B
BT S B SC M S C/SSP VLR

BSS
Q C D

M N H
MC MC HLR AUC

MSS

RGMTTCPresentation

Mobile switch center (MSC)

MSC is a functional entity that performs control and switching to the mobile stations within
the area that it serves, and an automatic connecting device for the subscriber traffic
between the CDMA network and other public networks or other MSCs. MSC is the kernel of
the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, and it is different from a wired switch in
that an MSC must consider the allocation of the wireless resources and the mobility of
subscribers, and at least it must implement the follows processing activities:
1. Location Registration processing;
2. Handoff.
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
When a non-CDMA subscriber calls a CDMA subscriber, the call will first be routed to an
MSC, which will inquires the corresponding HLR and further route the call to the called
party’s MSC. This kind of MSC is called Gateway MSC (GMSC). It is up to the network
operator to select which MSCs as GMSCs.
Visitor location register (VLR)
VLR is responsible for the storage and updating of the subscriber data of mobile stations
that roamed to the service area of this VLR. The VLR is generally configured together with
the MSC. When the mobile station enters a new location area, the MSC will notice the
VLR, which will initiate registration processing to the HLR to update the subscriber
location information. The VLR also stores necessary information for the establishment of
calls in the database for the MSC to search. One VLR can cover one or more MSC areas.
Home location register (HLR)
The HLR provides subscriber information storage and management functions for the
mobile network, including mobile subscriber subscription and cancellation and service
authorization and cancellation. At the same time, it helps in the implementation of
subscriber’s call and service operations. A CDMA can contain one or more HLRs based on
the number of subscribers, equipment capacity and network organization mode, with
multi-HLR mode realized in the form of virtual HLRs. The subscriber information stored in
the HLR includes the following two types in information:
1. Subscription information
2. Subscriber-related information stored in the HLR
Authentication center (AUC)
Authentication center is a function entity for the management of authentication
information related to the mobile station. It implement mobile subscriber authentication,
stores the mobile subscriber authentication parameters, and is able to generate and
transmit the corresponding authentication parameters based on the request from
MSC/VLR. The authentication parameters in the AUC can be stored in the encrypted
form. The authentication center is generally configured together with the HLR. The
authentication parameter stored in the AUC include:
1. Authentication key (A_KEY);
2. Share secret data (SSD);
3. Mobile identification number/international mobile subscriber identity (MIN/IMSI);
4. Authentication algorithm (AAV);

5. Accounting (COUNT).

Short message center (MC or SC)

As an independent entity in the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, the short
message center works in coordination with other entities such as MSC, HLR to implement
the reception, storing and transfer of the short messages from CDMA cellular mobile
communication system subscribers, and store subscriber-related short message data.

Short message entity (SME)

SME is a function entity for synthesis and analysis of short messages.

Operation and maintenance Center (OMC)

The OMC provides the network operator with network operation and maintenance
services, manages the subscriber information and implements network planning, to
enhance the overall working efficiency and service quality of the system. There two type
of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S and OMC-R. An OMC-S is mainly used for
the maintenance work at the mobile switching subsystem (MSS) side; an OMC-R is mainly
used for the maintenance work at the base station subsystem (BSS) side.
Third Generation Standards

• CDMA2000/FDD-MC — CDMA2000 using Frequency Division Duplexing-

Multicarrier (FDD-MC) mode. Here multicarrier implies N x 1.25 MHz channels overlaid
on N existing IS-95 carriers or deployed on unoccupied spectrum.
CDMA2000 includes:
1x —using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps
3x —using a spreading rate of 3 x 1.2288 Mcps or 3.6864 Mcps
1xEV-DO (1x Evolution - Data Optimized)—using a spreading rate of
1.2288 Mcps optimized for data
• WCDMA/FDD-DS —Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) Frequency Division
Duplexing-Direct Sequence spreading (FDD-DS) mode. This has a single 5 MHz channel.
WCDMA uses a single carrier per channel and employs a spreading rate of 3.84 Mcps.
• UTRA TDD/ TD-SCDMA — Universal Mobile Telephone Services Terrestrial
Radio Access (UTRA) and TD-SCDMA. These are Time Division Duplexed
(TDD) standards aimed primarily at asymmetric services used in unpaired (i.e., no
separate uplink and downlink) bands. TD-SCDMA is based on a synchronous
Time Division scheme for TDD and wireless local loop applications. The frame
and slot structure are the same as W-CDMA. However, in TDD mode each slot
can be individually allocated either the uplink or the downlink.

Advantages of CDMA2000:

CDMA2000 is backward compatible with IS-95. Thus a network that is converted to

CDMA2000 from IS-95 will support users with IS-95 handsets. A motivating factor for
migration to CDMA2000-enabled handsets is that it permits use of enhanced data
service and increases the voice capacity of the network. The voice capacity of a
CDMA2000 network increases as the percentage of subscribers with CDMA2000
handsets increases. IS-95 handsets do not contribute to this capacity improvement. It
reuses and builds on the full complement of existing CDMA air interface and network
standards. Both IS-95 and CDMA2000 equipped mobiles can operate on the same
frequency assignment. Existing IS-95 networks can be converted to CDMA2000
without impact to existing IS-95

The following are the new additions in CDMA 2000 from IS95.

_ Spreading Rate 1 (1x) and Spreading Rate 3 (3x)

_ Logical Channels
_ Radio Configurations
_ Many new Physical Channels
_ Transmit Diversity Pilot Channels
_ Enhanced Access Channel procedures
_ Reverse Link Pilot Channel

Spreading Rates

CDMA2000 supports two different spreading rates:

• Spreading Rate 1— also called “1x”
Both Forward and Reverse Channels use a single direct-sequence spread carrier with a
chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps.
• Spreading Rate 3— also called “3x” or MC (Multi-Carrier)
Forward Channels use three direct-sequence spread carriers each with a chip rate of
1.2288 Mcps.Reverse Channels use a single direct-sequence spread carrier with a chip
rate of 3.6864Mcps. As such SR3 appears to be extinct.

Physical and Logical Channels:

In IS 95A, in the forward link Pilot, Sync, Paging and Traffic Channels exist where as
in reverse link Access and traffic channel are available. All overhead information is
carried on the Paging Channel. During conversation or in dedicated mode the signaling
info is exchanged by either fully or partially clearing the traffic. CDMA2000
technology defines new Physical and Logical Channels for the transport of user data and
signaling information.
A Physical Channel is a communication path between the mobile and the Base Station,
described in terms of the digital coding and RF characteristics.
A Logical Channel is a communication path within the protocol layers of either the
Base Station or the mobile.
Radio Configurations: A Radio Configuration (RC) defines the following characteristics of a
Forward or Reverse Traffic Channel, Viz Rate Set, Spreading Rate Channel Coding
(Turbo or convolutional), Channel Coding Rate, Modulation (QPSK or BPSK)and Transmit
Diversity Allowed.
IS-2000 defines Radio Configurations:
- RC1 and RC2 correspond to IS-95 A/B Rate Set 1 and Rate Set 2 respectively -
RC3 through RC9 on the Forward link
- RC3 through RC6 on the Reverse link
Variable Length Walsh Codes: Walsh Code used in IS95 is 64 chips long. CDMA20001x can use Walsh Codes
up to 128 Chips long. Higher data rate channels use shorter length Walsh codes to
maintain a constant chip rate. Using one of the shorter Walsh codes precludes using all longer codes that
contain the bit pattern of the shorter code.

New Common Channels:

CDMA2000 introduces several new Forward Link Common Channels:
• Pilot Channels - If transmit diversity is supported; one or more Pilots may be
used. The auxiliary Pilot Channels may be used for smart antenna applications.
• Quick Paging Channel - This channel provides for improved slotted mode
operation and improved battery life for the mobile. Walsh codes W80, W48 and W112
are reserved for Quick Paging Channels, if the Base Station supports Quick Paging
Channels.
• Common Control Channel - This channel carries mobile-directed messages for
CDMA2000 compatible mobiles.
• Broadcast Channel - This channel carries broadcast messages for CDMA2000
compatible mobiles, including overhead messages and broadcast Short Message
 Service (SMS) messages.
• Common Power Control Channel - This channel is used with Enhanced Access
Channel Procedures (Reservation Mode), to send power control bits to the mobile so that
Access Channel messages may be sent under power control. •

New Dedicated Channels:

CDMA2000 introduces several new Forward Link Dedicated Channels:
• Forward Fundamental Channel - This channel is used for the transmission of user and
signaling information to a specific mobile during a call. Each Forward Traffic Channel may
contain one Forward Fundamental Channel.
• Forward Dedicated Control Channel - This channel is used for transmission of user
and signaling information to a specific mobile during a call. Each Forward Traffic
Channel may contain one Forward Dedicated Control Channel.
• Forward Supplemental Channel (valid for Radio Configurations 3 thro 9) This
channel is used for the transmission of user information to a specific mobile during a
call. This is typically used for high-speed data applications. Each Forward Traffic
Channel may contain up to two Supplemental Channels.
• Power Control Subchannel - This subchannel is typically associated with the
Fundamental Channel, but if the F-FCH is not used for a given call, then it is
associated with the Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH).
• All of the CDMA2000 dedicated channels can be established using the TIA/EIA
Paging (F-PCH) and Access (R-ACH) Channels. •

Reverse Link Channels:

- Access Channel (R-ACH)
_ Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH)
_ Enhanced Access Channel (R-EACH)
_ Reverse Common Control Channel (R-CCCH)
_ Reversed Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH)
_ Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH)
_ Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH)
_ Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)

The Access Channel and Reverse Supplemental Channel are retained for
backward compatibility with TIA/EIA-95A/B. For Radio Configurations 1 and 2,
the channel structure for the Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse
Supplemental Channel is the same as the channel structure of Rate Set 1 and Rate Set 2
used in TIA/EIA-95A/B.

EV-DO

EV-DO is a mobile technology that facilitates higher throughput on mobile platform.

The third generation of cellular standards has seen a dominance of CDMA as the underlying access
technology. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services) is 3G evolution for GSM world. The
standardization work for UMTS is being carried-out by 3GPP. The standardization work for CDMA 2000
and its enhancements is being carried out under the supervision of 3GPP2.

1x Evolution-Data Optimized, abbreviated as EV-DO or 1xEV-DO, is an evolution of CDMA 2000 1x to

support higher data rates. It is defined in TIA (Telecommunication Industry Association) standard IS 856.
It is commonly referred to as DO. It is officially termed as "CDMA2000, High Rate Packet Data Air
Interface". Working on same carrier bandwidth of 1.25 MHz as CDMA 2000 1x systems, 1xEV-DO
provides significantly higher data rates to Access Terminals (mobile devices). Downlink data rates
supported are up to 2.4576 Mb/s in Rev. 0 and up to 3.1 Mb/s in Rev. A.
Traditional wireless networks create a physical path between receiving and sending devices, much like
traditional telephone networks. EVDO instead adopts the same approach used for the internet. IP, the
Internet Protocol, breaks data into small pieces called packets. Each packet is sent independently of all
the other packets. This saves bandwidth for use by other devices; when neither party on a phone call is
speaking, the connection consumes no bandwidth because there are no packets to send. Radio
resources are allocated only at the time of actual data transfer leading to better spectral efficiency.
EV-DO does not support voice services. In Forward link supports data rates up to 2.4576 Mbps. There is
no power control in Forward Link. Peak data rate in Reverse Link is 153.6 kbps.
Generic Model of CDMA 2000 1x EVDO System:

A generic model of a CDMA 2000 1 x EV-DO System typically consists of:

a) Access Network (AN) consisting of Radio Node (RN) & Radio Network Controller
b) Packet Core Network (PCN)
a) Radio Node (RN): It is a multiple circuit transceiver which shall radiate to cover a cell or a sector. It
consists of radio modules, base band signal processor, network interface, antenna, feeder etc. It can be
co-located with RNC or remotely located. RN shall include the functions related to channel
coding/decoding, interleaving, encryption, frame building, modulation/demodulation, RF transceiver,
antenna diversity, low noise amplification etc. as per CDMA 2000 1 x EV-DO standards.
The AN obtains the timing reference and positioning reference from the GPS system and hence the
GPS receiver shall form an integral part of the RN along with other fixtures such as GOS antenna, cable
etc. AN split mounting arrangements with tower mountable RF components such as PAs, LNAs, Filters
etc. are also acceptable.
b) Radio Network Controller (RNC): It is responsible for inter connection between the RN and the PCN
and it provides control and management for one or more RNs. It assigns traffic channels to individual
users, monitors system performance and provides interface between the RN and the PCN. RNC performs
the radio processing functions such as management of the radio resources, radio channel management,
local connection management etc.
It also processes information required for decision on handover of calls from one RN to
another. RNC can be collocated with the PCN or remotely located. The Packet Control Function
(PCF) shall form an integral part of RNC.
 Packet Core Network (PCN): The packet data core network provides packet data services to Access
Terminal (AT) and consists of PDSN, HA, AAA, AN-AAA and FA functionalities. The functional entities
AAA and ANAAA may be a single physical entity or two separate physical entities.
Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC): The Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC) allow the
centralized operation of the various units in the system and the functions needed to maintain the sub
systems. The OMC provides the dynamic monitoring and controlling of the network management
functions for operation and maintenance.

Call Processing in CDMA

Call processing refers to all the necessary functions that the system needs to carry out in order to set up,
maintain, and tear down a call between a mobile and another party.
Two types of connections are possible:
Mobile-to-Land call or Mobile-to-mobile call.
Call can be either mobile originated or mobile terminated. Since mobile station is the common element
in both cases the IS-95 standard specifies the call states from the perspective of the CDMA.
States of mobile:
During normal operation, the mobile can occupy any one of the following states
· Mobile station initialization state;
· Mobile station idle state;
· System access state;
· Mobile station control on the traffic channel state.
 After power-up, the mobile first enters the mobile station initialization state, where the mobile
selects and acquires a system. Upon exiting the initialization state, the mobile has fully acquired
the system and its timing.
 Then the mobile enters the mobile station idle state where the mobile monitors messages on
the paging channel .
 Any one of the following three events will cause the mobile to transition from the idle state to
the system access state
1) The mobile receives a paging channel message requiring an acknowledgment or response,
2) The mobile originates a call, or
3) The mobile performs a registration.
 In the access state, the mobile sends messages to the base station on the access channel.
 When the mobile is directed to a traffic channel, it enters the mobile station control on the
traffic channel state where the mobile communicates with the base station using the forward
and reverse traffic channels. When the call is terminated, the mobile returns to the initialization
state.
Initialization State
After power-up, the mobile enters the initialization state. This state contains four sub states, which the
mobile sequentially goes through:
1. System determination sub state;
2. Pilot channel acquisition sub state;
3. Sync channel acquisition sub state;
4. Timing change sub state
Idle State:
Paging Channel Monitoring
In the idle state, the mobile monitors the paging channel on the forward link. In order to receive
messages and receive an incoming call, the mobile needs to monitor the paging channel for messages.
The paging channel transmission is divided into slots that are 80 ms in length. There are two ways that
the mobile can monitor the paging channel:
Nonslotted mode
Slotted mode.
In non-slotted mode, the mobile monitors the paging channel at all times. In slotted mode, the mobile
monitors the paging channel only during assigned paging channel slots. Because the mobile doesn’t have
to monitor all the slots all the time, the mobile operating in the slotted mode can conserve battery
power.
Paging Channel Messages
There are a total of six overhead messages that are sent to the mobile on the paging channel:
 System parameters message;
 Neighbor list message;
 CDMA channel list message;
 Extended system parameters message;
 Global service redirection message;
 Access parameter message.
The first five messages are of configuration parameters and the last message is of access information.
Access State
In the access state, the mobile transmits messages to the base station using the access channel. In
addition, the mobile also receives messages from the base station on the paging channel. There are six
sub states that the mobile can occupy within the access state.
 Update overhead information sub state;
 Page response sub state;
 Mobile station origination attempt sub state;
 Registration access sub state;
 Mobile station order/message response sub state;
  Mobile station message transmission sub state.
Traffic channels state
The mobile may enter the traffic channel state from 2 sub states within the access state: the page
response of state or the mobile state origination attempt sub state. In other words after the mobile has
successfully originated, the mobile may enter the traffic channel state. In the traffic channel state, the
mobile communicates with the base station using the forward and reverse traffic channels. This state
consists of 5 sub states
 traffic channel initialization sub state
 waiting for order sub state
 waiting for mobile state answer sub state
 conversation sub state
 release sub state

Hand Offs in CDMA

As the phone moves through a network the system controller transfers the call from one cell to another,
this process is called “handoff”. Handoffs maybe done with the assistance of the mobile or the system
controller will control the process by itself. Handoffs are necessary to continue the call as the phone
travels. Handoffs may also occur in idle state due to mobility.
Types of Handoffs in CDMA: There are primarily three types of Handoffs in CDMA. They are
 Soft
 Hard and
 Idle.
The type of handoff depends on the handoff situation.
To understand this we should know the cellular concept used in CDMA.
CDMA frequency- reuse planning (cellular concept):
Each BTS in a CDMA network can use all available frequencies. Adjacent cells can transmit at the same
frequency because users are separated by code channels, not frequency channels. BTSs are separated
by offsets in the short PN code This feature of CDMA, called "frequency reuse of one," eliminates the
need for frequency planning
Soft Handoff:
A soft handoff establishes a connection with the new BTS prior to breaking the connection with the old
one. This is possible because CDMA cells use the same frequency and because the mobile uses a rake
receiver. The CDMA mobile assists the network in the handoff. The mobile detects a new pilot as it
travels to the next coverage area. The new base station then establishes a connection with the mobile.
This new communication link is established while the mobile maintains the link with the old BTS.
Soft handoffs are also called "make-before-break." Soft handoff can take place only when the serving
cell and target cell are working in the same frequency.
 TUTORIAL on CDMA Principles
1) MATCH THE FOLLOWING:
COLUMN-A

COLUMN-B

1)RF Spacing in CDMA: 1).......... A)Walsh code 0

2)RF Spacing in WCDMA 2).......... B) 869-889MHz

3) Pilot channel 3).......... C)  Walsh code 32

4) Sync channel 4).......... D)  Walsh codes 1-7

5) Paging channel 5).......... E)  1.25 Mhz

6) Traffic channel 6).......... F)  824-844MHz

7) Reverse link freq 7)………. G)  1.25 Mhz

8) Forward link freq 8)……… I)  Walsh codes 8-31, 33-63.

9)Space Diversity 9)…….. J)Employed by way of symbol interleaving

10)Time Diversity 10)…… K)Employed by way of multipath rake receiver

2) SAY TRUE OR FALSE

1) CDMA is a spread spectrum technique.  

2) In CDMA all subs can use the same frequency.  

3) Walsh codes are orthogonal codes to each other.  

4) For soft hand off freq of operation of the cells involved should be same.  

5) CDMA system uses FDD technique.  

6) CDMA supports two rate sets for voice encoding.  

7) In CDMA power control is applicable only for forward link.  

8) Hard hand off is a break before make type.  

9) No of access channels will be normally equal to no. of paging channels.  

10) User mask is derived from electronic serial number of the hand set/ FWT.  

11) Symbol is produced after coding process.  

12) Chip is produced after spreading process.  

13) CDMA system power control is applied only in the reverse link.  

14) All CDMA system need GPS support for their functioning.  

15) Long code is used for scrambling in the forward link.  

16) Short code gives the BTS ID.  

3) CHOOSE THE BEST CORRECT ANSWER:

1) Softer hand off is of ____________ type A) break before make  B) make before break  

2) Sequence used for spreading at trans end is 1001, then receiver will use ______ for
despreading  
A) 0110  B) 1001   C) 1010  D) 1111 

3) Long code is of length A) 2^15-1  B) 2^42-1   C) 2^8-1  

4) Long and short codes are: A) orthogonal codes  B) pseudo random codes   C) none of the
 
above

5) In forward link spreading is done by A) Walsh code  B) Long code  

6) If there are 4 shift registers in a PN code generator, the length of the code is
 
A) 15 bits  B) 16 bits   C) 8 bits

7) Forward link is A) BTS to mobile  B) Mobile to BTS  

8) Reverse link is
 
A) BTS to mobile  B) Mobile to BTS

9) Forward link works in A) 824- 849MHz  B) 869-894MHz  

10) There are _____ no. of Walsh codes. A) 20   B) 64   C) 50  

11) Length of each Walsh code is A) 64 chips  B) 23 chips   C) 12 chips  
12)Space Diversity is achieved in cdma by

A) rake receiver B) Two antenna  C) Booster antenna

Questions for CDMA2000-1X

1) MATCH THE FOLLOWING:
1) MSC-VLR 1).......... A)  E interface

2) MSC-HLR 2).......... B)  3G Standard

3) HLR-VLR 3).......... C)  3.6864Mcps

4) MSC-MSC 4).......... D)  N interface

5) HLR- SMC 5).......... E)  peak data 2.4Mbps

6) CDMA IS 95 A network 6).......... F)  C interface

7) CDMA 2000 1X-EVDO 7).......... G)  B interface

8) CDMA 20001X network 8).......... H)  D interface

9) Spreading Rate 1 9)……… I)2G Standard

10)Spreading Rate 3 10)……. J) 1.2288 Mcps.

2) SAY TRUE OR FALSE:

1) One BSC can control only one BTS  

2) CC for India is 404  

3) MCC for India is +91  

4) MSIN and MIN are same.  

5) ESN is a unique number assigned to the instrument.  

6) CDMA IS 95A is a 2G standard.  

7) IMT 2000 is the official name for 3G.  

8) CDMA 2000 is backward compatible to IS 95A.  

9) CDMA 2000 1x uses single carrier.  

10) CDMA 2000 3x is multi carrier system.  

11) RC1 and2 of CDMA2000 correspond to rate set 1 and2 of IS95A.  

12) Variable length Walsh Codes are used in IS95A  

13) In RC1 and RC2 the no. of supplemental channels are seven maximum.