INTRODUCTION TO CAD

What is CAD?
–Integration of CS techniques in engineering
design
–Use of computers(hardware & software)for
designing products
–Numerical method, optimizations etc.
–2D/3D drafting
–3D modeling for visualization
–Modeling
curves,surfaces,solids,mechanism,assemblies,
etc.
• ANALYSIS
– Stress (deflection analysis,I.e. numerical
methods,FEM
– Simulation of actual use
– Optimizations
– Applications
– CAD/CAM integration
– Process planning
• DISPLAY VISULIAZITION AIDS
– Display of model objects
– Mapping objects onto screen coordinates
– Surface display,shading
– Projections
– Hidden line removal when multiple
surfaces are displayed
 REQUIREMENTS OF
MODELING
• Solids are modeled by storing information of
constituent surfaces
• This help in
– Displaying surfaces(3D)
– Computing solid properties
– Modeling by storing info.on bounding
curves or by storing their geometric
definitions
 DATA BASES FOR CAD
Volume
delimits Is bounded by
surface

Plane surfaces Warped surfaces

Is boundary of

Has boundary curve Consist of Belongs to

Belongs to
curves patch
Net of curves
Is chain of Makes up Consist of surface
unit

precedes
Curve segment succeeds
Has starting point

Has end point

Is the start of

Is the end of

point
 LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS
• Principal of interactive CG by Newman &
sprawl*
• Geometric modeling by Mortenson*
• Fundamental of ICG by Foley & van dam
• Procedural elements of CG by Rogers*
• Mathematical elements of CG by Rogers and
Adams
• Principal of CG by Hearn & baker
• Computer graphics,A programming approach by
Steven & Harrington
• An introduction to FE computations by Hinton
& Owen
• An introduction to FE in engineering* by
Chandrupatla & Belegundu
• Zincowicz (3C)
• Zincowicz & taylor (4C)
 Evaluations
• Minors (I and II) – 30%
• Major --- 40%
• Labs ---- 20 %
• Quizes --- 10%
 DISPLAY DEVICES
• Storage tube devices
• Permanent phosphorescence
• For erasing entire screen is flooded with a
particular voltage
• Can draw a line from any point to any point
• CALLIGRAPHIC REFRESH GRAPHICS
DISPLAY
• Picture is refreshed 40-50 times a second
• Display buffer & controller
• Stores INFO about each entity to be displayed
Display Vector/character
buffer controller CRT
generator

Repeats whole process 40-50 times a

second
 RASTER REFRESH
GRAPHICS DISPLAY
• SCREEN IS A MATRIX OF POINTS

• Each point (pixel) can be bright/dark

• Lines & curves as series of bright pixels
• Frame buffer stores a bit for each pixel(I if
on, o if off)bit plane
• Additional bit planes for achieving different
gray levels/colors.
• The programmer modifies the frame buffer
• And the display controller refreshes the
screen on the basis of the frame buffer
 INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES
• Input devices
– Analog type:mouse (ball type)

X-y variable
Resistance
 – Track ball
– Joy stick
• Digital type
• Light pen
– Light sensitive diode to point the screen
– Positioned is sensed on basis of when pen
senses light
 TABLET AND PEN

Grid of wire

Pen emits radio frequency and intensity received by each

wire tells the position
 HARDCOPY AND OUTPUT
DEVICES
• Flat bed plotters
– Pen
– X-drive motor & Y-drive motor
– Pen raise & lower mechanism
– Controller

– Drum plotter
• Pen
• Raise and lower mechanism
• X-drive(for pen) & Y drive(for drum) motors
• Controller
• Printers
– DMP
– Laser
– Inkjet