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Notes:
Wall represent by equivalent struts in PA
FEMA and ATC-40
hinge formation due to coupled effect of axial force and bi-axial bending moment
solid plate modeled by equivalent frame model quivalent trellis modeling (frame elements for floors)
Non-linear hinges are applied only in frame (bar) structures. They are not taken into account in structure elements
such as plates, shells, and solids which use planar or volumetric finite elements.
Terms searched:
Pushover plate structures
FEMA non linear hinges