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12 Distance Protection Schemes Fecime Org PDF
12 Distance Protection Schemes Fecime Org PDF
Schemes
Introduction 12.1
Zone 1 extension scheme 12.2
Transfer trip schemes 12.3
Blocking scheme 12.4
Directional comparison unblocking scheme 12.5
Comparison of transfer trip
and blocking relaying schemes 12.6
• 12 • Distance P rotection
Schemes
12.1 INTRODUCTION
Conventional time-stepped distance protection is
illustrated in Figure 12.1. One of the main disadvantages
of this scheme is that the instantaneous Zone 1
protection at each end of the protected line cannot be
set to cover the whole of the feeder length and is usually
set to about 80%. This leaves two 'end zones', each
being about 20% of the protected feeder length. Faults
in these zones are cleared in Zone 1 time by the
protection at one end of the feeder and in Zone 2 time
(typically 0.25 to 0.4 seconds) by the protection at the
other end of the feeder.
Relay A
end zone
Z3G
Z2A
Z1A
A B C
Time
F
0
Z1B
B
Z3B
Relay B
end zone
(a) Stepped time/distance characteristics
Z1
Z2 Z2T 0 ≥1
Trip
Z3 Z3 0
Z3T 0 ≥1
12.3.1 Direct Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme
Z3 Trip • 12 •
The simplest way of reducing the fault clearance time at Signal receive 0 T &
the terminal that clears an end zone fault in Zone 2 time
is to adopt a direct transfer trip or intertrip technique, the
(a) Signal logic
logic of which is shown in Figure 12.4.
Distance relay
Distance relay
Z1A Z2A
A B A B C
F
Z1B
Distance P rotection Schemes
Z2B
Z3B
(a) Distance/time characteristics
Z1 & Z2
(a) Fault occurs-bus bar voltage low so ≥1
negligible fault current via end B Z3 Z3T O Trip
A B
F
Z2T O
≥1
Range change signal
Open
Signal receive
&
Signal send
Z3T O ≥1
Z3 Trip
& tp td
Signal receive &
&
Signal receive
Signal Signal
Distance relay
send circuit circuit send
(f1) (f2) Figure 12.9: Current reversal guard logic –
permissive over-reach scheme
Signal Receive Receive Signal
receive circuit circuit receive
(f2) f2 f1 (f1)
Signalling equipment Signalling equipment
The above scheme using Zone 2 relay elements is often
-End A -End B referred to as a POP Z2 scheme. An alternative exists
(b) Signalling arrangement that uses Zone 1 elements instead of Zone 2, and this is
referred to as the POP Z1 scheme.
Figure 12.8: Permissive over-reach transfer tripping scheme
Since the signalling channel is keyed by over-reaching Zone 12.3.5 Weak Infeed Conditions
2 elements, the scheme requires duplex communication
occurs when no signal is received and the over-reaching as a ‘directional comparison blocking scheme’ or a
Zone 2 distance measuring elements looking into the line ‘blocking over-reach distance protection scheme’.
operate. The signalling channel is keyed by reverse-
looking distance elements (Z3 in the diagram, though Signal send
Z1
which zone is used depends on the particular relay used).
An ideal blocking scheme is shown in Figure 12.11.
Z2 Z2T O
Z3A Z3T O ≥1
Z2A Z3 Trip
Z1A
A B C
F1 F2 F3 STL O
&
Z1B
Z2B Signal receive O td
Z3B
(a) Distance/time characteristics
Channel in service
• 12 • Z1
Signal send
Distance relay