ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost I would like to thank ALLAH Almighty the Most Gracious, The Most
Bountiful the Omnipotent and The Omnipresent, The master of world for giving us the strength
ability for successful completion of our project.

I would like to express our gratitude to all those who give the possibility to complete
this project. I am thankful to the Building Sub Division Sahiwal, for giving such a golden
opportunity to commence this project in the first instance. I have furthermore too thankful to
all the teacher who taught me, we encouraged and guide me for our project. I am also thankful
to the entire civil engineering technology department at GCUF Sahiwal Campus for their
stimulating support. I am very Thankful to Head of Department of Civil Engineering
Technology in GCUF Sahiwal Campus. I am very Thankful to Dr. Muhammad Ashraf and
Dr. Engr. Hafiz Asim Saeed for the way he trained me for future, his constant help. Giddiness
and attention though out the project. He was kind, understanding and sympathetic towards us.
Indeed, working with him, he was a blessing for me.

I wish to express our sincere than to Building Sub Division Sahiwal, for providing me
with all the necessary facilities for research.

Finally, thanks go to Dr. Engr. Hafiz Asim Saeed who have support me to complete
the project work.

At the end acknowledgements will remain incomplete, until the encouraging role of my
Parents. Siblings are not greatly recognized and ultimately appreciated.

Signature of Student
Hafiz Muhammad Zil-E-Muzammil (5651)
 Table of Contents

Page No

Acknowledgment i

Table Of Content ii

List Of Figures vi

List Of table viii

List Of Abbreviation. vii

 Table Of Content

Chapter 1- Introduction..............................................................................................................1
1.1 Planning of Upgradation Hospital……………………… ………………………….....7

1.1.1 Construction Plan.........................................................................................................7

1.1.2 Architecture Brief.......................................................................................................7

1.2 why we need to upgrade to hospital................................................................................7

1.3 Mission of upgradation of DHQ sahiwal........................................................................7

1.4 Objective of upgrade DHQ Hospital...............................................................................8

Chapter 2 - Training Work.......................................................................................................9

2 Construction Materials:..................................................................................................10

2.1 Cement..........................................................................................................................10

2.2 Sand..............................................................................................................................12

2.2.1 Composition...............................................................................................................13

2.3 Aggregate......................................................................................................................13

2.4 Bricks............................................................................................................................15

2.5 Steel...............................................................................................................................16

2.5.1 Mild steel bars:..........................................................................................................17

2.5.2 Deformed steel bars:..................................................................................................17

2.5.3 Physical properties of steel:.......................................................................................18

Chapter 3- Skill Attained..........................................................................................................20

3.1 Cement test...................................................................................................................20

3.1.2 Fineness Test.............................................................................................................21

3.1.3 Consistency Test.........................................................................................................22

3.1.4 Soundness Test...........................................................................................................23

3.2 Tests On Aggregates....................................................................................................23

3.2.1 Sieve Analysis Test....................................................................................................23

3.2.2 Water Absorption Test..............................................................................................24

 3.3 Concrete Test................................................................................................................24

3.3.2 Compression Test.....................................................................................................25

3.4 Tests On Soil.................................................................................................................26

3.4.1 Water Content............................................................................................................26

3.4.2 Liquid Limit Test.......................................................................................................26

3.4.3 Plastic Limit Test.......................................................................................................27

3.5 Sub Structure................................................................................................................29

3.6 Layout............................................................................................................................29

3.7 Excavation......................................................................................................................29

3.8 Foundation.....................................................................................................................30

3.8.1 Types of foundation.....................................................................................................30

3.9 Back Fill..........................................................................................................................32

3.9.1 Results..........................................................................................................................33

3.10 Drawings.......................................................................................................................34

Chapter 4- Feedback and Recommendation..............................................................37

4.1 Feed Back:.......................................................................................................................37

4.2 Conclusion........................................................................................................................37

4.3 Recommendation.............................................................................................................38

References.........................................................................................................................................39
 List of figures

Figure Title Pages

1.1 PROPOSED PANORAMIC VIEW..........................................................................1

1.2 ROUGH COST ESTIMATION FRAME STRUCTURE............................................2
1.3 ROUGH COST ESTIMATION FOR SPOT LIGHT WITH 120/150 WATTT SPOT
BULB.......................................................................................................................................3

1.4 ROUGH COST ESTIMATION CEILING AND PANELING......................................3

1.5 TIME LINE FOR 3 MONTH WORKING PLAN IN PRIMAVERA P6 1ST PART.........5
1.6 TIME LINE FOR 3 MONTH WORKING PLAN IN PRIMAVERA P6 2ND PART........6
2.1 RAVI SAND USE IN SITE WORK....................................................................12
2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE....................................................................................14
2.3 FINE AGGREGATE..........................................................................................15
2.4 BRICK AT WORK SITE....................................................................................15
2.5 TEST REPORT OF BRICK.................................................................................16
2.6 MUGHAL STEEL #4 AND #6 DIA USE IN SITE ...............................................17
2.7 TEST REPORT OF MUGHAL STEEL DIA #6 AT 180 0......................................18
2.8 TEST REPORT OF MUGHAL STEEL DIA #4 AT 180 O ....................................19
2.9 VICAT APPARATUS.........................................................................................20
3.1 LAYOUT FOR NEW BUILDING.......................................................................29
3.2 EXCAVATION FOR NEW BUILDING.................................................................30
3.3 WORKING FOR PREPARE FOUNDATION IN NEW BUILDING...........................31
3.4 RAFT FOUNDATION IN NEW BUILDING..........................................................31
3.5 PAD FOUNDATION PREPARE CONCRETE SLAB ..............................................32
3.6 WORKING FOR BRICK WORK IN FOUNDATION...............................................33
3.7 EARTH FILLING COMPACTION TEST REPORT.................................................33
3.8 SUB BASE RESULT REPORT............................................................................34
3.9 TEST REPORT OF CONCRETE CUBE ...............................................................34
3.10 SITE PLAN.......................................................................................................35
3.11 X-SECTIONS A-A AND B-B OF BUILDING......................................................36
3.12 WEST AND SOUTH SIDE ELEVATION..............................................................36
 List of Table
Table Title Page

1.1 Project Detail 1

2.1 Comparison Of Chemical And physical Characteristics 10

 ABBREVIATION

B.M Benchmark
B.O.F Bottom of Foundation
BOQ Bill of Quantities
BWK Brick Work
CC Cement Concrete.
CE Chief Engineer
CP Cement Plaster.
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
DPC Damp Proof Course
Chapter 1- Introduction
District Headquarter Teaching Hospital Sahiwal (558 beds), Government Haji Abdul Qayyum
Teaching Hospital Sahiwal (72 beds) and Ghalla Mandi Mini Hospital (10 beds) Sahiwal are
attached to the college as the teaching hospitals. The student intake is 100 students per year.
The new block of DHQ hospital is under construction. After it is functional, the DHQ teaching
Hospital Sahiwal is going to be transformed into 1158 beds hospital Construction of new
hospital within the new campus will soon start.

Project detail:

Table 1.1 Project Detail

Project Name Up Gradation of DHQ SAHIWAL

Client Mr Muhammad Sarwer
Consultant AZ Associates
Contractor’s Name Building Department
Structure New
Stories Basement + 4 Stories
Starting & Estimated Completion Period Nov 2018 to March 2025
Estimated Cost 2 billions

Covered Area 80,000Sq.ft

Overview about Project:

Figure1.1 Proposed Panoramic View

1
DHQ Hospital Sahiwal is one of the large Hospitals in Punjab. The Provincial Government has
allowed 3.58 billion development funds for up gradation the Districts Headquarters Hospital to
a teaching Hospital.
It will be the first teaching hospital between Multan and Lahore which will facilitate 10 million
population of Sahiwal division and surrounding areas.DHQ Sahiwal would be equipped with
modern machinery while Neuru, Medical, Surgical, Pediatric and Cardiology wards would be
upgraded besides specialist doctors would be hired.
The SMC building is at the final stage of construction around 400 MBBs students will be
shifted to the new building the last quarter into a teaching hospital.
Now the students can complete their house job in Sahiwal after passing the final fifth year
examination.
Earlier, the medical student had to move Faisalabad; Lahore Or Multan for the completion of
their house job Hospital is spread over an area of 4.15 acres having 14 wards and around 100
doctors.

Figure1.2 Rough Cost Estimation For Frame Structure

2
Figure1.3 Rough Cost Estimation For Spot Light With 120/150 watt Spot Bulb

Figure1.4 Rough Cost Estimation Ceiling And Paneling

3
Figure1.5 Time Line For 3 Month Working Plan In Primavera P6 (1 st Part)

4
Figure1.6 Time Line For 3 Month Working Plan In Primavera P6 (2 nd Part)

5
 1.1 Planning of Up gradation Hospital
Hospital planning starts with construction of a planning team.
i. The Hospital Administration
ii. Specialists from various clinical branches
iii. Nursing Advisor
iv. Civil and Electrical Engineers
v. Representative of local body
vi. Senior Architect
1.1.1 Construction Plan
i. Design of Construction
ii. No. of floor
iii. Facility for each floor
iv. Designing of OPD, Emergency, Indoors
v. O.T and investigation facilities
vi. Supportive and Ancillary Services
vii. Space for Expansion
viii. Auxiliary Areas, Parking, Canteen, Dispensary, etc.
1.1.2 Architecture Brief
A brief of the complete construction plan to be given to the architect.
i. Design Specific Functional Area
ii. Inter – relation between various areas
iii. Preparation of drawings and models
iv. Electricity and Air Conditioning
v. Lifts, Fire Fighting
vi. Water Supply
vii. Finalization after discussion with planning team

1.2 Why we need to upgrade to hospital

The future of healthcare industry in Pakistan will see a continued strong demand for
construction of healthcare facilities, excluding completely new or replacement facilities and
projects involving major additions and modernization.

Planning and design will assume greater importance than ever before. Thus planners,
architects, builders, hospital executives, board members, medical staff representatives, and
others who possess responsibility for undertaking hospital construction projects should have
basic understanding of planning process and of appropriate concepts of hospital and related
healthcare facility design objectives.

The hospital planning, design and construction process takes the form of three distinct phases.
The first is the definition and planning for the hospital project itself, including the project
request, strategic plan, facilities need assessment, specific program and concept design. Second
is the preparation of schematic design, design development, construction documentation and
securing a building permit. The third phase covers bidding, construction licensing, and
evaluation

1.3 Mission of up gradation of DHQ Sahiwal

i. To provide safe, secure, and high quality medical care.
ii. To foster excellent health professionals who will lead into the future.
6
iii. To support and develop community health and medical services.
iv. To promote advanced medical care and disseminate it to the world.

1.4 Objective of upgrade DHQ Hospital

1.4.1 Medical Care

i. To provide high quality specialized medical care and promote collaboration with local
healthcare institutions as a core medical institution of Yamaguchi Prefecture.
ii. To practice collaborative multidisciplinary health care involving a range of health
professionals.
iii. To practice and promote highly-advanced medical treatments.
iv. To strengthen infection countermeasures.

1.4.2 Research
i. To develop advanced healthcare technology and novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods
and disseminate the techniques globally.
ii. To develop and promote minimally invasive medical treatments.
iii. To enhance the functions of the Center for Clinical Research and promote clinical research,
clinical trials, and the development of new drugs.

1.4.3 Education and Training

i. To provide pre- and post-graduate education and clinical training from the philosophical
standpoint of healthcare and medicine as a human science.
ii. The key words of our medical and healthcare education and clinical training programs are:
person-centered medicine, safe and high quality healthcare, team medicine, and health
economics.
iii. To enhance primary care education and continuing health education to secure and support
healthcare personnel to engage in community health.
iv. To enhance education and training systems to prepare health professionals and support the
career development of all health personnel.
v. To engage the community as a means of social enlightenment, by holding education
seminars and giving support for health service users, local residents, and medical
institutions to gain medical and healthcare knowledge and access to health technology.

7
Chapter 2 - Training Work
Cost has its proven importance as the prime factor for project success. Most of the significant
figures affecting project costs are qualitative such as client priority on construction time
,contractor’s planning capability, procurement methods and market conditions including the
level of construction activity (Elchaig et al, 2005). A project otherwise may not be regarded as
a successful endeavor until and unless it satisfies the cost limitations applied to it.
In spite of its proven importance it is not uncommon to see a construction falling to achieve its
goal within the specified cost. Cost overrun is a very frequent phenomenon and is almost
associated with all projects of construction industry. Cost overrun can be simply defined as
when the final cost of the project exceeds the original estimates {(Averts, 1983). According to
one very comprehensive research made on global construction (Flyvberg, 2002), it was found
that 9 out of 10 projects had overrun; overruns of 50 to 100 percent were common; overrun
was found in each of the 20 nations and five continents covered by the study; and overrun had
been constant for the 70 years for which data were available. It is believed that construction
projects experience an increase in cost of about 33% on average (Hartley and Okamoto 1997).
Angelo and Reina state that the problem of cost overruns is critical and needs to be study more
to alleviate this issue in the future. They also point out that cost overruns are a major problem
in both developing and developed countries (Angelo and Reina, 2002). The trend is more
severe in developing countries where these overruns sometimes exceeds 100% of the
anticipated cost of the project. Low quality materials cause higher construction cost than
expected because of the loss of materials during construction. This results from a lack of
standards for materials and management systems (Thungphanich, 1997). Lack of ability to
prevent cost overruns or to control construction costs causes Thai construction companies to
fail (Sriprasert 2000).
In Pakistan construction sector is an important sector. Although not working to its fullest
potential it still is of prime interest to the country. Growth in this sector is critical for growth in
national income as it is among the largest sectors that generates employment within the country
as well as a key indicator of the economy of Pakistan. As many other developing country
Pakistan is facing also cost related issues among which cost overrun is quite prominent.
There are several factors that are responsible for these cost overruns. This paper attempts to
identify the major factors of cost overrun in construction sector of Pakistan and can serve as
the way forward for future work in coping with these overruns.
A thorough literature review was done and also the expert opinions from industry experts were
taken, through which a number of cost variation causes were identified in the local
construction industry. In total twenty five (25) factors were finalized to made part of the survey
questionnaire. Questionnaire consisting of two parts A and B was developed. In Part A
personal Information of the respondent (for e.g. work experience, organization, annual volume
of construction work) was asked. Part B was aimed to obtain information about causes of cost
overrun in Pakistan construction industry it was asked to rate those initially identified twenty
five (25) factors according to their severity level on the given scale, information regarding
maximum, average and minimum cost variation ranges experienced over large projects and
average overruns over small projects were asked. A survey was conducted through postal mail
and personal interviews in which respondents were asked to rank and score these factors
according to their experience. Assessment of feedback from questionnaire survey was made.
One response was cast off on the basis of insufficient information and analysis was made out
of ten (10) responses to identify the major cost variation contributing factors. Analysis is

8
discussed in detail in the following section, on the basis of which recommendations to
construction industry of Pakistan were made.

2 Construction Materials:
2.1 Cement
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance that sets and
hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the
Romans, who used the term opus caementicious to describe masonry resembling modern
concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and
pulverized brick additives that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were
later referred to as cemented, centum, cement, and cement.
Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic.
Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) harden because of hydration, a chemical reaction
between the anhydrous cement powder and water. Thus, they can harden underwater or when
constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction results in hydrates that are not very
water-soluble and so are quite durable in water. Non-hydraulic cements do not harden
underwater; for example, slaked limes harden by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide.
The most important uses of cement are as an ingredient in the production of mortar in masonry,
and of concrete, a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong building material.

Physical properties
i. Finesse
ii. Soundness
iii. Consistency
iv. Setting time
v. Compressive strength
vi. Heat of hydration
vii. Specific gravity
viii. Bulk density

9
 Table 2.1 Comparison Of Chemical And physical Characteristics

2.1.1 Port land cement

Portland cement was developed from natural cements made in Britain in the early part of the
nineteenth century, and its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone, a type of
building stone that was quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England.
Joseph Asp din, a British bricklayer from Leeds, is considered to be the originator of Portland
cement. A process for the manufacture of Portland cement was patented in 1824.
In order to achieve the desired setting qualities in the finished product, a quantity (2–8%, but
typically 5%) of calcium sulfate (usually gypsum or anhydrite) is added to the clinker and the
mixture is finely ground to form the finished cement powder. This is achieved in a cement
mill.

Typical constituents of Portland clinker plus gypsum

Cement chemists notation under CCN.

Clinker CCN Mass %
Tri calcium silicate (CaO)3 • SiO2 C3S 45–75%
Di calcium silicate (CaO)2 • SiO2 C2S 7–32%
Tri calcium aluminate (CaO)3 • Al2O3 C3A 0–13%
Tetra calcium aluminoferrite (CaO)4 • Al2O3 • Fe2O3 C4AF 0–18%
Gypsum CaSO4 • 2 H2O 2–10%

10
2.2 Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and
conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-
tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
The second most common form of sand is calcium carbonate, for example aragonite, which has
mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like coral and
shellfish. It is, for example, the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have
dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean.

Figure2.1 Ravi Sand Use in Site Work

2.2.1 Composition
In terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter
from 0.0625 mm (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a
sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm)
and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm).
The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a
century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert
Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. A 1953 engineering standard published
by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum
sand size at 0.074 mm. A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture
was 0.05 mm. Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers (silt, by comparison, feels
like flour). The most common constituent of sand, in inland continental settings and non-
tropical coastal settings, is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz,
which, because of its chemical inertness and considerable hardness, is the most common
mineral resistant to weathering.

11
 Figure2.2 Noor Pur Sand use in Site Work

2.3 Aggregate
Construction aggregate are simply aggregate is a broad category of coarse particulate material
used in construction including sand, gravel, crush, stone etc.
2.3.1 Coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but generally range between 9.5mm to
37.5mm in diameter. They can either be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled sources.
Primary, or 'virgin', aggregates are either Land- or Marine-Won. Gravel is a coarse marine-won
aggregate; land-won coarse aggregates include gravel and crushed rock. Gravels constitute the
majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up most of the
remainder. Secondary aggregates are materials which are the by- products of extractive
operations and are derived from a very wide range of materials.

Figure2.3 Coarse aggregate

12
2.3.2 Fine aggregate
Fine aggregate is the inert or chemically inactive material, most of which passes through a 4.75
mm IS sieve and contains not more than 5 per cent coarser material.

Figure2.4 Fine aggregate

2.4 Bricks
Bricks are blocks of clay that have been hardened through being fired in a kiln or dried in the
sun. Over time, kiln-fired bricks have grown more popular than sun dried bricks, although both
are still found world widen the past, bricks came in many different shapes and sizes, but
today’s modern bricks tend to be a standard size or around 9'' × 4.5'' ×3''.

Figure2.5 Brick at Work Site

13
2.4.1 Brick Components

Modern clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud,

dry press, or extruded.

Normally, brick contains the following ingredient

Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight

Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight

Lime – 2 to 5% by weight

Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight

Magnesia – less than 1% by weight

Figure2.6 Test Report of Brick

14
2.5 Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is widely used in construction and other applications
because of its hardness and tensile strength. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron
act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that naturally exists in the
iron atom crystal lattices. The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to2.1% of its
weight. Mughal Steel is used in Capital Icon Shopping construction.

Figure2.7 (Mughal Steel #4 And #6 Dia Use In Site )

Types of steel bars:

Mild steel bars
Deformed steel bars
2.5.1 Mild steel bars:
Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc.
in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections
of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut
quickly and be bent easily without damage.
2.5.2 Deformed steel bars:
As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of
bar, these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two
materials. Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These
bars can be used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at
substantially uniform distances.

15
2.5.3 Physical properties of steel:
The properties of steel are closely linked to its composition. For example, there is a big
difference in hardness between the steel in a drinks can and the steel that is use to make a pair
of scissors. The metal in the scissors contains nearly twenty times as much carbon and is many
times harder. Changing the carbon content changes the properties of the steel and the way that
it is used.

Figure2.8 Test Report of Mughal Steel Dia #6 at 180 0

16
Figure2.9 Test Report of Mughal Steel Dia #4 at 180 o

17
Chapter 3- Skill Attained
3.1 Cement test
3.1.1 Initial & Final Setting Time

Initial setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and time at
which 1 mm square section needle fails to penetrate the cement paste, placed in the Viccat’s
Mold 5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the Mold.
Final setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and the time at
which 1 mm needle makes an impression on the paste in the Mold but 5 mm attachment does
not make any impression.

Figure3.1 Vicat Apparatus

Before commencing setting time test, do the consistency test to obtain the water required to
give the paste normal consistency (P).
Take 400 g of cement and prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85P of water by weight of
cement.
Gauge time is kept between 3 to 5 minutes. Start the stop watch at the instant when the water is
added to the cement. Record this time (t1).
Fill the Viccat mold, resting on a glass plate, with the cement paste gauged as above. Fill the
mold completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the
Mold. The cement block thus prepared is called test block.
Place the test block confined in the Mold and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod
bearing the needle.
18
Lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of test block and quick
release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.
In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test block. Repeat this procedure i.e. quickly
releasing the needle after every 2 minutes till the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5
mm measured from the bottom of the mold. Note this time (t2).
For determining the final setting time, replace the needle of the Vicat’s apparatus by the needle
with an annular attachment. The cement is considered finally set when upon applying the final
setting needle gently to the surface of the test block; the needle makes an impression thereon,
while the attachment fails to do so. Record this time (t3).
Initial setting time=t2-t1
Final setting time=t3-t1,
Where,
t1=Time at which water is first added to cement
t2=Time when needle fails to penetrate 5 mm to 7 mm from bottom of the Mold
t3=Time when the needle makes an impression but the attachment fails to do so.
Release the initial and final setting time needles gently.
The experiment should be performed away from vibration and other disturbances.
Needle should be cleaned every time it is used.
Position of the Mold should be shifted slightly after each penetration to avoid penetration at the
same place.
Test should be performed at the specified environmental conditions.

3.1.2 Fineness Test

To determine the fineness of cement by dry sieving as per IS: 4031 (Part 1) - 1996.
Weigh the residue and express its mass as a percentage R1, of the quantity first placed on the
sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent.
Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve.
Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10g sample to obtain R2. Then calculate R as the
mean of R1 and R2 as a percentage Principle
The fineness of cement is measured by sieving it through a standard sieve. The proportion of
cement, the grain sizes of which, is larger than the specified mesh size is thus determined.
90µm IS Sieve
Balance capable of weighing 10g to the nearest 10mg
A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to 40mm bristle, for cleaning the
Sieve.
19
Weigh approximately 10g of cement to the nearest 0.01g and place it on the sieve.
Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movements, until no more fine material
passes through it.
Expressed to the nearest 0.1 percent. When the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute,
carry out a third sieving and calculate the mean of the three values.

3.1.3 Consistency Test

To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency
as per IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988.
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the
Viccat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the Viccat mold.

Figure3.2 Viccat Apparatus

Vacate apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976

Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g
Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 - 1982
Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water. The time of
gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
Fill the Viccat Mold with paste and level it with a trowel.
Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.
Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
Note the reading on the gauge.
Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different quantities of water
until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.

20
3.1.4 Soundness Test
To determine the soundness of cement by Le-Chatelier method as per IS: 4031 (Part 3) - 1988.
LE-CHATELIER'S TEST APPARATUS
The apparatus for conducting the Le-Chatelier test should conform to IS: 5514 -1969
Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g
Water bath
Place the mold on a glass sheet and fill it with the cement paste formed by gauging cement
with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency (see Para 1.2).
Cover the mold with another piece of glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering glass
sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27 ± 2oC and
keep it there for 24hrs.
Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5mm (say d l
Submerge the mold again in water at the temperature prescribed above. Bring the water to
boiling point in 25 to 30 minutes and keep it boiling for 3hrs.
Remove the mold from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between the
indicator points (say d 2).
(d 2 – d l ) represents the expansion of cement.
3.2 Tests On Aggregates
3.2.1 Sieve Analysis Test
To determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving as per IS:
2386 (Part I) - 1963.
By passing the sample downward through a series of standard sieves, each of decreasing size
openings, the aggregates are separated into several groups, each of which contains aggregates
in a particular size range.
A Set Of Is Sieves
A set of IS Sieves of sizes - 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm, 31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm,
12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm, 4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm and
75µm
Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample
The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5 o C and weighed.
The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of the total sample
weight.

21
Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates retained on each
sieve and dividing the sum by 100
3.2.2 Water Absorption Test
To determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part III) - 1963.
Wire basket - perforated, electroplated or plastic coated with wire hangers for suspending it
from the balance
Water-tight container for suspending the basket
Dry soft absorbent cloth - 75cm x 45cm (2 nos.)
Shallow tray of minimum 650 sq.cm area
Air-tight container of a capacity similar to the basket
Oven
Sample
A sample not less than 2000g should be used.
The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and then
placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22 and 32
o
C.
After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and allowing it to
drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed for a period of
24 + ½ hrs afterwards.
The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water, allowed to drain for a few
minutes, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one of the
dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth when
the first would remove no further moisture. The aggregates should be spread on the second
cloth and exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to be completely
surface-dry. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight 'A').
The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110 o C for 24hrs.
It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight 'B').
3.3 Concrete Test
3.3.1 Rebound Hammer Test
To assess the likely compressive strength of concrete by using rebound hammer as per IS:
13311 (Part 2) - 1992.
The rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which its mass
strikes. When the plunger of the rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete,
the spring-controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such a rebound depends upon the surface
hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound is taken to be related
to the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound value is read from a graduated scale
and is designated as the rebound number or rebound index. The compressive strength can be
read directly from the graph provided on the body of the hammer.
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Before commencement of a test, the rebound hammer should be tested against the test anvil, to
get reliable results, for which the manufacturer of the rebound hammer indicates the range of
readings on the anvil suitable for different types of rebound hammer.
Apply light pressure on the plunger - it will release it from the locked position and allow it to
extend to the ready position for the test.
Press the plunger against the surface of the concrete, keeping the instrument perpendicular to
the test surface. Apply a gradual increase in pressure until the hammer impacts. (Do not touch
the button while depressing the plunger. Press the button after impact, in case it is not
convenient to note the rebound reading in that position.)
Take the average of about 15 reading
3.3.2 Compression Test
To determine the compressive strength of concrete specimens as per IS: 516 - 1959.
Compression Testing Machine
I. Compression testing machine conforming to IS: 516 – 1959
Age at Test
Tests should be done at recognized ages of the test specimens, usually being 7 and 28 days.
The ages should be calculated from the time of the addition of water to the drying of
ingredients.
Number of Specimens
At least three specimens, preferably from different batches, should be taken for testing at each
selected age.
The specimens, prepared according to IS: 516 - 1959 and stored in water, should be tested
immediately on removal from the water and while still in wet condition. Specimens when
received dry should be kept in water for 24hrs. Before they are taken for testing. The
dimensions of the specimens, to the nearest 0.2mm and their weight should be noted before
testing.
The bearing surfaces of the compression testing machine should be wiped clean and any loose
sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen, which would be in contact
with the compression platens.
In the case a of cubical specimen, the specimen should be placed in the machine in such a
manner that the load could be applied to the opposite sides of the cubes, not to the top and the
bottom. The axis of the specimen should be carefully aligned with the centre of thrust of the
spherically seated platen. No packing should be used between the faces of the test specimen
and the steel platen of the testing machine. As the spherically seated block is brought to rest on
the specimen, the movable portion should be rotated gently by hand so that uniform seating is
obtained.
The load should be applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate of
approximately 140kg/sq.cm/minute until the resistance of the specimen to the increasing load
breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to the specimen

23
should then be recorded and the appearance of the concrete and any unusual features in the
type of failure should be noted.
3.4 Tests On Soil
3.4.1 Water Content
Oven Drying Method
To determine the water content in soil by oven drying method as per IS: 2720 (Part II) - 1973.
The water content (w) of a soil sample is equal to the mass of water divided by the mass of
solids.
Thermostatically controlled oven maintained at a temperature of 110 ± 5oC
Weighing balance, with an accuracy of 0.04% of the weight of the soil taken
Air-tight container made of non-corrodible material with lid
Tongs
Clean the container, dry it and weigh it with the lid (Weight 'W1').
Take the required quantity of the wet soil specimen in the container and weigh it with the lid
(Weight 'W2').
Place the container, with its lid removed, in the oven till its weight becomes constant
(Normally for 24hrs.).
When the soil has dried, remove the container from the oven, using tongs.
Find the weight 'W3' of the container with the lid and the dry soil sample.
3.4.2 Liquid Limit Test
To determine the liquid limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5) - 1985.
The liquid limit of fine-grained soil is the water content at which soil behaves practically like a
liquid, but has small shear strength. Its flow closes the groove in just 25 blows in Casagrande’s
liquid limit device.
Casagrande's Liquid Limit Device
Casagrande’s liquid limit device
Grooving tools of both standard and ASTM types
Oven
Evaporating dish
Spatula
IS Sieve of size 425µm
Weighing balance, with 0.01g accuracy
Wash bottle
24
Air-tight and non-corrodible container for determination of moisture content
Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit device.
Level the mix so as to have a maximum depth of 1cm.
Draw the grooving tool through the sample along the symmetrical axis of the cup, holding the
tool perpendicular to the cup.
For normal fine grained soil: The Casagrande's tool is used to cut a groove 2mm wide at the
bottom, 11mm wide at the top and 8mm deep.
For sandy soil: The ASTM tool is used to cut a groove 2mm wide at the bottom, 13.6mm wide
at the top and 10mm deep.
After the soil pat has been cut by a proper grooving tool, the handle is rotated at the rate of
about 2 revolutions per second and the no. of blows counted, till the two parts of the soil
sample come into contact for about 10mm length.
Take about 10g of soil near the closed groove and determine its water content (see Para 5.1).
The soil of the cup is transferred to the dish containing the soil paste and mixed thoroughly
after adding a little more water. Repeat the test.
By altering the water content of the soil and repeating the foregoing operations, obtain at least
5 readings in the range of 15 to 35 blows. Don’t mix dry soil to change its consistency.
Liquid limit is determined by plotting a ‘flow curve’ on a semi-log graph, with no. of blows as
abscissa (log scale) and the water content as ordinate and drawing the best straight line through
the plotted points.
Water content corresponding to 25 blows, is the value of the liquid limit.
3.4.3 Plastic Limit Test
To determine The Plastic Limit Of Soil As Per IS: 2720 (Part 5) - 1985.
The plastic limit of fine-grained soil is the water content of the soil below which it ceases to be
plastic. It begins to crumble when rolled into threads of 3mm dia.
Porcelain evaporating dish about 120mm dia.
Spatula
Container to determine moisture content
Balance, with an accuracy of 0.01g
Oven
Ground glass plate - 20cm x 15cm
Rod - 3mm dia. and about 10cm long
Take about 8g of the soil and roll it with fingers on a glass plate. The rate of rolling should be
between 80 to 90 strokes per minute to form a 3mm dia.

25
If the dia. of the threads can be reduced to less than 3mm, without any cracks appearing, it
means that the water content is more than its plastic limit. Knead the soil to reduce the water
content and roll it into a thread again.
Repeat the process of alternate rolling and kneading until the thread crumbles.
Collect and keep the pieces of crumbled soil thread in the container used to determine the
moisture content.
Repeat the process at least twice more with fresh samples of plastic soil each time.
3.4.4 Maximum Dry Density And Optimum Moisture Content
To determine the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of soil using heavy
compaction as per IS: 2720 (Part 8) - 1983.
CYLINDRICAL METAL MOLD
Cylindrical metal Mold - it should be either of 100mm dia. and 1000cc volume or 150mm dia.
and 2250cc volume and should conform to IS: 10074 - 1982
Balances - one of 10kg capacity, sensitive to 1g and the other of 200g capacity, sensitive to
0.01g
Oven - thermostatically controlled with an interior of non-corroding material to maintain
temperature between 105 and 110 o C
Steel straightedge - 30cm long
IS Sieves of sizes - 4.75mm, 19mm and 37.5mm
Preparation of Sample
A representative portion of air-dried soil material, large enough to provide about 6kg of
material passing through a 19mm IS Sieve (for soils not susceptible to crushing during
compaction) or about 15kg of material passing through a 19mm IS Sieve (for soils susceptible
to crushing during compaction), should be taken. This portion should be sieved through a
19mm IS Sieve and the coarse fraction rejected after its proportion of the total sample has been
recorded.
Aggregations of particles should be broken down so that if the sample was sieved through a
4.75mm IS Sieve, only separated individual particles would be retained.
A 5kg sample of air-dried soil passing through the 19mm IS Sieve should be taken. The sample
should be mixed thoroughly with a suitable amount of water depending on the soil type (for
sandy and gravelly soil - 3 to 5% and for cohesive soil - 12 to 16% below the plastic limit).
The soil sample should be stored in a sealed container for a minimum period of 16hrs.
The Mold of 1000cc capacity with base plate attached, should be weighed to the nearest 1g
(W1). The Mold should be placed on a solid base, such as a concrete floor or plinth and the
moist soil should be compacted into the Mold, with the extension attached, in five layers of
approximately equal mass, each layer being given 25 blows from the 4.9kg rammer dropped
from a height of 450mm above the soil. The blows should be distributed uniformly over the
surface of each layer. The amount of soil used should be sufficient to fill the Mold, leaving not
more than about 6mm to be struck off when the extension is removed. The extension should be
removed and the compacted soil should be levelled off carefully to the top of the Mold by
26
means of the straight edge. The Mold and soil should then be weighed to the nearest gram
(W2). The compacted soil specimen should be removed from the Mold and placed onto the
mixing tray. The water content (w) of a representative sample of the specimen should be
determined as in Para 5.1. The remaining soil specimen should be broken up, rubbed through
19mm IS Sieve and then mixed with the remaining original sample. Suitable increments of
water should be added successively and mixed into the sample, and the above operations i.e.
Para to should be repeated for each increment of water added. The total number of
determinations made should be at least five and the moisture contents should be such that the
optimum moisture content at which the maximum dry density occurs, lies within that range.
Soil susceptible to crushing during compaction five or more 2.5kg samples of air-dried soil
passing through the 19mm IS Sieve, should be taken. The samples should each be mixed
thoroughly with different amounts of water and stored in a sealed container as mentioned in
Para A), above. Follow the operations given in Para A) ii) to IV), above.Compaction in large
size Mold –For compacting soil containing coarse material up to 37.5 mm sizes, the 2250cc
Mold should be used. A sample weighing about 30kg and passing through the 37.5mm IS
Sieve is used for the test. Soil is compacted in five layers, each layer being given 55 blows of
the 4.9kg rammer.
3.5 Sub Structure
A Substructure is an underlying or supporting structure to superstructure. It is below
ground level. Foundation is part of substructure. Substructure is the lower portion of the
building which transmits the dead load, live loads and other loads to the underneath sub soil.
3.6 Layout
Layout of a building or a structure shows the plan the plan of its foundation on the ground
surface according to its drawings,

Figure3.3 layout for New Building

27
3.7 Excavation
Excavation means any operation in which earth rock or other material on or below the ground
is removed our project use.

Figure3.4 Excavation for New Building

3.8 Foundation
The foundation of building transfer the weight of the building to the ground. While foundation
is a general word normally every building has a number of individual foundations commonly
called footings.
3.8.1 Types of foundation
Foundation of building as the name implies is the starting of a building construction on
site really. Types of building, nature of soil and environmental conditions are the major
determinant of type of foundation you will use for your building.
I. Strip foundation
II. Pad foundation
III. Raft foundation
IV. Pile foundation

3.8.2 Strip foundation

This is the most common type, it is mainly used where you have strong soil base and non-
waterlogged areas. Most small buildings of just a floor are constructed with this type of
foundation.
Depends on the structural engineers recommendation, the depth of your foundation could be
from 600mm to 1200mm mostly for small scale buildings. When the soil is excavated, a level
at which the concrete will settle evenly is established, then concrete is poured this may be from
150mm(6”) thick to 450mm(18”) thick depending also on building after that block is set round
the trenches at the canter of foundation ,the foundation usually follows the block lines. The
blocks are then laid to D.P.C level before another concrete is poured on top, this is the German
or over site concrete.

28
 Figure3.5 Working for Prepare Foundation In New Building

Figure3.6 Raft Foundation In New building

3.8.3 Pad foundation

This is where isolated columns (pillars) are casted from the foundation to carry a slab at
the top of the ground. This is mostly used when you want to make use of the under of building
as parking space or when the other space is not conducive to have foundation. Imagine you are
planning to build a house across a flowing stream and you want a situation where you can use
your boat to pass under the building because the stream is under. Then you may not need to dig
foundation that will cut across the river but just by applying columns (pillars) at the edge of the
river like a bridge, this columns are thus isolated

29
 Figure3.7 Pad Foundation Prepare concrete Slab

3.8.4 Raft foundation

This is where you have concrete spread around your building from the base of foundation all
through to the German floor / over site concrete/ground floor slab. It is mainly used in areas
where the soil are sandy and loose, you spend more on this than the other previous two most of
the time. It is also recommended in waterlogged areas but with buildings of fewer storeys
It has a ground beam which shuts out from the foundation base and is also at tached to the
ground floor slab to form a network of concrete embedded round the building space. The
ground beam is usually from 600mm to 1200mm for low buildings.
3.8.5 Pile foundation
The most expensive and the strongest type of foundation, this requires specialist engineering
to do. The soil are bored deep down the earth and filled with concrete to be able to support
loads of multi-storey building on top. Most skyscrapers are constructed with this foundation
type; a waterlogged area of high building may also require this. It is the costliest hence it is
used for high rise building mostly.

30
3.9 Back Fill
To refill an excavation unit to restore the former ground surface and or to preserve the unit
and make it recognizable as have been excavated.

Figure3.8 Working For Brick Work In foundation

3.9.1 Results

Earth Filling Compaction Test

Figure3.9 Earth Filling Compaction Test Report

31
Sub Base Result

Figure3.10 Sub Base Result Report

Test Report of Concrete Cubes

Figure3.11 Test Report of Concrete Cube

32
3.10 Drawings
List of drawings
I. Site Plan
II. X-Sections A-A And B-B of Building
III. West And South Side Elevation
D1

Figure3.12 Site Plan

33
 D2

Figure3.13 X-Sections A-A And B-B of Building

D3

Figure3.14 West And South Side Elevation

34
 Chapter 4- Feedback and Recommendation
4.1 Feed Back:
I. Quality control testing was performed by Consultants. testing equipment was available
on site at the time of visit.
II. Almost 80% civil work of new block was completed.
III. Poor workmanship was observed in masonry work of boundary wall.
IV. Dealing with your client which is again a tough job.
V. If you know well about experiments you do in concrete technology lab it is good.
VI. Start working out on general arrangement and reinforcement drawings. This is only
main work, which is done by an engineer at the site other than managing.
VII. Learn how to talk openly, manage various construction activities at a site.
VIII. The working relationship between the building committee was good
IX. Impressed with high level of professionalism.
X. maintained the highest standards of quality, value, professionalism, safety, and
cleanliness
XI. The performance by associates has been outstanding in every regard.
XII. We have been very satisfied with the process
XIII. The team of employees was great to work

4.2 Conclusion
Internship is a good way to execute knowledge in field. To understand how different things in field
relate with your knowledge so it must be a part of degree program and internship period must be
increased. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced techniques construction as well as observed
the challenges which a civil engineer has to face during i.e. labor problems, cost management,
environmental challenges etc. We cleared our many doubts regarding building construction. Internship
training is a golden opportunity to learn that how engineering knowledge obtained during study in
classrooms is applied to the practical civil engineering works. Internship training through working with
civil engineering professionals opens up job avenues for civil engineers for various institutions. The
internees must take full benefit of internship training program by remaining thoroughly involved in all
aspects of training like technical work, data collection/analysis and technical documents preparation
processes. The training is an important course because it closes the gap between the scientific study and
practical study. Learning you how to deal with other. Finding that team work is the most important
element in every successful project. Learned you that the civil engineer is capable of a lot of work such
as supervision, implementation, the calculation of quantities and design engineering apprentice
engineer and in the future can work as a consultant and contractor. Learning you how to control &
manage the site and how behaves when their problems by take a professional decision. Plans must be
clear and easy to read for those who used. Successful engineer will find the economic design and the
project is implemented less time. The site engineer responsibility to make sure that everything is right
on schedule and every member is doing on the right way.

35
4.3 Recommendation
Most works in the site needs careful attention and successive supervision of works but the in some
case the site works goes improperly due to different causes. This kind of carelessness is not good for
ether the consultant or the contractor. Therefore I suggest supervisors and site engineers to take a
care full look after the work executed on the site and the work that will be executed. In the site there
are works which is performed in the way that not to be performed. Such works lids to safety problem,
loose of human power if its degree is high and economy if it is ordered to demolish it. Thus I
recommend for the company the following. 1 st of all level all the constructed area according to the
drawing level. Testing of material before it delivered to the site and after it delivered and also when it
is in use for construction. It is better to use steel form work than wood (plywood) formwork as it is
very repetitively used, stiff, and not flammable easily and removed easily without damaging the
concrete structure. A cover material could be used for curing for any casted concrete structure until it
attains its strength.

36
 References
I. Construction Materials by Surinda Singh
II. Civil Engineering Hand Book by B.N.Dutta
III. R.C.C Design by W. Morgan
IV. Www.dailycivilengineering.com
V. Www.aboutcivil.org
VI. www.contractor.org
VII. http://theconstructor.org
VIII. http://civilengineersforum.com
IX. https://www.worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/steel-markets/buildings-and-
infrastructure.html
X. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/construction/use-of-steel-in-building-design-
construction-essay.ph
XI. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/brick-masonry
XII. https://brickschema.org/
XIII. https://theconstructor.org/concrete/
XIV. https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/sequence-of-works-for-excavation-and-
backfilling/7370/
XV. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sand

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