6-15 vv, 96 ou) 01762 MAP USE Reading, Analysis, and Interpretation ‘Third Eton Philip Muchrcke Prof o Geopraphy niet f Wicons ‘Madon Wisconsin Juliana ©. Muchreke oy Nor Wot "(1992)Patton Phone 60) 281.273 "Thied Editon Sameer iO A i Made 1. se i nt id ei. po ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In re of oy end pr oa mt CLS tbat pratt npn ete ete po” (parte ol eo tte ‘tit ie GOs .obit ving swt Ny avcnon sd vceton ‘emp or eer mate owing Preface op ton rng te diy mir ef i fc and opto of arctan srandgs teed ot amg ap eet smelt ley wa oc ‘ca mayedin ary cee ces ny, nen meneame ec Fin debe! mp cer seen fy sy os ca pa sho ag ne ine toa cme opening oa eile mrad sce eg Sang nd Serle francs sr anc pas Sirk up mai nn wri Rt icmp not ge ene orp a nbc ee yt ph ase map ie sel in mt iin ef rr ‘Rothe ste tan dort SeUiinsfapd pest te panne Se to i ab ais one "nd hy mada tii tr se yeaa a he me “eid maine» eb geen Compas os dels apg ‘Reems aint hon ah nea a ey a Sloe a a ey a pap iinet to ge athe em eel wpe mone rch peel map nur = set coal eater ie Gy See ae ‘ge chon tr geet smh i ee Ws pa nd gatas inn eran communion. The lio and caer ed aed arg yo Ty eens ot "fw eee pecan hee wa ‘Seat kcmes H han been pect dough sad fac er ten ie AN se SSS fy et Sars pat hls Tach py ein a ihn cg te i oti ei iterator hte moped cape Amaral dnp nek od tniy ep cents hatte a ad of agree ‘irae roa ep ong nth dei Reiss ian png atin amd rns de ah ty ae si py oat eres hae ht Teh agape tara he oman Se eae a nig sen yg nner ‘Syd econ i passa Seen seme on en ater sds egtya cy ther e.Te set gnc se he ny te eet ‘Eine fy a Seppo she mao henson sn andesanding fer umn, the mp, hh he el pt scores tigate ai ee a et es i mt le hn beh eet nts al doce scp Th spe ly im =e then ro te ur ih thet memo em mg than whe they bea en he snp nap thre h mach so ape Catgrphcs hare eS Ek eA Eh tieoth hy hing. te ‘Wht hper ef chge ane Aasogiece fae sip, {erate wed pen so pane Wharton nd oan of ta, ‘pata ations ewe Bitcrmple on stator gon tne irtrgh tl pe acd ad chal ane [Water wort teen edu hone) Aimap wos mde se Contents Aetna Pale vi “he tmionnento be Mapp 22 Sei 4 anor Portayl 107 tite nd Ditton Maps 186 Ste fr Map etal 86 Map rye 202 ction Rene Stems 204 ‘emation iin Ph nig, 27S cn Comparison 394 Steuer ap Amis 368 Mapleton 398 Imrpcng the een Eiennt 23 ‘cng onion Ime Mop neretinn 5 Nopeandety 97eet 2 ent Sig he Eon a8 INTRODUCTION ee XowvingOusuomdigs ing oni ‘Index 620 Environmental Visualization Seale Cartographic Maps. Conditions of Use aa spats ThesucePig Aen Desig Logic Reference Maps ‘Thematic Maps| | Siraeeveasos Tansee Tar gure waned I troduction x fase noon Saiggecimee: Gone ant Se eancy map recsSaat ere ees rete dit chai pcuptiecemerts ade ice pe mh ‘ig ood tos oa es Satcoom re pal cc rk so 0 ee aware CC ot ep ol Soe eye egy Sed sree Inge bot ar gy, ia tee unan SN pers tp comply po SERSzo Sleiman cr svt merge ie ens Sie aah scm nt Environmental Visualization ‘Grate trm ale psc mpc tht “Seu cto ce ‘erat na Se cr ‘Sinan enon ues Nel ey Ee eactprteeets Seroiaurme errata SaaS Chto tans Eeaeeeaemss eee Sie Setoe ae AGESS cereiee Leni Ard orem ue es on ieee ia Sache See Besotinncos mais teed Simcoe es By Be ceanas Eins ‘ching meee et oem sur ig sis a oe Sei ‘at i cee aoe le vetecion — Teneo ag Sen Aes eet teen oe peo Sockenem este Po tie eetreend neotcon ‘doin eptatratm in orc ge See ae ‘whan ene SNS tn oo {gear or pte or rete, po he ‘hyn peg ge fee ace at ‘ai Cn 3a nt i. Tee hewn ai ad iareaccmreavan iiesecmess er tbs may dng bk va Thee ina lp pega es el eee ila eerey eet ot eg scl Ra i oie ow ee fen sit Tc i ba iiicsesnss ‘Sg a te sn a ‘roar etl ca ie eee Sanne set oahdaed or chm a eta keene eae sein ES is hh mpi Est ee fence maps td they se stator nie Nga lpg cal Ace ‘nc ere Bete caning py ses Mapping Constraints waetecerpeneye my rear ee eraeeen ipeeeeroen aden ie to pet = Sond dee mp vic i rn “ld Siete mary ane renee Sees asst Saeco Soret, ‘rei il be sua elev paso Sinton ae rable Dat ‘Bape ey hc yo PE cn wi an rosin ony at Sale sm rton mee ee, a al nl empeytion and haeees inane ‘socom wen SEE cette Bienes ong al il ieee act pert heme Mie ety gee aes eto patho wal on Be Bie Condon fe em lpi de ‘Stl ntuple “ham ee a ecg od ring i en ea ds ‘Map Appreciation inner seca ee orien pe i i Iaecaae amen ire sand ayo le a ty ‘noon art Rit mae a pr ee ig pe sien Sites misnehe sas Bee el map Hw noe tae dal i ane awe Flere aed Sed cag ‘Sine gree tr her eye Insp oe map ee Rieger pein Beat pee Shcireccaet iinet cone reat eee nats iecsefngonl oan® rescie rp i A apn a AF MOIRE GONG TO VISIT sage Scrat an ule BROTHER ty NEEDLES Spreads “OUUL NEED A MAP. wee he Sa ae Said: sane T ust pow wap waar Seo a JaLL ose squaes AND then ime ic ae eh ADAM han ‘ihe tomes sn pe [AND AIM ANNAN HE ar eeePart 1 Map ReadingCHAPTER 1 ‘THE ENVIRONMENT TO BE MAPPED. Introduction Natural Patten Charactersice Ides of Feature Form of Fete “Typeotesture Discrete Fenres Dispersed/Disconinuous Fests Continuous Phenomena Stepped Suraces Smooth Sure Functional Pattern Characteristics Dimensionality of Eavieonment Environmental Change The Nate Tine vironmental Temporalty ‘Change ie Pisce ate of Change Pern of Change Movernent Through Space Conclusion Suggested Exercises Selected Readings ot cae ie ogee oad nd ied Bat ste wo hormolnl conta The Environment to be Mapped ome fe ad compet ee Eke din anctnding the tere Sees rng roy sa ene i ia ih sat agin nyo fe same CRESS opal te er* Sota Saat ty, hmman, or clara cy wit eer erator Slee poet me ‘Espen ae a ‘Ssuonne coment When ond Sauer teen incase oy Natural Pattern Characteristics, oie etna hoc, Krbcuieeety es ebemata ements 1 The avon be Mapp sot a ate as am a {eit she of eel es Storr ipod = ‘Sings mage ees ct an Sek ante sete ti el ly oa eat swan hegin y a Suh tt te ee ‘eel nies oe ough yer ‘Stpatcare sen ee st of tat ay ot ttc mer cou cop e's SS ses aaa feria oy eel upon era ‘Sinemet tsp Soon Tee iit a poe Ss eater ‘id ec ach an aes sc ad eee Barcmemontontee rd fat we cma of 1 Te Emieameat be Meped fenur rte compce Wi th pele ‘ling ome ye eee eee Formef Feature tl per Wecan er th in ae ra ee coef sie i te es ‘Sheet palm ‘Sverre STS hel do pede gan SOMERS con Stee ‘cei rah coon ae Setar scenograrie cal 1 ie™ 5 tao otal cy Contour Lines ote thet ine own though ois of sie sree an aoe este E ‘eed othe hina on et CIEE RAR he sos Testa our open[Boece sr ate meg ped ser? SSE dee saePiet ees a ase ‘i peace Sehonese a Interactive Methods Scone ea ‘eer astty fm ange po iad dian ae Contasion feat prty snd Sch Becatcy atti ‘live ogee ae wath sacle aaa 5-Landom Porm mp egy ist "aceasta Meneses : =< a canine Snes Eco aera ‘Rephrtanso tine cae | tan Panay cage aa eat od Ema on EEA set tuCHAPTER 6 ATTRIBUTE AND DISTRIBUTION MAPS Introduction Single-Verabl Symbols Point Emphasis ine Emphasis ‘ea Emphasis teSymbols Pit Emphasis Line Emphasis ‘Arca Emphasis Mati rowed Suggested Bueries Selected Readings Imagine mage nest iach cies! et Pn Ma a 6 Attribute and Distribution Maps Paco ce ‘ets nine map Se ria Nea ssc Wess. Satin Be ‘ea st Pe cg Single-Variable Symbols6 Ait on Ditton Mags{5A and isbton Bas i anys Sam = ponerCHAPTER 7 ‘STATISTICAL MAPS. Introduction ‘Singe-ariable Symbols Poin Emphasis Lie Emphasis Area Emphasis “Tyce Dimensional Ares Maps Tio: Dimensional Ares Mape Irtine Maps Shaded line Maps CChoropleth Maps| Dasymetic Mape Dot Maps Area imps Point Symbols Maleivariat Symbols Point Emphasis Line Empl ‘ea Emphais Ares Cartograms Dijoine oeedo-Cantnanos Consinvoue Concasion Suggested Exercises Selected Readings ne te let ways to misrepresent sat ‘aldo mess ot aay Amy Statistical Maps chsh ide Sioene Sedan Chaps 2 race gear gto Eran re Point Emphas . SSE ogi gee 2a eeSnes Safle ‘Tima7S! Maps * ‘Seago minors sume ena Inuhich ese the ine ‘Soma ned Ss ye Tah eat ey mera 2-SomttesiMope — 7S ape = eee warmnisg anomie Sowa ct rake nome edd ced bce ae a Sa ae Saree =e nine oe a bees ae ren tsa oeSpeen tral Pinta pte wah dt map ha. ep) ir coupeing sadn et Saat crarat niet wero et ie Mr i he 7- Stl Mage uae ‘line om gre SO at be ected me i gat timp Multivariate 7 ‘Sth et foes in Cat wr they may a erent symbol ‘aml i omy thin ch ca Sy may tow opr data Swe tegeomt po aioe a ing Sa oc iB pS oe 7 eae ns fe ageena ata Ns Coad eee so ‘mainte ayigrae Area Cartograms ‘srr ac of gta tli. segs yao ee SOTO igure ec pt nde pe hey ett dl “oc ca amigo ogre “rtoroms soy be xine ye ‘Pree any oc mt aesSic! aps 7S aps ea aie mice(CHAPTER 8 ‘TIME AND MAPS Introduction Static Mape Tenpora pects ‘Completion Date Datedsess Mapping Period Haysed Tine “Temporal Senstvity of Features sore Perspective Symbolxng Dyan Features Environmental Change Maps Tine Compose Maps ‘Change in Poston (Change in Character “Tavel Time Maps “Time Cartogras Time Bas of Maps ‘Mapping Cyl Phenomena Mapping Trend Phenomena Dynamic Maps Fed Sequence Mapping Interactive Mapping ‘Stored Images Computed images Simlaton Cconcasion Suggested Exercises Selected Readings ‘Wei isthe do Vr He ae serie cient et Time and Maps ESSE wih a ur deco toy open pt in ce a ‘cop mor forthe of mappings gin ESS ee ‘ete Soa ne Bagel ec, ‘ithe evo a ty dows map sna sc co Soca Eepmentorsieent ee hers focused theBox 1A Matter of Time ‘Unmet et at ae ts nvr PETE eps tety acd twa Fo soe See SE gery papa ren tie res wee ein ate ed dere etl ota prt in Paes Wek Chareg OST ah ttyl in nd gy ae eh edna ni Sein tng ee Tne and Mage see nag rc ‘ietenapaic ee Bee ‘iin mae sp een SE se af ation = or leno oe ae ie ‘hermcmen site thas honing the ype ven hoe™ Tne sedge ™ Eee eee cto dal {et he ben ne crm de nd | conbeaal chest nh od alan nm ose Saar eee vs ‘ick yy ate map seopeeageareed mem ero sts ue yo onic at cn Cee i you sad do we cores ‘etc i ner ee scat fase ‘Th intr sr ec end ‘elcome sy ocak sett pia et ce oo gtr th sr anno et sone co ae Biker ei che Sap epost hadpsntdoe tn ema Moen mae {hy cibted hoe nua nee see ae crn iteevin sma sneys) Seed samp ok sh Simtetedeerpeeoe Seen eect ares caeeerinr Wieecitaon gwen Simtiieeaesaem P| Sorry Ror aledes See Riecierageetic pte ins 3 Shae May ‘nat pchecie spac Satan hint naa, SES Neate lias ena REESE So penn SAM tecnice par mm i pri ‘uid Tse tsc tet Eo enon ans ean aem Time and aps ye oie id rim tne cog cpr Sa ap ‘ear ir fet on an ne ‘bg ces lb ety aaa aie Inthe mein, The ie i ames sal cn ofcou soree Ree tc ie ley ing tf aio, Bo ‘cheer 7 al pi Sacer ee Sp ahome tem foe boars SECU Etter Steg eota me 0s dope ” & 3 t Fi Sruphomb items, arene maaesestcs SxWonlerspeatalbysinngsich seed Pe gl hee time ted sei imupaophuampesions Enironmental Change Maps tbivso be fen se shane a acai ent eget ing map eh “ See up ‘eStucicdani eae ro on nc te age uw ere ibotizing Dynamic Features: Pct om ete ae Firs Et ten cep hc uth mieten fret anton 8 ph of Se ae haces, huts rut a ‘Sap fom ts of 0 gaan oa reasiie mee “mse ups re orallyFie ad ars uss atonal cage mae {Mest unt est mp Scam stn th ss $month hi Tima spe BSN iearE ee ake me thee ep Th Etecm% Tie ad ge ses cng ea ie ape mo Foe st Seri een Fe f {rw hom maps Selim ener hag in Carne onoae Tne ps “Siete Erie tenors ‘Imply pees ecg aetna 125 wil a a mig coe ee Eunice Tie ad ge Time Big of ape i icon ere eco Ime depend nite eo ‘Saulermemediberanes Maing ic Phenomena Ime ene hcg in ‘oer ie wh Fin op i oes Tian gs reg ee fom ap Seeger cae thee Ad ‘nde ele Ul rere ‘Sigs ye tee a Tho of home sho ‘ewe yl sora pe Seow te non aa See es Scie ye Mapping rend Phonomene rey Se ‘onto ee Dynamic Maps ‘rehate en a rin thischpe teat" Tne a opeTine ant ops Ty aa ps 1s compas bes ec ‘Box &.2 Countdown to War Re evecare oa eer Soap eee rey ecchaaa ts cincieae oa idm tingcate esas : ete Pieces i en ecg aa scaly pm De ane wines olga Tear tay te Facacmareenms Sooo eon [Eas Eee SSB bE eo win ep tety ‘pie thee plementation prs ate eoument Se fetal eh Seacrasr se Se Neer eo eerune and ecerpration filly ove pret smuato. oth mp hiskomtelnelente eden cmeteneeaen A Sietekayritataa Stree ite dite nl pep ont Sige Saag aeons meewmetieet a Pare el cities eens el a Enrica tence Kgs ceed eer mew Concason {ipljSslene ihc: ered When wig magsfanr we ein 2 Satreesete tye eneny a) Rea fee clic Goce nes Mae eemonens Echehrecss Soe iesmmeiiataiaaets Fe iba pnt ste tah in: Peace Ere i et aod ot oe Sea amere Tine nd Maps ‘Simmel aes ican rae Since hear ea me ‘el se mar emanate ‘bet tft The Fa sa peCHAPTER 9 ‘SOFTWARE FOR MAP RETRIEVAL Introduction Digital Cartographic Databases Whole mage Data Festure-Onened Pata Laaton-Orinted Dat Databate Tends Reference Maps Maps Linked to Dats Reveal and Reference Mapping Sail Date Mapping Thematic Data Interactive Makimesia {CD-ROM Systems Videos tems CbASpstems Navigation Display Maps Through Maps Predetermined Sequence ‘ser Spcied Sequence Conclusion Suggested Exercaee Selected Readings Unless ws incerta ander soit fleet hing actin wiht en. 9 Software for Map Retrieval ‘Sto frat Sole ne Giant ed apr on i hs be ed ine Digital Cartographic el «Sager cere etal am ec sane DY ma Son reamedeee cee Coa ata Featare Oriented Data ‘ats comin ci a eit ‘Belg om i ie ‘petland ort pie ‘Segaphie Ending and nuag teri tet Un gut Beans a erp tS 1 Soar ay eta ‘Site naps mac (san nee eo ia iy yg FPS ed a an Dig ine Gps (Lin rence Sage fa lrg ed Bere nei neti iti "ties Fe 0 ge Sesh cmon [2a oe elle lougtaie snd OTM code ‘jas stbreton on US We [Gi sehen on ting cop 9 Sear fo Map Ries SS Aa te cece bh US eee aie eee ERIN anon nn locaton Oriented Data esc is st Sat dea the anaes SeovSatte ed pete meee ove atdectan ene dine ii en po So-mte bans 1980) pvc pl rs ‘tie selon, andr sbi +E eh coos vw othe Ue cy DE re Sueeecmre {occ amping ml dal ieeceeecess ‘conde stiri ro ‘so hei ete somone mg ae ‘ina Stingers fuming pay othe peReference Maps Sohoraniarc tae fettaenaiae ae Simoes Soiiremcen het Saaee fates Soar fo Map rie ‘bed eucl ing ea ‘Maps Linked To Data ‘ec en ‘sept Sel ei de iecocalciw et ance Sees eee ess ‘eet se, Bheninden an ihe cfr is py of meng en eh ty Sie ne12 9 Sea fo Map ti 9S or Map Rois Interactive Mal The ree nSaes a leet Sy Suit nemachots Bogie tebe tious oa {Sota for Map Riel ieientiecoe Zeeegememen naa 2 hn ode uc ten map nde forme Ke ‘rte Gonna eh don Ete x menielace ‘heal in ager a =e tt Seas Eee ‘Sel trea rope Schiaeeestoie “ne reeret vied ma shah . i perio Do eng eth jeer (rier inch ors ‘Revers us nt as ay il mae he A yt tn Saeed ‘sa ie ‘eerie cho ch wipes! {8 Sotwaetor Map tir remain ibesepeegns ha base cad 1 ut ne Seeker Misnae yates SOS ee Sate Tree carson nel tienen he 5S or Map Rina sng dog etn he i a cot Sierras ‘aviation Display Maps See Scrat ena ls eer rele prteeg tne Loan Ror dbase we ‘evga seamen oe gunn tt Predetermined Sequence cane ieee cortices Sher iksoee mee ‘si Ra yh ah iy nh tcRah Mea cap tne fepcting he eam ce re= 9 Soares gue mereug EDvCITION HAG {eeoonO TD A WALT? 9 Sear fo ap BrivePart 2 Map Analysis cular ot pe 5 SensCHAPTER 10 ‘LOCATIONAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS ast nage were ta mene ‘temachnslclockyastote ee et oti =o eee ies Fret fccresestinermeneoe ao — Seerateene finan —— rata, EEE cone {Ld information Systems and Moting ‘Stoggested Exercises Cheep Selsted Readings cc ORE Sem Locational Reference Systems GIR?) haan coa Irmo te pata ‘Sacer te kro potion one oe ‘only primitive but mpl, we move om tte wen wot tee ew haa Ok el pcs st mat amyl ne Bape deaccee oT Doh me “ eth hao ‘a yewsin bel ‘ein det ofa Mans cor iatanniaa ‘rv foe mga tame The A of co te 13 aes ieb ehh feet “add th comfom place mame do ‘Sot pe a tnd ey 10- Leadon Btornce Stone m ‘Box 10.1 What'sIn AName epee eteaaaiaerinen ye pene ees eee ee eae Ate selene Teleniabe tes fep rhe itln cl ‘Soe anderen eta ht hy had ce oe ey tel ‘eto ts gt ag te oh pte Hoot Deady Sree ga ‘Sithines sere Cygne whaniperant evn whe ess aed af ‘SEeaET eR Lay mb wns alld Co Se pee ore acaes Soh oatiee eeceeara ee ereomeare eases SSIES Araya scl fac Sse ce ome psy ae edge rg ni to mh os ee Fr oe ng the ie hectares Soc omens SILESIA cp ce heen ne arene See eee appr vin ar tmpnons wow be = breve Whatere ich Cee shy igh oe ee een SE sees heen eeetaucecaee eon ital nrten ons Nia et eae Pe centan ener "Ecol pe ames nt somes heli ingore Bat ter es hey ATA Ehchgtmen he eerie= 10-testonl Ralernce Stans “tran eet nen mie aoe ca the Seneca ane On Me Srrcmnetmetepeiy Sey ie ate BEE STs Eeecpeucieirie Revuetentanae Heiiee Sites beste nt eee aceite ee Faccie cen peal mes Soe Se Riser eee deena enmane ce SiS 10-teotonl Reteroce Stone Abgrac Frames ore Se se leas Sry iigios amr See aegis Sih Seoc cae Renae Loca Gide Fee Set ees tee i a Ske (Sei en eee ‘Sci aarstoieSe sen piat tal ony ge ‘png testy eye pe memeSole mirc peacmetiears Sei Seen tude nd CE alan) ot an ‘ca it tes Aetna hea sd fe 10- tector Bronce tne fem pl pl eh ge be ld ‘Biode) ie elle the pains ‘et ain ea 20 i et in ‘ila lontthctaclton on ee 2 mn gc ener aces See 10- Leet Reese Stee cokes ered compen ep m teehee tate Sepa ss Sica e ‘iol cinch ‘Sais om liane od peal ure ‘oa ht ‘Exerwic pms Sneha weean sr mal eh et mr 10- Lace Berne Stems 10- Loa flere Stans am cocina aa = pee an a Stat Plane Coordinates (SPC) Enee coiaectas shbvcrmrtnre! oe Pont ndeaccciy steatt aor en ay rere ei fee sen nh he nad ead ‘sh ptt Hast lo hoe Sahecnnouee {ble assuming x constant see to achice it ei ma Pont id {sit Ton yn de he scene ee ‘em chop ur er el Scie hee ‘ap aps an a et UGS. 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Siete pink be meta Et feeneee enon {ihe ne the Nh ane aa et Coordinate Determination snd Plating ont te ue gp ——— net ag ea ung Pidbantetearnateat Sait pete Shae Secce gee See 10-Leataa flere stan o ie ey —- asm i ] ‘=a a= we a, Ths en et ie stent Scns ee Sota Rube iene Saat SETag eeoeetsaweoeem 10a etree Stone 10-taciena Rforece Systems a sane et 7 eae 8 wen i ts ‘hes Mian i ee pam et Sacre on ‘Zone Coordinate Systems a reer "Thc om Sanea 10-LeatonReterace Syme Smee lcd he 8 gute ‘Sm dag hand lb re Soon mate ‘nuptiienaptrgpeetta) pabaaiains 10- Leeson Reterece Stone ‘else numa ssa ae Serle pA aati stad el ase ‘World Gcograpcal Reference [GEOREF) Sytem aS eee ere berate iceman aa the wed w Ment uate oe the eth, See ‘ented imo alu by 12 ou = 208 ‘gen ala pie {ee sch orm eid tector ne ‘eh pea tle er Shee de oc arts lt m toting im rete i eae Sees tee omreraepee iret ‘Somme yoni nse Soh nie rc ot “ind ase iad es gee tested he igure 16 Sha CSG pec eee Mivelenun Ath me poeom 10 -tctoRtene Sroe aaaies Land Partitioning Systems Ppl ag ha tr ut ‘peas ld be cy ar Sere reeemae Soahemonnahe soe Seneca eriorece et ‘Unsytematic Methods ‘eth races se Hrereeseairset el‘Scaling ngibon pa pe Sceeeeeset ee eee Eunos Sas = ies so Spnhemestene mote ater Ea notecem ; Sei aoe ea enteatantet? ‘i na ee ac te alice bdsm is ple ms Systematic Methods ehh de ad TEASE inte ene eo Epa New England Towns uA i thal ened ‘na hp daring severe wie nd ec oats tie dels go a Sci enpetmua, is rabethe porn anew he psd EaeecSs te PL Sry sioner me me od tmp dy htia eas ii tase uel es i sae tenn tently sed som (GS fl enon te “veiinreer coord rote Spent ts End so we han hea ran ae Soreness cnmitatcetta ae! die tamipe Rc maa, Scekesa es eeciehssoas10-taconal Reternee Stone ttc neko hp SERRE dan once he iat enn et se i ls ‘Gite ea a 10- Locate Relernee Sens se pect ae notes ie seemeeiee Ferri pile he at nd ep Saar eto eee Scie alate Pane Types oftand Records ‘Rw sd mle lng tu acl : eee i a ‘sie ‘sre See ee naram ‘acon ogre tosa tae Utd ‘thn meng sy SGU eee ene Surctre of and Record, ‘ema pi One pa eta eo ‘edt ak Sed Sah Mite cic ae "Tan at fm rath i phot (rete ace 8FSenonn mpi e 10- Locate Rteene Stns rs Ae ‘ile le on Dovrniel scree os ns Souttecrcswacsal “ste taaeing pope Land Information ptm ‘Sin seg ens er ae ‘ec {Utd ne reel cae Seyi umes Merucrcns See eaterya i086 dened or alps fy ‘ett mores Cp we Se atte Sa keceserenee Perl Tones ae ‘Siglefor he por of he Gee Ss shige sats mcr Sree ee oad the acs “ane tate 10- Lota Aterace Ste(CHAPTER 1 DIRECTION Introdection Round Earth Ha Earth “True Diteton ‘Geographical Reference Lines Constant Direction “Tue North The Navigator's Dilemma rid Nort concasien Magnetic Norte : es Declination ae Destination Digram Sesto Reading Deviation 11 Direction Sees th Pee Oh hes hey as lary te Ben es, ‘hehe nen ps ape md Remee Dcineasbe ‘nemo her eo Hat tarth erie Enagh ances cae eee Proper ee See comesEy 1 Dineion singe fal ro Wen poe sry see ly toms don sir ocr mayo Sue hae amcor forename item shad wo ope meat. 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