‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪.70 Kg‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪.300 m3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ ‪ 110 V‬ﻫﻮ ‪.60 Hz‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻊ ﻭﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ‪ 20 Km‬ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 10 N‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﲑ ﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 600 Km/h‬ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ، F :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪. v :‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻊ ﻭﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻃﺮﻕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﲞﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻼ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ A‬ﻟﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪. B‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻌﺒّﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ( ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪A = A = A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ( ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪B = B = B‬‬
‫ﳉﻤﻊ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺠـﻪ‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻭﻬﻧﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ‪ B‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ‪ ، A‬ﰒ ﻧﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ ، B‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪R = A + B :‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫=‬

‫‪R = B+A‬‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ‪ B‬ﰒ ﻧﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ‪ B‬ﻭﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ R‬ﺑﺎﶈﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪R‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:١‬‬
‫‪ 50‬ﰒ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻨـﻮﺏ‬ ‫‪km‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ‪ 30 km‬ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻏﺮﺑﹰﺎ ﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ .20 km‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﱵ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪. A‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪. B‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪. C‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ‪ R‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻭﻧﻜﺘﺐ‪ R = A + B + C :‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪ R‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ R‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = R ≅ 39 km‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ )ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ( ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ‪ R‬ﳌﺘﺠﻬﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤـﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺙ‪:‬‬

‫‪c2 = a 2 + b2 ⇒ c = a 2 +b2‬‬
‫‪a 2 = c2 − b 2 ⇒ a = c 2 −b 2‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪b 2 = c 2 − a 2 ⇒ b = c 2 −a 2‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ=‬
‫‪180‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺘﲔ‪θ + φ = 90 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﶈـﺼﻠﺔ ﳍﻤـﺎ ‪R‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺙ‪:‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 ‫‪R = A 2 + B2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ θ‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪ R‬ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫= ‪tan θ‬‬ ‫‪⇒ θ = tan −1‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﳉﻤـﻊ‬ ‫‪ B‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﲔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﳍﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺗﲔ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪ x‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪ ، y‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A = Ax + Ay‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪B = Bx + B y‬‬
‫‪Bx‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪By‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬

‫‪Ax‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬

‫‪By‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬

‫‪Ax‬‬ ‫‪Bx‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪: A‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪: B‬‬

‫ﰒ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﲜﻤﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺔ ﺍﶈـﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪ x‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪R x = A x + Bx‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪ y‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪R y = A y + By‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ R‬ﻭ ‪ R‬ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺙ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ‪ R‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪R = R 2x + R 2y‬‬
‫ﻭﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪ R‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ry‬‬ ‫‪Ry‬‬
‫= ‪tan α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ α = tan −1‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬ ‫‪Rx‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:٢‬‬
‫‪ 10‬ﻭﲝﻴـﺚ‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫‪. θ = 30‬‬
‫‪Fy‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ ‪F‬؟‬
‫‪Fx‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪Fy‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Fx‬‬ ‫‪Fy‬‬
‫= ‪sin θ‬‬ ‫‪⇒ Fy = Fsin θ = 10 × sin 30 = 10 × 0.5‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪∴ Fy = 5 N‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫‪Fx‬‬
‫= ‪cos θ‬‬ ‫‪⇒ Fx = Fcos θ = 10 × cos30 = 10 × 0.866‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪∴ Fx = 8.66 N‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:٣‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﺑﺎﲡـﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪km/h‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 10 km / h‬ﰲ ﻬﻧﺮ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﳕﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ . A‬ﻭﳕﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪. B‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﳓﻠﻞ‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬

‫‪Ax‬‬

‫‪A y = A sin 45 = 10 × 0.707 = 7.07‬‬

‫‪A x = Acos 45 = 10 × 0.707 = 7.07‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪ ،x‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬
‫‪B = Bx = 3‬‬
‫‪By = 0 (y‬‬
‫)ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣـﺪﺗﲔ‬
‫‪ R‬ﻭ ‪ R‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫‪R x = A x + Bx‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫‪R x = −7.07 + 3 = −4.07‬‬
‫‪R y = A y + By = A y + 0 = A y = 7.07‬‬
‫‪A x = 7.07‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬
‫‪Bx = 3‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺙ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ‪:R‬‬
‫‪R = R 2x + R 2y‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪Ry‬‬
‫‪= (4.07) 2 + (7.07) 2‬‬
‫‪≅ 8.2 km / h‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬ ‫ﻭﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪ R‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ry‬‬ ‫‪Ry‬‬ ‫‪7.07‬‬
‫= ‪tan θ‬‬ ‫‪⇒ θ = tan −1‬‬ ‫‪= tan −1‬‬ ‫‪= 1.75‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬ ‫‪Rx‬‬ ‫‪4.07‬‬
‫‪∴ θ = 60‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ ، A‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ ﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪A = Ax + Ay‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ A‬ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ‪ A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫ﻭ ‪ y‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫‪A x = ˆi A x‬‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪. A‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪Ax = Ax‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ î :‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ )‪ ، (+ x‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻩ ‪ ،x‬ﻭﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪î = 1 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ( ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ‪ A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬

‫‪A y = ˆj A y‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪ A = A :‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪. A‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬

‫ﻭ ‪ ˆj :‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ )‪ ، (+ x‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻩ ‪ ،x‬ﻭﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬

‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪ˆj = 1 :‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ A‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪ (2‬ﻭ )‪ (3‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫‪A = A x ˆi + A y ˆj‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪ ، A‬ﰒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻘﻖ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ؟‬
‫‪A = 2iˆ − 4ˆj‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﻭ )‪ (3‬ﻭ )‪ (4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ˆ‪A x = 2i‬‬
‫‪Ax = 2‬‬
‫‪A y = −4ˆj‬‬
‫‪A y = −4‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ = ‪1 cm‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫‪Ax = 2‬‬‫ﳓﺴﺐ ‪ 2 cm‬ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻟـ ‪ ، x‬ﻷﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﳓﺴﺐ ‪ 4 cm‬ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻟـ ‪ ، y‬ﻷﻥ‪A = −4 :‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫ﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ A‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪-٤‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Ay‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪A = A 2x + A 2y‬‬
‫‪= (2) 2 + (−4) 2‬‬
‫‪= 4.48‬‬
‫ﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫‪Ay‬‬
‫= ‪tan θ‬‬
‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪−4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪∴θ = tan −1 2 = 63.4‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ A‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫‪A x = A cos θ‬‬
‫‪= 4.48 cos63.4 ≅ 2‬‬
‫‪A y = Asin θ‬‬
‫‪= 4.48sin 63.4 ≅ 4‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ B :‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫‪B = 2iˆ + 2ˆj‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﻭ )‪ (3‬ﻭ )‪ (4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪By‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫ˆ‪Bx = 2i‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪Bx = 2‬‬

‫‪Bx‬‬
‫‪B y = 2ˆj‬‬
‫‪By = 2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪B = B2x + B2y‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪By‬‬
‫‪= (2) 2 + (2) 2‬‬
‫‪Bx‬‬ ‫‪= 2.82‬‬
‫ﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫‪By‬‬
‫= ‪tan θ‬‬
‫‪Bx‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪∴ θ = tan −1 1 = 45‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ B‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫‪Bx = Bcos θ‬‬
‫‪= 2.82 cos 45 ≅ 2‬‬
‫‪By = Bsin θ‬‬
‫‪= 2.82sin 45 ≅ 2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫‪A = 2iˆ − 4ˆj‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫‪B = 2iˆ + 2ˆj‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﲔ‬
‫‪R =A+B‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪ R‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪R = Rx + Ry‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪= R x ˆi + R y ˆj‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫) ‪R x = (A x + Bx‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪=2+2=4‬‬
‫) ‪R y = (A y + By‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪= −4 + 2 = −2‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪: R‬‬
‫‪Ry‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R = 4iˆ − 2ˆj‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪: R‬‬
‫‪R = R = (R x ) 2 +(R y ) 2‬‬

‫‪= (4) 2 + (−2) 2 = 20 = 4.47‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪: R‬‬
‫‪Ry‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫= ‪tan θ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪∴θ = tan −1 0.5 = 2.26‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫‪A = 20‬‬
‫‪B = 40‬‬
‫‪C = 30‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪A x = A cos90 = 20 × 0 = 0‬‬
‫‪A y = Asin 90 = 20 × 1 = 20‬‬

‫‪Bx = Bcos 45 = 40 × 0.707 ≅ 28.3‬‬

‫‪By = Bsin 45 = 40 × 0.707 ≅ 28.3‬‬

‫‪C x = Ccos 45 = 30 × 0.707 ≅ 21.21‬‬

‫‪C y = −Csin 45 = −30 × 0.707 = −21.21‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﳌﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ‪ ، R‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = Rx + Ry‬‬
‫‪= R x ˆi + R y ˆj‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R x = A x + Bx + C x‬‬
‫‪= 0 + 28.3 + 21.21 ≅ 49.5‬‬
‫ˆ‪∴ R x = 49.5i‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R y = A y + By + C y‬‬
‫‪= 20 + 28.3 − 21.21 ≅ 27.1‬‬
‫‪∴ R = 27.1ˆj‬‬
‫‪y‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ ‪: R‬‬

‫ˆ‪R = 49.5iˆ + 27.1j‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
 ‫ﰒ ﳓﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪: R‬‬
‫‪R = (R x ) 2 +(R y ) 2‬‬
‫‪= (49.5) 2 + (27.1) 2 = 3185 ≅ 56.4‬‬
‫ﻭﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪: R‬‬
‫‪Ry‬‬ ‫‪27.1‬‬
‫= ‪tan θ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪≅ 0.547‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬ ‫‪49.5‬‬

‫‪∴θ = tan −1 0.475 = 28.7‬‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫‪Ry‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪Rx‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ)ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ(‪:‬‬

‫ﻳُﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﳏـﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪∑ F = 0 :‬‬
‫ﻼ‪:‬‬‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ‬
‫)ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪ = x‬ﺻﻔﺮ( ‪∑ F = 0‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫)ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪ = y‬ﺻﻔﺮ( ‪∑ F = 0‬‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:١‬‬
‫‪ 50‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﲝﺒﻞ ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ‪ ،W‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪ W=50 N‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ ،T‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﳓﺪﺩ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻫﲔ ‪ x‬ﻭ‬
‫‪.y‬‬
‫)ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪∑ F = 0 (x‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫‪∑F = 0‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬

‫)ﻷﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ(‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪T−W=0‬‬
‫‪∴ T = W = 50 N‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪ ، 30 N‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ ،P‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= 0 ⇒ 30 − T2 cos 40 = 0‬‬
‫‪∴T2 cos 40 = 30‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪= 0 ⇒ T2 sin 40 − W = 0‬‬

‫‪∴T2 sin 40 = W‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬

‫‪w‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫= ‪tan 40‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪∴ W = 30 × tan 40 = 30 × 0.839 ≅ 25.2 N‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ،30‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ‪ B‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ W‬ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ‪ A‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٤‬‬
 ‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= 0 ⇒TB cos 60 − TA cos50 = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪= 0 ⇒TB sin 60 + TA sin 50 − W = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪TA = 30 N‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪TB cos 60 − 30cos50 = 0‬‬
‫‪30cos50 30 × 0.643‬‬
‫= ‪TB‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪≅ 38.6 N‬‬
‫‪cos 60‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (2‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪TA‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪TB‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪W = TB sin 60 + TA sin 50‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪= 38.6 × 0.866 + 30 × 0.766‬‬
‫‪= 33.4 + 23‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪= 56.4 N‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪TA‬‬ ‫‪TB‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪W‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪ : (v‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ‪ x‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ ،t‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ v‬ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ v‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻳُﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫‪v f + vi x‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪. ms−1‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻵﻧﻴﺔ )‪ : (v‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Δx‬‬
‫‪v = lim‬‬
‫‪Δt →0‬‬
‫‪Δt‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪22791‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ‪ ،22687 km‬ﰒ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫‪ km‬ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ ‪ ،4 h‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪x 22791 − 22687‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 26 km / h‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪km 1000 m / km‬‬
‫‪= 26‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪= 7.2 m / s‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪3600 s / h‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ )‪ :(a‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ ‪ . ms‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ‬
‫‪−2‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪vf − vi‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫=‪a‬‬
‫‪vi‬‬ ‫‪vf‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ v‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪ v‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﳛﺼﻞ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﻐﲑ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑـﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ v‬ﻭﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ‪ x‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻣﻦ ‪ t‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ . v‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،a‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬
 ‫‪v f = vi + at‬‬ ‫⎫‬
‫‪vi + vf‬‬ ‫⎪‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫⎪‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎪‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎪⎪‬
‫‪x = vi t + at 2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ⎬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎪‬
‫‪v f2 = vi2 + 2ax‬‬ ‫⎪‬
‫⎪‬
‫⎪ ‪(vi + v f )t‬‬
‫⇒ ‪x = vt‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎭⎪‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ) ‪ ، (20ms −1‬ﻭﺑﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ) ‪ . (−1ms −2‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ )‪.(10 s‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪v f = v i + at = 20 + (-1) x 10 = 20 – 10 = 10 ms-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﺴﲑ ﺑﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ‪ . 5ms-2‬ﺇﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ‪. 4s‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪x = vi t + at 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 0 × 4 + × 5 × (4)2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 0 + × 5 × 16‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∴ x = 40 m‬‬
‫‪vf = vi2 + 2ax‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪= 0 + 2 × 5 × 40 = 400‬‬
‫‪∴ v f = 400 = 20 ms −1‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﰲ‬ ‫)‪m/s‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ )‪ِ .(10 s‬ﺟ ْﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪v f − vi‬‬ ‫‪5−0‬‬
‫= ‪v f = vi + at ⇒ a‬‬ ‫= ‪∴a‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5 ms −2‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫) ‪(vi + v f‬‬ ‫)‪(0 + 5‬‬

‫=‪x‬‬ ‫= ‪×t‬‬ ‫‪× 10 = 25 m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﳊﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻃﹰﺎ ﺣـﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ‪ a‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ‪ g‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ ﺗـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ 9.8 ms‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬

‫‪v f = vi − gt‬‬ ‫⎫‬

‫⎪⎪ ‪1 2‬‬
‫⎬ ‪y = vi t − gt‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻃﹰﺎ ﺣﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫⎪ ‪2‬‬
‫⎪⎭ ‪vf = vi − 2gy‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺣﺠﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ .450 m‬ﺑﺈﳘﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪y = vi t − gt 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪y = 0 × t − gt 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪−2y −2 × 450‬‬
‫= ‪∴t2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 92‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪−9.8‬‬
‫‪∴ t = 9.6 s‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫‪v f = v i − gt‬‬
‫‪∴ v f = 0 − 9.8 × 9.6 = −94 m / s‬‬
‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳُﻘﺬﻑ ﺣﺠﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ .16 m/s‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vf = 0 ⇒ vf = vi2 − 2gy = 0‬‬ ‫)‪ (١‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪:‬‬
‫‪vi2‬‬ ‫‪(16)2‬‬
‫= ‪∴ 2gy = v ⇒ y‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 13m‬‬
‫‪2g 2 × 9.8‬‬
‫‪i‬‬

‫)‪ (٢‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺩ ‪:t‬‬
‫‪vi‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫= ‪vf = vi − gt = 0 ⇒ t‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.6 s‬‬
‫‪g 9.8‬‬
‫‪3.2 s = 2 × 1.6‬‬ ‫∴ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ = ‪= 2t‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ )ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ(‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ :(m‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺣﺎﻟﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪.kg‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ :(F‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻳـﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪.N‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ‪ ،W‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪F = W = mg‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ(‪ :‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٩‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ⇒ ‪∑ F = 0‬‬ ‫‪ ⇒ a = 0‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫=‪v‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ∑ F‬ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ v‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ a‬ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ(‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪∑ F = ma :‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= ma x‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪= ma y‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪5 kg‬؟‬ ‫‪6 ms −2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ‬
‫‪∑ F = ma‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪∴ F = ma‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫‪= 5× 6‬‬
‫‪∴ F = 30 N‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪0.5 ms −2‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺘـﺴﺎﺭﻉ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪80 N‬؟‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫⇐‪=0‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ‪y‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= ma‬‬
‫‪Fx = T = ma‬‬
‫‪80 N‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫= ‪∵m‬‬
‫‪80 N‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫= ‪∴T = × a‬‬ ‫‪× 0.5 = 4.1 N‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪9.8‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻋﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺯﻬﻧﺎ ‪ 39.2 N‬ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 6 N‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪=0⇐ y‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= ma‬‬
‫‪Fx = T cos37 = ma‬‬
‫‪T cos37‬‬
‫= ‪∴a‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪W 39.2‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫= ‪∵ W = mg ⇒ m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4 kg‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪9.8‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ T‬ﻭ ‪ m‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪6 × cos37‬‬
‫= ‪∴a‬‬ ‫‪≅ 1.2 ms −2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ ، A=12 kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ B=30 kg‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻭﻟـﺔ ﻋﺪﳝـﺔ‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪:‬‬

‫‪٢١‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪∑ F = ma :B‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪∴ T = m Ba‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪∑ F = ma :A‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪mAg − T = m Aa‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪m A g − T + T = m A a + m Ba‬‬

‫‪mAg‬‬ ‫‪m A g = (m A + m B )a‬‬

‫‪mAg‬‬
‫= ‪∴a‬‬
‫‪mA + mB‬‬
‫‪12 × 9.8‬‬
‫= ‪∴a‬‬ ‫‪= 2.8 ms −2‬‬
‫‪12 + 30‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ )‪ (a‬ﰲ )‪ (1‬ﳓﺴﺐ ‪:T‬‬
‫‪T = m Ba = 30 × 2.8 = 84 N‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺘﲔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﳓﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑ F = ma‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪:A‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T − mAg = m Aa‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪∑ F = ma‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪:B‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪m Bg − T = m Ba‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪mAg‬‬ ‫‪m Bg‬‬ ‫ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪T − m A g + m Bg − T = m A a + m Ba‬‬
‫‪(m B − m A )g = (m A + m B )a‬‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬
 ‫‪(m B − m A )g (30 − 12) × 9.8‬‬
‫= ‪∴a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.2 ms −2‬‬
‫) ‪(m A + m B‬‬ ‫)‪(12 + 30‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ )‪ (a‬ﰲ )‪: (1‬‬
‫‪∴ T = m A a + m A g = m A (a + g) = 12(4.2 + 9.8) = 168 N‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﺍﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪.m‬‬
‫‪∑F = ma‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪mgsinӨ = ma‬‬
‫‪a = gsinӨ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ 1000 kg‬ﻳُﺴﺤﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ 10‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺒـﻞ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ .2000 N‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﳓﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫⇐‪=0‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻞ )‪:(x‬‬
‫‪∑ F = ma‬‬
‫‪T + mgsin θ = ma‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪∴ a = + gsin θ‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪Mgsin10‬‬
‫‪mg cos10‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪mg‬‬ ‫=‪a‬‬ ‫‪+ 9.8 × sin10 ≅ 3.7 ms −2‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ُﻋﻠﹼﻖ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ 30 kg‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺒﻞ ﻣﺘﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺼﻌﺪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻌﺪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 4ms -١‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ 4ms -٢ .‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪ :‬ﳓﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪∑ F = ma :‬‬

‫‪T − mg = ma‬‬ ‫)‪(١‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬
 ‫)‪T = m(g + a‬‬
‫)‪= 30(9.8 + 4‬‬
‫‪= 402 N‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫↑‬
‫•‬
‫↓‬
‫‪mg‬‬
‫‪mg − T = ma‬‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫)‪T = m(g − a‬‬
‫)‪= 30(9.8 − 4‬‬
‫‪= 174 N‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ(‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺛﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪.W‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﳓﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ W‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ‪ N‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪ N‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺒﻞ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺭﺩ‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﳊﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺒﻞ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪) T‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﻳـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ )ﻗﻮﺓ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﲔ ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ F‬ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪f‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ff αN‬‬
‫‪Ff = μN‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ μ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺤﲔ ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻟـ ‪ μ‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺧﺸﱯ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ 100 kg‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .350 N‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪.0.3‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﳓﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ff‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪∑F‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪=may = 0‬‬

‫‪N − mg = 0‬‬
‫‪mg‬‬
‫‪∴ N = mg = 100 × 9.8 = 980 N‬‬

‫‪٢٥‬‬
 ‫‪∑F‬‬‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= ma x‬‬
‫‪F − Ff = ma x‬‬
‫‪F − Ff‬‬
‫= ‪ax‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪Ff = μN = 0.3 × 980 = 294 N‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Ff‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﻋﻦ‬

‫‪F − Ff 350 − 294‬‬

‫= ‪ax‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.56 ms −2‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ 70 kg‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 400 N‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟـﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ ،0.5‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ؟‬
‫‪400 N‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﳓﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪400sin 30‬‬ ‫‪∑F‬‬‫‪y‬‬
‫‪=may = 0‬‬
‫‪400N‬‬
‫‪Ff‬‬ ‫‪N + 400sin 30 − mg = 0‬‬
‫‪400cos30‬‬
‫‪N = mg − 400sin 30‬‬
‫‪mg‬‬
‫‪N = 70 × 9.8 − 400 × 0.5‬‬
‫‪= 686 − 200‬‬
‫‪N = 786 N‬‬
‫‪Ff = μ N‬‬
‫‪= 0.5 × 486 = 243 N‬‬

‫‪∑F‬‬‫‪x‬‬
‫‪=max‬‬
‫‪400cos30 − Ff = ma x‬‬
‫‪400cos30 − Ff‬‬
‫= ‪ax‬‬
‫‪m‬‬

‫‪٢٦‬‬
 ‫‪400 × 0.866 − 243‬‬
‫= ‪ax‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪∴a x = 1.47 ms −2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﲑ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 22 m/s‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ .0.7‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ff = μN = μmg‬‬

‫‪∑ F = ma‬‬
‫‪vi = 22m / s‬‬ ‫‪vf = 0‬‬
‫‪Ff = ma‬‬
‫‪−μ mg = ma‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪∴ a = −μg = −0.7 × 9.8 = −6.9 ms −2‬‬

‫‪vf = 0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ = ﺻﻔﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪∴ v f2 = vi2 + 2a s = 0‬‬
‫‪− v 02 −(22) 2‬‬
‫=‪s‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 35 m‬‬
‫‪2a 2 × −6.9‬‬

‫)‪(W‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻮﻝ )‪:(J‬‬
‫‪1 J = N.m‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪Fcosθ‬‬
‫‪s‬‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ F‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺗﺰﳛﻪ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،s‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ Fcosθ :‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = (Fcos θ) × s‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪. W = Fs‬‬ ‫‪cos θ = 1 ⇐ θ = 0‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ F‬ﲟﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ‪ ،s‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ‪ F‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،150 N‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺮﻳﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ‪ .20 m‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪20 m‬‬

‫‪W = Fscos θ‬‬

‫‪= 150 × 20 × 0.866‬‬

‫‪∴ W = 2.6 × 103 J‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ‪ 500 N‬ﻳُﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .250 N‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،0.4‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻟﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪.20 m‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = Fscos θ‬‬
‫ﳓﺪﺩ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ‪ F‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ff‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F − Ff‬‬
‫‪W = mg‬‬

‫‪٢٨‬‬
 ‫‪F − Ff‬‬
‫‪Ff = μ N = μ W‬‬
‫‪Ff = 0.4 × 500 = 200 N‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ‪ ، cos θ = 1 ⇐ θ = 0 :‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = (F − Ff ) × s × 1‬‬
‫‪= (250 − 200) × 20 × 1‬‬
‫‪= 50 × 20 × 1‬‬
‫‪= 1000 J‬‬
‫‪=1KJ‬‬

‫)ﺣﻴﺚ‪(1 KJ=1000 J :‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ )‪:(P‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﻻﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗـﻮﺓ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪W‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺕ )‪ ،(w‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪ 1w = 1J :‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ ، W = Fs cos θ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Fcos θ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Fscos θ‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪P = F v cos θ‬‬
‫ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ) ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ( ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫‪θ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪٢٩‬‬
 ‫ﻳﺮﻗﻰ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ 70 kg‬ﺳﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ‪ 3m‬ﺧﻼﻝ ‪. 2 s‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺿﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ؟‬
‫ﺏ – ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ‪ ،W‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،W = mg :‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻝ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ F‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺻـﻌﻮﺩﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠـﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪F=W=mg :‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺒﺬﳍﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ ، θ = 0‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = Fs cos 0‬‬
‫‪= mgs‬‬
‫‪= 70 × 9.8 × 3‬‬
‫‪= 2060 J‬‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪2060‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1030 W‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 250‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪ . 0.1 ms‬ﻣﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻌﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪P = F vcos θ‬‬
‫‪= mg vcos θ‬‬
‫‪= 250 × 9.8 × 0.1 × 1‬‬
‫‪= 245W‬‬

‫‪٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ُﻳﺴﺤﺐ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ 200 kg‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ 0.4‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳏﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ – ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪5 m/s‬؟‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﶈﺮﻙ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ 3 min‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪P = Fv‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ ، F‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪F = Ff = μ mg = 0.4 × 200 × 9.8 = 784 N‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ F‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪: P = F v‬‬
‫‪P = F v = 784 × 5 = 3920 W‬‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪W = P.t = 3920 × 3 × 60 = 705600 J = 705.6kJ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ )‪:(K‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﱢﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ m‬ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﰲ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ v‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴـﺔ ‪ K‬ﰲ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪K = mv 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ( ﻓﺘﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪vi‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ m‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ ، K‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉـﺴﻢ ﻟﺘـﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪= mvi2‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Ki‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ ،( K‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻘـﻮﺓ‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪= mv f2‬‬ ‫)ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪vt‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪٣١‬‬
 ‫‪net‬‬

‫‪vi‬‬ ‫‪Wnet = Fnet × s‬‬ ‫‪vf‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪Fnet‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪s‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Wnet = K f − K i‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Fnet s = mv f2 − mvi2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 1000kg‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 20 m/s‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 30 m/s‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪W = mvf2 − mvi2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪= m(v f2 − vi2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫(‬
‫) ‪= × 1000 × ( 30 ) − ( 20‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‬
‫)‪= 500 × (900 − 400‬‬
‫‪= 500 × 500‬‬
‫‪= 250000 J = 250 kJ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ )ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ( ‪: u‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺎ )ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺎ( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻪ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺿﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ( ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ h‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﺘﻠـﻚ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ‪ u‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪u = mgh‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )‪:(E‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪E=K+u‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻝ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = K + u = cons tan t‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪E i = E f = cons tan t‬‬
‫‪K i + u i = K f + u f = cons tan t‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪ K :‬ﻭ ‪ K‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫‪ u :‬ﻭ ‪ u‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺳﻘﻮﻃﹰﺎ ﺣﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪) 3m‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ‪ :‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 1m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪3m‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪1m‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪EA = EB = EC‬‬
‫‪KA + uA = KB + uB‬‬

‫‪٣٣‬‬
 ‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mv A + mgh1 = mv 2B + mgh 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ ، v A = 0‬ﻭﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ‪ m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 2‬‬
‫) ‪v B = g(h1 − h 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪∴ v B = 2g(h1 − h 2‬‬
‫‪= 2 × 9.8 × (3 − 1) = 39.2‬‬
‫‪∴v B = 6.3 m / s‬‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪EA = EC‬‬
‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mv A + mgh A = mvC2 + mgh B‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪∴ v C = 2g(h 2 − h1‬‬
‫‪= 2 × 9.8 × (3 − 0) = 7.7 m / s‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ :‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Wf‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫= ‪E i ≠ E f = Wf‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ‪،A‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ (B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺃﻣﻠﺲ )ﻋـﺪﱘ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ(‪.‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫‪100 m‬‬
‫‪40m‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪50 m‬‬ ‫‪20m‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪٣٤‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪EA = EB‬‬
‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mv A + mgh1 = mv B2 + mgh 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mgh1 = mv 2B‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪v 2B = 2gh1‬‬
‫‪v B 2gh = 2 × 9.8 × 40 = 28 m / s‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ ،6N‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ‪ ،30 kg‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ) ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ ( B‬؟‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ C‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪E A − E B = Wf‬‬
‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mv A + mgh A − ( mv B2 + mgh B ) = 6 × 100‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mgh A − mv B2 = 600‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ mgh A − 600‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 30 × 9.8 × 40 − 600‬‬
‫⎜ ‪v 2B = 2‬‬ ‫⎜×‪⎟ = 2‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪v B = 744 = 27.3 m / s‬‬
‫‪E A − E C = Wf‬‬
‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mv A + mgh A − ( mvC2 + mgh C ) = 6 × 50‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mg(h A − h C ) = 300 + mv C2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪5580 = 15 v C2 ⇒ v C = 19.3 m / s‬‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
 ‫‪ -٢‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ :(d‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ :m‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪ :V‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪m3‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﻲ ‪ ، 2.7 gm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ؟‬
‫‪cm3‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪10−3‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬
‫)‪d ( A1‬‬ ‫× ‪= 2.7 3 = 2.7 3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪cm‬‬ ‫‪cm‬‬ ‫‪−6 m‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪cm 3‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪= 2700 3‬‬
‫‪m‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻪ ﺿﻠﻌﻬﺎ ‪ 4 m‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 3 m‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻫﻲ ‪ 1.28 kg‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ؟‬
‫‪m3‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪V = 4× 4×3‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫‪= 48m3‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪m = dV = 1.28 × 48 = 61.44 kg‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪w = mg = 61.44 × 9.8 = 602 N‬‬

‫‪٣٦‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪1N‬‬
‫= ‪1Pa‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ )‪ (Pa‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ΔL‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫=‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ΔL‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ )ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ( ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪= A‬‬
‫‪ΔL‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ )‪.(Pa‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳـﻮﻧﺞ‬
‫‪ ، Y‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫‪Y= A‬‬
‫‪ΔL‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﺞ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺮﻥ ‪ F‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ‪ x‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪F= kx‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ k‬ﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ )ﺃﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺎﺑﺾ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﱐ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ﺃ(‪ .‬ﰒ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺛﻘﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ﺏ(‪ ،‬ﰒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ﺟـ(‪.‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺛﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﻻﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻧﹰﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﺑﻀﹰﺎ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪S = eY‬‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ S‬ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ e‬ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ Y‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﺞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ . 32‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑ‬ ‫‪cm‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻖ ﺛﻘﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ 45 N‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﻭُﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺑﺜﻘﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ‪ ، 55 N‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪. 13 cm‬‬

‫‪٣٨‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺑﺾ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ‪F = k x :‬‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪:‬‬
‫‪F2‬‬
‫=‪k‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪55‬‬
‫=‪k‬‬ ‫‪= 423 N / m 2‬‬
‫‪0.13‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪F1 = k x1‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫= ‪∴x1 = 1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.106m = 10.6cm‬‬
‫‪k 423‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪L0 = 32 − 10.6 = 21.4 cm‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪Shear Stress (S s‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ABCD‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ ‪ A‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻗﺺ ‪ F‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪ F‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ '‪ ،A'B'C'D‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫) ‪:(S s‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫= ‪Ss‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪: e s‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪es‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪tan φ‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪ ، x << h :‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪tan φ ≅ φ‬‬ ‫‪= es‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ φ‬ﻫﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ )‪.(Radian‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪) G‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ( ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪F/ A F‬‬
‫=‪G‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪x / h Aφ‬‬

‫‪٤٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ )‪:(B‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻳﻘﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ F/A‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻄﺒـﻖ‬
‫‪ ،P‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫= ‪B= A‬‬ ‫‪= 0‬‬
‫‪ΔV ΔV ΔV‬‬
‫‪V0‬‬ ‫‪V0‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻀﻐﻂ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ )‪.(Pa‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 45‬ﻓﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﹼﻠﻖ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪6 mm 2‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 2.5 m‬ﲟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪.1.27 mm‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﺞ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪F mg‬‬
‫= ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫‪A A‬‬
‫‪45 × 9.8‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 7.35 × 107 Pa‬‬
‫‪6 × 10‬‬ ‫‪−6‬‬

‫‪ΔL 1.27 × 10−3‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.08 × 10−4‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬

‫‪٤١‬‬
 ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪7.35 × 107‬‬
‫=‪Y‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪ΔL 5.08 × 10‬‬ ‫‪−4‬‬
‫‪= 1.44 × 1011 Pa‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .50‬ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ ﺃﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ 3mm‬ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 4m‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻛﺘﻠﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ؟ )ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﺞ ﻟﻸﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪.( 7 × 10 Pa :‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪A = π r2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪A = 3.14 × ( × 10−3 ) 2 = 7.07 × 10−6 m 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪F = mg = 50 × 9.8 = 490 N‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪∵Y = A‬‬
‫‪ΔL‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬
‫‪L F‬‬
‫× ‪ΔL = 0‬‬
‫‪Y A‬‬
‫‪4 × 490‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.96 × 10−3 m‬‬
‫‪7 × 10 × 7.07 × 10‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪−6‬‬

‫‪= 3.96 mm‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ . 0.008%‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫‪2 × 106 Pa‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪B‬‬
‫‪ΔV‬‬
‫‪V0‬‬
‫‪2 × 106‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪0.008/100‬‬
‫‪= 2.5 × 1010 Pa‬‬

‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪:(P‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ F‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ A ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪.1Pa =1N / m‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ )‪ ،(Pa‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻳﻘﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ‪ 500 N‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠﻴﺪ ﻟﱪﻛﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﻣﻴﻪ ﻣﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫‪ 0.05 m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ؟‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ ،16000 Pa‬ﻓﻜـﻢ ﻫـﻮ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻬﻧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪F 500‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﺃ‪= 10000Pa = 10 k Pa -‬‬
‫‪A 0.05‬‬
‫ﺏ‪F = PA = 16000 × 0.05 = 800 N -‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ‪:‬‬
‫ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ h‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ‪ A‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ F‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ،A‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪F = mg‬‬
‫‪= Vdg‬‬
‫‪F = hAdg‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ :V‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ :d ،‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪hAdg‬‬
‫= ‪∴P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪P = hdg‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ P‬ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ‪ A‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ‪) P‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺀ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ( ﺇﱃ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬‫‪0‬‬

‫‪Pt = P0 + P‬‬
‫‪Pt = P0 + hdg‬‬
‫‪P0 ≅ 1.013 × 105 Pa‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ‪ 76 cm‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ‪ 76 cm‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ‪.13.6 g / cm‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪P = hdg‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪= 0.76m × 13600 3 × 9.8 2‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪≅ 1.01 × 10 Pa = 1atm‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺑﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ ‪ 2 m‬ﻭﳑﻠﻮﺀﺓ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪٤٤‬‬
 ‫‪Pt = Pa + hdg‬‬

‫‪= 1.013 × 105 + 2 × 1000 × 9.8‬‬

‫‪= 1.013 × 105 + 19600‬‬
‫‪= 1209600 Pa‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 = P2‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪A1 A 2‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪A2‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬
‫‪F2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ﺣﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ 10 cm‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ‪ .10 cm‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳉﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﻲ ‪ ،160 kg‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺓ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺒﺲ؟‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫? = ‪A1 = 10cm 2 = 0.001 m 2 ; F1‬‬
‫‪r2 = 5cm = 0.05m ⇒ A 2 = π r22 = 3.14 × (0.05) 2 = 7.85 × 10 −3 m 2‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
 ‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺋﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎﰊ‪:‬‬
‫ُﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﳋﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎﰊ ﻭﺍﳋﻄـﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎﰊ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻀﻄﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ) ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ﻣﺘﱪﻣـﺔ ) ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ (‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﲜﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎﰊ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌـﺒﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌـﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ )‪ ، (١‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ )‪.(٢‬‬

‫‪٤٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = d A v = d A v = cons tan t‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪ d ، d :‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ )‪ (١‬ﻭ )‪ (٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ v ، v‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ )‪ (١‬ﻭ )‪ (٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ A ، A‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ )‪ (١‬ﻭ )‪ (٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻼ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻛﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ‪ Q‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ) ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪Q = A v = A v = cons tan t‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪.(m‬‬ ‫‪) Q‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ) ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ‬

‫‪s‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﲜﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎﰊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ( ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ) ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ r 1 = 12.5 mm : (١‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ‪ v 1 = 1.8 m/s ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) ‪ r 2 = 9 mm : (٢‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ‪ v 2 = ? ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪A1v1 = A 2 v 2‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫‪v1A1‬‬ ‫‪πr12‬‬
‫= ‪v2‬‬ ‫‪= v1 2‬‬
‫‪A2‬‬ ‫‪πr2‬‬

‫‪٤٧‬‬
 ‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛r‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 12.5‬‬
‫⎜ × ‪∴ v 2 = v1 ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 1.8‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ r2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 9‬‬
‫‪∴ v 2 = 3.5 m / s‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪Q = A1v1 = A 2 v 2‬‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪∴ Q = 3.14 × (12.5 × 10−3 ) 2 × 1.8‬‬
‫‪= 8.8 × 10−4 m3 / s‬‬
‫)ﺟـ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪= d v1A1 = d v 2 A 2‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 103 × 8.8 × 10−4‬‬
‫‪= 0.88 kg / s‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﱄ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٧٣٨‬ﻡ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎﰊ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﻣﻌـﲔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P1 + dv12 + dgy1 = P2 + dv 22 + dgy 2 = cons tan t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1 2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ‬ ‫‪dv‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ‪ :‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ dgy‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﱄ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪v = v = 0 :‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
 ‫) ‪P1 − P2 = dg(y 2 − y1‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ )‪ (١‬ﻫﻮ )‪ ،(51kPa‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ )‪(٢‬؟‬

‫‪ ، d‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﱄ‪:‬‬‫‪1‬‬

‫‪= d2 = d‬‬ ‫‪ ، y‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= y2‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪ :‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P1 + dv12 = P2 + dv 22 = cons tan t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪P2 = P1 + d(v12 − v 22‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫⎦⎤ ‪= 5.1 × 103 + × 103 ⎡⎣(1.8) 2 − (3.5)2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 4.7 × 10 Pa‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ )‪ (1.5m‬ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ )‪ (15mm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﻳﺒﺘﻌـﺪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ (2.5m‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ (‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺍﳋـﺎﺭﺝ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ؟‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P1 + dgy1 + dv12 = P2 + dgy 2 + dv 22‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﲔ )‪ (١‬ﻭ )‪ (٢‬ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪. P = P :‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪gy1 + v12 = gy 2 + v 22‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪v 2 A 2 = v1A1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛A‬‬
‫‪v 2 = ⎜ 1 ⎟ v1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ A2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.015‬‬
‫⎜=‬ ‫‪⎟ v1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1.5‬‬
‫‪∴ v 2 = 0.0001v1 ≅ 0‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪v12 = 2g(y 2 − y1‬‬
‫‪= 2 × 9.8 × 2.5‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬
‫‪v12 = 49 2‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪∴v 1= 7 m / s‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻼ( ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﶈـﻴﻂ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ )ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳉـﻮﻝ‬
‫)‪ ،(J‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ )‪ (calorie‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )‪(cal.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪1Cal. = 4.186 J‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4.186J / cal.‬‬ ‫ﻭُﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ) ﺍﳉـﺴﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻘـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﻦ ) ‪ ( K‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ )‪ ( C‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ )‪ ( F‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﻬﻧﺎﻳﱵ‪.‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ) ﺍﳉﺴﻢ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘﻲ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭ ( ﻭﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ )‪( C‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﻬﻧﺎﻳﱵ )‪( F‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ )‪ ، ( K‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪TC = (TF − 32) ; TF = TC + 32‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪TC = TK − 273 ; TK = TC + 273‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ T , T , T‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﻬﻧﺎﻳﱵ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ، (77‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ؟‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫)‪F‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪TC = (TF − 32) = (77 − 32) = 25 0 C‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪٥١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﻬﻧﺎﻳﱵ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻘـﺲ‬
‫‪ −10 C‬؟‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪TF = TC + 32‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪= × −10 + 32 = 14 0 F‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ، −70‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﺪﺭﻳﺞ‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪TK = TC + 273‬‬
‫‪= −70 + 273 = 203 0 K‬‬

‫)‪(c‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ) ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ (‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ) ﺃﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻘـﺔ (‬
‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪cal‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﻬﺗﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪kg. 0 K‬‬ ‫‪g. 0 C‬‬
‫‪4186J 1cal.‬‬
‫= ‪cw‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻼ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪kg. 0 K g. 0 C‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 1g‬ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 1 cal.‬ﻛﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ‪ 1 kg‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ 4186 J‬ﻛﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫ـﺸﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺨـ‬ ‫‪820‬‬ ‫ـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺮﻣـ‬ ‫‪450‬‬ ‫ـﻲ‬
‫ـﺪ ﻫـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳـ‬
‫ـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊـ‬
‫‪kg. 0 K‬‬ ‫‪kg. 0 K‬‬
‫‪J‬‬
‫ﻟﺮﻓـﻊ‬ ‫)‪(ΔQ‬‬ ‫‪ 1680‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫‪kg. 0 K‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ΔT‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (m‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫‪٥٢‬‬
 ‫‪ΔQ = mc ΔT‬‬
‫ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ΔT‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ c‬ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫؟‬ ‫‪90 0 C‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪30 0 C‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ‪ 20 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪cal‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪g. 0 C‬‬
‫‪ΔQ = m c ΔT‬‬
‫‪= 20 × 1 × 60‬‬
‫‪J‬‬
‫‪= 1200cal. = 1200cal. × 4.186‬‬ ‫‪= 5032J‬‬
‫‪cal.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ . 39‬ﻛﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺟـﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻃﻔﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ 30 kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴـﺔ ﳉـﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﻪ ‪37 C‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪J‬‬
‫‪ 3470‬؟‬
‫‪kg. 0 K‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔQ = m c ΔT‬‬
‫)‪= 30 × 3470 × (37 − 39‬‬
‫‪= −2.1 × 105 J‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻠﻂ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ .T‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ‪. T > T‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ = ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫‪Qin. = Qout‬‬

‫‪٥٣‬‬
 ‫)‪m1c1 (T − T1 ) = m 2c 2 (T2 − T‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ T , c ,m‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ T , c ,m‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪50 g‬‬ ‫ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺇﺑﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﻣﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 300 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ُ . 90 C‬‬
‫ﺻﺐﱠ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ .15 C‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻂ؟‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ = ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪m1c(T − 15) = m 2c(90 − T‬‬
‫)‪50(T − 15) = 300(90 − T‬‬

‫‪T − 15 = 540 − 6T‬‬

‫‪7T = 555‬‬
‫‪555‬‬
‫= ‪∴T‬‬ ‫‪= 79.3 0 C‬‬
‫‪7‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ 20 g‬ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 150 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ‪. 20 C‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺳُﺨﻨﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 30 g‬ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 100 C‬ﰒ ﺃﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻫﻲ ‪ ، 25 C‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ=ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪+‬ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫‪20 × 0.21 × 5 + 150 × 1 × 5 = 30 × c × 75‬‬
‫‪21 + 750 = 2250c‬‬
‫‪771 = 2250c‬‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
 ‫‪771‬‬ ‫‪cal.‬‬
‫= ‪∴c‬‬ ‫‪= 0.343 0‬‬
‫‪2250‬‬ ‫‪g. C‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﱪﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﱵ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻥ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔQ‬‬
‫) ‪= σ e A (T −T o‬‬
‫‪Δt‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ T‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ T‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪ A‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ e‬ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ σ‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻌﺮّﺽ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻬﺗـﺎ )‪ . (20 C‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ )‪ (37 C‬ﻭﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻫﻲ )‪ (0.9‬ﻭﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫ﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪ ،1.5 m‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪T = 37 + 273 = 310 o K‬‬
‫‪To = 20 + 273 = 293 o K‬‬
‫‪ΔQ‬‬
‫) ‪= σ e A (T 4 −T o4‬‬
‫‪Δt‬‬

‫) ‪= 5.67 ×10−8 × 0.9 ×1.5 × (3104 − 2934‬‬

‫‪ΔQ‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪= 140 W‬‬
‫‪Δt‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫‪ΔQ = 140 ×10 × 60‬‬

‫‪= 8.6 ×104 J‬‬

‫‪٥٥‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Q‬ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ m‬ﻧـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔQ = mLf‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺣﺪﻬﺗﺎ ‪ J‬ﺃﻭ ‪. cal.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Lf‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔQ = mL v‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺣﺪﻬﺗﺎ ‪ J‬ﺃﻭ ‪. cal.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪Lv‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 0.25 kg‬ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ . 20 C‬ﻳُﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﰲ ﳎﻤﺪﺓ )‪ .(Freezer‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻠﺞ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬

‫‪kJ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪334‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪0 0C‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪ 4.2 kJ‬؟‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ΔQ = mc(Tf − Ti ) + (−mL f‬‬
‫) ‪= 0.25 × 4.2 × 103 (0 − 20) + ( −0.25 × 334 × 103‬‬

‫‪= −2.1 × 104 − 8.35 × 104‬‬

‫‪= −1.05 × 105 J‬‬

‫‪٥٦‬‬
 ‫‪ :٨-١٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮّﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ‪ α‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔL / L‬‬
‫=‪α‬‬
‫‪ΔT‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲤﺪﺩ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ L‬ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ΔL‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ، ΔT‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ α‬ﺗُﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ‪ α‬ﻫﻲ ‪ C‬ﺃﻭ ‪. K‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ )‪ (1 m‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 50‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻟﻠﻨﺤـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ‪ (1.9 ×10 C‬؟‬ ‫‪−5 o‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔL / L‬‬
‫=‪α‬‬
‫‪ΔT‬‬
‫‪∴ΔL = α L ΔT‬‬
‫‪= 1.9 × 10−5 × 1× 50‬‬
‫‪= 0.00095 m‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻜﺘﺐ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔV / V‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ‬ ‫=‪γ‬‬
‫‪ΔT‬‬

‫‪٥٧‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ΔV‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ V‬ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫‪ ، ΔT‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪ γ‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ‪ α‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ C‬ﺃﻭ ‪. K‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ) ‪ (113 mm‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ )‪ . (100 C‬ﻓﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ )‪ (0 C‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻸﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ) ‪ (7.2 ×10 C‬؟‬
‫‪−5 o‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔV / V‬‬
‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫‪⇒ ΔV = γ ΔT V‬‬
‫‪ΔT‬‬

‫‪ΔV = 7.2 ×10−5 ×113 ×100 ≅ 0.81mm3‬‬

‫‪ ، (100‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫)‪C‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫)‪(0 o C‬‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ )‪ (0 C‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫‪Vo = 113 − 0.8 = 112.2 mm3‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ )ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ(‪:‬‬

‫‪ . ← 4‬ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻜﻤﺶ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ‪ 4 C ← 0 C‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ⇐ 4 C‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫‪٥٨‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﻃﺮﻕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻭُ ِﺟ َﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﱵ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ΔQ‬‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫) ‪ΔQ KA (T1 −T 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Δt‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ A‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ L‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪. (T > T‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ T‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﺩﺭﺟﱵ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪cal‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ K‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m.s. o C‬‬ ‫‪cm.s. o C‬‬

‫‪٥٩‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫـﺎ )‪ (2m ×1.5m‬ﻭﲰﻜﻬـﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(3.2mm‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﱵ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻫـﻲ ‪ 15 C‬ﻭ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫‪ 14‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻫﻮ‪. 0.84 J :‬‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪m.s. C‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪A = 2 ×1.5 = 3m 2‬‬
‫) ‪ΔQ KA (T1 −T 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Δt‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫)‪0.84 × 3 × (15 − 4‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪K cal‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪= 790 ≅ 0.19‬‬
‫‪3.2 ×10‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ‪ 2 cm‬ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ .1m‬ﻭُﺿﻊ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃـﺮﰲ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺼﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬
‫‪0.2 cal‬‬
‫[‬ ‫]ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ=‬ ‫)‪ (10 min‬؟‬
‫‪cm.s. o C‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪K A Δt (T1 −T 2‬‬
‫)‪(10 min‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫= ‪= ΔQ‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫)‪0.2 × 2 ×10 × 60(100 − 0‬‬
‫= ‪∴Q‬‬ ‫‪= 240 cal‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ‪ Lf‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 80 cal‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔQ 240‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3g‬‬
‫‪Lf‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫‪٦٠‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﻮﺍﻗﻞ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻣﻌﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﱪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ )ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐـﲑ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳎﺎﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﺄﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ( ﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﻓﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﺗﻔـﻊ‬
‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﱪﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻲ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﱪﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻻ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺗُﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔQ‬‬
‫‪= σ e AT‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪Δt‬‬
‫‪ΔQ‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁ )‪، (W‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪Δt‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ A‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ T‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ e‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦١‬‬
 ‫‪W‬‬
‫‪. 5.67 ×10‬‬ ‫‪−8‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪m2K 4‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﳏﺎﻃﹰﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻂ )ﺃﻭ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ( ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ‪ ، T‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ )ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ‪ ( T‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

‫‪ΔQ‬‬
‫) ‪= σ e A (T 4 −T o4‬‬
‫‪Δt‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ( ﻳﺸﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﻊ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٢‬‬