There are three reason why solar energy generation has not developed more rapidly.

First, the cost per

watt of solar cell generation is more expensive than that steam power or nuclear power generation.
Therefore, researchers are still looking for ways to make solar cells cheaper, second, nature plays a large
part in solar cell generation. For example, some days are cloud and rainy, because there is not always
fine weather, solar energy cannot be generated every day. No solar energy is generated at night.
Consequently, solar cells must have the capacity to store energy for use during these times and these
storage cells are very expensive. As a result, only in low latitude areas can enough solar energy be
generated effectively at these times. Finally, building plants for solar cell generation is extremely
expensive. A very large space is need, and the need for maintenance is constant. To illustrate, the
surface of the solar cell plant has to be cleaned daily.

For all these reasons, it is very difficult to develop solar cell plants and make solar cell energy available
to the general public for a competitive price. Despite all these problems, we believe that day will come
when we use solar energy cells because they are a form of clean energy with no pollution

1. The text describes...of the slow development solar cell energy

a. The process
b. The causes
c. The purposes
d. The benefit and harm
e. The condition
2. Effort have been made to develop solar cell energy because
a. It can be generated anytime
b. It is reversible
c. It is easy to generate
d. It does not cause any pollution
e. It is not costly
3. Which of the following statement is true about solar cell
a. Great progress has beEn made in the development of solar cell energy
b. Solar cells can generate and store energy during THE night
c. Unlike solar cell energy, nuclear energy is more expensive to generate
d. Producing solar energy is quite a profitable business nowAdays
e. Generating solar cell energy greatly depend on the condition of the weather
4. The development of solar cell energy for public use has been rather slow due to the following,
except..
a. The nature of solar energy itself
b. The high cost of production
c. The condition of nature
d. The high construction costs of the plant
e. The daily maintenance of the plant
5. The author expects that...
a. Effort to develop solar cell energy will be stopped immediately
 b. Nuclear power will be a better energy alternative
c. Solar energy will become popular among consumers
d. The generation of solar cell can be DONE in lower altitude area
e. Solar energy will remain difficult to develop

Computers are relatively new invention. The first computers were built sixty years ago and it is only in
the last thirty years that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were
introduced as recently in this short time they have made a tremendous impact on our life. We are now
so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them.
You have only got to go into a bank when their main computer is broken to understand the chaos that
occur if computers were suddenly removed worldwide

In the future, computers will be used to create bigger and even more sophisticated computers. The
prosfect for this are quite alarming. They will be complex that no individual could hope to understand
how they work. They will bring a lot of benefits but they will also inercase the potential for unmergable
charts. They will be, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to coordinate the
movements of several planes around the airport. Providing all computers are working correctly nothing
can go wrong, but if one program fails, there will be a disaster.

There is no doubt that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. However, ensure that
we are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be able too easy to suddenly
discover that technology Is controlling us. By then it might be too late. I believe that is very important to
be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and to make sure that we never become totally
dependent on a completely technological world.

6. From the text above we may conclude that the author...

a. tries to warn us not to be too dependent on computers
b. emphasizes the importance of developing future computers
c. believes computers will make people’s lives more computers
d. reminds us about the threat of computers in the past
e. persuades us to make use of computers in our jobs
7. People’s current dependent on computers is unamplified by..
a. The influence of computers on our lives for the last thirty years
b. The introduction of computers in the nineteen-fifteens
c. The chaos which took place when computers were removed
d. The disorder at home when the main computer is broken
e. The unimaginable things that may occur on an airport
8. Future computers are predicated to....
a. Be so complex that their prospect will be quite promising
b. Bring great benefits as well as unexpected harm to people’s lives
c. Bring great benefits to the transportation history
 d. Make many small programs cause big disasters
e. Be able to coordinate the traffic of planes all over the world
9. Although computers will become more sophisticated...
a. Human beings will be entirely be dependent on them
b. It is difficult for individuals to understand them
c. Technology tend to control human beings
d. There is no doubt that they bring a lot of benefits
e. Human beings should have control over them
10. A suitable title for the text is...
a. The historical background of future computers
b. The unimaginable chaos caused by computers
c. The potential of future computers
d. The control over advanced technology
e. The rapid progress on technology

PORTABLE GENERATOR

Although most electricity comes from power stasions, power can also be generated by far smaller
means. Nowadays, electricity generators can be small enough to hold in the hand. Portable generators
are made up of two main parts; an engine, which powers the equipment, and an alternator, which
converts motion into electricity. The engine runs on petrol. It is started by pulling a cord. This creates a
spark inside which ignites the fuel mixture.

In a typical four-stroke engine, when the piston descends, the air inlet valve opens and a mixture of air
and petrol is sucked in through a carburetor. The valve closes, the piston rises on the compression
stroke and a spark within the upper chamber ignites the mixture. This mini-explosion pushes the piston
backdown, and as it rises again the fumes formed by the ignition are forced out through the exhaust
valve.

This cycle is repeated many times per second. The moving piston makes the crankshaft rotate at great
speed. The crankshaft extends directly to an alternator, which consists of two main sets of windings-
coils of insulated cooper wire wound closely around an iron core. On set, called stator windings, is in a
fixed position and shaped like a broad ring. The other set, the armature windings, is wound on the rotor
which is fixed to the rotating crankshaft. The rotor makes about 3.000 revolutions per minute.

The rotor is magnetized and as it spins round, electricity is generated in the stator windings through the
process of electromagnetic induction. The electric current is fed to the output terminals or sockets. This
type of generator can produce a 700 watt output, enough to operate lights, television, and some
domestic appliances. Larger versions provide emergency power to hospital and factories

11. The word motion in sentence 3 is closest in meaning to...

a. Position
b. Emotion
c. Stagnation
 d. Movement
e. immobility
12. What should people do when they want to start the engine of the portable generator..
a. They have to push the cord and light the fuel
b. They have to mix the fuel and pull the engine
c. They have to fill out the fuel and push the cord
d. They have to light the fuel and push the engine
e. They have to fill in the fuel and pull the cord
13. The word ignite in sentence 6 could be best replaced by the word....
a. Extinguish
b. Flaming
c. Ignition
d. Force
e. burn
14. The word descend in sentence 7 is closest in meaning to the following words expect...
a. Move down
b. Gravitate
c. Tumble
d. Detrain
e. Rise up
15. What does the word it in sentence 9 refers to...
a. The mini explosion
b. The compression
c. The mixture
d. The piston
e. The valve
16. What is the function of the crankshaft...
a. To create spark
b. To rotate the rotor
c. To spin stator windings
d. To generate electric current
e. To operate home appliance
17. What is the significant difference between stator windings and rotor...
a. The stator is fixed while the rotor generates electricity
b. The stator generates electricity while the rotor is fixed
c. The stator is fixed while the rotor rotates
d. The stator rotates while the rotor is fixed
e. None of the above
18. In a typical portable generator, the rotor windings.....to the crankshaft
a. Attach
b. Are attached
c. Are attaching
 d. Were attached
e. Had been attached
19. What will happen once the electric current is supplied to the selected output terminals?
a. The engine will run automatically
b. The electric current will be generated
c. The crankshaft and alternator will be rotated
d. Power in the form of watt output will be produced
e. Lights, fridge, and other appliances will be turned off
20. According to the passage, power station.......most electricity
a. Supply
b. Supplied
c. Will supply
d. Are supplied
e. Were supplying

GAS CENTRAL HEATING

Most gas central heating works on the wet system of heat transfer between water flowing through
pipes. A typical system includes a boiler, a network of pipes, a feed, an expansion tank, radiators, and a
hot storage system.

In conventional boilers, water is heated by gas burners. It is then pumped around the central heating
system and the hot water storage cylinder. The flow of gas to the burner is controlled by a valve (or
valves) which can be operated by a time switch or by a boiler thermostat, hot water cylinder thermostat,
or by a thermostat located in one of the rooms. Air is necessary for complete combustion and is supplied
to the burners either from inside the house, when adequate ventilation must be ensured, or directly
from outside through a balanced flue.

Water is circulated through a heat exchanger above the burner the heat exchanger is made of tubes of
cast ........both types to increase the surface area ..........which improves the transfer of heat. A
thermostat located in the boiler causes the gas control valve to shut off when the water temperature
reaches the pre-set level..

After being pumped through a diverter or priority valve, water circulates around either one of two loops
of pipework, which act as heat exchanges..one loop passes through the inside of the hot water storage
cylinder in a coil arrangement. Heat is transferred to the surrounding water, which can then be drawn
off from this cylinder from various hot taps in the house when required. The loop then returns to the
boiler for re-heating.

The other loop of the circuit passes to the the radiators, which provide room heating... several radiators
are generally connected, where one pipe provides the hot water input and the other carries the cold
water back to the boiler...in this way, all radiators receive hot water directly from the boiler....

21. What does the word it in sentence 4 refers to??

 a. Conventional boiler
b. Gas burner
c. Water
d. Pipe
e. gas
22. The word flow in sentence 5 is closest in meaning to...
a. Breeze
b. Progress
c. blockage
23. All of the following words have closest synonym to the words is circulated in sentence 7 EXCEPT
a. Is passed from place to place
b. Is moved in a circle
c. Is distributed
d. Is assembled
e. No of the above
24. What can improve the transfer of heat...
A. Surface area
B. Cast iron
C. Copper
D. Water
E. fins