6 - Bridge Materials - Sep 2017

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials
BRIDGE MATERIALS CONCRETE
Technical Standards Branch 0 1 Branch

Technical Standards
Class B Bridge Inspection Course BIM Class B Bridge Inspection Course BIM
Bridge Inspection and Maintenance Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
What is Concrete? Cement Manufacturing
Limestone Train
A mixture of various components which chemically react to Clay Quarry
form a strong construction material
Hammermill Crusher
Unit Weight – normal 2400 kg/m3 or semi 1900 kg/m3 Additive Silos
Preheater Tower
Component Ratios: Preblend Dome
– Cement (10 to 15%)
– Aggregate (75 to 80%)
Clinker Finishing Mill
– Water and Air (remainder) Roller Mill Gypsum
– Admixtures
Rotary Kiln Cement Silos
2 Branch
Technical Standards 3 Branch
Technical Standards
1
Aggregate Water
Aggregate qualities for strong and durable concrete:
– Abrasion resistance
– Weather resistance
– Chemical stability
– Cleanliness and even gradation
4 Branch
Technical Standards
Entrained Air Air‐Entrained Concrete
• Entrained air 5% to 8%
• Improves freeze thaw resistance
• Improves workability
• Reduces segregation and bleeding
• Improves sulfate resistance
6 Branch
Technical Standards
2
Admixtures Mineral Admixtures
Ingredients used to modify certain properties of concrete to Fly Ash
have a desired function • Reduces heat of hydration & increases workability
Two types of admixtures: • Increases set time & reduces strength
– Mineral admixtures Silica Fume
– Chemical admixtures • Increase strength & abrasion resistance
• Increases water demand
• Reduces permeability & workability
8 Branch
Technical Standards
Chemical Admixtures Physical Properties
Water Reducers – reduces water demand Compressive strength (f’c) (28 day)
Super Plasticisers – increases slump, workability, strength Tensile strength (10% f’c)
Accelerators – decreases set time Shear strength (12‐13% f’c)
Retarders – increases set time Flexural strength (14% f’c)
10 Branch
Technical Standards
10 Bridge Inspection and Maintenance Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
3
Physical Properties (Cont’d) Concrete Stress‐Strain Diagram
How to increase Compressive Strength
• Increased cement content
• Increased aggregate strength stress
• Decreased w/c ratio
• Decreased entrapped air
• Increased curing time
• Use of admixtures
strain
12 Branch
Technical Standards
Physical Properties (Cont’d) Concrete Damage &
Creep
Fire resistance
Deterioration
1. CRACKS
Durability Crack is a linear fracture in concrete
Isotropy
– Working Cracks
Permeability
– Structural Cracks
– Affected by • Flexure cracks
• evaporation of bleed water • Shear cracks
• excess water
• micro‐cracking
• porous aggregates
• improper mixing, finishing
14 Branch
Technical Standards
4
Structural Cracks Concrete Damage & Deterioration
Unloaded Beam – Non‐Structural Cracks
• Crazing cracks
• Temperature cracks
• Shrinkage cracks
Flexural Cracks
– Crack Size
• Hairline less than 0.1 mm
• Narrow ≥ 0.1 mm < 0.3 mm
Shear Cracks • Medium ≥ 0.3 mm < 1.0 mm
• Wide ≥ 1.0 mm
16 Branch
Technical Standards
Shrinkage Cracks on Deck Concrete Damage &
Underside. Deterioration
2. SCALING
• Scaling is a gradual loss of mortar and aggregate
• Categories of Scaling
– Light scaling loss of surface mortar 6 mm deep
– Medium Scaling loss of surface mortar 6 to 13 mm deep
– Heavy scaling coarse aggregate exposed
– Severe scaling loss of coarse aggregate
18 Branch
Technical Standards
5
Light Scaling Medium Scaling
20 Branch
Technical Standards
Heavy Scaling Freeze/Thaw Deterioration of Deck
22 Branch
Technical Standards
6
Concrete Damage & Expansive Aggregate Pop‐out
Deterioration
3. POP‐OUTS
• Due to porous aggregate
4. ABRASION
• Due to wheel wear
5. SPALLING
• Expansion of corroding rebar and overstressing
24 Branch
Technical Standards
Abrasion Damaged Girders Concrete Damage & Deterioration
6. DELAMINATION
• Bond failure between old and new concrete and
expansion of corroding rebar
7. STAINING
• Rust stains leaching through cracks
8. ALKALAI AGGREGATE REACTION
9. CARBONATION (EFFLORESCENCE)
26 Branch
Technical Standards
7
Delamination Mechanism Delamination & Corroded Rebar
Top of concrete
Wearing surface
Reinforcement Corrosion by-products
28 Branch
Technical Standards
Longitudinal Crack & Corroding Rebar Corrosion Spall
350
30 Branch
Technical Standards
8
Calcium Carbonate Deposits Concrete ‐ Steel Combination

Reinforced Concrete
– Concrete has high compressive strength and low tensile strength
– Always cracks under tensile load
– Mild steel carries tensile load
Prestressed Concrete
– High strength steel strands
– Concrete is pre‐compressed
– Carries load without cracking
32 Branch
Technical Standards
What is Steel?
Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other trace metals
STEEL Carbon and trace metal ratios:
– Carbon 0.15 to 0.3%
– Manganese 0.50 to 2.0%
– Phosphorus 0.02 to 0.2%
– Sulphur 0.02 to 0.06%
– Silicon 0.15 to 0.8%
34 Branch
Technical Standards
9
Iron Steel Making Process
• Iron in the pure form is a soft, shiny metal like aluminum. • Iron ore, coke and limestone are major raw materials.
• However, it is never found in this state. • Raw material is charged into Blast furnace which has a
• Iron oxidizes extremely easily. temperature of 1600°C.
• In nature it is always found as an oxide. • Iron melts and settles at the bottom.
• Solidified iron is called “Pig Iron”
36 Branch
Technical Standards

Bridge Materials
Steel Making Process
• Molten metal from blast furnace and silicon is taken into
Basic Oxygen furnace
• Chemical analysis of the molten material is done
• Steel billets are heated to 1200C for rolling and finished
products.
38 Branch
Technical Standards
10
Bridge Materials
Molten Iron
Effects of Various Elements
Effects of Carbon in steel:
– Increases strength and hardness
– Reduces ductility, weldability, machinability and toughness
Effects of Phosphorus in steel:
– Increases strength and hardenability
– Reduces ductility and weldability
40 Branch
Technical Standards
Effects of Various Elements Effects of Various Elements
Effects of Manganese in steel: Silicon in steel:
– Increases strength, hardenability and notch toughness – Increases strength, hardenability and notch toughness
– Reduces weldability – Reduces weldability
– Reduces ill effects of sulfur – Deoxidizer in steel making
Copper, Chrome, Nickel:
Effects of Sulfur in steel: ‐ Weathering steel (Cor‐ten)
– May cause porosity and hot cracking in welding
– Can cause brittleness
42 Branch
Technical Standards
11
Common Steel Shapes Rolled Sections
– Wires
– Cables
– Steel Plates
– Steel Bars
Angle Channel Rolled I Beam
– Rolled Beams
– Built‐up Shapes
44 Branch
Technical Standards

Bridge Materials
Built‐up Sections Important Physical Properties
• Strength
– Compression
– Tension
– Fatigue
• Ductility
• Notch toughness
• Weldability
• Fire Resistant
• Corrosion Resistant
46 Branch
Technical Standards
12
Tension & Compression Steel Damage and Deterioration
Stress Strain Diagram
Corrosion
tension (+)
– Environmental corrosion
– Stray current corrosion
– Stress corrosion
Cracking
shorten (‐) lengthen (+)
– Fatigue
– Impact
– Excessive loading
compression (‐)
Note: Any crack in a steel member is serious
48 Branch
Technical Standards
Steel Damage and Deterioration Corrosion Holes in Girder Web
Deformation
– Excessive loading
– Heat damage
– Impact
50 Branch
Technical Standards
13
Stains from Soil Side Corrosion Crack initiated by Bolt Hole
52 Branch
Technical Standards
Collision damaged steel girder. Fire Damaged Truss.
54 Branch
Technical Standards
14
Fire Damaged Truss.
UNCONTROLLED
WELDING
IS NOT ALLOWED
ON BRIDGE
STRUCTURES.
56 Branch
Technical Standards
Wood
What is wood?
TIMBER – A naturally occurring non‐ homogeneous material.

Composition of timber:
– Carbohydrate fibres
– Water
Classification of timber:
– Hardwood
– Softwood
58 Branch
Technical Standards
15
Cross Section of Tree Growth Features
Outer Bark
Growth features
Inner Bark Cambium
– Knots
– Splits, Checks
Moisture content
Sapwood – Moisture affects dimensional stability
Rays
– 19% moisture content is considered seasoned wood
Heartwood
Pith
60 Branch
Technical Standards
Checks Physical Properties
• Compression
 perpendicular to grain
 parallel to grain
• Tension
• Bending
• Fatigue
• Shrinkage
 60% radially
 2% longitudinally
62 Branch
Technical Standards
16
Timber Damage & Deterioration Timber Damage & Deterioration
• Abrasion
• Warping • Decay is caused by fungi
• Checks & Splits • To grow fungi need:
– Oxygen
• Cracking
– Temperature
– Flexural
– Food
– Horizontal Shear
– Moisture
• Fire Damage
• Insects or borers are not a problem in Alberta
• Collision Damage
• Decay
64 Branch
Technical Standards
Protective Systems Warping due to Drying Shrinkage
• Water repellents
• Preservatives
– Creosote
– Cromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)
– Ammoniacal Copper Zinc Arsenate (ACZA)
• Paint
66 Branch
Technical Standards
17
Horizontal Shear Crack. Checking & Start of Rot
68 Branch
Technical Standards
Serious Rot in Stringer Fire Damaged Timber
70 Branch
Technical Standards
18
Bridge Materials
Questions??
72 Branch
Technical Standards
Class B Bridge Inspection Course BIM
Bridge Inspection and Maintenance
19

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6 - Bridge Materials - Sep 2017

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Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Technical Standards Branch 0 1 Branch

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Delamination Mechanism Delamination & Corroded Rebar

Reinforcement Corrosion by-products

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Calcium Carbonate Deposits Concrete ‐ Steel Combination

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

TIMBER – A naturally occurring non‐ homogeneous material.

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

Bridge Materials Bridge Materials

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