socialur mecnierebaTa seria

kultura
da
modernizacia
saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

ivane wereTeli
qeTevan kakitelaSvili

Tbilisi
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria supranational structures. Democracy is the basis for the European union. The members of the
European union are the countries, which aspire to the growth and strengthening of democracy.
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili European union is the result of modernization, as the modernization is the development of a
society with attributes of democracy. Georgia tries to find out the answer on the challenge of
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
globalization through the integration in European Union.
Modernization and westernization are inevitable processes for the societies aiming to integrate
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi in the Western unity The geopolitical position of Georgia enables it to join global processes;
Georgia has it’s own function in a number of economic and political projects. Hence, Georgia will
face the global culture.
Above mentioned processes of localization has been developed in Georgia as well as in other
parts of the world. Even the process of “McDonaldization” has gone through the certain localization
in Georgia. This is just the process, which was defined as glocalization: in many places but in a
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 different kind. The purpose of is a fast food; in the West one usually spends 7-9 minutes in this
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 restaurant; in non western countries McDonald’s has changed it’s profile; in Georgia it is not only a
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10 place for fast feed, but also it is used for entertainment; schoolchildren, students, grandmothers
and grandfathers together with their grandchildren go there for amusement. The process of
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
“McDonaldization” was accompanied by the appearance of the national “fast-food” units. There are
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge number of national dishes useful for fast food objects. Thus, the occurrence of western
hamburgers has stimulated transformation of local cookery, its adaptation to the contemporary
situation and creation of new Georgian dishes.
In this case the Georgian culture has managed to preserve its original character. Cookery is
not a decisive factor, but it is one of the important artifact of the Georgian culture
It is difficult to image the replacement of the national culture by the global one. But it certainly
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, does not mean complete denying of the global culture. The way of integration into the Western
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis society lays through the modernization, thus rejecting of the global culture is impossible for
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT Georgia. And it is not necessary either.
Georgia will not be able to get rid of the global culture.
The statistical data are given, in which the changes taking place in the Georgian society for
last years are fixed.

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 7 - 7

119
TOPIC 9. “MINOR CULTURES” AND THE PROBLEM OF MODERNIZATION.
GEORGIAN CULTURE AND THE PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION.
In the case of minor cultures’ modernization, we should mention several categories, especially
tradition, as in numerous cases, modernization of minor cultures are discussed as a process,
conducted at the expense of disparaging the traditions of these cultures, equal to losing their own sarCevi
peculiarity.
Nowadays, modernization bares an “anti-traditional” character, especially in case of analyzing
the nonwestern cultures’ modernization, as the modernization of these communities was
conducted at the expense of suppressing local traditions. Within the context of the western Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi 3
community, modernization means extension of western traditions and its development.
However there is a great contrast between “traditional” and “modern” communities, successful
Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi 10
modernization can take place, if it is based on some elements of traditional regulation. Thus
successful functioning of the “modern” community depends on the existence of relevant traditional
preconditions, their introduction and use into the modern system. Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia modernuli da
That’s why it is necessary: aramodernuli kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze 20

1. To review correlation of tradition and variability, to conduct analysis of the present traditional
community forces, which facilitate the process of changes and of those, which impede it. Tema IV. modernizacia _ dasavluri
Correspondingly, the place of these factors should be analyzed in the general structural and sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi etapi 39
cultural system of regulation.
2. To reveal difference among the changes, which accompany to the traditional order and Tema V. modernizacia da globalizacia 52
which leave these limits and cause renewal of the community.
3. To disclose the differences between the changes, which promote further development of the Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio
community and which undermine this ability. 115 sazogadoeba globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe 61

4. To reveal a general character of impact of modern changes on the traditional system.

Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis
5. To determine how community can work out within its own heritage and it has an ability to cnebaTa urTierTmimarTebisTvis 68
solve these problems; or to reach this through the adaptation to new conditions of its central
institutions and without important changes in the sphere of values and ideas (or their
Tema VIII. dasavlur da aradasavlur kulturaTa
transformation). (S.N.Eisenshtadt). warmomadgenlebis TvaliT danaxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva 68
On the basis of discussed information, we have tried to determine typological (traditional or
innovational, individualistic or collectivistic) essence of Georgian culture; to analyze correlation of
Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ da modernizaciis problema.
tradition and modernization, peculiarities of the Georgian culture, to find out the degree of qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi 89
modernization of the Georgian society. We have overviewed the history of Georgia during the last
two centuries; changes, that have influenced Georgian culture on the background of ongoing
processes in the modern world. Thus, we have outlined the possible variants of the development of CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION (Summary) 111
Georgian culture.
It is necessary to admit, that during the Soviet period Georgia was excluded from the world
processes. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has appeared face to face with the
problems of globalization. Therefore it is interesting to work out the best way for Georgia to deal
with the processes of globalization and which nuances should have been underlined. On the
background of the ideas of the western and non-western thinkers, we have tried to examine the
Georgian reality.
There is no national way out the challenges of globalization, there is only the transnational way
out. Regionalism – this is a creation of transnational, supranational unities. The creation of
transnational and supranational unities are caused by economical and political factors and such
unities are based on cultural similarities. Nowadays, only the European countries are united in

118 3
Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi
pirveli Tema eTmoba im ZiriTadi cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebs, romlebic
kursis manZilze iqneba gamoyenebuli. am terminebiT operireba aucilebelia iseT
sakiTxebze msjelobisas da im procesebis aRsawerad, romelic gardauvalia sxvadasxva
regionsa da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kulturul sivrceSi modernizaciis procesis
mimdinareobisas. es aris kulturaTa Soris kontaqtis problema _ misi sxvadsxvagvari
gamovlineba (asimilacia, kulturuli Soki, konfrontacia, simbiozi, sinTezi, kul-
turuli konfliqti, kulturuli difuzia), tradiciis roli da adgili modernizaciis
procesSi, tradiciisa da modernizaciis urTierTmimarTebis problema; identurobis
problema aradasavlur kulturebSi mimdinare modernizaciuli gardaqmnebis
pirobebSi da a.S.
pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretaciis
gadmocema, ramdenadac modernizaciuli procesebis warmoSoba da mimdinareoba or
ZiriTad _ kulturul da civilizaciur _ doneze xdeba da am procesebis Seswavla da
analizi am ori fenomenis farglebSi da maT safuZvelze unda mimdinareobdes.
kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretacia.
kulturis fenomenze saubrisas yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mis or aspeqtze:
1. kultura _ rogorc kacobriobis universaluri maxasiaTebeli;
2. kultura _ rogorc calkeul sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa
da mijnebis ZiriTadi safuZveli.
pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs, rom kultura aris Homo sapiens-is, rogorc
biologiuri saxeobisa da socialuri arsebis unikaluri unaris Sedegi. swored am
niSniT gansxvavdeba es saxeoba yvela sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. adamianSi
genetikuradaa (biologiuradaa) determinirebuli potencia _ iyos kulturis
Semoqmedi, kvlavmwarmoebeli da gadamcemi, magram am potenciis realizeba mxolod
socialur garemoSia SesaZlebeli, rac aucilebel pirobad iTxovs kavSirs wina
Taobebidan gadmocemuli socialuri cxovrebis gamocdilebasTan da mTlianad
damokidebulia socializaciis procesze. rogorc r.benediqti aRniSnavda, `kultura
ar eZleva adamians dabadebidan, ar aris Cadebuli Canasaxovan ujredebSi rogorc
krazanebTan an WianWvelebTan, aramed aTvisebuli unda iqnes yoveli axali Taobis mier
ufrosTagan Seswavlis gziT~1. anTropolog e.hiobelis gansazRvrebiT, kultura aris
`integrirebuli sistema qcevis Seswavlili modelebisa, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia
sazogadoebis wevrTaTvis da romlebic ar warmoadgenen biologiuri memkvidreobis
Sedegs~2.
e.tailori, romelic kulturis cnebis pirveli mecnieruli gansazRvrebis
avtoradaa miCneuli, xazs usvams kulturis socialur bunebas. misi sityvebiT,
`kultura Sedgeba codnis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, xelovnebis, zneobis, kanonebis, zne-
Cveulebebisa da zogi sxva unar-Cvevisgan, romlebic SeZenilia adamianis rogorc
sazogadoebis wevris mier~3.
kultura SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve RirebulebaTa, qcevis normaTa da standartTa
erTobliobad, romelic aregulirebs adamianTa urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan, sazo-
gadoebasa da bunebasTan.
1
kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). Tb., 2003. gv. 24.
2
3
iqve, gv.22.
iqve.
4 117
1. Multiculturalizm;
2. Pluralizm;
3. Globalization
It is clear, that globalization, described by Al-Qadri, is a source of multicultural is a source of
creation of multicultural world (global) society. This viewpoint is supported by him, unless the
interests of small societies and cultures will be considered by the West.
Several years ago was published Glisan’s novel, called “Sartorius”, which tells about the tribe
of Batatu. It is the modern fable about non-domination. Though the existence of nationality, called
Batatu, is clearly determined in time and space (500 AD, Central Africa), is still mythical tribe. Such
myth is necessary for the world, as Batatu is embodiment of those people, who does not wish to be
a sample for others and addresses to them not with the purpose of subjection, but for coexistence.
The concepts like “relation", "creolization", "universality" - fill each other. "Universality" is a
modern world with its diversity and chaos. The chaos is not simply disorder, but it is impossibility of
events’ definition and the lack of the world’s reasonable management. "Relations" call for
transversality, instead of causal-investigatory of events.
According to Glisan’s opinion the novelty will come from the small countries, which have
neither colonial past, nor strongly expressed national traditions. They are not afraid of
disappearance or loss of the status. We should get accustomed to the new structure of the world,
where the relations between centre and periphery will be absolutely different from the present.
Everything at the same time will be both centre, and periphery.
According to the abovementioned factors, globalization is tolerated by people who don’t have
their own, original culture. The representatives of the last one are against of this process.
The authors of these theories are the representatives of non-Western world. Each of them
recognize successive development of global culture. Therefore, they try to find means of
adaptation to the modern conditions. All of them are aware of the Western culture, therefore it is
easy for them to perceive differences and similarities between their and other cultures. However,
there are number of cases, which can be perceived as their responses to the "challenges" of the
West, rather than as objective estimation of reality.
As we have mentioned above, the turn of cultures to their own roots and the localization
according to cultural characteristics were caused by the challenges of globalization. The close and
constant relations between societies have revealed several existing differences between them,
which called forth definition and systematization of own culture’s characteristic features. L.Sengor
has made it on an example of the African culture. He has presented the characteristics of the
African culture and it’s differences from the Western one.
Localization leads up to the multiple world. In global community original cultures are coexisting
with one another. Due to the transparency of borders, the solve of various problems, connected
with travel, the facilities of constant connection have call forth the fact, that nowadays one does not
leave the frameworks of their own culture, despite of physical distance, they have constant and
continuous contact with their houses. This factor protects them from cultural assimilation. For
example, in the USA, namely in New York, some Chinese are able to pass around whole their life
successfully without English, as they do not tear away from the Chinese world, while traveling
around the whole USA. Multiculturalism is the main challenge of globalization. Thus, society or the
country will be presented as a multicultural unity. For example, China is not only political and
economical unity, in determined geographical borders, but it is also an imaginary society, with it’s
cultural sings, which is scattered in various territories of globe. Thus we can talk about China in
China, China in America, China in Russia. These challenges led to the various problems for the
Western countries.
Therefore, only culture itself is insufficient to deal with the global culture; financial support and
material maintenance of this culture is also necessary.
Due to the experience of his country, Katrin Lalumier the representative of France in European
Parliament, states in the article “The War for Culture”: The process of globalization is followed by
the standardization of ideas and unification of the way of life by the American standard.
France has realized, that the French people have painfully felt the approach of the American
culture. Nowadays, France is one of the countries, which rejects globalization, perceiving it as
Americanization. France has turned back to the roots of own culture and has begun to advertise it
on a large scale. Thus, France aims to save it’s original culture. We can conclude, that without
economic maintenance, localization and preservation of own culture is impossible.
It is interesting, that "facilitating circumstances" are offered to the societies by globalization;
transnational corporations, international organizations and various funds, carrying out activities in
the concrete country, usually offer several opportunities in this direction. To clarify this
phenomenon, we can take example from the Georgian reality: the national Georgian dance group
“Erisioni” became popular all over the world after it was financed by the French organization; The
purpose of the project was an offering something new to the world business, leading up to the
profit. From the point of view of business, the joint project has appeared to be successful for both
sides. Besides this, the Georgian dances have achieved new success.
As the answer to the challenges of globalization, Leopold Sengor’s (well-known African
scientist), theory about the originality of the Negroid-African culture is quite interesting. He
dreamed about synthesis of the Western conceptualism and African imagination. He dreamed of
future Euro-Africa, which would become the predecessor of the world civilization, based on united
culture of mankind. He considered that African civilization is an unique civilization. Leopold Sengor
and his supporters concluded without organic synthesis with sensible, human African spirit, the
Western civilization is doomed to failure. There have appeared concepts like “the African-
European” and “European-African”. The African opposes to the European. The European is an
engineer, pragmatist, who continuously exploits nature, himself and beings like him. Through all his
life he works as a machine, counting money. He perceives world by means of formula, i.e.
consciousness. But the African is a poet; the nature is displayed and expressed by him. The
attitude towards the nature is idealistic. There is a reign of collective soul, mutual aid and
interconsistency; apart from Europe – where social antagonism, conflicts, aggression and
discrimination of the man by the man are taking place.
The Pakistan scientist Muhammad Tahir-Al-Qadri has offered his viewpoint in the article
“Globalization of Culture?”. Al-Qadri is the supporter of cultural integration, thus he is the follower
of the idea about universal values, namely: the standards of success and achievement, activities
and occupation, material comfort, practicality and efficiency, science and technology, freedom and
individual choice, individual initiative and other elements. All these are sources to carry out a
dialogue between cultures. According to Al-Qadri’s opinion, the cultural interaction is impossible
without dialogue. It is necessary to integrate majority and minority, in order to conduct a dialogue,
but special resources are required for this. In this case, the main responsibility is assigned to the
majority. Al-Qadri is dissatisfied with West’s attitude towards Islam. The western society does not
have the right image of Islam. It is familiar with Islam through contemporary viewpoints, created
and provided by it’s own media sources.
Al-Qadri declares, that for an explanation of cultural diversity and for real integration,
ethnocentrism is incompatible. Ethnocentrism is a judgment about other culture by means of own
standards. Uni-culturalizm is also unable to solve this problem, as it transforms all ethnic cultures
into one whole.
It is necessary to search for the decision of this problem in three directions:
116
maSasadame, farTo azriT, kulturis cneba `xazs usvams adamianis gansxvavebas yvela
sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. kulturaSi igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi
aqti, aramed Semoqmedeba rogorc adamianis universaluri damokidebuleba sam-
yarosadmi, romlis meSveobiT igi qmnis `axal samyaros~ da sakuTar Tavs~1. kultura
aris yovelive is, rac socialuri memkvidreobis Sedegia da rac uzrunvelyofs
socialuri gamocdilebis memkvidreobiTobas.
kulturis meore aspeqti ki gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianis rogorc kulturis
Semoqmedis, matareblisa da gadamcemis unari sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxva-
vebulad realizdeba, ama Tu im socialuri jgufis arsebobis specifikuri pirobebisa
da ganvlili istoriuli procesebis mixedviT. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT
kulturebze, romlebic qmnian samyaros unikalur, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebel
models. sxvadasxva kulturaSi adamianebi gansakuTrebulad aRiqvamen samyaros,
sazogadoebas da adamians maTTan mimarTebaSi. yovel kulturas aqvs RirebulebaTa da
normaTa gansxvavebuli sistema, qcevis wesebi, idealebi da yovelive is, razec
e.tailori miuTiTebda. kultura, aseT SemTxvevaSi, xdeba identifikaciis safuZveli,
is, riTac adamiani gansazRvravs `Tavisiansa~ da `ucxos~. `kultura, yvelaze farTo
mniSvnelobiT, aris is, ris gamoc Sen ucxod iqcevi, rogorc ki Sens saxls datoveb~2.
amdenad, kultura aris is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, ris safuZvelzec emijnebian
erTmaneTs sxvadasxva sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, riTac isini Tavs ganarCeven
sxvebisagan da riTac sxvebi ganarCeven maT danarCenebisagan.
amgvarad, kultura SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc:
1. socialuri qcevis determinanti;
2. subieqturi codnisa da interpretaciebis determinanti;
3. TviTidentifikaciis meqanizmi;
4. socialuri cxovrebis regulatori;
5. socialuri gamocdilebis translatori;
6. saadaptacio meqanizmi.
kulturis sinonimad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT termini `sazogadoeba~, radgan
adamianis moRvaweobis kulturul da sazogadoebriv dones kursis farglebSi
TanabarmniSvnelovnad moviazrebT.
civilizaciis cnebis aseve mravalgvar interpretacias Soris sami ZiriTadi
midgoma ikveTeba:
1. lokalur-istoriuli (n.danilevski, o.Spengleri, a.j.toinbi, s.hanTingtoni);
2. istoriul-stadiuri, romelic ama Tu im kriteriumze dayrdnobiT ganarCevs
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis civilizacias;
3. msoflio-istoriuli, romlis farglebSi civilizacia ganixileba rogorc
kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis safexuri.
kursis farglebSi Cven veyrdnobiT civilizaciis lokalur-istoriul
interpretacias, romelic civilizacias ganixilavs rogorc kulturul zesistemas
(p.sorokini), romelic aerTianebs garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs kulturebs.
civilizacia _ esaa kulturuli identurobis yvelaze farTo done, romlis
farglebSi arsebuli kulturebi mravalferovania, Tumca erTmaneTisagan maTi
gansxvavebulobis xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre sxva civilizaciebis Semadgeneli
kulturebi. i.v. iakoveci aRniSnavs, rom `TiToeul civilizacias aqvs sakuTari
centri-birTvi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs mocemuli civilizaciis
1
iqve, gv.21.
2
Culture Sshock. A Reader in Modern Culture Anthropology. Ed. by Ph.K.Bock. N.Y., 1970. p.74.
5
niSnebsa da Taviseburebebs; periferia, romelic periodulad farTovdeba da
viwrovdeba da, romelic SeiZleba mezobeli civilizaciis niSnebs atarebdes da
mezobel civilizaciebTan momijnave teritoriebi~1.
civilizacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc socialuri da kulturuli super-
sistema, romelic ar emTxveva arc ers, arc saxelmwifos da, arc romelime socialur
jgufs. igi scildeba konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs. civilizaciur maxasiaTeb-
lebad miCneulia droisa da sivrcis aRqma; samyaros xedva da masSi adamianis adgilis
gansazRvra; bunebis aRqma, masze zemoqmedebisa da misi Semecnebis xerxebi da a.S.
identuroba (kulturuli, civilizaciuri)
identuroba (Identitit, Identitas – laT. `igive da igive~, erTi da igive) — adamianis
fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar `me~-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul realobasa
da individualobaze, romlis meSveobiT pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs (nawilobriv
gacnobierebulad da zog SemTxvevebSi qvecnobieradac) ama Tu im tipologiur
kategoriebTan (rogoricaa socialuri statusi, sqesi, asaki, jgufi, kultura).
socialur mecnierebebSi gamoyofen socialur identurobas, kulturul identu-
robas, eTnikur identurobas, jgufur identurobas...
identuroba (misi SegrZneba) yalibdeba adamianis individualuri ganviTarebis
kvaldakval da socializaciis, identifikaciis, pirovnuli integraciis Sedegia.
individis mier socialur-kulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTviseba da
gaziareba, sakuTari Tavis, adgilis mikuTvneba ara aris erTgvarovani procesi da
xasiaTdeba garkveuli cvlilebebiTac; ZiriTadad es procesi axalgazrdobis dros
sruldeba.
mecnierebi aseve gamoyofen identurobis dakargvis, Selaxvis SesaZleblobasac,
romelic ZiriTadad individis asakobrivi, fsiqologiuri krizisis an socialur-
kulturuli garemos mkveTrad Secvlis SemTxvevaSi realizdeba. maSasadame, iden-
turobis dakargva Tanamdevia iseTi movlenebisa rogoricaa gaucxoeba, deperso-
nalizacia, anomia, pirovnuli disorientacia, socialuri izolireba, gaoreba
(marginalizacia), fsiqologiuri paTologia. socialur-kulturuli kulturuli
cvlilebebis dros identurobis krizisma SeiZleba farTo, sayovelTao masStabebi
miiRos, Tumca mas zogjer dadebiT rezultatamdec mivyavarT (rogoricaa
cvlilebebisadmi adaptacia, struqturuli cvlilebebi da sxv.).
identurobis meqamizmi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs socialuri struqturisa da
kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebis, gadacemis procesSi.
mravali mecnieri upiratesobas aniWebs termins `identifikacia~, vidre `identu-
roba~. pirveli Tavad processac gulisxmobs da ara marto movlenas. termini pirvelad
xmarebaSi fsiqoanalizmis fuZemdebelma zigmund froidma SemoiRo. misi skola
identifikacias `mes~ TviTganviTarebis mTavar, centralur meqanizmad moiazrebs.
identifikaciis cnebas aseve aqtiurad iyeneben sociologebi da socialuri
fsiqologiis mkvlevrebi rogorc socializaciis, socialuri rolebis, adaptaciis,
miRebis, socialur-kulturuli modelebis aTvisebis mTavar elements.
kulturuli identuroba aris ama Tu im istoriuli erTobis wevr individTa am
erTobis kulturis wevrad TviTmoazreba.
civilizaciuri identuroba aris ama Tu im kulturis matarebelTa (TviT)gaazreba
romelime civilizaciuri erTobis wevrad.
1
kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). gv. 39.
6 115
consider that modern stage of development is a new phase of western imperialism, where national
governments have played the role of monopolitical capital’s agents. According to an American
theorist H. Gleizer, globalization is a spread of the Western information and entertainment sources,
which affects on the countries of the non-Western world.
TOPIC 8. THE MODERN WORLD ACCORDING TO WESTERN AND NON-WESTERN WORLD.
The interrelations of global and local cultures lead up to the certain results. Each concrete
society has it’s specific relations with unfamiliar and new culture. Therefore, the answers of
Western and non-Western societies to the challenges of globalization are interesting for us. In this
chapter the theories of Western and non-Western intellectuals are discussed.
In our opinion, there are two answers to the challenges of globalization or result of it’s
development, namely - localization and multiculturalism. Within the framework of localization, the
phenomenon, called glocalization, is discussed. The concept "global" means “simultaneously in
many places”, or “translocally”.
The global culture is supported by the strong society, which aims to strengthen the certain
rules all over the world. The global culture is backed by the strong economic system. This is the
most important factor. For example, due to the lack of finances, the family traditions are destroyed
in Africa, it actually leads up to the transformation of the whole culture, based on the family
tradition. This case is quiet interesting due to the fact, that according to this viewpoint, original
culture is influenced by economics and transnational corporations, and global culture does not take
part in it. Certainly, it does not mean to ignore well advertised global culture’s influence. We can
conclude that the process of the Western globalization is an united system, consisting of three
parts: economics, politics and culture; All these parts are connected with each other. The rule of
the management of politics and economics is determined by culture. On the other hand, they affect
th
greatly on culture. Japan’s culture of the 20 century is Japanese, however due to the political and
th
economic influences, nowadays it differs greatly from the Japanese culture of the 18 century. As a
result of external influence it has gone through a great transformation. According to Fukyiama’s
methodology, Japan has gone through modernization and democratization from up to down; thus,
Japan had believed in democratic values on the first stage, and, as a result of it, civil society and
other institutions were formed. As this was the determinant factor in transformation and
development, the Japanese culture has not been changed. The Japanese culture is a traditional
culture, but it is not a closed one. Shintoism enables to be a Shintoist and the Christian
simultaneously, or either Buddhist and the Muslim. The Japanese culture is able to receive
external influences and transform them. However, Japan subordinates them to the own culture.
This had an effect on Japanese kitchen: The business-culture of Davos is followed by the “Fast-
Foodization” as “time is money”; this is caused by the total “McDonaldization”. However, “Fast-
Foodization” in Japan has accepted a local character. The market of “fast feed” is full of
hamburgers and the Japanese and Chinese dishes as well. The appearance of hamburgers on
Japan’s market have given stimulus to the development of local products and dishes, representing
Japanese culture. Thus, Japan has managed to localize in this sphere.
According to the widespread opinion, we are able to deal with the process of globalization,
when the average revenue exceeds 5000 USD. We have already mentioned, that globalization of
culture is a process of mutual relations between global and local cultures. In the process of
globalization the Western culture is backed by political and, first of all, with economic factors.
Samuel P. Huntington (professor of the Harward University). The dynamics of globalization of
culture were observed by the groups of scientists in several countries. As a result of researches,
Pitter L. Berger outlined four directions of global culture’s extension:
• Davos culture, or international business - culture;
• “Mc-global” culture, or mass consumed culture;
• International faculty club culture;
• New religious movements.
The growing global culture is distributed both at elite, and at wide layers. Probably, the main
way of culture’s distribution at an elite level is the one, named by Huntington as Davos culture. The
international culture of leading business and political groups is defined by this term. The driving
force of this culture, like economic and technological globalization is international business. The
representatives of this culture are not only the people who visit Davos quiet often, but the ones,
who aim to be the member of this community, but yet are not those.
In global culture there is one more elite sector, which often accompanies business culture, or
opposes it. This sector is the globalization of the Western intellectuals, which was named by
Berger as the Faculty Club Culture. Its distribution occurs by various ways: by means of academic
structures, funds, non-governmental organizations, etc. It creates its own market – consisting of
ideas, norms of behavior created by Western, namely, American intellectuals, such as experts,
human rights watchers, etc.
The Protestantism plays an important role in distribution of global culture. This subject has
been explored for a long time by David Martin, English sociologist. He estimated that the number of
followers of this religion is 250.000. The practice of this religion is followed by certain changes in
family structure, education and especially in attitude to business, wich has definite effects on the
economics as a whole.
The global culture aims to allocate man from it’s community and traditions and contributes to
their individualization. Traditions and collective spirit is destroyed by modernization, thus the
individual becomes more self-sufficient. This leads up to the individual independence. The new
global culture has much in common with the process of modernization. Today in many parts of the
world these two processes coincide with each other.
At an early stage of modernization people are excited by the new opportunities and the feeling
of freedom. Therefore, the new global culture is attractive to those who appreciates personal
freedom and aims to realize it.
TOPIC 7. MODERNIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION: THE INTERRELATION OF CONCEPTS.
One of the main problems is the interrelation of two concepts, that are modernization and
globalization. Generally, ther exist two viewpoints:
According to the first one, globalization is the wider process than westernization. In addition,
globalization is equal to modernization. This viewpoint is supported by A. Giddens, R. Robertson,
M. Elbrow and U. Konol. On example of the countries of Eastern Asia it became obvious that
modernization is possible without westernization.
According to the second approach, globalization is only a global diffusion of the Western
modernism. It aims to expanse westernization – e.g. Western capitalism and institutes. This
viewpoint is shared by A. Amin and L. Benton. R. Gilpin considers that world’s internalization is a
product of the distribution of the American world influence. A. Kilinikos and some other scientists
114
tradicia
tradicia _ wina Taobebidan arawerilobiTi gziT memkvidreobiT miRebuli da
damkvidrebuli Cveuli azrovnebisa da qcevis standartebis erToblioba, informacia
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis adrindeli gamocdilebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, socia-
luri poziciisa da institutebis Sesaxeb.
tradicia moicavs socialuri da kulturuli gamocdilebis didi erTobliobis
mxolod im komponentebs, romlebic sazogadoebis winaSe periodulad wamoWrili
problemebis gadaWris yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iqca da romelic SenarCunda
istoriuli, struqturuli da organizaciuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. tradicia
kulturis TviTmyofadobis erT-erTi gamomxatvelia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrun-
velyofs am TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas.
tradicia moicavs socialuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebs, romlebic
ara mxolod gadaecema Taobidan Taobas, aramed narCundeba xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara marto
imas, ra gadaices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor gadaices igi. es termini
gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) da rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis TiTqmis
identur formebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad.
kulturaTa urTierTqmedeba
ase ewodeba uSualo kavSirurTierTobis saxes, romelic yalibdeba, sul mcire, or
kulturas Soris, agreTve am urTierTobaTa Sedegad warmoSobil gavlenebsa da
ormxriv cvlilebebs. kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvne-
loba aqvs faseulobaTa, TvisebaTa, kulturuli aqtivobis formebis Secvlas, axali
orientirebis gaCenas, rac garedan momdinare impulsebis gavleniT xdeba. kulturaTa
urTierTqmedeba, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi procesia (aranakleb ramdenime aTeuli
wlisa).
gamoyofen kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis sxvadasxva dones: 1) eTnikuri done _
urTierToba eTnosebs, istoriul-eTnografiul, eTnokonfesiur da sxva jgufebs
Soris. 2) erovnuli done, sadac regulaciur funqcias mniSvnelovanwilad saxel-
mwifo-politikuri struqturebi asruleben. 3) civilizaciuri done.
kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi ganarCeven kultura-donors da kultu-
ra-recipients. pirveli mets gascems, vidre iRebs, meore _ piriqiT. istoriuli
periodis manZilze es rolebi SeiZleba icvlebodes.
cnobilia urTierTqmedebis rogorc mSvidobiani, nebayoflobiTi (Tanaswor-
uflebiani TanamSromloba), ise aramSvidobiani, ZaldatanebiTi (koloniuri, samxedro
dapyrobebi) formebi.
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegebi araerTgvarovania, maTi Sefasebis krite-
riumebis moZebna Znelia. Sesabamisad, Znelia saubari calsaxad dadebiT an uaryofiT
Sedegebze, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca erTi kultura iwyebs aSkara daqveiTebas,
meoreSi gaTqvefas an ukvalod qreba. aseTi Sdegis Tvalis midevneba yvelaze ukeT
SeiZleba reliqturi an arqauli kulturebis magaliTze, romlebic TavianTi istoriis
romeliRac periodSi Tanamedrove tipis kulturebs Seejaxnen da mzad ar aRmoCndnen,
aeTvisebinaT maT mier SeTavazebuli kulturuli formebi.
ufro rTulia msjeloba im kulturaTa urTierTqmedebaze, romlebic Zireulad ar
gansxvavdebian tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT.
yovel kulturas aqvs dacviTi meqanizmebis mTeli sistema, romelic icavs mas sxva
kulturaTa gansakuTrebiT intensiuri zemoqmedebisagan.
7
 gamoiyofa kulturaTa/civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: TOPIC 3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES ON A BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN
1. konfrontacia, 2. simbiozi, 3. sinTezi. AND NON-MODERN CULTURES.
pirveli tipi emyareba ucxo realobis srul uaryofas, sulieri gamocdilebis sxva,
In this chapter some models of cultures’ typology are considered from the viewpoint of their
`sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli~ formebis totalur miuReblobas. es gamocdileba
attitude to modernity and nоn-modernity. These models are: a collectivistic or individualistic,
ganixileba rogorc `ucxo~, `mtruli~, romelic calsaxad unda ganidevnos.
traditional or innovative types of culture, the cultures of space and time. Characteristics of such
meore tipi gulisxmobs viTarebas, roca TiToeuli urTierTmoqmedi mxare
cultures are examined as well.
inarCunebs sakuTar saxes, ar warmoiSoba axali kulturuli Tvisebrioba, magram
Eventually, such grouping of cultures may lead us to East-West dichotomy. Does the existence
kontaqtSi myof kulturul realobaTa Soris Cndeba sistemuri kavSiri. `gareSe~
of such dichotomy correspond to the reality? is the classification of East/West societies as
kulturuli realoba kontaqtis monawileTa mier bunebrivad aRiqmeba; aseTi
nonmodern, collectivistic, traditional and modern, individualistic, innovational, reasonable? – these
arsebobis winaaRmdegobrioba ar gaiazreba. simbiozisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
will be a subject of discussion.
urTierTmizidvisa da urTierTganzidvis winaaRmdegobrivi Serwyma. pirvelis Zala
sakmaod didia imisTvis, rom Seiqmnas sistemuri kavSiri kontaqtis monawileebs Soris,
amasTan, TiToeuli mxare meores aRiqvams rogorc `ucxos~. am ukanasknelis ganzidvis,
TOPIC 4. MODERNIZATION – ONE OF THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
moSorebis xarisxi ki sakmaod didia, raTa Seiqmnas mkacri zRvari gansxvavebul
WESTERN COMMUNITY.
kulturul elementTa daaxloebis, Serwymisa axal, kontaqtSi myofTagan gansxvavebul
Tvisebriobad CamoyalibebisaTvis.. We shall try to discuss the notion of modernization in details, according to which modernization
simbiozSi myof eTnokulturul elementTa Tanafardoba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari is a sum of sociocultural signs, which characterizes a specific phase of the Western community
iyos: dawyebuli situaciiT, roca upiratesoba aqvs avtoqtonur sawyiss, xolo (civilization) development. This complex should be considered in general, in the context of the
`mosuli~ kulturis elementebi arseboben cnobierebis periferiaze, damTavrebuli Western society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural forms
mdgomareobiT, roca msoflmxedvelobis RerZad faseulobaTa `motanili~ sistema preceeding this civilization.
gvevlineba. Besides, the roots of modernization in Western civilization and distinctive features of the
mesame tipze _ sinTezze _ saubari SeiZleba maSin, Tu kontaqtis zonaSi Cndeba Western society, due to which the appearance of modern society became possible, are discussed.
Tvisebrivad axali, kontaqtSi myof kulturul samyaroTagan gansxvavebuli We also argue historical peripheries of establishing a modern society in the west, we’ll talk of
kulturuli realoba. modernization as a continuation of the western tradition, − one of the phases in the Western
society’s development.
kulturuli konfliqti
kulturuli konfliqti — pirovnebebs, jgufebs, pirovnebasa da jgufs,
pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas, jgufsa da sazogadoebas, sxvadasxva jgufsa da TOPIC 5. GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION.
koalicias Soris RirebulebaTa, orientaciaTa, poziciaTa winaaRmdegobis kritikuli
It is necessary to argue the problem of arising of the concept of globalization and its
stadia. kulturuli konfliqti ganpirobebulia monawile mxareTa socialuri
definitions. The globalization as a process must also be analyzed. It should be mentioned that the
gamocdilebis gansxvavebulobiT.
process determined by economic factors have spread in all levels of life (generally there are three
yvela konfliqti dinamikuria da moicavs winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis molapa-
levels: economics, politics and culture). Globalization of culture leads up to the contrast processes
rakebaTa gziT maTi gadaWris, mtruli moqmedebebis mxareTa Soris axali kontaqtebis
in the different societies. For the number of societies the process of modernization is closely
damyarebisa da konpromisis monaxvis stadiebs. arsebobs konfliqtis sxvagvari
connected with the spread of the global culture, modernization is possible only in the atmosphere
gamosavalic: brZola saboloo gamarjvebamde an konfliqtis mogvarebis gadadeba
of globalization.
momavlisaTvis.
kulturuli konfliqtis tipur magaliTebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT jvarosnuli
laSqrobebi, religiuri, samoqalaqo, revoluciuri, erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli
omebi, saeklesio inkviziciis moqmedeba, ama Tu im sarwmunoebaze iZulebiTi moqceva, TOPIC 6. CONTEMPORARY MODERNIZED WORLD SOCIETY AND THE CHALLENGES OF
genocidi da a.S. GLOBALIZATION.
kulturuli konfliqti dakavSirebulia tolerantobisa da sxva kulturis mimarT In the process of globalization studies we collide with the paradox: before we start to explore
interesis problemebTan. kulturuli konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli tipia Semoqme- this phenomenon, it seems that we are aware of it; however during the study it’s essence becomes
debiTi konfliqti mimarTulebebs, skolebs, jgufebs an ama Tu im dargis calkeul vague.
warmomadgenlebs Soris. Taking into the consideration a vast number of scientific papers, articles and theories about
kulturis difuzia globalization, we think it will be helpful to set a framework for future researches.
This framework was developed in 1999-2002, as a result of the research which had been
kulturis difuzia aris ori an meti sazogadoebis kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis
carried out by the Boston University and Institute of Study of Economic Culture (ISEC). The
uerTierTSeRweva da urTierTgamdidreba. esaa kulturis gavrceleba-moZraobis
research was conducted under the supervision of Pitter L. Berger (sociologist, director ISEC) and

8 113
 In the framework of this course the concept of “society” will be used as a synonym of culture,
as we interpret the cultural and social levels of human activity as the equal spheres of human life.
Definition of the concept of civilization is based on its local-historical interpretation. According to
this viewpoint, civilization is a cultural super system, embodying cultures, which are similar by
certain characteristics. Civilization is the widest level of cultural identity. The cultures, which are the
members of the concrete civilization, are different, but the degree of their difference from cultures
of other civilizations is deeper.
In the first chapter, concepts of identity (cultural and civilizational), tradition, cultural conflict,
cultural shock, diffusion of cultures and other forms of cultural interaction (confrontation, symbiosis,
synthesis) are discussed.
TOPIC 2. THE CONCEPT OF MODERNIZATION. THEORY OF MODERNIZATION
Modernization, in a broad sense, implies the permanent process of establishment of a new
forms of thinking and technologies. In this sense, modernization is a continuous and open-ended
process and it is not a once-and-for-all-time achievement. In a narrow sense, in sociology this term
is used to mark the transformation of traditional, rural and agrarian society into secular, industrial
and urban one.
Nowadays, the process of modernization is not confined to the internal development of
individual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from its
original Western base to take in the whole world.
The modernization within the framework of this course is considered as:
1. One of the stages in the development of western community. At this stage we'll discuss in detail
the conception of modernization, according to which modernization is a complex of
sociocultural signs characteristic to a specific phase of the western community (civilization)
development. This complex should be discussed in general, in the context of the western
society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural forms preceeding
this civilization.
2. The unity of social and cultural signs which, due to the modern stage’s specific development of
world societies, became the characteristic of other non-Western cultures and civilizations.
Several chapters of this course are devoted to the contemporary cultural processes, derived by
the modernization of non-Western societies.
In the same chapter are discussed the most important factors of modernization in social,
cultural, political, economic and institutional spheres, as well as the controversial and contradictory
results of world’s modernization processes.
The evolution of the theory of modernization since M. Weber up to date is analyzed. The
cultural, acultural and negative theories of modernization are examined.
112
gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic ar gulisxmobs aucileblad migraciul procesebs.
kulturuli difuziis saSualebebad miiCneva turizmi, misionerTa moRvaweoba,
savaWro urTierTobani, omi, samecniero konferenciebi, gamofenebi, studentebisa Tu
specialistebis gacvliTi programebi da a.S. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi moRvawe
evropeli misionerebi aq ara marto TavianT religiur kodeqss amkvidrebdnen, isini
sxva samyaros `kulturis elCebi~ iyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi (maTgan aiTvises qarTvelebma
qaris wisqvili, funTuSeulobis cxoba da sxva).
kulturis difuzia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ara marto xalxebsa da qveynebs,
aramed jgufebs da klasebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, ganarCeven or mimarTulebas:
1) kulturis difuzia eTnosebs, garkeuli statusis mqone individebis jgufebs
Soris (mag., policielebis mier qurduli samyaros leqsikis aqtiuri xmareba);
2) kulturuli elementebis vertikaluri gavrceleba araTanabari statusis mqone
subieqtebs Soris. aseT process uwodeben statifikatorul kulturul difuziasac,
romelic SeiZleba ori _ aRmavali da daRmavali _ formiT ganviTardes (mag.,
aristokratiis mier mdabiuri saubris stilis elementebis gadmoReba an fufunebis
sagnebis sayovelaod qceva).
kulturuli Soki
Tavdapirveli reaqcia individualuri an jgufuri cnobierebis SejaxebasTan
individebis an jgufebis ucxo kulturul realobasTan. kulturuli Sokis situacia
_ esaa konfliqtis situacia idnividebis Cveul Rirebulebebs, normebs, enas,
yoveldRiur praqtikas Soris. damaxasiaTebelia im garemosi, romelic man datova da im
axali garemosTvis, romelSic is aRmoCnda. kulturul Soks met-naklebad ganicdis
yvela, vinc moxvdeba pirvelad ucxo kulturul garemoSi (turistebi, emigrantebi da
a.S.). Sokuri reaqciis Zala ganisazRvreba Rrma gansxvavebiT yofil da axal kulturebs
Soris. fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba pirovnebis, orientaciuli SesaZlebloba,
rigidulobis xarisxi an plastiuroba, arsebuli an Zveli kulturuli elementebis
arqona. magaliTad, ojaxi, megobrebi, romlebsac individi gadmoitans TavisTan axal
kulturul konteqstSi. xarisxi Riaobis an daxurulobis warmomadgeneli axali
kulturisa, romelTanc kontaqtSia individi. kulturul Soks aseve SeiZleba hqondes
adgili jgufuri Semecnebis doneze, rodesac ucxo kulturul garemoSi ereva mTeli
jgufi (mag., masobrivi emigraciis SemTxvevaSi) anda rodesac intensiuri kulturuli
difuziis Sedegad warmoiSoba konfrontaciis situacia Zvel da axal Rirebulebebis,
normebis, yofaqcevis modelebs Soris. ukanaskneli xSirad xdeba sazogadoebrivi
tradiciis modernizaciis msvlelobis dros.
gamoiyofa oTxi SesaZlebloba konfliqtis daZlevis: nayofi kulturis Sokis
getoizaciaa. mosulebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben SigniT axals maTi
kulturisaTvis izolirebul anklavebs (geto), sadac inaxaven da inarCuneben
tradiciebs TavianTi kulturuli yofaqcevis modelebs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba
gamodges dasavleTis TiTqmis yvela msxvili qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `Caina
Tauni~ (China Town) da braiTon biCi (kvartlebi) niu-iorkSi.
asimilacia. mosulebi cdiloben mTlianad Seeguon axals maTi kulturisaTvis,
SeeTvison mis normebs, Rirebulebebi, qcevi modelebs da mTlianad uaryofen im
kulturul memkvidreobas, romelic datoves.
urTierTmoqmedeba. mcdeloba moZebnon raRac saSualo xazi, gaaerTianon axali da
Zveli kulturis elemetnebi. isini Seecdebian SeaTavson orive kulturis yofaqcevis
normebi, cdiloben moawesrigon kulturaTa Soris komunikacia, gaamdidron rogorc
sakuTari kultura, agreTve is, romliTac isini amJamad sargeblobdnen. amis magaliTia
9
sawarmoSi momuSave indoeli da Turqi muSebi, romlebic samuSaoze xelmZRvaneloben
Tanamedrove da industiruli Sromis wesebiT, xolo saxlSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi
ixelmZRvaneleben TavianTi tradiciebiTa da wes-CveulebebiT.
kolonizacia. pirvelmosulebi daiwyeben yvelanair propagandas, Tavsmoxvevas
cxovrebaSi Tavisi sakuTari yofaqcevis modelebis, daupirispiron isini imas, rac
tradiciuli kulturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelSic isini aRmoCndenen. es
xdeba rogorc saomari, aseve mSvidobiani dapyrobis dros, aseve modernizaciis
procesSi. termin `kolonizacias~ am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs SefasebiTi mniSvneloba, es
faseulobiTi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri cnebaa. saqme exeba kulturul
koloniozacias; politikuri kolonizacia kulturuli kolonizaciis mxolod kerZo,
Tavisi SedegbiT arc ise radikaluri SemTxvevaa.
kulturuli Soki, farTo azriT, rogorc filosofiur-kulturuli an filo-
sofiur-istoriuli kategoria, kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa CamoyalibebisaTvis
TiTqmis gadamwyveti kategoria aRmoCnda. XII-XVII ss. mogzaurTa gadmocemebma,
romlebic aRwerdnen axali qveynebisa da xalxebis usasrulo raodenobas, evropaSi
kulturuli Soki gamoiwvia, rac safuZvlad daedo kulturis fenomenis rogorc
Seswavlis obieqtis Camoyalibebas. am kulturulma Sokma evropelTa gonebaSi
gadatrialeba moaxdina, romelsac SeiZleba anTropologiuri revolucia vuwodoT.
misi arsi isaa, rom Seirya evropelTa warmodgena sakuTar gansakuTrebulobaze;
aRmoCnda, rom kacobrioba Sedgeba mravali kulturisagan. Tuki kopernikiseulma
revoluciam mospo samyaros centris yofnis iluzia, anTropologiurma revoluciam
mospo evropis iluzia ekumenis centrSi yofnisa.
mTlianad kulturuli Soki TamaSobs kulturaSi dadebiT rols, vianidan xels
uwyobs kulturaTa urTierTqmedebasa da urTierTgamdidrebs, tradicul kulturaSi
sxva kulturul elementTa integracias, kulturaTa Riaobis zrdas.
asimilacia
procesi, romlis Sedegad erTi eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi kargaven TavianT
Tavdapirvel kulturas da iTviseben im eTnikuri jgufis kulturas, romelTanac
uSuali kontaqti aqvT. es procesi SeiZleba spontanurad mimdinareobdes _ aseT
SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba ganixilebodes akulturaciis erT-erT tipad, akulturaciis
procesis Sedegad.
cneba `asimilacia~ XIX s-is bolodan damkvidrda amerikul kulturanTro-
pologiaSi, Tavdapirvelad — termin `amerikanizaciis~ sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT. misi
pirveli gansazRverba r.parksa da e.berjess ekuTvniT: `asimilacia urTierTSeRwevisa
da Serevis procesia, romlis ganmavlobaSi individebi an jgufebi iZenen sxva
individebis istoriul mexsierebas da iziareben ra maT gamocdilebas, CarTuli
aRmoCndebian saerTo kulturul cxovrebaSi~. XX s-is Sua wlebamde es termini
gamoiyeneboda aSS TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis dominirebad kulturaSi indielTa
tomebis inkorporaciis mniSvnelobiT. amerikuli sazogadoeba ganixileboda
uzarmazar `SemoqmedebiT laboratoriad~, sadac sxvadasxva kulturuli tradicia
erTmaneTs ereva da `gadaidnoba~ sinTezur mTlianobad. XX s-is meore naxevarSi j. van
der zandenma ganasxvava calmxrivi asimilacia, roca umciresobis kultura mTlianad
gamoidevneba dominirebadi kulturis mier, da kulturaTa Sereva, romlis drosac
daqvemdebarebuli da gabatonebuli jgufebis elementebi erTmaneTs ereva, qmnis
mdgrad kombinaciebs da safuZvels uyris axal kulturas.
m.gordonma daamkvidra asimilaciis xarisxobrivi ganxilvis tradicia. dRes
miCneulia, rom sruli asimilaciis SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTia; Cveulebriv, adgili
10
Ivane Tsereteli
Ketevan Kakitelashvili
CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION
Summary
TOPIC 1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS
The first topic aims to interpret the basic concepts and terms, which will be used in the
framework of the course. These terms deal with the problems and description of developments,
which are connected with the process of modernization in different regions, thus in different cultural
spaces. The problems of intercultural contacts and its various forms (assimilation, confrontation,
symbiosis, synthesis, cultural conflict, cultural shock, diffusion), the role and place of tradition in the
process of modernization, problems of interconnection of tradition and modernization, the question
of identity in non-Western cultures in the light of significant changes accompanied with
modernization shall be discussed through the course.
As the process of modernization has arisen and developed on two levels, that are culture and
civilization, it is necessary to define these two phenomena. The study and analysis of these
processes should be based on these concepts.
As the phenomenon of culture is concerned, its two aspects must be mentioned:
1. Culture, as an universal determinant of humanity;
2. Culture, as the basis of differences and borders between distinct societies.
According to the first approach, culture is a result of an unique ability of Homo Sapiens –
biological and social being. This factor differs humans from other biological kinds.
Man is genetically (biologically) determined to create, reproduce and transmit culture.
Realization of these unique abilities is possible only during the social practice, in connection with
experience of preceding generations, together with the process of socialization.
Apart from this, culture is represented as a complex of values, patterns of behavior and
standards, which regulate people’s interrelations and their attitudes towards the nature and society.
Thus, culture is a complex of social heritage, providing the succession of social experience.
The second aspect of culture implies that man’s ability to create and to pass culture is realized
differently in particular societies. These differences are caused by specific conditions of
development and the history of the concrete social group. Hence, we can speak about the peculiar
models of the world, each created by separate culture.
Culture is the main characteristic, by means of which the representatives of diverse societies
differentiate themselves from others.
Thus, culture can be defined as:
• Determinant of social behavior;
• Determinant of individual knowledge and interpretations;
• Mechanism of self-identification;
• Regulator of social life;
• Translator of social experience;
• Adaptation mechanism.
111
Tanacxovrebis gamo, yofier doneze saerTo Tvisebebi CamouyalibdaT, msgavsi iyo
Cacma-daxurvis stili, stumar-maspinZlobis, pirovnebis Rirsebis Sefasebis, is, rasac
vaJa-fSavela ‘’kai ymas’’ uwodebda msgavsia qarTvelebis, afxazebis, osebis, somxebisa
da azerbaijanelebisaTvis. geografiulma mezoblobam am mxriv didi roli iTamaSa.
saqarTveloSi mWidrod dasaxlebulni ar arian istoriulad ucxo kulturis
warmomadgenlebi da, jerjerobiT, sazRvrebis gaxsnas ar moyolia emigraciis talRis
zrda, rac aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. statistikuri monacemebi kargi
saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis danaxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi
sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba, mosaxleobis migracia da sxva pirdapir
kavSirSia globalizaciidan momdinare gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic
modernizacias ganicdis, mimdinareobs garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi.
modernizacia iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac
dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT dadebiT process Tan axlavs
uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zrdas,
Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas daberebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi
aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze.
emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas. globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas,
rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa adgilobriv kulturasTan asimiliacia,
isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da aRiarebas.
110
aqvs umciresobis kulturis ama Tu im xarisxiT transformacias dominirebadi
eTnikuri jgufis kulturis zegavleniT. amasTan, xSirad umciresobis kulturis
ukuzegavlenac friad Zlieria.
dRes mkvlevarTa umravlesoba garkveul sifrTxiles iCens termin `asimilaciis~
mimarT, misi politikuri Seferilobis gamo.
Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi
modernizacia
modernizacia, farTo azriT, gulisxmobs zogadsakacobrio evuluciis Tanmdevi,
axali saazrovno formebisa da teqnologiebis damkvidrebis permanentuli process.
aseTi gagebiT, modernizacia uwyveti da usasrulo procesia da misi Sedegi ar aris
erTjeradi monapovari.
viwro azriT, am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo,
agraruli sazogadoebidan sekularuli, industriuli, urbanistuli sazogadoebad
transformacias.
modernizaciis procesi dReisaTvis ar Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis
Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is unda ganixilebodes globaluri masStabiT, radgan
modernizacia gavrcelda Tavisi warmoSobis adgilidan _ dasavleTidan _ da mTeli
samyaro moicva.
modernizacia kursis farglebSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc:
1. dasavluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli etapisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic unda
ganixilebodes zogadad, dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am
civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul formebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo
kavSirSi.
2. socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic msoflio sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapis specifikam sxva, aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa
(kulturaTa, civilizaciaTa) maxasiaTeblad aqcia. am aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa
modernizaciis procesSi gamokveTili axali kulturuli procesebis aRweras
kursSi ramdenime saleqcio Tema eTmoba.
modernizaciis pirveli gageba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT dasavluri sazogadoebis
istoriuli da Tanamedrove ganviTarebaze msjelobisas, xolo meore _ Tanamedrove
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawerad.
modernizaciis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad miCneulia:
ekonomikaSi _ axali teqnologiebisa da kapitalis gamoyenebis gazrda, bunebrivi
resursebis farTo aTviseba, meurneobis meoradi da mesameuli seqtorebis
gafarToeba, kapitalis, Sromisa da sasaqonlo bazris ganviTareba.
socialur sferoSi _ socialurobis adrindeli, winaswargansazRvruli (askrip-
tiuli) tipebisa da socialuri kuTvnilebis zogadi tipebis Sesusteba, adrindeli,
pirvel rigSi, religiuri, saerTo askriptiuli kavSirebis fragmentacia da axali,
sabazro an profesiul kriteriumebze damyarebuli racionaluri kavSirebis sferos
gafarToeba. am ukanasknels Tan sdevs socialuri da profesiuli diferenciaciis
zrda, gansakuTrebiT klasobrivi, qonebrivi da funqciuri, warmoebis, politikuri da
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa, urbanizaciis zrda da soflis
CarTva sabazro urTierTobebSi. statusis adrindeli, memkvidreobiT miRebuli da
jgufisadmi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvrul askriptiuli simboloTa nacvlad mzard
11
aRiarebas iRebs `miRwevis~ kriteriumi moRvaweobis axal, upirveles yovlisa,
sameurneo, finansur da saqmian sferoSi.
politikis sferoSi _ centralizebuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis Camoyali-
beba, romlis farglebSi yalibdeba sakuTari interesebisaTvis mebrZoli sxva-
dasxvagvari socialur-politikuri moZraobebi, elitebi da jgufebi; dinastiuri
reJimebis legitimurobis tradiciuli formebis Sesusteba da demokratiis zogierTi
elementis Semotana; cvlileba centrsa da periferias Soris urTiermimarTebaSi, rac
gamoixateba imiT, rom periferiisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba xelisufleba centrSi.
kulturul sferoSi _ RirebulebiTi orientaciebis diferenciacia, sazoga-
doebrivi codnisa da ganaTlebis sekularizacia da pluralizacia, ideologiuri
mimarTulebebis mravalferovneba, masmediis ganviTareba. upiratesoba eniWeba da
aRiarebuli xdeba qcevis sul ufro meti individualizacia da pirovnebis TviT-
gamorkveva. sulier sferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebad miiCneva sekularizmis gavr-
celeba risi safuZvelic aris meurneobisa da politikis avtonomiurobis zrda,
moRvaweobis praqtikuli da racionaluri formebis gafarToeba, sadac ganmsazRvreli
kriteriumebi ara moraluri, sulieri an estTetikuri mosazrebebia, aramed
efeqturoba da praqtikuli sargebeli. am cvlilebebis (romelTa xarisxis gansazRvra
empiriuladac aris SesaZlebeli) arsebiTi parametrebi mosaxleobis mobilurobis,
socialur da politikur marTvaSi misi monawileobis da, aseve sxvadasxva socialur
jgufis Tanamedrove kulturaSi CarTulobis xarisxia. modernizacia moicavs
mosaxleobis sul ufro farTo fenebs, aTavisuflebs ra maT yofisa da warmoebis
uZravi formebisagan. magram modernizaciis procesis struqturaSi yovelTvis xdeba
mewarmeTa fenis gaZliereba da daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebis zrda.
instituciuri TvalsazrisiT _ modernizacia gamoixateba institutebis
diferenciaciis zrdaSi, romlebic sakuTar Tavze iReben moRvaweobis axali formebis
regulacias. cxovrebis yvela sfero, religiuris CaTvliT, ufro mravalferovani
xdeba.
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis mamoZravebli Zala, umeteswilad, is
aqtiuri fenebia, romlebsac Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT adre arsebul ZiriTad
socialur fenebTan mimarTebaSi.
xSirad modernizaciis iniciatorebad gamodian ucxo kulturuli elementebi, sxva
konfesiuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi. maT axasiaTebT gazrdili
mobiluroba da aqtiuroba savaWro-sawarmoo sferoSi.
amgvarad, modernistuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi niSnebia:
industrializacia, urbanizaciis maRali xarisxi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi,
Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstitucionalizmi, liberaluri demokratia,
individualizmi, sekularizmi, racionaluri azrovneba.
modernizaciis winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi
modernizaciis Teoriis kritikis Sedegad, gamovlinda is mravalferovani wina-
aRmdegobrivi Sedegebi, romlebic Tan sdeven sazogadoebis modernizaciis process. es
winaaRmdegobani yvela SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT.
1. ~tradiciisa~ da `Tanamedroveobis~ Sejaxeba, rac iwvevs gaxleCas socialurobis
tipebsa da kulturul sferoebs Soris, aseve aviwroebs adre arsebuli kulturis
moqmedebis sferosa da moRvaweobis axal sferoebSi misi statusis damcrobas
ganapirobebs. axal pirobebSi xdeba askriptiul kavSirebze damyarebuli socia-
lurobis adrindeli principebisa da im Tanamedrove orientaciebis dapirispireba,
romlebic mimarTulia warmatebebze komerciuli saqmianobaSi, profesionalizmsa
da praqtikul codnaSi da a.S. urTierToba da urTierTqmedebis sistema, romlebic
12
mosaxleobis Semcireba, pirvel rigSi, migraciis Sedegia, radgan Sobadobisa da
mokvdavobis Sefardeba jerjerobiT ar aris im doneze gauaresebuli, rom msgavsi
Sedegi gamoeRo.
davakvirdeT mosaxleobis gare migracias:
მოსახლეობის გარე მიგრაციის სალდო
(ათასი კაცი)
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
-140,9 -142,6 -127,2 -123,1 -123,1 -39,2 -36,3 -35,2 -31,2 -29,1
rogorc vxedavT, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari, migraciis
mxriv, Zalzed arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba. es ki, Cveni azriT, pirdapir kavSirSia
socialur problemebTan. samwuxaroa is faqti, rom imigrantTa TiTqmis absolutur
umravlesobas swored aqtiuri mosaxleoba warmoadgens. 1998 wlidan migraciis
procentuli maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, Tumca, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, am
procesebma gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis milioniT Semcireba, rac
saqarTvelos msgavsi qveynisaTvis sakmaod didi cifria.
statistikuri monacemebi kargi saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
danaxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba,
mosaxleobis migracia da sxva pirdapir kavSirSia globalizaciidan momdinare
gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic modernizacias ganicdis, mimdinareobs
garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi. modernizacia iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis
socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT
dadebiT process Tan axlavs uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba
iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zrdas, Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas
daberebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis
pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze. emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas.
globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas, rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa
adgilobriv kulturasTan asimiliacia, isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro
metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da
aRiarebas.
saqarTvelo, SesaZloa, am mxriv katastrofis winaSe ar imyofebodes, magram
yurdRebamisaqcevia is, rom ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis gamo, romelic
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoiSva, iklebs yvelanairi maCvenebeli _
qorwineba, Sobadoba minusebisken mieqaneba. saqarTvelodan migraciis gamomwvevi
mizezic swored ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebia da ara, vTqvaT ganaTlebis
miReba an biznesi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is problemebi, rac ganivaTarebul qveynebSi
modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia, saqarTveloSi mxolod ekonomikuri da socialuri
siduxWiris gamo Seiqmna. qorwinebisa da demografiuli sakiTxis daRmasvla
gamowveulia ara qalis socialuri rolis gazrdiT (sabWoTa kavSiris dros ufro meti
qali iyo dasaqmebuli saqarTveloSi, vidre axla, es ki imis bralia, rom Semcirda
samuSao adgilebi), aramed imiT, rom saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo Tu teritoriuli
mTlianobis dasacavad warmoebulma omma, aseve Seqmnilma kriminogenulma situaciam
Seiwira swored is Taoba, romlis saSualebiTac unda momxdariyo genofondis zrda.
amas emateba ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi da saxeze gvaqvs qorwinebisa da
Sobadobis kleba, mosaxleobis Semcireba.
saqarTvelo warmoadgens multieTnikur saxelmwifos. multikulturaze saubari,
Cveni azriT, gamoricxulia, radgan aq mcxovreb erovnebebaTa umravlesobas, didi xnis
109
 კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება axasiaTebs komunitarul struqturebs da romlebic gaformebulia sakralizebuli
normebiT, moraluri orientaciebiTa simbolikiT, kargaven adrindel mniSvnelobas
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002
da ejaxebian imperativebs, romlebsac sabazro kavSirebis funqcionaluri samyaro
კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება, ერთეული 6353 5181 7865 8755 8143 karnaxobs. askriptiuli socialurobis adrindeli totaluri sistemebi, romelSic
TiToeul individs Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili hqonda mikuTvnebuli, kargaven
აბორტები adrindel mniSvnelobas, ixliCebian sxvadasxva nawilebad, amasTan mzardi
mniSvneloba eniWeba axal, funqciur da miRweviT kriteriumebze damyrebul
1995 2000 2001 2002
sistemebs. unda iTqvas, rom miRweviTi orientaciebi met-naklebad arsebobs
აბორტების რაოდენობა სულ, ათასი 34.9 9.5 9.7 8.8 nebismier `tradiciul~ garemoSi, magram iq isini askriptiul sazogadoebisaTvis
მინი-აბორტი 8.6 5.4 5.3 5.1 damaxasiaTebel ierarqiul sistemaSi iyo CarTuli. axal pirobebSi miRweviT
orientaciebma, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos rogorc urTierTobaTa individua-
lizacias, aseve sazogadoebis danawevrebas sxvadasxva jgufebad da erTobebad.
ჩვილ ბავშვთა სიკვდილიანობა
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002
modernizaciis Teoriebi
გოგო 813 645 444 451 449
dasavluri kulturaSi modernizaciis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis sxvadasxvagvari
ბიჭი 1097 955 656 647 653
axsna arsebobs. veberiseuli xedva upiratesobas im faseulobaTa xasiaTSi xedavs,
სულ 1910 1600 1100 1098 1102 romelic materialuri sikeTis dagrovebasa da gafarTebazea orientirebuli. meore
mimarTuleba upiratesobas socialur-politikur struqturas (upirveles yovlisa,
rogorc vxedavT, droTa ganmavlobaSi iklebs qorwineba, aseve ganqorwineba.
sofelTan SedarebiT qalaqis siWarbes) aniWebda (f.brodeli, igive m.veberi). mesame
sabednierod, moiklo Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobamac, amasTan erTad, iklebs
mimarTuleba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas Zalauflebis ganawilebis principsa da am
abortebis raodenobac, rac, albaT, kontraceptivebis moxmarebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli principis institutebSi gamyarebas aniWebda (S. eizenStadti).
da TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa, magram mTlianobaSi mokvdavobisa da Sobadobis saukunenaxevris manZilze modernizaciis Teoriis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani
Sefardeba uaryofiTisaken ixreba. es procesi aqtualuria imdenad, ramdenadac iyo Sexeduleba msoflio istoriis Tanamedrove etapeze TiToeuli sazogadoebis
pirdapir kavSirSia aqtiuri mosaxleobis procentul maCvenebelTan. aqtiuri sworxazovani ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es miuTiTebda yoveli sazogadoebis im sistemaSi
mosaxleobis raodenoba ki, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, mniSvnelovania rogorc
Sesvlis aucileblobaze, romelic dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si Camoyalibda da,
ganviTarebadi, aseve ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvisac. Sesabamisad, maT `centralur~ civilizaciasTan `mierTebaze~. zustad es iyo prog-
davakvirdeT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebas wlebis resis, rogorc procesisa da miznis arsi. socialuri regulaciis yvela adrindeli
ganmavlobaSi: varianti, miRwevebi da Rirebulebebi gadaisinja dasavleTis mier Seqmnili
1989 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 TanamoedroveobaSi Sesasvlelad. amitom yvela aradasavluri kultura, upirveles
შრომისუნარიანზე უმცროსი 1423,0 1059,5 1037,7 1015,7 996,3 987,5 959,3 yovlisa, axal realobaSi SesvlisaTvis vargisianobis TvalsazrisiT ganixileboda.
შრომისუნარიანი 3039,3 2767,4 2743,9 2721,2 2697,3 2678,9 2685,1 yvela saxis istoriuli da adgilobrivi da istoriuli Tavisebureba ganixileboda
შრომისუნარიანზე უფროსი 938,5 678,0 688,2 698,3 707,8 705,1 698,2 mxolod rogorc sawyisi fazis specifika, romelic swraf transformaciasa da
gaqrobas eqvemdebareboda. XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis garkveuli periodis manZilze
15 წლის და მეტი ასაკის მოსახლეობის განაწილება ganviTarebis Taviseburebis problematika faqtobrivad im mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
ეკონომიკური აქტიურობის მიხედვით 2002 წელს miRma darCa, romlebic aradasavluri qveynebis ganviTarebis gzebsa da SesaZ-
ქალები კაცები leblobebze saubrobdnen. metic, Tu adre aqcenti keTdeboda dasavluri
sazogadoebisa da misi ganviTarebis specifikaze, SemdgomSi damkvidrda dasavluri
modelis universalurobis idea mTeli msofliosaTvis.
70-iani wlebis dasawyisamde modernizaciis Teoria `vesternizaciis~ koncefciis
bazaze viTardeboda, romelic dasavluri liberalizmis universalobas amtkicebda.
vesternizaciis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom gaTanamedrovebis procesi
rogorc istoriulad, ise logikurad gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi, meurneobis
warmarTvis kapitalisturi meTodis miRebas, aseve dasavleTis, rogorc `msoflio
civilizaciis~ eqspansia. problema mxolod `sastarto pirobebisa~ da `winaaR-
mdegobebis~ gamovlenaSi, aseve sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa universaluri xasiaTis mqone
ეკონომიკურად აქტიური მოსახლეობა modernizaciis indeqsis mixedviT SefasebaSi mdgomareobda.
koloniuri sistemis daSlasa da suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, rasac
ეკონომიკურად არააქტიური მოსახლეობა Tan sdevda kulturuli TviTmyofadobis ideologiuri mtkiceba, ar gamouwvevia
sworxazovani koncefciis gadaxedva. dekolonizaciis procesi dasavlur isto-
riografiaSi ganixileboda, rogorc dasavluri ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri

108 13
da kulturuli formebis gavlenis Sedegi, rogorc maTi `difuzia~. sociokulturul meti adamianis danaklisi arcTu mcirea. sainteresoa, Tu ram gamoiwvia kleba _
WrilSi modernizacia unda warmarTuliyo rogorc moZraoba `avtoritetulobidan sikvdilianobis zrdam da Sobadobis Semcirebam, Tu migraciulma procesebma.
Tavisuflebisaken~, rogorc dromoWmuli tradiciebis gardaqmna da gadalaxva, pirvel rigSi, davakvirdeT mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maCvenebels:
teqnikur efeqturobaSi ganxorcielebuli racionalobis damkvidreba da saparla-
mento demokratiis gafarToebaze damyarebuli axali politikuri kulturis aTviseba. შობადობა, მოკვდაობა და მოსახლეობის ბუნებრივი მატება
sazogadoebaTa dayofa `dasavleT-aRmosavleTis~ diqotomiis safuZvelze
gulisxmobda maT dayofas `ganviTarebis unaris mqone~, `mowinave~ da `CamorCenil~ სულ, ათასი მოსახლეობის 1000 კაცზე
sazogadoebebad. am ukanasknelTaTivis ki gardauvali iyo saerTo gzisaTvis gverdis წლები დაიბადა გარდაიც- ბუნებრივი მა- დაიბადა გარდაიც- ბუნებრივი
avla. am process Tan axlavs dasavluri faseulobebis, normebis da qcevis ვალა ტება, კლება(-) ვალა მატება,
კლება(-)
stereotipebs aucilebeli sesxeba. xSirad, modernizacia gaigeba rogorc avtori-
tarizmisa da despotizmis gadalaxva, qcevisa da sazogadoebis regulaciis tra- 1980 89,4 43,3 46,1 17,6 8,5 9,1
diciuli formebis TandaTanobiTi gandevna da maTi axali, gonivrulobisa da mecni- 1985 97,7 46,1 51,6 18,5 8,7 9,8
erul principebze dayrebuli formebiT Canacvleba. ucvleli da dromoWmuli
1990 92,8 50,7 42,1 17,1 9,3 7,8
wesrigidan sazogadoeba gadadis mudmivi cvlilebebisa da srulyofis procesisaken.
aseTi principebi sxvadasxva variaciebiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes liberalur, refor- 1991 89,1 52,4 36,7 16,3 9,6 6,7
matorul an socialistur mimarTulebebSi. aradasavluri kulturuli memkvidreobis 1992 72,6 54,9 17,7 13,4 10,2 3,2
Seswavla Seesabameboda `istorizmis~ im ganwyobas, romlis mixedviT warsulis
1993 61,6 57,5 4,1 12,0 11,2 0,8
istoriam `Caiara~ da amitom unda Seicvalos axali, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT.
naSromebi, romlebic aRmosavluri kulturebis Zveli da klasikuri periodis 1994 57,3 50,3 7,0 11,8 10,4 1,4
istoriisa da aradasavluri sazogadoebebis struqturisa da funqciobis kvlevas 1995 56,3 49,1 7,2 11,9 10,4 1,5
eZRvneboda mxolod erTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleoden _ am 1996 55,0 48,0 7,0 11,9 10,4 1,5
sazogadoebaTa tipis cvlileba gardauvali iyo reformebis an revoluciis gziT.
1997 54,0 47,6 6,4 11,9 10,5 1,4
civilizaciuri TvalTaxedviT, modernizaciis Teoria Tavdapirvelad `Zveli~
civilizaciebis `gadalaxvasa~ da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis progresis universaluri 1998 51,5 47,3 4,2 11,5 10,5 1,0
gzis dasaxvaSi mdgomareobda. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis Teoria 1999 48,7 47,2 1,5 10,9 10,6 0,3
socialurobis, rogorc tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis, CamorCenilobisa da
2000 48,8 47,4 1,4 11,0 10,7 0,3
ganviTarebulobis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda.
aseTi midgomis farglebSi tradicia aRiqmeboda rogorc Semaferxebeli Zala, romlis 2001 47,6 46,2 1,4 10,8 10,5 0,3
Sesusteba da gadalaxva uzrunvelyofda Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli sistemis 2002 46,6 46,4 0,2 10,7 10,7 0,0
damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas.
rogorc vxedavT, Sefardeba mokvdaobasa da Sobadobas Soris wlebis manZilze
arsebobda tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli im `naklovani
uaryofiTi Sedegisaken iklebs. Cvens xelT arsebuli ukanaskneli oficialuri
Taviseburebebis~ CamonaTvali, romelic xels uSlida da aferxebda imitaciur
monacemi 2002 wlisaa, romlis mixedviTac Sefardeba nulis tolia.
modernizacias. am CamonaTvalSi Sedioda socialuri struqturis Semdegi Tavise-
sruli suraTis dasaxatad davakvirdeT Sobadobis klebis gamomwvev mizezebs.
burebani: askriptiuli kavSirebi: urTierTvaldebulebebi ojaxisa da naTesaobis
mizezi SesaZlebelia iyos qorwinebis raodenobis kleba, abortebis mateba, Cvil
farglebSi, megobruli da klanuri kavSirebi, mcire jgufebi, sazogadoebrivi azri; am
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis zrda:
kavSirebidan gamomdinare, koleqtiuri warmodgenebis upiratesoba da individis
jgufisagan ganuyofeloba; lokalur erTeulebsa da teritoriebze mijaWvuloba; ქორწინება
kasturi da klasobrivi barierebi; mkacri msoflmxedvelobrivi kontroli, orien- 1995 2000 2002
tirebuli saboloo da maradiul Rirebulebebze sawinaaRmdegod instrumentuli
ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი
faseulobebisa, romlebic yoveldRiur praqtikul qcevas aregulireben. gardaqmnebis
დაქორწინებულია, სულ 21481 21481 12870 12870 12535 12535
damabrkolebel kulturul winaaRmdegobebad miCneuli iyo Semdegi Rirebulebebi:
`samuSao~ drois ignorireba, yoveldRiuri da Seupavari Sromis unaris arqona, ganqorwineba
fatalizmi, eTnocentrizmi, siamayisa da Rirsebis gamZafrebuli gancda, moride- 1989 7,4 aTasi
2000 1.9 aTasi
bulobis konservatiuli normebi, adgilobrivi politikuri avtoritetebis pativis-
2001 2,0 aTasi
cema da `sakuTar~ miwasTan mijaWvuloba, Cuqebis rogorc gacvlis formisadmi 2002 1,8 aTasi
pozitiuri damokidebuleba da a.S. kulturis struqturaSi aRiniSneba gaxleCa maRal
moralur orientaciebsa da adamianuri yofis realuri pirobebis ugulvebelyofas
Soris, problemebis realuri gadaWris Tavidan arideba, statusis, genderuli da

14 107
 dedaqalaqi Tbilisi asakobrivi rolebis TanamedroveobisaTvis araadekvaturi diferenciacia. komunika-
saxelmwifo ena qarTuli ciuri barierTa ricxvs miakuTvneben mSobliur enasTan, wes-CveulebasTan, tradiciul
etiketTan da mijaWvulobas. kulturul-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, motoruli
religiuri aRmsarebloba marTlmadidebloba
nimuSebi da sxeulis Cveuli poziciebi aseve miiCneva rogorc winaaRmdegoba axlis
sxva religiuri jgufebi mahmadianebi, somxuri monofizitebi, ebraelebi, aTvisebaSi.
kaTolikebi, baptistebi da iezidebi tradiciis rogorc modernizaciis damabrkolebeli garemoebis aseT anTro-
erovnuli umciresobebi afxazebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, rusebi, somxebi
pologiuri diskreditacias Tan erTvoda civilizaciuric. es pirvel rigSi religias
gaeroSi Sesvlis TariRi 1992w. 31 ivlisi exeboda. m.veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, aradasavluri religiebi ar miiCnevian
modernizaciuli potenciis matareblad.
erovnuli valuta lari
amgvarad, Tanamedroveoba am konteqstSi upirispirdeba tradiciuls. socialur-
mTliani Sida produqti 1626 lari kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, am Tanamedroveobis matareblad miiCneva individi
(erT sulze 2002w.) rogorc pirovneba, romelmac Tavi daaRwia askriptiul kavSirebs da romelic sakmaod
lari/aSS dolaris 1.8 lari Tavisufalia qcevasa da azrovnebaSi. es aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebaa, romelic
ar aris SeboWili koleqtiuri avtoritetebiT. mis maxasiaTeblebad miiCneva mzadyofna
gacvliTi kursi (2002 w)
gardaqmnebisaTvis da maTSi aqtiuri monawileoba. es pirovneba racionaluri gegmis
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mamakaci 68 weli mixedviT moqmedebs.
dabadebisas (2002 w.) qali 75 weli
XX saukunis udidesi nawili manZilze tradiciisa da diskreditacia da
modernizaciis apologia Tanaarsebobda kolonializmis kritikisa da aradasavluri
am monacemebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli suraTis daxatva: saqarTvelo sazogadoebebis TviTmyofadobis dacvasTan erTad. sazogadoebrivi azris mier
warmoadgens mcirericxovan, patara teritoriaze gansaxlebul qveyanas; miuxedavad vesternizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis gacnobiereba koloniur periodSi xdeboda, imiT
laris kursis ganmtkicebisa (2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, igi aSS dolarTan iyo gamowveuli, rom sul ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda aradasavlur
Seadgenda 1,80), igi sakmaod Raribia, Tumca sicocxlis xangrZlivoba arcTu ise sazogadoebebze dasavluri kulturis gavlenis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. dasavluri
dabalia; qveyanaSi cxovroben sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobisa da erovnebis kulturis SeTvisebis periods mohyva brZola dekolonizaciisa da aziis, afrikisa da
warmomadgenlebi; warmovadgenTT maTi raodenobis procentul maCvenebels. laTinoamerikuli qveynebis TviTmyofadobisa da damoukideblobisaTvis.
1960-iani wlebis bolomde samecniero literaturaSi Warbobda Sromebi, romlebic
მოსახლეობის ეროვნული შემადგენლობა tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda da romlebSic
(მოსახლეობის აღწერების მონაცემებით) aradasavluri sazogadoebebis Zveli memkvidreoba ganixileboda rogorc udavo
dabrkoleba modernizaciis gzaze. Sesabamisad, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT
ათასი კაცი პროცენტობით მთელ upiratesoba eniWeba utilitarizmis, sekularizmisa da racionalizmis Rirebulebebs.
მოსახლეობასთან magram 1970-iani wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi arsebulma mravalricxovanma sirTulem,
1979 1989 2002 1979 1989 2002 warumatebelma modernizaciam da revoluciurma Zvrebma mkvlevrebi aiZula Zveli
მთელი მოსახლეობა universaluri modelebis gadaexedva da ganviTarebis procesebis axali, SedarebiTi
4993,2 5400,8 4371,5 100 100 100
kvlevis wamowyeba.
ქართველი 3433,0 3787,4 3661,2 68,8 70,1 83,8 dasavlur socialur mecnierebaSi 1970-80-iani wlebis manZilze warmoebulma
აფხაზი 85,3 95,9 3,5 1,7 1,8 0,1 kvlevam gamoiwvia Sexedulebis cvlileba tradiciis arssa da mis xasiaTTan
ოსი 160,5 164,1 38,0 3,2 3,0 0,9 dakavSirebiT. `tradiciuli~ kulturebis ufro seriozulma Seswavlam gamoavlina,
რუსი 371,6 341,2 67,7 7,4 6,3 1,5 rom maTi maxasiaTeblebi da damokidebuleba TanamedroveobasTan mniSvnelovan
უკრაინელი 45,0 52,4 7,0 0,9 1,0 0,2 araerTgvarovnebas amJRavnebs. aRmoCnda, rom askriptiuli kavSirebi _ ojaxuri,
აზერბაიჯანელი 255,7 307,6 284,8 5,1 5,7 6,5 naTesauri, klanuri _ xSirad xdebodnen axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis matareblebi.
სომეხი 448,0 437,2 248,9 9,0 8,1 5,7 es ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre kavSirebis individualizacia, rasac xSirad,
ებრაელი 28,3 24,8 3,6 0,6 0,5 0,1 sazogadoebis rRveva da misi kriminalizacia sdevda Tan.
ბერძენი 95,1 100,3 15,2 1,9 1,9 0,3 diqotomuri Teoriebi da koncefciebi araefeqturi aRmoCnda aexsna moderni-
ქურთი 25,7 33,3 20,8 0,5 0,6 0,5 zaciuli procesebis xSiri Cavardnebi, gardamavali sazogadoebebis mravalferovneba,
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani dinamika da aseve Tanamedrove diferencirebuli
rogorc vxedavT, wlebis manZilze qarTvelebis procentuli maCvenebeli izrdeba; es, politikuri da ekonomikuri kompleqsebis damoukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba.
pirvel rigSi, sxva erovnebis xalxTa migraciis Sedegad moxda, da ara Tavad qarTvelTa amitom didi yuradReba mieqca am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rogorc politikuri,
raodenobis zrdis xarjze; aqve unda iTqvas, rom 1989 wels mudmivi mosaxleobis aseve socialur-kulturuli sistemebis Sedarebas, upirveles yovlisa es exeboda
raodenoba iyo 5 401 aTasi, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT igi Semcirda 4 372 aTasamde. milionze religiasa da kulturul memkvidreobas rogorc am sistemebis Camomyalibebel

106 15
faqtors. ufro adekvaturi Teoriis ZiebaSi uari iTqva iseT terminebze, rogoricaa
`evropeizacia~ da `vesternizacia~, romlebic gulisxmobs yovelmxriv gaigivebas
dasavleTTan, xolo terminma `amerikanizacia~ kritikuli da negatiuri datvirTva
SeiZina.
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis adreuli modelebis kritika, pirvel
rigSi, mimarTuli iyo ~tradicia-modernizaciis~ diqotomiis winaaRmdeg. es kritika
emyareboda ganviTarebis, rogorc evoluciuri procesis gansazRvrebas, romelic
gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mowyobis adrindeli socialur-kulturuli principebis
gandevnasa da Canacvlebas. kritikis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti gaxda kulturuli
memkvidreobisa da urTierTobaTa socialur-kulturuli sistemis rolis gamov-
lineba. progresistuli koncefciebis sawinaaRmdegod, kulturuli memkvidreoba
ganixileboda rogorc stabilurobis SenarCunebis winapiroba, romelic uzrun-
velyofs sazogadoebis funqciobas. xolo tradicia ganixileboda rogorc socialur-
kulturuli kavSirebis aucilebeli birTvi, romelic uzrunvelyofs individis
socializaciis arsebiT formebs, jgufTaSoris urTierTobis organizaciasa da
sazogadoebis erTobas.
nebismier damuSavebul variantSi modernizaciis Teoria aRiarebs ori sferos
urTierTqmedebas _ sazogadoebis integraciasa da diferencias, Sesabamisad, misi
damoukideblobisa da SenarCunebaSi, rac politikuri TvalsazrisiT gamoixateba
suverenitetis principSi, xolo kulturuli TvalsazrisiT _ TviTmyofadobis,
identurobis principSi. am daskvnebma msoflio samecniero literaturaSi gamoiwvia
modernizaciis procesis arsis gadaxedva. aseTi gaazrebis erTgvar kategoriuli
formulirebaa s.hanTingtons ekuTvnis: `modernizacia aucileblad ar niSnavs
vesternizacias. aradasavluri sazogadoebebma SesaZloa ganicadon modernizacia ise,
rom uari ar Tqvan sakuTar kulturaze, ar miiRon dasavluri Rirebulebebi,
institutebi da qcevis formebi. sinamdvileSi modernizacia aZlierebs am kulturebs
da iwvevs dasavleTis SedarebiT dasustebas. SiZleba iTqvas, rom samyaro sul ufro da
ufro modernizebuli da naklebad dasavluri xdeba~.
rogorc ukve iTqva, didi xnis manZilze sxvadasxva saxis kulturul faqtorebs
SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda. modernizaciis subieqtebad upirveles
yovlisa saxelmwifoebi miiCneodnen, ufro sworesd ki politikuri reJimebi.
Sesabamisad, politikis sfero ganmsazRvrelad iTvleboda ekonomikasTan da
politikasTan SedarebiT. magram gardaqmnebma rac ufro farTod moicves socialuri
regulaciis sxvadasxva sfero, miT ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa sakuTriv kulturuli
kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri regulaciis specifikis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba. unda aRiniSnos, rom es specifika mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli
kulturuli velis doneze.
bolo sami aTwleulis manZilze modernizaciis procesSi nacionaluri da
civilizaciuri TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis principi sabolood damkvidrda
samecniero literaturaSi.
sazogadod, modernulobis warmoSobis ori Teoria arsebobs. isini warmoadgenen
or gansxvavebul gagebas imisa, Tu riT gansxvavdeba Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
Tavisi winamorbedisagan. erTi gagebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebasa da,
magaliTad, Sua saukunebis evropas Soris iseTive gansxvaveba arsebobs, rogoric Sua
saukuneebis evropasa da amave periodis CineTsa Tu indoeTs Soris. sxva sityvebiT, Cven
SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba civilizaciebs Soris, romelTagan
TiToeuls Tavis sakuTari kultura aqvs. meore gagebiT, adreuli saukuneebidan
dRemde arsebuli cvlilebebi Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT raRac `ganviTarebis~ msgavsiT _
16
iCens Tavs postindustriuli ganviTarebis qveynebSi. 50 wlis win TeTri saxlis
maspinZlebi Riad saubrobdnen amerikaze, rogorc `qristianul qveyanaze~; dRes Tavad
buSic ki, moerideba Riad aseT fomulirebas.
rogorc aRvniSneT, multikulturalizmi, pirvel rigSi, dasavlur samyaros
emuqreba, amis mizezi ki ganviTarebis maRali donea. sxva kultturis warmomadgenlebi
dasavleTSi swored finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT Cadian. kulturul
problemebTan erTad, emigracia politikur-ekonomikur problemebsac qmnis; Raribi
qveynebidan Casuli xalxi iafi muSaxelia; amis gamo dasavleTis qveynebSi
adgilobrivebs, SesaZloa, garkveuli problemebi SeeqmnaT samsaxuris Sovnis mxriv.
magram yvelze mTavari sul sxvaa, rac bolo periodSi xSirad iCens xolme Tavs.
magaliTad, safrangeTma miiRo kanoni, romelmac akrZala Cadris tareba safrangeTSi;
demokratiuli proncipebidan gamomdinare, safrangeTSi mcxovrebma muslimebma didi
winaaRmdegoba gauwies am kanons. maT aiZules safrangeTis mTavroba da sakuTar
qveyanaSi miaRebines kanoni, romelic, pirvel rigSi, kulturul-religiuri niSniT
gansxvavebulobas usvams xazs. am nabijiT muslimurma samyarom safrangeTSi frangebi
aiZula eRiarebinaT islamis Zala. anu multikulturalizmis Sedegad frangulma
sazogadoeam kanonmdeblobis dros unda gaiTvaliswonos arafranguli, araevropuli
da aradasavluri samyaros warmomadgenelTa moTxovnebi. msgavsi problemebi
saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar exeba, radgan saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs iseTi
ekonomikuri done, romelic did imigraciul procesebs ganapirobebda.
aucilebelia, yuradReba mieqces imas, rom modernizaciis xarisxis zrda
ganapirobebs zemoT ganxiluli problemebis zrdasac. f.fukuiama acxadebs, rom
uaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi aSS da safrangeTs kvlav emuqreba imigrantTa miReba.
bevri iqneba damokidebuli am qveynebze, kerZod, Tu rogor moaxerxeben isini
imigrantTa integracias sakuTar istoriul kulturaSi.
globalizacia namdvilad aris Sinagani procesi, romelic gagrZeldeba uaxloesi
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, XXI saukunis postindustriul qveynebs da
sazogadoebebs mouwevT Sejaxeba amerikuli kulturis im elementebTan, romelTac
dRes evropelebi miuReblad miiCneven, askvnis igi.
modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis process ori _ rogorc pozitiuri, aseve
negatiuri mxare aqvs. qalis socialuri aqtivobis gazrdam gamoiwvia Sobadobis kleba.
yvelaze metad daberebis procesi Tavs iCens ganviTarebul qveynebSi, aqtiuri
mosaxleobis Sevseba ki xdeba sxva kulturis qveynebidan mosuli imigrantebiT.
arsebobs problemebi, romelic mosdevs modernizaciis dadebiT process; amitom
sainteresoa, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. suraTis kargad
warmoCenisaTvis mizanSewonilad miviCnevT warmogidginoT statistikuri monacemebi.
saqarTvelo
mmarTvelobis forma saprezidento respublika
mdebareoba aRmosavleTis grZedis 40’ da 47’
CrdioloeT ganedis 41’ da 44’
teritoriis farTobi 69 700 km/kv
mosaxleoba (2002 wlis 4 602 aTasi kaci
aRweris mixedviT)
mosaxleobis simWidrove 66 adamiani km/kv-ze
105
piriqiT, ewinaaRmdegeba mas da Tavis mxriv eqceva sxva civilizaciis Tu kulturis
gavlenis qveS1.
Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba cifrebsa da sttistikur monacemebSi
arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciis procesi qmnis iseT gamowvevebs, romelic
ukavSirdeba ojaxuri tradiciebis cvlilebas, Sobadobis Semcirebas; es problemebi,
rogorc Cans, modernizaciis procesis Tanmdevia.
f.fukuiamas TqmiT, modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia `didi SeSfoTeba~, rac 60-
ian wlebSi ganviTarebul industriul qveyanaTa safuZvels, sayrdens Seexo.
socialuri SeSfoTeba gamowveuli iyo ori saxis teqnologiuri gardaqmniT. erTi
mxriv, moxda gadasvla industriuli sazogadoebidan informatikis samyaroSi, sadac
fizikuri Sroma Secvala gonebrivma. meore mxriv, gamoCnda biomedicinis artefaqtebi
(laT. artefaqtum _ xelovnurad Seqmnili), magaliTad, preparatebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia sqesobrivi kavSiris gareSe cocxali organizmebis Seqmna.
am garemoebam Secvala damokidebuleba mamakacsa da qals Soris da qalis socaluri
aqtivoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi gazarda. man didi zegavlena moaxdina ojaxur
Rirebulebebze, aRzrdaze. am procesis Sedegebs, f.fukuiamas azriT, `Cven mxolod
axla vxvdebiT da vatyobT. SesaZloa, SeSfoTebis talRam sxvadasxva sazogadoebs
sxvadasxva dros gadauara, magram Sedegebi yvelgan saerToa~2.
aRniSnulma talRam didi gavlena moaxdina, agreTve Sobadobaze. ganviTarebul
qveynebSi Sobadobam iklo. safrangeTSi daregistrirebulia yvelaze TvalSisacemi
cifrebi Sobadobis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba weliwadSi 1% Seadgens, rac erTi Taobis
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi 30%-mde adis. es ki sakmaod didi cifria. rac Seexeba saSualo
asaks, igi ganagrZobs zrdas. XXI saukunis Sua wlebSi evropis macxovrebelTa saSualo
asaki miaRwevs 60 wels. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac biologiurad aqtiur
macxovrebelTa umravlesoba warmodgenilia an Zalze axalgazrdebiT, an Zalze
xanSiSesulebiT. iaponia da evropa aRmoCndebian iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynebis
garemocvaSi, sadac saSualo asaki gansazRvrulia istoriuli normis mixedviT da
biologiurad aqtiuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilis asaki 20 weli iqneba, Tavad ki am
zRvars didad gascdebian. aseTma demografiulma cvlilebam politikuri Sedegebic
gamoiRo da ganviTarebul qveynebS imigrantTa roli gaizarda. imigrantebi ki
warmodgenili arian yvelaze Raribi da kulturulad gansxvavebuli qveynebidan.
f.fukuiama saubrobs safrangeTsa da aSS Soris arsebul politikur
dapirispirebaze da miiCnevs, rom diplomatiuri krizisis safuZveli safrangeTis
globalizaciis gamowvevebisadmi damokidebulebaSia saZiebeli. f.fukuiama askvnis,
rom globalizacia, romelic frangebma Seafases rogorc maTi kulturuli
Rirebulebebis arealSi amerikis Carevis, SeRwevis mcdeloba, faqtobrivad, aris
modernizaciis universaluri procesis niSani. SesaZloa, amerikelebi am procesSi, sxva
qveynebTan SedarebiT, adre Caebnen, magram sxva danarCenebic male aRmoCndebian igive
procesis zemoqmedebis qveS3. ganviTarebis am xaziT, postindustriuli qveynebis
ganviTarebis saerTotraeqtoria mimarTulia multikulturuli sazogadoebebis
Semnisaken. es ki ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvis, romlebsac sakuTari
istoriuli Rirebulebebi aqvT, sakmaod Zneli misaRebia. aSS kulturuli
gansxvavebuloba, romelic evropelTa mxridan mudmivi kritikis sagania, Zalian male
1
aSkareli n. saqarTvelo cvalebad samyaroSi. _ gaz. “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 7-9 noemberi, 9-12 noemberi.
2 pirobebs ralizaciisaTvis. garkveuli pirobebSi adamianebi mividnen im daskvnamde,
Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.
3
Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.
104
rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis dasasruli da modernis dasawyisi. am gabato-
nebuli TvalTaxedviT, procesebi friad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba.
modernulobis gagebis pirvel variants pirobiTad kulturuls uwodeben, xolo
meores _ akulturuls. arsebobs kulturaTa simravle, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs
ena da gamocdileba, romlebic gansazRvraven pirovnulobis, socialuri urTierT-
obebis, cudisa da kargis, saTnoebisa/zneobisa da uzneobis da a.S. specifikur gagebas.
es modeli _ modernulobis kulturuli Teoria _ Tanamedrove dasavleTSi
momxdar cvlilebebs axali kulturis warmoSobis safuZvelze xsnis. Tanamedrove
atlantikuri samyaro aris kultura (an erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli kul-
turaTa jgufi), romelsac aqvs, magaliTad, pirovnebis, bunebis, kargisa da cudis sa-
kuTari, specifikuri gageba, es kultura SeiZleba davupirispiroT sxva danarCenebs,
Tavisi winamorbedi civilizaciebis CaTvliT (romelTanac, cxadia, uamravi saerTo
aqvs).
amis sapirispirod, akulturuli Teoria am transformacias kulturisagan ganye-
nebulad xsnis. am TvalsazrisiT, es cvlilebebi ar ganixileba rogorc konkretul
kulturaSi mimdinare procesi, aramed miiCneva movlenad, romelic SeiZleboda
Sexeboda nebismier tradiciul kulturas. magaliTad, akulturuli Teoria
modernulobas ganixilavs, rogorc mravali sxvadasxva mizezis Sedegs: vTqvaT,
mecnieruli cnobierebis zrdis, sekularuli TvalTaxedvis ganviTarebis, efeqtu-
ri/instrumentuli racionalizmis aRzevebis, faqtsa da mis Sefasebas Soris absolu-
turad cxadi sxvaobis da sxv. sxvagvarad, modernuloba SeiZleba davukavSiroT
rogorc socialur, aseve inteleqtualur cvlilebebs: trasformaciebi, inte-
leqtualuris CaTvliT, ganixileba rogorc daCqarebuli mobilurobis/cvlilebebis,
populaciis koncentraciis, industrializaciis da a.S. Sedegi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi
modernuloba transformaciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic TiToeul kulturas SeuZlia
ganicados da, savaraudod, iZulebuli iqneba ganicados.
es cvlilebebi ar aris gansazRvruli am kulturebis mdgomareobiT da, magaliTad,
pirovnebis, sazogadoebis an sikeTis specifikuri gagebiT; ufro metad, esaa
cvlilebebi, romelsac yoveli kultura, principSi, msxverplad ewireba. magaliTad,
TiToeul kulturas SeiZleba Seexos mecnieruli cnobierebis zrda, yovel religias
_ sekularizacia, instrumentuli azrovnebis zrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios saboloo
aRsasruli, warmodgena metafizikurze SeiZleba Zireulad Seicvalos faqtsa da mis
Sefasebas Soris gaCenili dapirispirebis gamo.
modernuloba, am Teoriis mixedviT, gagebulia rogorc konkretuli kulturisagan
ganyenebuli racionaluri an socialuri procesebis Sedegi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom es
Teoria ugulebelyofs im istoriul mizezebs, ris gamoc es cvlilebebi Tavda-
pirvelad warmoSva swored am, da ara sxva civilizaciaSi, an ris gamoc am cvlilebebs
erTni ufro advilad eqvemdebarebian, sxvani ki _ Znelad. saqme ufro isaa, rom es
procesi ganisazRvreba ara rogorc kulturuli specifika, aramed rogorc zogadi
funqcia, romelic kulturul specifikas msxverplad iwiravs.
Tu am sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT, es procesebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc
erTi specifikuri, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli gagebis an RirebulebaTa sistemis
arCevanis asaxva. socialuri ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
iseT istoriul movlenebs, rogoricaa industralizacia, romelic gavlenas axdens
Rirebulebebze; magram amgvari movlenebi xSirad ar aris miCneuli konkretul
sferoSi specifikuri arCevanis gamoxatulebad. rodesac saqme exeba racionalur
axsnas, is miiCneva zogadi SesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebad, romelic eloda Sesabamis
17
rom racionaluri azrovneba efeqturia, rom instrumentuli racionalizmi amarTlebs
sakuTar Tavs, rom religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi iwvevs gauTvaliswinebel
naxtomebs, rom faqti da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva ramaa. am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba
zogierTma RirebulebiTma da msoflmxedvelobiTma sistemam SesaZloa gaadvilos,
zogierTma ki _ Seaferxos. isini (e.i. RirebulebiTi sistemebi da cvlilebaTa procesi)
ar aris erTmaneTze ganuyrelad gadajaWvuli. ufro metad, isini gansazRvrulia imiT,
rac, Cveni azriT, moicavs RirebulebaTa da gagebaTa gavrcelebis mTel konteqsts.
albaT, cxadia, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze gabatonebuli modernulobis
Teoriebi akulturuli xasiaTisaa. bevrma modernulobis ganviTareba, nawilobriv
mainc, axsna imiT, rom Cven davinaxeT zemoT moxseniebul savaraudo WeSmaritebaTa
mTeli wyeba. sxvagvarad, cvlilebebi nawilobriv axsnil iqna kulturulad
neitraluri (kulturisagan ganyenebuli) socialuri ganviTarebis movlenebiT
rogoricaa e.durkheimiseuli moZraoba socialuri erTobis meqanikuri formebidan
diferencirebuli, organuli formebisaken. an aleqsis de tokvilis varaudi, `mcocavi
demokratiis~ Sesaxeb (romelSic igi gulisxmobda moZraobas Tanasworobisaken). maqs
veberis interpretaciiT, racionalizacia myari procesia, romelsac droTa
ganmavlobaSi yvela kultura gaivlis.
magram yvelaze popularulia modernulobis mizezobrivi ganmartebebi. mxolod
socialur axsnas mivyavarT mizezamde: socialuri cvlilebebi, iseTebi rogoricaa
mobiluroba da industrializacia, ganapirobeben inteleqtualur da sulier
cvlilebs, radgan isini ubiZgeben xalxs, daTmon Zveli Cvevebi da rwmenebi _ religia
an tradiciuli morali _ romlebic miuRebeli xdebian, kargaven ra damoukidebel
racionalur safuZvels, rac gaaCnia modernulobis iseT warmodgenebs rogoricaa
individualizmi da instrumentuli azrovneba.
magram SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva _ ra vuyoT modernulobis farTod gavrcelebul
da popularul negatiur Teorias, romelic modernizaciis process ganixilavs ara
rogorc zrdas, aramed rogorc daqveiTebas da dakninebas? sainteresoa, rom isinic
Taviseburad akulturistebi arian. amis warmosaCenad, Cven unda ganvavrcoT zemoT
motanili ganmarteba. imis nacvlad, rom cvlilebebi ganixilos rogorc SesaZ-
leblobaTa realizacia, negatiuri Teoria modernulobas xSirad mxolod safrTxis
Semcvelad miiCnevs. magram xSirad is konkretuli kulturisagan damoukideblad
ganixileba. modernulobas axasiaTeben rogorc perspeqtivadakargul, safuZvelga-
moclil (fesvebdakargul) movlenas, romelic qedmaRlobis gamo uaryofs adamianuri
SesaZleblobebis SezRudulobas, Cvens damokidebulebas istoriaze an RmerTze. is
ganusazRvrel ndobas ucxadebs aramdgrad/cvalebad adamianur gonebas; akninebs
TviTSemwynareblobas, romelic Sorsaa cxovrebis heroikuli ganzomilebisagan.
modernulobis ganmartebebis udidesi nawili pozitiur da negatiur inter-
pretaciaze modis. isini akulturulobisaken arian midrekilni. kulturuli
interpretaciebi Zlieria, magram maTi ricxvi naklebia. magaliTad, fridrix nicSe
Tanamedrove samecniero kulturas axasiaTebda rogorc ganpirobebuls faseulobaTa
specifikuri mTlianobiT. veberma, garda imisa, rom SemogvTavaza racionalizaciis
rogorc myari, kulturulad damoukidebeli Zalis Teoria, protestantuli eTika
gaiazra rogorc religiur-moralur SexedulebebaTa gansakuTrebuli erToba,
romelmac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmi.
amgvarad, akulturuli Teoriebi gabatonebuli arian. es cudia. imisaTvis, rom
avxsnaT, Tu ratom, ufro cxadad unda vaCvenoT, ras aniWeben es Teoriebi
upiratesobas, ra gamoaqvT wina planze da ras ar aqceven yuradRebas.
18
niSniT iyo aRbeWdili: `Cveni qveyana ... bizantiis wes-wyobilebiT imarTeboda. Cven
yvelani erTob axlo videqiT aziasTan, erTob vemonebodiT mis magaliTs, mis xasiaTs.
es xasiaTi erTianad, upiratesad, despotis pirad SexedulebebSi, pirad survilSi,
nebaSi, TviT-mnebelobaSi mdgomareobda. despots bizantiaSi imperatori erqva, CvenSi
_ mefe, sxvagan _ mTavari, magram saqmiT, SinaarsiT yovelgan erTi da igive Tviseba
hqonda: is iyo marto, da meti ara iyo-ra~1.
rac Seexeba bizantiis SedarebiT neli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da, Semdgom,
misi dacemis mizezebs, aseTebad xSirad saxeldeba bizantiuri saxelisuflebo da
samarTlebrivi institutebis specifika, ganviTarebuli biurokratiuli aparati,
saxelmwifo marTvis ukiduresi centralizacia, dasavluri (`klasikurad~ miCneuli)
feodaluri institutebis neli ganviTareba da sxv.2 magram bizantinologTa nawili
amgvar axsnas arasworad miiCnevs da umTavres mniSvnelobas sagareo faqtors aniWebs.
m.i.siuziumovi, g.g.litavrini da sxvebi aRniSnavdnen, rom bizantiis imperia
permanentul omSi iyo Cabmuli, romelic yovelwliurad nTqavda uzarmazar adamianur
da materialur resursebs. aseT pirobebSi imperiis xelisufalni iZulebulni iyvnen,
nebismieri saSualebiT SeenarCunebinaT stabiluroba, moexdinaT arsebuli wyobilebis
konservireba. did socialur reformebs SeeZlo daerRvia socialuri wonasworoba.
sagareo faqtori hipertrofirebul rols iZenda da saSinao faqtorad iqceoda3.
Tavis mxriv, bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebis damkvidreba
CvenSi xels uwyobda ufro mWidro integracias bizantiur civilizaciasTan,
ramdenadac bizantiuri (aRmosavlurqristianuli) civilizaciis miRwevaTa aTvisebis
procesi ufro swrafi da efeqturi iyo im qveynebSi, sadac arsebobda an yalibdeboda
mmarTvelobis centralizebuli forma4.
roca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemis mizezTa Ziebisas CvenSi bizantiuri
modelis arsebobasa da mis uaryofiT rolze vmsjelobT, iqneb, marTebuli iyos meti
yuradRebis miqceva igive sagareo faqtoris mniSvnelobaze. iqneb, civilizaciaTa
mijnaze yofnam CvenTanac ganapiroba am faqtoris hipertrofirebuli roli da misi
saSinao faqtorad transformacia, rogorc es bizantis SemTxvevaSi moxda?
sxva saqmea, rom bizantiis dacemis Semdeg CvenSi bizantiuri yaidis
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebi SenarCunda, romlebSic sul ufro
Zlierdeboda aRmosavluri elementebi. mogvianebiT ki maT kargad moergo `bizantiuri
ornamentebiTa da dasavluri aqsesuarebiT damSvenebuli~ rusuli mmarTvelobis wesi.
ase yalibdeba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo aparatis funqciobis zemoT naxsenebi
aziuri stili, romelic Cveni aradasavlurobis erT-erT yvelaze mkafio
gamoxatulebad saxeldeba5.
dRes saqarTvelo aRiqmeba gaurkvevli mikuTvnebulobis saxelmwifod, romelic
imyofeba TviTgamorkvevis procesSi da ganicdis zemoqmedebas: 1) dasavluri
civilizaciis mxridan; 2) dasavlursa da slavur-marTlmadideblur civilizaciebs
Soris gaxleCili ruseTis mxridan; 3) dasavlursa da islamur civilizaciebs Soris
gaxleCili TurqeTis mxridan. Cveni sazogadoebis erTi nawili iRebs ama Tu im
civilizaciis gavlenas, anu dasayrdeni da gamtaria misTvis, xolo meore nawili,
1
nikolaZe n. bulgaria. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t.14, Tb., 1997, gv. 222-223.
2
ix.: Сюзюмов М.Я. Некоторые проблемы исторического развития Византии и Запада. – В сб.: Византийский временник,
т.35, М., 1973, с.4.
3
Сюзюмов М.Я. Историческая роль Византии и ее место во всемирной истории. – В сб.: Византийский временник, № 29,
М., 1968, с.44; Литаврин Г.Г. Геополитическое положение Византии в средневековом мире в VII-XII вв. – В кн.:
Византия между Западом и Востоком. Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с. 16.
4
Оболенский Д. Византийское содружество наций. М., 1998, с.299.
5
niJaraZe g. Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba politikuri qcevis aspeqtSi. _ gaz.: “ganaxlebuli
iveria”, Tb., 2000, 1-2, gv.11.
103
ekonomikur sistemebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba dasavleTisadmi saqarTvelos
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Teziss umagrebs safuZvels.
qarTuli feodalizmis evropulTan msgavsebis gaqroba, rasac safuZveli XIII
saukuneSi Caeyara, fasdeba rogorc `qarTuli istoriis drama da specifika~1.
batonymobis qcevam qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis umTavres safuZvlad,
socialuri infrastruqturis umniSvnelovanesi elementis _ vaWar-xelosnuri
qalaqisa da mesame wodebis _ ganadgurebam da politikuri sistemidan misma
gauCinarebam ganapiroba dasavleTTan msgavsebis moSla da aRmosavluri politikuri
RirebulebiTi orientaciis mimarTulebiT gadaxra2.
a.joxaZem yuradReba miaqcia friad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: Cveni politikuri
elitis suliskveTeba TandaTan aRmosavluri gaxda, magram goneba Tavs mainc
dasavleTis (qristianuli samyaros) nawilad moiazrebda. gvian SuasaukuneebSi
`aRmosavluri suliskveTebis qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas qveSecneulad aRmosav-
leTTan integracia surda, integraciis es procesi karga Sorsac iyo wasuli, magram
religiuri sxvaoba aRmosavleTTan kanonieri qorwinebis sanqcias ar iZleoda~3.
swored es daedo safuZvlad ruseTisaken swrafvas, rac gaazrebuli iyo rogorc
evropasTan daaxloeba. `rusi Cinovnikis da jariskacis mundirma qarTul zepur
sazogadoebas qristianuli dasavleTis nairsaxeobis iluzia Seuqmna. gajiutebulma
cnobierebam ver SeniSna, rom rusuli saxelmwifo monRolur administraciul
sistemaze dayrdnobili despotia iyo, romelsac bizantiuri ornamentebi da
dasavluri aqsesuarebi amkobda~4.
daaxloebiT igives werda Tavis droze gr.lorTqifaniZe: `aziuri saqarTvelos
evropuli suli mudam dasavleTisken iswrafvoda. am swrafvaSi XVIII saukunis bolos
erekles saqarTvelom TiTqos evropis surogati ruseTSi pova~5.
SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi friad sainteresoa, magram gveCveneba, rom igi
Tavisaufali ar aris calmxrivobisa da sakiTxis gamartivebisagan. mxolod religiuri
sxvaoba aSorebda saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan? arsebobda raime safuZveli, rac
aRmosavleTTan `kanonier qorwinebas~ SesaZlebels gaxdida?
an kidev, sainteresoa, mainc ram ganapiroba `cnobierebis gajiuteba~? iqneb,
bizantiasTan xangrZlivi da mWidro kontaqtis gamocdilebam, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTaTvis dasavleTad moiazreboda (muslimur aRmosavleTTan
mimarTebaSi) da romlis memkvidred SemdgomSi Tavi ruseTma gamoacxada? Tavad
bizantia ki mxolod elinizmisa da laTinizmis memkvidre ar iyo. misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo naxevradaRmosavluri _ ZiriTadad, sasanuri sparseTisagan
nasesxebi _ politikuri institutebi, monarqis xelisuflebis centralizaciis,
zekanonierebisa da sakralizaciis CaTvliT. yovelive aman didi gavlena iqonia
bizantiasTan kontaqtSi myofi yvela xalxis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris, cxadia, Cveni
politikuri sistemis formirebazec. swored bizantias umadlian es xalxebi
saxelmwifoebriobis formaso, aRniSnavda r.landa6.
Tavis droze niko nikolaZe miuTiTebda Cveni saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis bizantiur
xasiaTze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aziuri despotiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali
1
joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01.
2
iqve.
3
joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01.
4
iqve.
5
lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,
1995, gv.156.
6
Ланда Р. Межцивилизационные связи и историческое взаимодействие народов Черноморья. – В журн.: Центральная Азия
и Кавказ, М., 2000, № 1 (7), с.205-206.
102
akulturuli Teoriebi midrekilni arian axsnan modernulobis tranzicia
gadasvla, rogorc tradiciuli rwmenebisa da maTdami erTgulebis dakargva. es
danakargi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc instituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegi.
magaliTad, mobiluroba da urbanizacia ganixilulia rogorc mizezi, romelic
asustebs statikuri sasoflo sazogadoebis rwmena-warmodgenebsa da safuZvlebs. am
danakargs/cvlilebebs, SesaZloa, safuZvlad edos Tanamedrove samecniero azris
ganviTareba. cvlilebebi SeiZleba dadebiTad iyos Sefasebuli; an piriqiT,
uaryofiTad _ imaT mier, visTvisac tradicia ufro faseulia da visac mecnieruli
azrovneba SezRudulad miaCnia. magram yvela es Teoria Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs erT
garkveul aspeqtSi: Zveli Sexedulebebi da maTdami erTguleba Sesustebulia. Zveli
horizontebi, nicSeseuli warmodgeniT, gaqra.
ra Cndeba am danakargis Semdeg. codnis miRebis empiriul-mecnieruli midgomis
gabatoneba amkvidrebs individualizms, negatiur Tavisuflebas da instrumentul
racionalobas. isini wina planze gamodian, maT adamianebi ~normalurad~ afaseben,
radgan kacobrioba aRar aris Seferxebuli Tu dabrmavebuli yalbi crurwmenebiT da
cxovrebis arafrismomcemi wesiT, romelsac es rwmenebi ganapirobebda. erTxelac miTi
da Secdoma gaqra. mxolod empiriuli midgomaa efeqturi codnis misaRebad. da es
maSinve cxadi gaxdeba rogorc ki, gavTavisufldebiT metafizikis monobisagan. mzardi
instrumentuli racionaloba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs maqsimalurad davikmayofiloT
survilebi, Cven yovelTvis mxolod gvafrTxobdnen usafuZvlo direqtiviT _
SegvezRuda sakuTari Tavi. individualizmi aris normaluri/bunebrivi Sedegi ada-
mianis mier sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebisa/TviTpativiscemisa, RmerTis iluzoruli
moTxovnebis, yofierebis borkilebisa da wminda/RvTiuri sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
gareSe.
sxvagvari Sefaseba, romelic avsebs gamorCenil niuansebs, aris imis SesaZleblobis
daSveba, rom dasavluri modernuloba SeiZleba emyarebodes Tavis sakuTar,
originalur sulier sawyisebs da ar iyos gagebuli warmoSobili martivad da
gardauvlad _ rogorc ganviTarebis Sedegi.
akulturuli Teoriis batonobis mizezebi gasagebi xdeba, rodesac vacnobierebT,
rom dasavlelebi saukuneebis manZilze cxovrobdnen modernulobisaken gardamaval
periodSi, im civilizaciis gareT, romelsac qristianul samyaros vuwodebT. rTulia
icxovro cvlilebaTa periodSi da ar iyo tendenciuri. am suliskveTebiT Cven, sakmaod
xSirad, SefasebiT axsnas vaxdenT xolme, romelime mxaris sasargeblod. cvlilebebi
uproblemod aixsneba imiT, rom Cven `SevZeliT~ siyalbis danaxva, an daviviwyeT
mniSvnelovani WeSmaritebani. kulturuli xedvis farglebSi aseTi damajerebeli
daskvnebis gamotanisaTvis, saWiro iqneboda modernulobis kompleqsuri SedarebiTi
Sefaseba, imis sapirispirod, rom mas ganapirobebda qristianoba. aseT mkafio
daskvnamde misvla friad rTuli (Tu SeuZlebeli ara) amocanaa.
kulturuli Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, Cven sakuTar kulturas ganvixilavT, rogorc
erT-erTs sxvaTa Soris, da es Cveni civilizaciis axali monapovaria, amitom gasakviri
araa, rom revoluciuri cvlilebebis pirveli Sefaseba akulturuli iyo. Cveni
winaprebis umravlesoba sxva civilizaciebs ganixilavda rogorc barbarosuls,
warmarTuls an velurs. absurduli iqneboda molodini, rom safrangeTis revoluciis
Tanamedroveebs, orive politikuri mxaris warmomadgenlebs, am politikur
gadatrialebaSi kulturuli cvlilebebi daenaxaT. im periodSi kulturuli
pluralizmis idea mxolod isaxeboda. magaliTad, iohan gotfrid herderis
TxzulebebSi.
19
 magram maSinac ki, rodesac es pozicia ufro advilad misaRebi gaxda, Cven, sakuTari
poziciis erTgulebis gamo, mis ignorirebas vaxdenT. es nawilobriv gamowveulia imiT,
rom SefasebiTi axsna ufro damakmayofilebelia. Cven gvinda an ganvadidoT
modernuloba, an gavTaTxoT is. es nawilobriv gamowveulia SiSiTac, rom kulturul
Teoria SefasebiT midgomas SeuZlebels gaxdis. ukanaskneli azri, albaT, mcdaria,
magram asea Tu ise aq es garkveul rols TamaSobs.
sxva faqtori, romelic biZgs aZlevs akulturul Teorias, aris materialisturi
midgoma, romelic popularuli iyo socialur mecnierebebsa da istoriaSi. am
konteqstSi me vgulisxmob im interpretaciebs, romlebic ugulebelyofdnen moralur
da sulier faqtorebs ufro `miwieri~ kategoriebis sasargeblod. amgvarad, zemoT
CamoTvlili movlenebi _ mecnierebis ganviTareba, individualizmi, negatiuri
Tavisufleba, instrumentuli azrovneba da modernuli kulturis sxva mniSvnelovani
Taviseburebani _ xSirad ganixileboda rogorc socialuri cvlilebebis, industria-
lizaciis, udidesi mobilurobis an urbanizaciis Sedegi. aq, ra Tqma unda, mniSvne-
lovania mizezobrivi kavSirebis Tvalis midevneba, magram isini ugulebelyofilia,
iseve rogorc problema, ganapirobebs Tu ara es cvlilebebi Tavad kulturaSi raime
cvlilebas zneobriv idealTa TvalsazrisiT. pasuxi xSirad uaryofiTia.
ra Tqma unda, socialuri cvlilebebi, romlebmac, savaraudod, ganapiroba axali
msoflmxedvelobis Casaxva, Tavad unda iyos axsnili, es moiTxovs zogierTi adamianuri
motivaciis gaTvaliswinebas. Tu Cven ar vivaraudebT, rom industrializacia da
qalaqebis sayovelTao zrda ugonurebis Semotevisas moxda. Cven gvWirdeba garkveuli
codna imisa, Tu ratom iltvoda xalxi mkacrad erTi mimarTulebiT, magaliTad,
warmoebaSi teqnologiis gamoyenebis zrdisaken, an mosaxleobis didi koncen-
traciisaken. magram xSirad Cndeba aramoraluri motivaciebi. amaSi me vgulismob
motivaciebs, romlebsac SeuZlia xalxis aqtivizeba romelime moralur/sulier
idelaTan kavSiris gareSe, rogorc adre aRvniSne. rogorc Sedegi, es socialuri
cvlilebebi xSirad axsnilia rogorc miswrafeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebisaken,
gadarCenis an sxvaTa kontrolisaken. ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es SeiZleba erwymodes
moralur idealebs, magram maTi arseboba saWiro araa. da amgvarad, es aramoraluri
kategoriebi interpretacia ganixileba rogorc sakmaod mZimed da metismetad
mecnierulad miiCneva.
maSinac ki, roca individualuri Tavisufleba instrumentuli azrovnebis
gavrcelebad ganixileba rogorc ideebi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaT
socialuri cvlilebebis axsna, isini xSirad aramoraluri kategoriebiT arian
gagebuli. am ideaTa mniSvneloba/siZliere xSirad gaiazreba ara maTi
moraluri/azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc im upiratesobaTa erToblioba,
romelic xalxs eboZa maTi moraluri msoflmxedvelobis miuxedavad, miuxedavad
imisa, hqondaT Tu ara maT aseTi msoflmedveloba saerTod. Tavisufleba
SesaZleblobas gaZlevs, gaakeTo is, rac ginda, instrumentuli azrovnebis farTo
gamoyeneba nebismieri survilebis umetesobas gikmayofilebs.
cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi aseTi saxis interpretacia kulturulad
dominirebuli xdeba. modernulobis sulieri sawyisebis kvlevis motivacia Zalian
sustia. namdvilad, am sawyisebis Tundac zogierTi momentis Secnobis SesaZlebloba
nuls utoldeba. da es kulturul Teoriebs dRis wesrigidan xsnis.
20
bunebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros (ara civilizaciis) ori nawili arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da aRmosavleTqristianuli civilizacia met msgavsebas
amJRavnebs aRmosavlur (muslimur) civilizaciasTan, vidre dasavlurqristianulTan
(evropulTan)1.
amdenad, religiuri parametri ver CaiTvleba umTavres ganmsazRvrelad
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis dadgenis gzaze. amis naTelsayofi magaliTebi sxva
adgilas ukve movitaneT (ix. TaviIV, $ 1) da axla sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.
rac Seexeba dasavluri (evropuli) civilizaciisadmi Cvens kuTvnilebas, unda
aRiniSnos, rom TviT evropaSi Tanaarsebobs identurobis ramdenime Sre _ evropuli,
dasavleTevropuli, aRmosavleTevropuli; erovnuli; religiuri. germaneli
politologis v.vaidenfeldis sityviT, evropis istoria _ esaa diferenciaciisa da
unifikaciis istoria2. arsebuli mravalferovnebis gacnobiereba evropuli kulturis
erT-erTi safuZvelia. evropisadmi kuTvnilebis Segneba emyareba evropeli xalxebis
erToblivi kulturuli ganviTarebis gamocdilebas, interess saerToevropuli
istoriisadmi, saerTo tradiciebisa (politikuri da samarTlebrivi) da saerTo
memkvidreobis (religiuri da kulturuli) arsebobas. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc
mecnierebi aRniSnaven, evropuli integracia aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevda, rom ara
evropel inteleqtualTa Taobebis Zalisxmeva, romelTac SeZles saerTo warsulis,
awmyosa da momavlis Rrma Teoriuli gaazreba da, misi demonstrirebiT, evropel
xalxTa orientireba erTiani evropisadmi kuTvnilebaze3. swored inteleqtualTa
ZalisxmeviT `Seikera~ evropel xalxTa kulturebis `nakuwebisagan~ kulturaTa
evropuli ojaxis `erTiani sabani~.
ramdenad monawileobdnen qarTvelebi am muSaobaSi? sakmarisi aRmoCnda Tu ara
qarTvel inteleqtualTa erTi nawilis ramdenimesaukunovani mcdeloba imisaTvis, rom
qarTveli iseve myarad axerxebdes evropasTan TviTidentificirebas, rogorc,
magaliTad, skandinavieli an italieli? vfiqrobT, gagviWirdeba am kiTxvebze dadebiTi
pasuxebis gasacemad saWiro argumentebis moZieba.
saqarTvelos civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis problemisaTvis erT-erT sayuradRebo
sakiTxs warmoadgens socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis dinamikis Seswavla da
maTi tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra dasavlur, bizantiur da aRmosavlur
sistemebTan mimarTebaSi. am mxriv dRevandel mkvlevar-istorikoss soliduri
memkvidreoba xvdeba winamorbedTa Sromebis saxiT, romlebSic, mdidari faqtobrivi
masalis analizis safuZvelze, friad sayuradRebo daskvnebia Camoyalibebuli.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iv.javaxiSvilis, s.janaSias, n.berZeniSvilis gamokvlevebi,
romelTac safuZveli Cauyares Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis socialur-
ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavlas, rac Semdgom maTma mowafeebma ganagrZes. mkvlevarTa
daskvniT, feodalizmis aRmocenebidan XIII saukunemde saqarTveloSi arsebuli
socialuri da ekonomikuri institutebi (miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ sruliad
ucnobi aRmosavluri samyarosaTvis, SeuvalobiT daculi didi feodaluri
samflobeloebis arseboba, socialuri struqtura da sxv.), mTlianad feodaluri
sistema did tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavnebs evropulTan, kerZod, frangulTan
(`paraleluri ganviTareba~). SemdgomSi es msgavseba TandaTan gaqra, Tumca ar
Camoyalibebula tipologiuri msgavseba aRmosavluri (islamuri) samyaros socialur-
1
Bagby Ph. Culture and History, p.176.
2
cit. naSromidan: Зотова О.М. Идея европейского единства и национальная идентичность. – Вестник Московского ун-
та, сер.18. Социология и политология. М., 1999, № 3, с.154.
3
Зотова О.М. dasax. naSr., gv. 162.
101
daukavSirda. erTmorwmune mokavSiris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilze
saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. politikuri
orientaciis sakiTxi CvenSi kulturuli orientaciis problemad transformirda,
islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani dapirispirebis pirobebSi ki am arCevanma
miiRo, agreTve religiur-kulturuli arCevanis saxe1.
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is faqti, rom qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cveni
mahmadiani mezoblebi umTavresad sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebiT
ixseniebian: `musulmanni~ (`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~), `musurmanni~ (basili
ezosmoZRvari), `mohmadianni~ (iqve), `islemTa eri~ (iqve), `islemni~ (`istoriani da
azmani...`), `sarkinozni~ (iqve), Tumca gvxvdeba eTnikuri saxelebic2.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis cnobili moRvawis gr.lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazrisi. `saqarTvelos
kulturuli da civilizaciuri orientacia mtkiced iyo mimarTuli evropisaken. es
politika qarTveli xalxis tradiciul-istoriuli swrafvaa, _ aRniSnavda igi. _
aziaSi SeWrili saqarTvelo Tavis saqristiano kulturiT mudam ufro evropis nawils
warmoadgenda, vidre aziisas. saqarTvelos Segnebuli hqonda da aqvs, rom jerjerobiT
yovel SemTxvevaSi yvelaze uaresi evropa saukeTeso azias sjobia~3.
magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTia politikuri da, Tundac, sarwmunoebrivi
orientacia, meore ki _ ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnileba, romelic, politikur
da ekonomikur interesebze damyarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, xangrZlivi
drois manZilze yalibdeba da warmoadgens mravali sxvadasxva garemoebis (zogjer _
SemTxveviTisac) Sedegs. ingliseli mecnieri a.smiti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri
identuroba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civilizaciur, identurobebs, da
SeiZleba asustebdes maT4.
s.semionovis azriT, religiuri parametris miCneva civilizaciis ZiriTad
msazRvrelad, rac farTodaa gavrcelebuli istoriul-filosofiur literaturaSi,
dakavSirebulia meTodologiur reduqcionizmTan da saTaves evropocentrizmidan
iRebs: ukanaskneli saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli aRiarebulia yvela civilizaciis umTavres determinantad5. magram es
maxasiaTebeli Znelad Tu gamodgeba sasazRvro civilizaciebisa Tu kulturebisaTvis,
romlebic warmoadgenen dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis
samyaroTa aTaswlovani urTierTqmedebis Sedegs.
mkvlevari aRniSnavs CvenTvis sayuradRebo kidev erT garemoebas: konfesiurad
Wrel regionebSi araiSviaTad yalibdeba kulturuli erTobebi, romlebic mravali
saukunis manZilze arsebobs. kulturuli memkvidreobiToba aq mJRavndeba ara
religiur sferoSi, aramed kulturis esTetikur da eTikur aspeqtebSi, miTologiaSi,
fsiqologiasa da xasiaTSi6.
kulturisa da civilizaciis mTavar determinantad religiis aRiarebis kritikiT
XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, gamovida amerikeli kulturologi
f.begbi, romelic xazgasmiT miuTiTebda, rom religia zecivilizaciuri fenomeni ki
ara, misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad. amitom savsebiT
1
kacitaZe k. orientirebi, gv.4.
2
dondua v. “vefxistyaosani” da qarTveli istorikosebi. _ wignSi: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi
(rusTavelis 800 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tb., 1968, gv.239.
3
lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,
Tsu gamomc., 1995, gv.156-157.
4
Смит А. Национальная идентичность и идея европейского единства. – В сб.: Актуальные проблемы Европы: экономика,
политика, идеология, М.: ИНИОН, 1993, вып.1, с.120.
5
Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования..., с.35.
6 1
iqve.
100
Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia modernuli da aramodernuli
kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze.
tipologizaciis problema kulturis mecnierebebSi
kulturaTa kvlevebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovansi mimarTuleba kulturaTa iden-
tifikacia, maTi tipis gansazRvra da klasifikaciaa. amitom bunebrivia im TeoriaTa
simravle, romlebic kulturaTa tipilogizaciis bevr sxvadasxva models gvTavazoben.
gamoyofen, magaliTad, kulturis barbarosul da civilizebul, aRmosavlur da
dasavlur, tradiciul da inovaciur, pirvelyofilamdel, pirvelyofil, samxedro,
religiur, mecnierul, racionalur, werilobiT, udamwerlobo da sxva uamrav tips.
kulturaTa tipologiis meTodologiuri safuZvelia kulturuli procesis
sxvadasxva koncefcia: evoluciuri, cikluri, kulturul-istoriuli versiebi da sxv.
arsebobs tipologiuri Teoriebi, romlebSic ama Tu im tipis kulturis struqturul
safuZvlad miiCneva adamianis kulturulad determinirebuli qceva, geografiuli,
qronologiuri, erovnuli da sxva principebi1.
kulturaTa tipologiuri kvleva dReisaTvis kulturologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
da yvelaze aqtualuri problemis _ civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis (identurobis) _
gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva. es problema scildeba wminda samecniero interesebs
da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebriv da politikur interesebTan.
civilizaciuri identurobis gansazRvra xSirad ganixileba im krizisidan Tavis
daRwevis saSualebad, romelsac ganicdian Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi
saxelmwifoebi. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven im garemoebasac, rom dasaxelebuli problema
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria e.w. mcire erebisaTvis.
inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba rogorc kulturaTa tipologizaciis erT-erTi
determinanti
kulturaTa tipologiuri raobis gansazRvris erTi saintereso niSni maTi
tradiciulobisa da inovaciurobis TvalsazrisiT gamijvnaa. rogorc iTqva,
tradiciis qveS igulisxmeba socialuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebi,
romlebic ara mxolod gadaecemian Taobidan Taobas, aramed narCundebian xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara
marto imas, ra gadaices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor gadaices igi. es
termini gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) da rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis
TiTqmis identur formebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad. inovaciis qveS
ki, igulisxmeba axali teqnologiebisa da qcevis axali modelis formirebis meqanizmi.
inovaciebi qmnian winapirobas socialur-kulturuli cvlilebebisaTvis.
ganasxvaveben ra kulturaTa am or tips, mecnierebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
pirvelis qveS gulisxmoben arqaul sazogadoebebs an Zvel civilizaciebs rogorc
dasavlur, ise aRmosavlur kulturebs ganviTarebis kapitalizmamdel etapze.
Cveulebriv, tradiciul sazogadoebebs gansazRvraven rogorc statikurs,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia diferenciaciisa da specializaciis, agreTve
urbanizaciis naklebi xarisxi. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, tradiciul sazogadoebebs
aRweren rogorc damyarebuls `tradiciuli~ elitis Zalauflebaze, romelic marTavs
ama Tu im `zeciuri mandatis~ safuZvelze. tradiciuli sazogadoeba SezRudulia
kulturuli horizontebiT, romelsac tradicia amyarebs. amgvarad, termini
`tradiciuli~ gamoiyeneba im sazogadoebebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic SedarebiT nela
gardaiqmneba, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saqmianobis legitimacia warsulze
dayrdnobiT. pirovneba tradiciul kulturebSi realizdeba mxolod romelime
kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). gv.56.
21
korporaciisadmi misi mikuTvnebis Sedegad da, umravles SemTxvevaSi, igi mkacrad aris
mimagrebuli ama Tu im socialur jgufTan.
inovaciuri kulturebis qveS, romelsac `modernistuls~ da `teqnogenursac~
uwodeben, gulisxmoben sazogadoebebs, romelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mecnierul-
teqnikuri progresi, Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstituciuri saparlamento
dawesebulebebi da piradi Tavisufleba. es yovelive ki damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove
dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis. zemoT aRniSnul elementebs SeiZleba funqciuri
datvirTva hqondeT romelime aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi, ris gamoc is, agreTve
modernistul sazogadoebad miiCneva. inovaciuri Tu modernistuli sazo-
gadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia diferenciaciis, urbanizaciis, ganaTlebis maRali
done da informaciis sayovelTaoba. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, modernistuli
sazogadoeba emyareba masebis farTo monawileobas, romelic ar Rebulobs
legitimurobis tradiciul principebs da xelisuflebas akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas
efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. inovaciur sazogadoebas, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT,
axasiaTebs kulturuli dinamika da orientacia cvalebadobebsa da novaciebze. misi
Tavisebureba da ZiriTadi faseulobaa individualizmi, rac gulisxmobs pirovnebis
Tavisuflebebisa da uflebebis pativiscemas, agreTve individualuri pasuxismgeb-
lobis princips. pirovneba ganixileba yovelgvari erTobisagan damoukideblad.
Cvenis azriT, kulturaTa tradiciuloba an inovaciuroba ZiriTadad
ganisazRvreba kulturaTa xasiaTis TaviseburebiT: erTi mxriv, misi midrekilebiT
tradiciaTa SenarCunebisaken, warsulisaken, meore mxriv, miswrafebiT siaxlisaken,
cvlilebebisaken. kulturaTa es maxasiaTeblebi (iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni)
yalibdeba rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani Tviseba, romelic mxolod nawilobriv
eqvemdebareba da araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTlianad ar aris gansazRvruli droiTi da
sivrciTi faqtorebiT. amitom, albaT, ar iqneba swori, Tu vityviT, rom ama Tu im
sazogadoebis geografiulad aRmosavluri mdebareoba da qronologiurad
premodernul xanaSi arseboba ukve sakmarisi argumentia misi tradiciulobis
dasamtkiceblad. modernistuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba dasavleTSi SesaZlebeli
gaxda aq manamde inovaciuri sazogadoebis arsebobis gamo, dasavleTSi sazogadoeba
inovaciuri iyo kapitalizmamdel xanaSic. amdenad, albaT, ar aris saWiro istoriis
dayofa tradiciuli da inovaciuri kulturebis xanad. isini SeiZleba droSi
Tanaarsebobdnen. garda amisa, unda ganvasxvaoT cneba `modernistuli~ (romelic
gulisxmobs Tanamedrove etapze dasavlur samyaroSi wamoqmnil kulturul tips),
`inovaciuri~ kulturebisagan, rac aris kulturis Tviseba _ iyos orientirebuli
siaxleze. aqedan gamomdinare, xSirad tradiciul sazogadoebebis modernizacia udris
vesternizacias inovaciurobis gareSe.
koleqtivisturi da individulisturi sazogadoebebi
individualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,
romlebze dayrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras da mis
tipologizebas.
koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTan
SedarebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTadad motivirebulia im
jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevroba
tradiciulia da ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,
religiuri erToba da sxv.) da SedarebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnob-
megobarTa wre da sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)
da `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.
22
nurobis koleqtivizmTan gaigivebis umarTebulobas da imas, rom koleqtivisturi
sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri da piriqiT1.
civilizaciisa da kulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTeblad miCneulia
lingvisturi tradicia _ gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba sityva-logosisadmi2,
romelic jer kidev Zvel samyaroSi Camoyalibda da mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra
gansxvaveba uZveles civilizaciaTa da kulturaTa Soris. induri, Cinuri Tu antikuri
(berZnul-laTinuri) civilizaciebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen sityvisadmi
damokidebulebis niSniT.
evropuli lingvisturi tradicia istoriulad saTaves iRebs berZnul-laTinu-
risagan. igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs or gansxvavebul Stos: dasavleTevropuls,
romelic dakavSirebulia, pirvel rigSi, romanul-germanul samyarosTan, da aRmo-
savleTevropuls, romelic berZnul-bizantiur samyaros ukavSirdeba. dasavleT-
evropuli lingvisturi tradicia laTinurenovani da, Sesabamisad, erTiani iyo mTeli
romanul-germanul-kelturi evropisaTvis XV-XVI saukuneebamde, ris Semdeg daiywo
mxolod dasavleT evropisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saintereso cvlilebebi3. aRmosav-
leTevropul tradicias ki adreuli etapidanve axasiaTebs ganStoebis tendencia
adgilobrivi enebisa da kulturebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, qarTuli da somxuri
lingvisturi tradiciebi TiTqmis warmoSobisTanave daSordnen berZnul-bizantiur
wyaros ara mxolod damwerlobis saxiT, aramed enis bunebasTan da literaturul-
werilobiT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT damokidebulebiTac.
savaraudoa, rom am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli lingvisturi tradiciis Seswavla
sayuradRebo Sedegebs mogvcems misi tipologiuri raobisa da civilizaciuri
kuTvnilebis gansazRvris kuTxiT.
civilizaciaTa tipologiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens misi komunikaciurobis
xarisxi. igi gansazRvravs civilizaciis dinamikurobas an adinamikurobas4. isic unda
iTqvas, rom es maxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva drosa da regionSi sxvadasxvagvarad
moqmedebs. erTi da igive civilizacia (da kultura) SeiZleba sxvadasxva periodSi
komunikaciisTvis mzaobas (Riaobas) an daxSulobas amJRavnebdes. es rig faqtorebzea
damokidebuli. aseve, civilizacia (kultura) erTsa da imave periodSi SeiZleba
SerCeviTad komunikaciuri iyos, anu Ria _ romeliRac kulturasTan urTier-
TobisaTvis da daxSuli _ sxvebisaTvis. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodebi da,
mTlianad, es istoria am TvalsazrisiTac Sesaswavlia.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi parametri, romlis mixedviTac civilizaciaTa Teoriebis
umravlesobaSi civilizaciebi erTmaneTisagan imijneba, religiaa. swored am niSniTa
da masze dafuZnebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebiT ganasxvaveben dasavlur, qristianul-
marTlmadideblur, muslimur, konfuciur da sxv. civilizaciebs. amave parametrs
efuZneba saqarTvelos aRiareba dasavluri (evropuli) an aRmosavleT qristianuli
civilizaciebis nawilad, razec zemoT gvqonda saubari.
rogorc cnobilia, qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli
Seasrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas daefuZna qarTuli kultura, romlis saxis
CamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi
damkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo
saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli da civilizaciuri garemo, marTlmadidebloba
erovnulobasTan gaigivda da misi dacva qveynis `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~ problemas
1
surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv.86.
2
ix.: Алпатов В.М. Культурные фреалф и лингвистические традициию – В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.128-133;
Бокадарова Н.Ю. Европейская цивилизация: национальные культуры и языковые нормы. – iqve, gv. 133-140.
3
Бокадарова Н.Ю. dasax.naSr., gv.134.
4
Сванидзе А.А. К проблеме преемственности и взаимосвязи цивилизаций.- В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.199.
99
(mamakacuri) kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mamakacisa da qalis socialuri
rolebis mkveTri gamijnva; normirebulia mamakacuri da qaluri profesiebi da
saqmianobis sferoebi; qalis cxovreba ufro mkacradaa reglamentirebuli, vidre
mamakacis, da wesis darRvevisaTvis mas mamakacze ufro mZime sasjeli elis;
sazogadoebas msWvalavs mamakacuri faseulobani, fasobs yvelaferi didi, masStaburi
da Zlieri; warmatebis demonstrireba karg tonad miiCneva; azrovneba raciona-
lurobisaken iswrafvis. feminur kulturebSi pirveladia is faseulobani, romlebic,
tradiciulad, qalis rols ukavSirdeba: Tavmdabloba; komforti da daculoba;
sxvebze _ gansakuTrebiT, sustebze _ zrunva; orientacia urTierTobebze da ara
saqmeze; lamazad miiCneva ara `yvelaze didi~, aramed patara da koxta; mniSvnelovania
romelime jgufisadmi kuTvnileba; azrovneba intuitiurisaken ixreba. g.hofstedes
mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT, Tanamedrove ganviTarebul kulturebSi maskuli-
nobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva iaponia, romelsac mosdevs germanulenovani
kulturebi. feminurobis maCvenebliT pirveloben skandinaviis qveynebi da holandia1.
Tumca miCneulia, rom maskulinoba-feminurobis done kulturaSi met-naklebad myaria,
igi mainc SeiZleba Seicvalos konkretuli socialur-politikuri garemoebebis
zegavleniT. magaliTad, omebi, politikuri krizisebi da msgavsi movlenebi gmirebis
moTxovnilebas badebs da maskulinobis Rirebulebas zrdis2, magram Zneli saTqmelia,
ramdenad myaria aseTi koniunqturiT gamowveuli cvlileba da, saerTod, cvlis Tu ara
igi kulturis maskulinur Tu feminur xasiaTs.
maskulinuri da feminuri kulturebis garda, arsebobs Sereuli tipis kulturebi.
g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli kultura swored am ukanasknelTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba.
masSi Tanaarseboben maskulinuri da feminuri niSnebi, romelTa ucnaur kombinacias
ganapirobebs Cveni kulturis erTgvari infantilizmi.
fsiqologTa interesis sferos scildeba imis kvleva, ganviTarebis romeli
etapidan iCens Tavs es infantilizmi, bavSvuroba, survili _ davrCeT bavSvad, ro-
melsac mudmivad sWirdeba deda. saerTod, es (da sxva) kulturuli ganzomilebebi
istoriul WrilSi aravis ukvlevia. aseTi samuSaos Catarebas, albaT, istorikosTa da
fsiqologTa erToblivi Sroma dasWirdeba, romelTagan pirvelebis mier moZiebul
faqtebsa Tu movlenebs (miRebuls ara mxolod istoriul xdomilebaTa qronologiuri
rigis gaxsenebiT, aramed saistorio wyaroTa analizis da sxva monacemebis Sejerebis
gziTac) meoreni kulturis fsiqologiuri kvlevis meTodebis momarjvebiT
gaiazreben.
jerjerobiT ki, fsiqologTa mier mxolod is aRiniSneba, rom `sazogadoeba an
maskulinuri unda iyos, an feminuri; infantilur sazogadoebas mxolod daqvemde-
barebuli qveynis statusiT SeuZlia arseboba~, aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom
Cveni sazogadoeba am TvalsazrisiTac unda Camoyalibdes, anu gansazRvros sakuTari
saxe. magram aq Ria rCeba sakiTxi: ramdenad cnobieria kulturuli ganzomilebebis
Camoyalibebis procesi, ramdenad SesaZlebelia am procesebis mizanmimarTuli marTva?
rac Seexeba individualizmi-koleqtivizmisa da maskulinoba-feminurobis
maxasiaTebelTa urTierTmimarTebas, literaturaSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis
sapirispirod, g.hofstede aRniSnavda maskulinobis individualizmTan, xolo femi-
1 2
g.niJaraZe saintereso garemoebaze miuTiTebs: skandinaviis qveynebis mosaxleobis didi nawili,
ZiriTadad, mrisxane vikingebis STamomavlebi arian (ix.: niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura..., gv. 80).
rogorc Cans, maskulinoba-feminobis xarisxi pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris cxovrebis wesTan, an kidev
simyariT ar xasiaTdeba da SedarebiT advilad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas.
2 5
surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 85.
98
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili Tvalsazrisi
qarTvelTa personalizmisa da individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mier
SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~
koleqtivistur kulturas~, sadac ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,
samegobro, nacnobTa wre da yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSi
arsebuli normebi1. sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilze
yalibdeboda, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) damoukidebeli ar iyo da
qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydeboda. calkeuli
individis azrovnebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT dasaxelebuli jgufebiT
Semoifargleboda (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) da TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda ufro did
socialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze da, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtul
normaze, rogoricaa kanoni2.
vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa da, Tanac,
konkretuli maxasiaTeblis dadgenis mcdeloba wingadadgmuli nabijia Cveni
kulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxolod
dReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tundac kanonTan damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuli
Camoyalibebis asaxsnelad.
cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa da sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,
magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,
mkafiod ganisazRvros, ara SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)
maxasiaTebliad da ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misi
moqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver davaRwevT aRrevasa da bundovanebas,
romelic arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,
g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa da yofis erTmaneTisagan daSoreba qarTuli kulturis erT-
erTi maxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad da
Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTuli
sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis
(kanonis) da yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri daSorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi3).
Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa da kulturis maxasiaTebelTa
gansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Cveulebriv, individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeb-
lad miiCneven. aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas
imsaxurebs Semdegi garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis
koleqtivisturi orientacia da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis
gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia, vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis
ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi4.
XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT
xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs5.
`Sua saukuneebis dasavleTi iseTive `aradasavluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli danarCeni
msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa da reformaciis
procesebma, romlebic daupirispirda `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa da
1
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7.
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.
3
jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8.
4
surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli
kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.
Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.
23
koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~1. amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli sazo-
gadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT ev-
ropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas. dasavleT
evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas gamoar-
Ceven.
saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq indivi-
dualisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi
aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis
aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata da mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur
kulturad Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT
gvqonda saubari.
sivrcisa da drois kulturebi
samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba `drois kulturisa~ da `sivrcis kulturis~
cnebebi. am klasifikaciiT, Tanamedrove dasavleTi, moderni _ drois kulturaa; misi
mTavari maxasiaTebelia dinamikuroba, mudmivi cvalebadoba, romelic ukeTesisaken
gamudmebul svlad gaiazreba. Sesabamisad, arsebobs mniSvnelobaTa mobiluri
struqturebi da cvalebadi formebi. CveulebaTa azri mudmivad kiTxvis qveS dgeba da,
saqmis interesebidan gamomdinare, icvleba. aradasavleTi, premoderni an aramoderni
_ sivrcis kulturaa, romelic aRbeWdilia TavianT adgilsamyofelze adamianTa da
saganTa mijaWvulobis niSniT. es aris mSvidi, statikuri inercia, romelic adamianebs
simyudrovis, usafrTxoebisa da movlenaTa prognozirebadobis gancdas aniWebs.
drois kategoria am kulturisaTvis ucxo ar aris, magram igi, iseve rogorc masTan
dakavSirebuli cvalebadoba, did rols ar TamaSobs. drois kulturis sworxazovani,
swrafwarmavali droisagan gansxvavebiT, es cikluri droa, romelic wrebrunvas
asrulebs gaCenas, aRsasrulsa da kvlav gaCenas Soris. sivrcis kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia myari sazogadoebrivi jgufebis arseboba, romlebic gansazRvraven
calkeul individTa cxovrebas dabadebidan sikvdilamde da romlebTanac es
individebi mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli. sivrcis kultura aRbeWdilia myari
ritualebiT, wes-Cveulebebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunviT. es wes-Cveulebebi am saxiT
mxolod am kulturaSi _ am sivrceSi, am niadagze arseboben, simyudrovisa da
Sinaurulobis ganwyobas uqmnian im adamianebs, vis Cveulebebsac isini warmoadgenen2.
saqmis gamartiveba iqneboda daSveba, rom droisa da sivrcis niSniT dasavluri da
aRmosavluri kulturebi mkafiod emijnebian erTmaneTs. v.Smidis azriT, sivrcis
kultura arsebobs planetis oTx mexuTedze, TviT aRmosavleT evropis CaTvliT.
ufro metic _ daZabuloba drosa da sivrces Soris Tavs iCens ara mxolod
erTmaneTisagan geografiulad gamijnul regionebSi, aramed erTi kulturis SigniTac:
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi faSisturi dajgufeba gamodis modernis
winaaRmdeg da piriqiT, iranSi XXI saukunis damdegs mravali axalgazrda uwevs
winaaRmdegobas aramodernul, xist mmarTvelobas3.
sabolood kulturaTa aseTi saxis dajgufebam:
individualisturi koleqtivisturi
inovaciuri tradiciuli
drois sivrcis
1
muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.
2 4
Smidi v. omi sivrcesa da dros Soris (leqcia, wakiTxuli 2001 wlis 15 oqtombers, iv.javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi). _ gaz.: “Cveni mwerloba” 49 (75), Tb., 7-14 dekemberi, 2001, gv.2.
3
Smidi v. dasax. naSr., gv.2.
24
iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSvnelovanes problemebs gansazRvravda da agvarebda
(cudad Tu kargad) viRac, gareSe Zala, morCilebisa da loialobis safasurad~1.
marTlac, Cvens istoriaSi friad xangrZlivia periodi, roca gareSe Zala ganagebda
qveynis beds, Tanac, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, ara erTi Zala da ara mTliani
qveynisa, aramed sxvadasxva Zala _ calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebisa. aseT
viTarebaSi, albaT, marTebulia saubari ara `movaleobis grZnobisa~ da `koleqtiuri
arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqtis~ ararsebobaze (k.kapaneli), aramed swored
mcirejgufovani koleqtivis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaze, anu movaleobisa da
pasuxismgeblobis sivrcis siviwroveze. aqedanve gamomdinareobs g.niJaraZis mier
aRniSnuli gawafuloba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaSi, individualur
urTierTobaTa damyarebis, partnioris gulis mogebis Cvevebi da, amave dros, sajaro
qcevis CvevaTa deficiti.
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi zemoT dasaxelebuli
adaptaciuri meqanizmi, cxadia, veRar imuSavebs, amitom qarTuli kulturis winaSe
axal viTarebasTan Seguebis amocana dgas.
axla davubrundeT individualizmi-koleqtivizmis niSniT kulturaTa
(sazogadoebaTa) dasavluroba-aRmosavlurobis gansazRvris problemas. Cveulebriv,
individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad miiCneven.
aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs Semdegi
garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis koleqtivisturi orientacia
da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia,
vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas
da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi2. XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic
mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi
3
tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs .
`Sua saukuneebis dasavleTi iseTive `aradasavluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli danarCeni
msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa da reformaciis
procesebma, romlebic daupirispirda `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa da
koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~4. amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli
sazogadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT
evropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas.
dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas
gamoarCeven.
saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individu-
alisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi
aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis
aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata, mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur kulturad
Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT gvqonda saubari.
holandieli fsiqologis g.hofstedes mier SemoTavazebulia kidev erTi
maxasiaTebeli kulturis saxis gansasazRvrad, anu, rogorc Tavad mecnieri uwodebs,
`kulturuli ganzomileba~; esaa maskulinoba-feminobis maxasiaTebeli5. maskulinuri
1
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.
2
surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli
kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.
3
Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.
muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.
5
ix.: surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 84-86; niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri. _
Jurn.: dro mSvidobisa, Tb., 2001, 2, gv.79-82.
97
jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevroba
tradiciulia da ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,
religiuri erToba da sxv.) da SedarebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnob-
megobarTa wre da sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)
da `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili Tvalsazrisi
qarTvelTa personalizmisa da individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mier
SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~
koleqtivistur kulturas~, sadac ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,
samegobro, nacnobTa wre da yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSi
arsebuli normebi1. sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilze
yalibdeboda, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) damoukidebeli ar iyo da
qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydeboda. calkeuli
individis azrovnebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT dasaxelebuli jgufebiT
Semoifargleboda (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) da TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda ufro did
socialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze da, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtul
normaze, rogoricaa kanoni2.
vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa da, Tanac,
konkretuli maxasiaTeblis dadgenis mcdeloba wingadadgmuli nabijia Cveni
kulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxolod
dReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tundac kanonTan damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuli
Camoyalibebis asaxsnelad.
cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa da sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,
magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,
mkafiod ganisazRvros, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)
maxasiaTebliad da ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misi
moqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver davaRwevT aRrevasa da bundovanebas,
romelsac arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,
g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa da yofis erTmaneTisagan daSoreba qarTuli kulturis erT-
erTi maxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad da
Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTuli
sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis
(kanonis) da yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri daSorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi3).
Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa da kulturis maxasiaTebelTa
gansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Cveni Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod, albaT, isic metyvelebs, rom g.niJaraZes
saSualeba aqvs imsjelos zemoT dasaxelebuli maxasiaTeblis funqciobasa da rolze
qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi, an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ganixilos igi istoriul
WrilSi. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs am maxasiaTeblis moqmedebis adaptaciur Rirebulebaze
damoukideblobis arqonis pirobebSi: es iyo erT-erTi faqtori, romlis meSveobiT Cven
SevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba, ena, kulturuli faseulobebi4. es sistema morgebuli
1
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7.
2
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.
3
jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8.
4 1
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.
96
SeiZleba migviyvanos aRmosavleT-dasavleTis diqotomiamde. ramdenad Seesabameba
realobas am diqotomiis arseboba, ramdenad marTebulia aRmosavleT/dasavleTis
sazogadoebaTa klasificireba rogorc aramodernuli, koleqtivisturi, tradiciuli
da modernuli, individualisturi, inovaciurisa, es diskusiis msjelobis sagani
iqneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs kulturs tradiciisa da modernizaciis
urTierTqmedebis gaazrebas.
aRmosavleTi-dasavleTi _ kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis fenomenze yuradRebis gamaxvileba saWirod
CavTvaleT, pirvel rigSi, imdenad, ramdenadac pirdapir kavSirSia tradiciulobisa da
modernulobis gagebis erT-erT interpretaciasTan.
dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi _ kacobriobis cnobierebaSi arsebuli mudmivi
opozicia _ warmogvidgeba ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli sivrcis saxiT. TavisTavad
es dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens eTnikuri
(da, Sesabamisad, kulturuli) TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan sivrces. metic, isini
swored erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi yalibdebian met-naklebad mkafiod gamokveTil
mTlianobad. am ori samyaros tipologia da mecnieruli Seswavla mTlianad dasavluri
samyaros iniciativaa. aman bevri ram gansazRvra maTze Sexedulebis formirebis
TvalsazrisiT, rac xSirad ar Tanxvdeboda arsebul sinamdviles (es gasakuTrebiT
aRmosavleTze iTqmis). unda aRvniSnoT, rom dasavleTi, aRmosavleTisagan
gansxvavebiT, ufro advilad aRiqmeba TavisTavad erTobad, radgan integrirebuli
dasavleTis tradicias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. aRmosavleTis erTgvarovan sivrced
ganxilva ki samarTlianad eqvemdebareba kritikas. aRmosavleTi moicavs muslimur,
konfuciur, budistur da sxva erTobebs j.stidmani sruliad uaryofs dasavleT-
aRmosavleTis diqotomias. misi azriT, aRmosavleTze, aziaze ar SeiZleba saubari,
rogorc raimegvar erTobaze, radgan igi Sedgeba `subkontinenturi civili-
zaciebisagan~: SoreulaRmosavluri, induri da islamuri1.
miuxedavad amisa, mainc xdeba Zalian pirobiTi maxasiaTeblebis SerCeva,
romlebiTac ganasxvaveben dasavlur an aRmosavlur kulturebs:
socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi
dasavleTi aRmosavleTi
ganviTarebuli, urbanistuli CamorCenili, sasoflo
industriuli agraruli
warmoeba rogorc bazisi ganawileba rogorc bazisi
politikuri maxasiaTeblebi
dasavleTi aRmosavleTi
samoqalaqo, demokratiuli patriarqaluri, avtoritaruli,
despoturi
istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi
dasavleTi aRmosavleTi
istorizmi aistorizmi
xazovani dro cikluri dro
Стидман Дж. Миф об Азии. // Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций. Хрестоматия. М., 1998. c. 261.
25
 kulturul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi gamovlinebas xedavs XVII-XVIII ss. qarTul kulturaSi da askvnis, rom `am inerciis
dasavleTi aRmosavleTi cxovelmyofeloba ar ganelebula XIX-XX saukunebSic~1.
materializmi suliereba amgvarad, g.gaCeCilaZis mixedviTac, qarTuli kulturis adgili kvlav aRmosavlur
sekularizacia religiuroba
realizmi/pragmatizmi idealizmi kulturaTa Soris iZebneba, Tumca Tavad mkvlevari daskvnisagan Tavs ikavebs, mxolod
obieqtivizmi subieqtivizmi savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom `kulturis am meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebis
pluralizmi monizmi gareSe impresionizmis doneze rCeba qarTuli kulturisa da mentalobis analizis
racionaloba intuiciuroba yvelaze warmatebuli cdebi rogorc literaturis istoriaSi, ise kulturis
bunebis damorCileba bunebasTan adaptacia filosofiaSi~2.
dinamizmi statikuroba
samarTali morali g.niJaraZem qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra sxva maxasi-
mecnieruli codna sakraluri codna aTebliT scada, kerZod, mimarTa germaneli fsiqiatris kreCmeris mier SemoTavazebul
Tavisufleba wesrigi pirovnebaTa `fsiqiatriul~ klasifikacias, romelic Semdgom gadatanil iqna
neba fatalizmi kulturebzec. miCneul iqna, rom yoveli kultura ganamtkicebs garkveuli tipis
anTropocentrizmi Teocentrizmi ganwyobebsa da qcevebs da xels uSlis sxvaTa damkvidrebas. yovel kulturaSi
miRebuli normebisa da faseulobebis kompleqsi midrekilia ama Tu im `fsiqiatriuli~
ra Tqma unda, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom es maxasiaTeblebi araTu mTel mimarTulebiT _ paranoiduli, katatoniuri Tu isteroiduli. magaliTad, amerikul
civilizacias, aramed erT konkretul kulturasac ki idealurad `miesadagos, magram (aSS) kulturas paranoidul tips miakuTvneben, laTinuramerikul kulturebs _
Tu romelime kultura met-naklebad pasuxobs erT an meore `moTxovnebs~, mainc katatoniurs da a.S. g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli kultura isteroidul tips
gveZleva misi tipologiurad gansazRvris saSualeba. ganekuTvneba. misi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania emociis ufro intensiuri
radgan kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena kulturaTa klasifikaciis erT- gamoxatva, vidre gancdis siRrmes Seesabameba. qarTuli kulturis isteroiduli
erTi ZiriTadi safuZvelia, amitom unda SevexoT sakiTxs, romelic kulturuli xasiaTis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebad mkvlevari miiCnevs Cveni kulturis `bazur~
maxasiaTeblis raobasa da mis kulturasTan urTierTmimarTebas exeba. ritualebs _ panaSvidsa da sufras3. masve mocemuli aqvs am ukanaskneli ritualis
kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im friad saintereso analizi. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia qarTuli sufris (rogorc misi
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic am mimdinareobis, aseve menius) ritualuri xasiaTi.
sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa da azrovnebis formaSi ritualizebisaken midrekileba aseve aRmosavlur kulturaTa maxasiaTeblad
vlindeba da dakavSirebulia koleqtiuri fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsi iTvleba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom g.gaCeCilaZis azriT, qarTuli kulturis
droSi met-naklebad ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia da midrekileba yofiTobis ritualizebisaken mkafio gamovlinebaa movaleobasTan
mas `erovnul~ an `kulturul xasiaTs~ uwodeben. a.baroninis ganmartebiT, erovnuli mimarTebaSi adamianis Sefasebis tradiciisa (sircxvilis kultura), xolo dakrZalvis
xasiaTi naciis fsiqikuri wyobis komponentia, romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc ceremoniali da Wama-smis rituali amis TvalsaCino dasturia. Tumca kulturaTa
realobis sxvadasxva gamovlinebisadmi konkretuli eTnikuri erTobis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze yofnis faqti aqac mJRavndeba: `Tamada qarTul sufraze da
(damokidebulebis) sistema, gamovlenili azrovnebis myar stereotipebSi, emociur sadRegrZelos poetika Tavidan bolomde nasazrdoebia `sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~
reagirebasa da zogadad qcevaSi1. rogor xdeba kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis poetikidan gamoxmobili aqsesuarebiT~4.
formireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT, ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs, movaleobisadmi damokidebulebis niSniT sxvagvarad afasebs qarTul kulturas
romlebic dakavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan, k.kapaneli, romlis azriT, `Cvens ers ufro afeqtebi amoZravebs, vidre movaleoba~,
aseve gare faqtorebis (geografiuli da socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad, maT saidanac gamomdinareobs, cota ar iyos, ucnauri daskvna imis Taobaze, rom `qarTul
urTierTzemoqmedebasTan. kulturas axrCobs, originalobas umcirebs da nebisyofas usustebs `uCemoT vin
kulturul maxasiaTeblebs daaxloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleven imRereToba~... Cveni kulturis provincializmi damTavrda logikurad personalizmiT.
eTnofsiqologebi da kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba sxvadasxva socialuri, koleqtiuri arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqti CvenSi ar moqmedebs;
terminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli xasiaTi, kulturuli qarTveli piradi interesebis TvalsazrisiT uyurebs yovlgvar sazogado saqmes,
(eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba, mentaloba da a.S. magram unda iTqvas, yovelgvar istoriul moZraobas~5.
rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc `mouxelTebelia~, bolomde axsnili ar aris da, individualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,
SesaZloa, arc eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba romlebze dayrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras da mis
zustad aixsnas, aseve (da miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri xasiaTis tipologizebas.
erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra. koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTan
dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian samyaros xedviTa da SedarebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTadad motivirebulia im
masSi adamianis adgilis gansazRvriT; bunebis aRqmiTa da masze zemoqmedebis (misi 1
gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr.
Semecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv.; individisa da 2
iqve.
3
niJaraZe g. qarTuli sufra kulturul konteqstSi. _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, Tb., 2000, 8-9, gv.12.
4
gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr.
1 5
Баронин А.С. Этническая психология. Киев, 2000. с.254. kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv.327-328.

26 95
tovebdnen rogorc TavianT zne-Cveulebebs da stils, agreTve fiziologiur
elementebs, ujredebs, sisxls~1.
sainteresoa, ratom mxolod azielebi (Tumca, cxadia, maTi ricxvi meti iyo da
maTTan kontaqti _ xangrZlivi)?
zogi mkvlevris azriT, mfarvelis Zieba qarTuli kulturis aradasavlurobis erT-
erTi mkafio niSania. `araferia ufro araevropuli, an aradasavluri, vidre kargi
`patronis~ Tu `mfarvelis~ Zieba, romlis kalTasac amoefarebi, _ wers g.nodia. _
`dasavlurobis~ TviT ideisTvis ganmsazRvrelia adamianis Tavisufleba, misi
pasuxismgebloba, misi arCevani, da Semdeg misi aqtivoba, Sroma, mimarTuli am arCevanis
gansaxorcieleblad. es aqtivoba, Sroma, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs Zalisxmevas
sakuTari cxovrebis mosawyobad da sakuTari Tavis Sesaqmnelad~2.
vfiqrobT, g.nodias daskvna metismetad kategoriulia. niSnavs Tu ara mfarvelis
Zieba pasuxismgeblobis sxvisTvis gadabarebas? iqneb, es swored sakuTar Tavze
pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa (moZebnili `mfarvelis~ gamo), is arCevania, romlis ufleba
adamianis TavisuflebaSi Sedis da romlis ganxorcielebas sworedac zemoT naxsenebi
`Sroma da aqtivoba~ sWirdeba?
sad ganTavsdeba qarTuli kultura fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa mixedviT?
qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvrisaTvis g.gaCeCilaZe
gvTavazobs resentimentis _ mexsierebaSi motivtive `mtanjvel mogonebaTa~ _
maxasiaTebels, romelsac garkveuli funqcia ekisreba kulturis sistemaSi. am
sistemaSi, aRniSnavs g.gaCeCilaZe, resentimenti aris toinbiseuli `gamowvevisa da
pasuxis~ analogi. masze dayrdnobiT ganasxvaveben `sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~
kulturebs. pirveli tipis kultura pirovnebaze socialuri kontrolis orientirad
sircxvilis kategorias iyenebs (ra azris arian Cems Sesaxeb sxvebi), meore _ sindisisa
(rogor gamoviyurebi Cemi TviTSefasebis samsjavroze)3.
am ori tipis gamijvna Znelia, radgan maT Soris sazRvrebi gamWvirvale ufroa,
vidre Seuvali. da mainc, garkveuli pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnierebi iyeneben
am maxasiaTebels kulturaTa tipologizaciasTvis: aRmosavluri kulturebi
(iaponuri, Cinuri, arabuli) sircxvilis kulturebad miiCneva, dasavluri (evropuli,
amerikuli) _ danaSaulisa4.
rogorc g.gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavs, bunebrivia, rom aRmosavlur-dasavlur kultu-
raTa gzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTveloSi, rogorc sarkeSi, ise irekleba
`sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~ kulturaTa tipologia5. danaSaulis kulturis
klasikur nimuSad miaCnia mkvlevars `galobani sinanulisani~, amave kulturidan
gamoxmobil gmirebad _ vaJas joyola, aluda da mindia. amave dros, qarTul
kulturaSi adamiani fasdeba movaleobasTan anu rolebriv funqciasTan misi
Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze, movaleobaTa arsis matarebeli ki sircxvilis kulturaa. am
tipis kulturis, rogorc erTi medlis, or mxared miaCnia g.gaCeCilaZes adre Sua
saukuneebis `SuSanikis wameba~ da renesansuli `vefxistyaosani~, igive tipis
1
kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, iqve,
gv.330.
2
nodia g. winaTqma krebulisaTvis “Wkua vaisagan”, Tb., 1994, gv.IV.
3
gaCeCilaZe g. Ressentiment-is (“mtanjvel mogonebaTa”) erTi gamoZaxilis Sesaxeb da gamo. _ gaz. “axali 7
dRe”, Tb., 2001, 13-19 aprili, gv.14-15.
4 1
ix. Jurn. “ogoniokidan” gadmobeWdili Jurnalist a.nikonovis interviu fsiqologiis mecn. doqt.
t.stepanenkosTan: aRmosavleTi _ dasavleTi: sircxvilis kultura mtyuanobis winaaRmdeg. _ gaz.
“saqarTvelos respublika”, 17-18. 10. 2001.
5 3
gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr.
94
koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT Sromisadmi; damokidebulebiT
samarTlis rogorc socialur urTierTobaTa regulatorisadmi; amqveyniurisa da
imqveyniuris urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT sikvdilisadmi; religiurobis
formebiT; istoriis aRqmiTa da misi mimarTulebis gaazrebiT (progresi, wrebrunva,
regresi); damokidebulebiT mSoblebsa da Svilebs, Taobebs, saerTod, socialuri
mTelis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris da sxv.
dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs kidev mravali
maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris _ ierarqiuli urTierTobebi, informaciis gacvlis
sxvadasxva wesi, araverbaluri komunikaciis sxvadasxva forma. es yvelaferi naTlad
vlindeba ara mxolod filosofiuri Tu socialuri moZRvrebebis, an istoriuli
warsulis aRqmis analizisas, aramed yofiT da saqmian urTierTobebSic. magaliTad,
dasavluri kulturebi zustad gansazRvraven dros da dagvianeba danaSaulad Tu ara,
araseriozul saqcielad iTvleba, aziis rig qveynebSi dagvianebiT veravis gaakvirveb,
aq aCqareba saWiro ar aris. arabebi yavis smasa da saubars saqmis keTebad miiCneven,
amerikelebi ki mas drois fuW flangvad Tvlian. Cinelebi da iaponelebi udides pativs
scemen ierarqiul urTierTobebs, amerikelebi ki Tanasworobis xazgasmas cdiloben.
amerikuli instruqciebi imasac ki iTvaliswinebs, rom aziis warmomadgenlebTan
fotografirebis dros sasurvelia jdoma, raTa TvalSisacemi ar iyos simaRleSi
sxvaoba. iaponelebs principulad ar SeuZliaT `ara~-s Tqma, radgan es maT kulturaSi
uzrdelobad iTvleba, amitom molaparakebis dros isini aTasgvari zrdilobiani
formiT cdiloben uaris Tqmis Tavidan acilebas, rasac xSirad SecdomaSi Seyavs maTi
dasavleli partniorebi1.
cxadia, rom nebismieri zemoT CamoTvlili niSniT romelime kulturis
tipologiuri gansazRvra friad Znelia. kidev ufro rTuli warmosadgenia, rom esa Tu
is kultura zustad `Cajdes~ maxasiaTebelTa mTel CamonaTvalSi. Cven mxolod
romelime tipisadmi misi zogadi kuTvnilebis gansazRvra SegviZlia, isic pirobiTad.
magaliTad, Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac aSkaraa, rom qarTul kulturas zog
SemTxvevaSi dasavluri maxasiaTeblebi miesadageba, zogSi — aRmosavluri, xan ki arc
erTi da arc meore. es bunebrivicaa, radgan dasavleT-aRmosavleTis mijnaze
mdebareobisa da xan erTis, xan meoris orbitaSi moqcevis gamo, Cvens kulturaSi
`daileqa~ rogorc erTis, ise meoris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da gamomuSavda kidev
mesame — orivesgan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi.
unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavlur da dasavlur civilizaciaTa tipologiuri gamijvnis
sakiTxi sabolood garkveuli ar aris. i.pavlenko aRniSnavs, rom Tu aRmosavlur
sazogadoebaTa buneba, ase Tu ise, gamoikveTa bolo aTwleulebis gamokvlevaTa
Sedegad, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iqca dasavleTi dasavleTad, jer kidev elis
Seswavlas2. albaT, pavlenko sabWoTa da rus mkvlevarTa ukanaskneli aTwleulis
naSromebs gulisxbobs, Torem kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iqca dasavleTi dasavleTad, Zalian
saintereso pasuxi aqvs gacemuli maqs vebers3.
evropeli da rusi mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom evropulma (dasavlurma)
civilizaciam gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelic ar
icnobs sxva civilizacias esoden masStaburi, msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreli
gavleniT. Tu XIX saukunemde, Spenglerisa da toinbis kvaldakval, kidev SeiZleba
msoflio istoriis danawevreba calkeul, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel
Почепцов Г.Г. Теории коммуникации. М.-Киев, 2001, с.600-603.
2
Павленко Ю.В. Происхождение цивилизаций: Альтернативные пути. – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к цивилизации.
Коллект. монография, под ред. Н.Н.Крадина, А.В.Коротаева, Д.М.Бондаренко, В.А.Лынши. М., 2000, с.127.
Вебер М. Протестантская этика и дух капитализма. – Избранные произведения. М., 1990, с. 61-344.
27
civilizaciaTa istoriebad, SemdgomSi, swored evropis mier inicirebulma
transformaciebma erTiani sakacobrio istoria Teoriulidan praqtikul sferoSi
gadaitana.
mkvlevarTa azriT, es roli ganpirobebuli iyo evropuli civilizaciis unikaluri
Sinagani TaviseburebebiT, romelTac gansazRvres misi sicocxlisunarianoba da
eqspansia, socialur-kulturul niSebSi Canergvisa da ucxo kulturul garemoSi
gadarCenis unari. mecnierTa nawili ZiriTad Taviseburebad miiCnevs antikur epoqaSi
Camoyalibebul polisis struqturas, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis struqturul-tipologiur gansxvavebas. polisi orientirebuli iyo
moqalaqis kerZo sakuTrebasa da Tavisufali bazris institutebze, rac principulad
ucnobi iyo aRmosavleTis nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis1. mas daefuZna evropuli
feodalizmi avtonomiuri qalaq-komunebiT, romlebic politikur brZolaSi
damoukidebel subieqtebad gamodiodnen, rac agreTve ucnobi iyo sxva
civilizaciebisaTvis. Camoyalibda erTiani mwkrivi antikuri polisidan — Sua
saukuneebis saqalaqo komunebis gavliT — industriuli da postindustriuli
sazogadoebisaken2.
dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciaTa urTierTobis problema
Tanamedrove etapze
XX s-is bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze didi yuradReba eqceva civilizaciaTa da
kulturaTa urTierTobis problemaTa Seswavlas. am sakiTxebs sxvadasxva kuTxiT
ikvlevs kulturologia, sociologia, saistorio mecniereba. am mimarTulebiT
mimdinare kvlevaTa da miRweuli Sedegebis popularizaciaSi makoordinirebel
funqcias asrulebs `kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis kvlevisa da swavlebis
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ (SIETAR International), romelic yovelwliurad marTavs
konferenciebs, gamoscems specialur Jurnals.
cnobili germaneli mecnieris karl iaspersis Teoriis mixedviT, msoflios
dayofas dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad safuZveli e.w. `RerZul droSi~ Caeyara,
saidanac saTaves iRebs, agreTve erTiani, globaluri msoflio, rogorc im droisaTvis
Soreuli perspeqtiva. swored maSin yalibdeba is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis saxe gansazRvres. rogorc wesi, samecniero
literaturaSi es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg opoziciur wyvilebad jgufdeba: indivi-
dualizmi-koleqtivizmi, inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba, racionaloba-intuiciuroba,
Tavisufleba-wesrigi, neba-fatalizmi, anTropocentrizmi-Teocentrizmi, materiali-
zmi-suliereba, pragmatizmi-idealizmi, obieqtivizmi-subieqtivizmi, dinamizmi-stati-
kuroba, istorizmi-aistorizmi da sxv. aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi urTierTSeRwevadni
gaxdnen, pirvel rigSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis arealSi, sadac aRmocenda didi
civilizaciebi, maT Soris evropulic.
rac Seexeba maxasiaTebelTa dajgufebas opoziciur wyvilebad, Tavis droze,
p.sorokini miuTiTebda, rom aseTi diqotomiuri sqemebis gardauval nakls warmo-
adgens erTi tipis farglebSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli
socialur-kulturuli warmonaqmnebis Tavmoyra, agreTve did Tu mcire erTobaTa
specifikis gamokveTis sirTule. Cveni azriT, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis swored mcire
kulturebze, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTuli kultura da romelTa
1
Васильев Л.С. Восток и Запад в истории (Основные параметры проблематики). – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к
цивилизации, с.104.
2
Драгунский Д.В., Цымбурский В.Л. Генотип европейской цивилизации. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 1991,
№ 1, с.7-8.
28
im determinantTagan, romlebze dayrdnobiT axdenen kulturaTa tipologizebas,
erT-erTi sainteresoa fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. SevexebiT zogierT maTgans,
romelTa gaanalizebisa da maT konteqstSi qarTuli kulturis raobis gaazrebis
sayuradRebo mcdelobani samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba.
fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa erToblioba Cvens saistorio wyaroebsa da
literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba sityviT `xasiaTi~. qarTvelTa xasiaTis pirvel
yvelaze srul aRweras vaxuSti bagrationTan vxvdebiT. mis mier aRniSnul
fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan zogierTi momdevno xanis mecnierTa ganxilva-
analizis sagnad iqca, amitom srulad movitanT vaxuStiseul daxasiaTebas: `xolo
kacni amis queynisani arian... mxneni muSakni, WirTa momTmenni, cxensa zeda da
mxedrobasa Sina kadnierni, mkvircxlni, mswraflni; salaSqroTa Sina axovanni,
saWurvelT moyuareni, amayni, laRni, saxelis meZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa
saxelTaTvis ara rideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissa, stumarTa da ucxoT moyuareni;
mxiarulni, ukeTu orni anu samni arian, ararai SeiWirvian; uxuni, arca Tvissa da arca
sxvisas krZalaven; saunjeTa ara mmesvelni; gonierni, mswrafl-mimxdomni, mCemebelni,
swavlis moyuareni. urTierTis mimyolni, sikeTis damswavlelni da mimgebelni,
sircxvilis mdevarni, keTil-borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyuareni,
Tualmgebni da moTakileni~1.
qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvris mcdelobas vxvdebiT
k.kapanelis naSromSi `qarTuli kulturis suli~, Tumca avtori operirebs ara
kulturis, aramed temperamentisa da sulis cnebebiT: `Cveni temperamenti qaluri da
isteriulia: tragedias qarTuli suli ar icnobs; rac unda cudad mimdinareobdes
cxovreba Cvens garSemo, Cven mainc ocnebebsa da imedebSi varT~. `qarTuli suli
isteriuli da paTetiuria, arasistematuri~. `qarTveli fsiqologiurad akrobati da
Jonglioria~2.
araracionalizmi, romelsac k.kapaneli qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs
(erTTavad ocnebebsa da imedebSi yofna) tipuri aradasavluri niSania. rogorc Tavad
k.kapaneli ambobs, `aRmosavleTi grZnobis qveyanaa: sisxlis intensiuri moZraoba
gulis saSualebiT gonebas ebrZvis~3. es savsebiT Seesabameba imave avtoris mier
qarTuli kulturis Sefasebas sxva niSnebis mixedviTac. kerZod, sxva naSromSi
k.kapaneli aRniSnavs, rom `Soreuli warsulidan saqarTvelo ganicdida aRmosavleTis
gavlenas. qarTuli literatura da xalxuri metyveleba erTnairad atarebs daRs
muslimanur-arabuli kulturis gavlenis. `vefxistyaosani~ aTargulia muslimanur-
arabuli kulturis ideologiur dazgaze. droTa viTarebaSi qarTuli suli Caiketa
aziuri cxovrebis degradaciis pirobebSi. saqarTvelo istoriulma aucileblobam
daayena muslimanur qveynebTan erTad degeneraciis gzaze~4. mxolod XIX saukunis
dasawyisidan Semodis `qarTuli kulturis aRmosavleTur wyobaSi dasavleTuri
kultura~, romelic mxolod Soreuli naSTis saxiTRa SemorCeniliyo5.
qarTvelTa kulturuli raobis sakiTxze msjelobisas k.kapaneli aRniSnavda:
`qarTul ZarRvebSi moZraobs sisxli Cqari, ryevadi TiTqmis yvela aRmosavluri rasis
da tomis: gadmodiodnen ra aRmosavleTidan saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze azielebi,
1
batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. — qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1973, gv. 45.
2
kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv. 328-330.
3
kapaneli k. qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi. _ iqve, gv. 108.
4
iqve, gv.98-99.
5
iqve, gv.108.
93
 fiziologebis mier SemoTavazebulia Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri
lateralizaciisa da misgan gamomdinare sivrciTi orientaciis gaTvaliswineba
kulturuli identurobis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis1. hemisferoTa funqciuri
lateralizacia niSnavs adamianis fsiqikuri procesebis organizaciaSi tvinis
naxevarsferoTa gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT monawileoba. rogorc aRmoCnda, Tavis
tvinis funqciur lateralizacias, sqesobriv da asakobriv TaviseburebebTan erTad,
eTnikuri Taviseburebebic gaaCnia, romlebic urTierTqmedeben garemosTan,
damokidebuli arian socialur-kulturul faqtorebze da, Tavis mxriv, zegavlenas
axdenen sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze2.
hemisferoTa funqciuri lateralizacia nawilobriv kulturulad determinire-
bulia. sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba Tavis
tvinis funqciur asimetriaSi, sivrceSi orientaciis procesis organizaciis
TvalsazrisiT3.
zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiTa da fiziologTa mier SemoTavazebuli
meTodis gamoyenebiT qarTuli kulturis raobis kvlevis pirveli Sedegebi friad
sayuradReboa, Tumca isini jerjerobiT gamoqveynebuli ar aris da amitom maTze
sityvas ar gavagrZelebT.
2000 wlis seqtemberSi neirobiologi, profesori volf zingeri moxsenebiT
warsdga germanel istorikosTa dReze aaxenSi, romelic 43-jer Catarda. man miuTiTa
aRqmisa da mogonebaTa procesebze, rogorc kvlevis erTnairad saintereso saganze
neirobiologebisa da istorikosebisaTvis. pirvelni mas ikvleven rogorc tvinis
funqcionirebis erT-erT sferos, magram, v.zingeris azriT, am kvlevaTa Sedegebi
mniSvnelovania istorikosebisTvisac: isini warsulis rekonstruqciisaTvis iyeneben
teqstur da grafikul wyaroebs, romelTa umravlesoba swored aRqmis,
interpretaciisa da mogonebebis Sedegia. mecnieris azriT, wyaroTa sandoobis
xarisxze msjelobisas istorikosebs marTebT tvinis funqcionirebis kvlevis SedegTa
gaTvaliswineba, kerZod, maT mxedvelobaSi unda hqondeT, rom adamianis cnobiereba
garesamyarodan Semomavali signalebis farTo speqtridan arCevs mxolod imaT,
romelTac is elis, romlebic gamosadegia am rTul samyaroSi gadarCenisaTvis. swored
am mciredidan iqmneba Semdeg msoflios suraTi4.
fsiqologebisa da geografebis mier damuSavda e.w. mentaluri rukis koncefcia,
romelic geograf r.m. dounzisa da fsiqolog d.sTeas saxelebs ukavSirdeba.
mentaluri ruka ganimarteba rogorc adamianis subieqturi Sinagani warmodgena
garemomcveli sivrcis nawilze, am nawilis adamianis mier Seqmnili gamosaxuleba.
mentaluri rukis cneba mniSvnelovania saistorio mecnierebisTvisac, radgan
adamianTa jgufebi Tu erTobebi aseve qmnian istoriuli da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT
specifikur warmodgenebs garemomcveli samyaros sivrciT struqturaze. kultu-
rologiisaTvis sayuradReboa ama Tu im sazogadoebis (kulturis) warmodgena
sivrceze, gamoxatuli teqsturad Tu gamosaxulebaTa saxiT — magaliTad, werilobiT
wyaroebSi, rukebsa da naxatebze5.
1
mayaSvili m., samadaSvili i., azmaifaraSvili T., SaianTan Sai a.T. Tavis tvinis funqciuri lateralizaciis
eTnikuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. _ Jurn.: axali paradigmebi, 1, Tb., 1998, gv.155; mayaSvili m. Tavis
tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetria adamianis sivrciT orientaciaSi. disertacia biologiur
mecn. doqtoris samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998.
2 2
mayaSvili m. dasax. naSr., gv.6.
3 1996, с.406.
iqve, gv.130.
4
Шенк Ф.Б. Ментальные карты: Конструирование географического пространтсва в Европе. – В журн.: Политическая наука,
№ 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы), М., 2001, с.6.
5 5
iqve, gv.8.
92
tipologizeba diqotomiuri sqemebis mixedviT Znelad xerxdeba, miT umetes, Tu isini
civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi mdebareoben.
isic unda iTqvas, rom Znelia diqotomiuri sqemis `SenarCuneba~ erTi kultu-
ris/civilizaciis mTeli istoriis manZilze, amitom saWiro xdeba damatebiTi deter-
minantebis Semotana1.
dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi TviTidentifikacias erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi axdenen.
swored civilizaciaTa urTierTobis procesSi gamoikveTeba TiToeuli kulturis
identuroba. am procesSi xdeba faseulobaTa gadarCeva _ dromoWmulis mniSvnelobis
dakargva da drois Sesabamis faseulobaTa aqtualizacia2.
rogorc amerikeli mkvlevari j.stidmani aRniSnavs, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi
mudmivad urTierTqmedeben, iTviseben erTmaneTis faseulobebs, amdidreben
erTmaneTs. aRmosavleTTan urTierTobam didi gavlena iqonia evropuli civilizaciis
Camoyalibebaze3.
d.Saieganis azriT, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis didi kulturebis Seqmna
warsulSi arsebul civilizaciaTa nayofieri dialogis Sedegi iyo4.
a.pirenis sityviT, evropelTa Sexebam islamTan es ukanaskneli maTTvis `ucxos~
WeSmarit gansaxierebad aqcia, romlis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Sua saukuneebidan
moyolebuli, SemarTuli iyo mTeli evropuli civilizacia. pireni miuTiTebs
muslimuri aRmosavleTis rolze evropuli civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi: VII
saukuneSi, islamis Semotevis Sedegad, daiwyo evropuli kulturis centris
gadanacvleba xmelTaSuazRvispireTidan (romelic arabul provinciad iqca)
CrdiloeTisaken. dasrulda romauli tradicia da saTave daedo TviTmyofad
romanul-germanul civilizacias. evropa iqca did qristianul Tanamegobrobad,
aRmosavleTi ki — misTvis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ucxo, `sxva~ samyarod5.
erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTi iyo is `sxva~, romelic daexmara dasavleTs (evropas)
sakuTari raobis gansazRvraSi. aRmosavleTis daxasiaTebis, misi gansazRvris fonze
dasavleTma, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kritikuli TviTrefleqsia,
SeimuSava sakuTari maxasiaTeblebic, gansazRvra sakuTari saxe.
da mainc, zemoT CamoTvlili opoziciuri wyvilebi, iseve rogorc dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis nebismieri maxasiaTebeli, ZiriTadad, asaxavs dasavlelTa warmodgenas
sakuTar Tavsa da aRmosavlelebad wodebul aradasavlelebze. es damokidebuleba
samecniero literaturaSi orientalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. miCneulia, rom mas
safuZveli 1312 wels Caeyara, roca venis saeklesio krebam daadgina arabuli,
berZnuli, Zvelebrauli da siriuli enebis kaTedraTa Seqmna parizis, oqsfordis,
boloniis, avinionisa da salamankas universitetebSi.
XIX s-is Sua xanebisaTvis evropaSi soliduri codna dagrovda aRmosavleTis
Sesaxeb, magram igi, ZiriTadad, Zveli periodiT Semoifargleboda. Seiswavleboda
Zveli wignebi, xelnawerebi, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Sesaswavl qveyanaSi
Casul evropel mkvlevars eWvi ar epareboda Tavis `wignismier~ codnaSi, magram
realoba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda warmodgenisagan, adgilobrivi mkvidrni —
literaturuli saxeebisagan. faqts axsna Wirdeboda da isic moiZebna: aborigenTa
gadagvareba da odesRac didebuli kulturis daknineba. dasavleTis orientalisturi
1
Ерасов Б.С. О статусе культурно-цивилизационных исследований. – В сб.: цивилизации и культуры. Вып.1. Россия и
Восток: цивилизационные отношения. М., 1994, с.15.
Василенко Н.А. Источники и механизмы согласия в межкультурном диалоге. – В сб.: Цивилизации и культуры. Вып.3. М.,
3
Steadman J.M. The Myth of Azia. N.Y., 1969, p.26-27.
4
Shayegan D. The Challenges of Today and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Ciltural Studies. V-VI, 4, Tokyo, 1977, p.36-37.
cit.naSromidan: Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.71.
29
skolebis damsaxurebaa Zveli civilizaciebis Seswavla, evropis biblioTekebSi Zveli
xelnawerebis Tavmoyra da maTi katalogebis gamocema, kvlevis meTodikis SemuSaveba,
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi sakuTari warsulisadmi interesis gaRviveba. amave dros,
orientalizmi, rogorc samecniero mimarTuleba, asaxavs evropelTa damokidebulebas
aRmosavleTis rogorc pasiuri `obieqtisadmi~, romlis miRwevebi Soreul warsulSi
darCa. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmi gacilebiT mets gveubneba TviT dasavleTze,
vidre aRmosavleTze1.
XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX s-is dasawyisSi, evropuli civilizaciiT inteleqtualTa
nawilis imedgacruebam gaacxovela interesi aRmosavleTis, rogorc mdidari
kulturis mxaris mimarT, romlisganac dasavleTs bevri ram unda eswavla, Tu surda
Tavi daeRwia momakvdinebeli meqanicizmisa da materializmisaTvis; aqac interesis
sagnad gvevlineboda ara aRmosavleTi TavisTavad, aramed dasavleTisaTvis misi
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
orientalizmi ganasaxierebda aRmosavleTisadmi evropelTa aqtiur
damokidebulebas. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmma `Seqmna~ iseTi aRmosavleTi,
romelic mTlianad gansxvavdeboda dasavleTisagan da xasiaTdeboda myari niSnebiT _
religiuriT, enobriviT, kulturuliT. uzogadesi gansazRvrebiT, aRmosavleTi _ es
iyo aRmosavleli adamianis saxli, sadac is cxovrobda aRmosavlur komfortSi,
aRmosavluri despotizmis pirobebSi, aRmosavluri fatalizmis grZnobiT2.
kolonializmis epoqis dasasrulTan erTad, dasavleTi axali realobis winaSe
aRmoCnda, waawyda ra politikurad gaaqtiurebuli da mebrZoli aRmosavleTis
gamowvevas.
dasavlur orientalizmze reaqciis saxiT gvevlineba aradasavlel xalxTa
mcdeloba, gaiazron sakuTari kulturis originaluroba, xazi gausvan socialuri da
kulturuli arsebobis sakuTari wesis ara mxolod Tanasworobas, aramed
upiratesobas evropulTan SedarebiT. aTwleulebis manZilze yalibdeba met-naklebi
mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone araerTi koncefcia, magaliTad, leopold sengoris
saxelTan dakavSirebuli negritiudi — moZRvreba negro-afrikuli civilizaciis
TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb, romlis sulierebasTan, grZnobadobasTan, uSualobasTan
organuli kavSiris gareSe dasavleTis meqanikuri cxovrebis wess gardauvali daRupva
emuqreba. ganviTarebis sakuTari gzis dasabuTebas, progresis dasavluri modelis
alternativis Seqmnas cdiloben laTinoamerikeli mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT,
`gaTavisuflebis filosofiis~ mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic TavianT
miznad acxadeben kontinentis evropocentristuli istoriis daZlevas. isini
aRniSnaven, rom XV saukunidan TandaTan damkvidrda evropuli civilizaciis
universalurobis idea, romelic dRes kulturuli imperializmis saxiT vlindeba. amas
mosdevs laTinuri amerikis qveynebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis amerikanizacia. mzardi
erTgvarovnebis logikas `gaTavisuflebis filosofia~ upirispirebs universalizmis
axal models, romelic kulturaTa mravalferovnebis ideas emyareba3.
zemoT saubari gvqonda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqca kulturis fenomeni
mecnieruli da politikuri dapirispirebis obieqtad. dasavleTSi
ganaTlebamiRebulma da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iq momuSave aRmosavlelma mkvlevrebma
laparaki daiwyes dasavluri orientalizmis krizissa da misi principebis gadasinjvis
1 ukanasknel wlebSi kulturuli identurobis problemis kvlevaSi, humanitarebTan
Said E. Orientalizm, p.118.
2
Said E. Orientalizm, p.104.
3
Петякшева Н.И. Трактовка феномена конкисты в латиноамериканской «философии освобождения». – В сб.: Iberica
Americans. Культуры Нового и Старого Света XVI-XVIII вв. в их взаимодействии. СПб., 1991, с.49-54; Деменчонок
Э.В. Историко-культурная драма прошлого и проблема «Латинская Америка-Запад» в современной
латиноамериканской философии. – Там же, с.54-59.
30
elementze dayrdnobiT. es imas niSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebis warmatebuli
funqcionireba didad aris damokidebuli Sesabamisi tradiciuli winapirobebis
arsebobaze, Tanamedrove sistemaSi maT CarTvaze da gamoyenebaze.
amitom aucilebelia:
1. gadaixedos tradiciisa da cvalebadobis Tanafardoba, Catardes mocemuli
tradiciuli sazogadoebis im ZalTa/faqtorebis analizi, romlebic xels uwyoben
cvlilebebis process da imaTic, romlebic abrkoleben mas. Sesabamisad unda
gaanalizdes am faqtorTa adgili regulaciis zogad struqturul da kulturul
sistemaSi;
2. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic axasiaTebs/Tan axlavs
Tavad tradiciul wesrigs da romlebic scildebian am farglebs da iwveven
sazogadoebis ganaxlebas;
3. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic xels uwyoben
sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebas da romlebic am unars Zirs uTxrian;
4. gamovlindes tradiciul sistemaze Tanamedrove cvlilebebis zemoqmedebis
zogadi xasiaTi;
5. ganisazRvros, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoebas gamoimuSaos Tavis sakuTar
memkvidreobaSi unari gadaWras es problemebi; an miaRwios amas axal pirobebTan
adaptaciiT Tavisi centraluri institutebisa da faseulobiT-azrobriv sferoSi
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe (an maTi transformaciiT) (S.N. Eisenshtadt).
qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi
am leqciebze SevecdebiT kursis manZilze miRebuli informaciisa da codnis
safuZvelze movaxdinoT qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri (tradiciuli Tu
inovaciuri, individualisturi Tu koleqtivisturi) raobis gansazRvra; aseve
qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi Tavs movuyriT miRebul codnas kulturaSi
tradiciisa da modernizaciis urTierTqmedebis/proporciis Sesaxeb; moderni-
zaciasTan mimarTebaSi qarTuli kulturis Taviseburebebis gaanalizebas wina (VIII)
TemaSi motanili xuTi punqtis safuZvelze. vecdebiT gavarkvioT qarTuli
sazogadoebis modernizebulobis xarisxi. amisaTvis, kursis interesebidan gamom-
dinare, mimovixilavT ukanaskneli ori saukunis saqarTvelos istorias; visaubrebT
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis fonze qarTul kulturaSi momxdar (an
mosalodnel) cvlilebebze. aqedan gamomdinare, davsaxavTT qarTuli kulturis
ganviTarebis SesaZlo variantebs.
qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobisa da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis
kvlevis zogierTi Tanamedrove mimarTuleba
eTnologTa mier mopovebuli masalebiT didi xania cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva xalxi
biologiur aqtebsac ki (Jestebi, Tavis daWeris manera, sakvebis miReba, moZraoba,
avadmyofoba, sikvdili da a.S.) sxvadasxvagvarad ganaxorcielebs, da am gansxvavebaTa
safuZveli kulturaa.
arsebobs kulturaTa nairgvari klasifikacia, sxvadasxva kriteriumze dayrdnobiT
SemoTavazebulia kulturaTa sxvadasxva tipologiuri modeli. Cveulebriv, kultu-
ris raobaze msjeloben iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa gaxsniloba—
karCaketiloba, originaluroba—imitaciuroba, tradiciuloba—inovaciuroba da a.S.
erTad, aqtiurad CaerTnen fiziologebi, fsiqologebi, geografebi da neiro-
biologebi.
91
 muslimur sazogadoebebs garkveuli siZneleebi SexvdaT modernizaciis gzaze,
amitom faipsi, im Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad, rom vesternizacia modernizaciis
aucilebeli pirobaa, miuTiTebs winaaRmdegobaze islamsa da Tanamedroveobas Soris
ekonomikur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa kapitaldabandeba, memkvidreobis kanoni da qalis
Sromis ufleba. magram igi mainc eTanxmeba maqsin rodinsons imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
`ar arsebobs araviTari damajerebeli argumenti imisa, rom muslimurma religiam xeli
SeuSala muslimur samyaros Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gziT ganviTarebaSi~. faipsi
amtkicebs, rom islami da modernizacia arc sxva sakiTxebSi ewinaRmdegebian
erTmaneTs. morwmune muslimebs ZaluZT ganaviTaron mecniereba, nayofierad imuSaon
qarxnebSi an gamoiyenon daxvewili iaraRi. modernizacia ar moiTxovs aranair
politikur ideologias an iseT institutebs, rogoricaa arCevnebi, saxelmwifo
sazRvrebi, samoqalaqo organizaciebi. arc dasavluri cxovrebis sxva damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebia aucilebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. rogorc mrwamsi, islami
akmayofilebs menejmentis konsultantsac da glexsac. SariaTi arafers ambobs
modernizaciis Tanamdev iseT cvlilebebze rogorica gadasvla soflis meurneobidan
mrewvelobaze, moZraoba soflidan qalaqisken Tu socialuri uZraobis socialuri
mobilurobiT Secvla. igi ar exeba arc iseT sakiTxebs rogoricaa sayovelTao
ganaTleba, komunikaciis daCqarebuli saSualebebi, transportis axali saxeobebi Tu
jandacva.
yvelaze radikali antivesternistebi da adgilobrivi kulturebis aRorZinebis
momxreebic ki uyoymanod iyeneben Tanamedrove teqnikas _ eleqtronul fostas,
kasetebs Tu televizias — sakuTari ideebis propagandisaTvis.
erTi sityviT, modernizacia aucileblad ar niSnavs vesternizacias. aradasavlur
sazogadoebebs SeuZliaT da SeZles kidec modernizeba sakuTari kulturis uaryofisa
da yvela dasavluri Rirebulebis, institutisa Tu Cveulebis aTvisebis gareSe. es
ukanaskneli, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa: ra dabrkolebebic ar unda Seuqmnan
aradasavlurma kulturebma modernizacias, isini verc ki Seedreba im sirTuleebs,
romlebic vesternizaciis process eRobeba. bavSvuri gulubryviloba iqneboda
gvefiqra, aRniSnavs brodeli, rom modernizacia, anu `erTi civilizaciis triumfi~,
SeiZleba, sawindari gaxdes istoriuli kulturebis mravalricxovnebis mospobisa,
romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xorcs isxamdnen msoflios did civilizaciebSi.
amis nacvlad, modernizacia aZlierebs am kulturebs da amcirebs dasavleTis Zalas.
msoflio xdeba sul ufro da ufro modernuli da naklebad dasavluri.
Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ da modernizaciis problema.
qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi
rodesac mcire kulturebis modernizaciis sakiTxs vexebiT, dgeba tradiciis
kategoriis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, radgan, umetes SemTxvevaSi mcire kulturebis
modernizacia ganixileba rogorc am kulturaTa tradiciis dakninebis xarjze
ganxorcielebuli procesi, rac am kulturaTa TavisTavadoebis dakargvas utoldeba.
modernizaciam `antitradiciuli~ xasiaTi, albaT, aradasavluri kulturebis
modernizaciis gaanalizebis Sedegad miiRo, radgan am sazogadoebaTa moder-
nizacia, umetesad adgilobrivi tradiciebis daTrgunvis xarjze xdeboda.
dasavlur sazogadoebis konsteqstSi ki modernizacia sworedac dasavluri
tradiciis gagrZelebasa da ganviTarebas niSnavs.
rac ar unda didi iyos kontrasti `tradiciulsa~ da `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs
Soris, warmatebuli modernizacia SeiZleba moxdes tradiciuli regulaciis zogierT
90
aucileblobaze1. e.saidma saWirod miiCnia istoriuli azrovnebis — orientalizmis
filosofiur-istoriuli safuZvlis — binaruli opoziciebidan (`voluntarizmi _
determinizmi~, `dasavluri sazogadoeba — aziuri sazogadoeba~ da a.S.) polimorfuli
obieqtebisa da ganviTarebis nairgvari variantebis mravalganzomilebian analizze
gadasvla, evropocentristuli universalizmis Secvla mravalganzomilebiani
midgomiT, evropuli istorizmis Sesatyvisad dalagebuli masalis `daSla~ da
xelaxali dalageba2. a.abdel-maleki ki aRniSnavda, rom aRmosavleTis xalxTa zewolam
da socialur mecnierebebSi momxdarma Zvrebma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula
orientalizmis gardaqmnaSi Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad3.
tradiciuli orientalizmis kritikosebs momxreebi TviT dasavlelTa Sorisac
gamouCndnen (j.stidmani, j.gudi da sxv.).
XX s-is bolo meoTxedSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori tendencia: erTi mxriv,
kulturis globalizaciis perspeqtiva, meore mxriv, aradasavluri samyaros
gaaqtiureba da msoflios e.w. `fragmentacia~. Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erT
ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca globalizaciisa da partikularizmis tendenciaTa
urTierTqmedeba, rig SemTxvevebSi ki _ dapirispireba4. bipolaruli msoflios
demontaJma, rac Sedegad mohyva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da da `civi omis~
dasrulebas, dRis wesrigSi daayena axali msoflios saxis sakiTxi, kerZod, misi erTi
Tu mravalpolusianobis perspeqtiva. es problema, politikurTan erTad, kulturis
sferosac moicavs.
dasavleli mecnierebi sul ufro mets laparakoben msoflios aradasavluri
centrebis Camoyalibebis, islamuri fundamentalizmis safrTxis, konfuciuri
samyaros eqspansiis Sesaxeb. dasavluri samyaros kulturul-civilizaciuri
oponentis rolSi aqtiurad gamodis yofili `mesame samyaro~5, romlis sivrceze
mniSvnelovani procesebi mimdinareobs. igi ramdenime struqturul zonad daiSala,
Camouyalibda sakuTari CrdiloeTi da samxreTi.
`vin icis, iqneb XXI saukuneSi orientalizaciis procesma, rogorc gabatonebulma
tendenciam, Secvalos modernizaciis procesi? wynari okeanis auzSi formirebadi
samyaro pretenzias acxadebs alternatiuli civilizaciuri centris rolis
Sesrulebaze axal, postmodernul msoflioSi~, _ kiTxulobs a.neklesa6.
`wynari okeanis auzSi formirebadi samyaros~ mzard perspeqtivas Seexo
s.hanTingtonic Tavis cnobil naSromSi. man aRniSna dasavluri civilizaciis rolis
gaoreba aradasavlur civilizaciebTan mimarTebaSi: erTis mxriv, dasavleTi
politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro Zlierebis mwvervalzea da, Sesabamisad,
warmatebiT axerxebs sakuTar kulturul faseulobaTa gavrceleba-danergvas
danarCen msoflioSi; meore mxriv ki, igi sul ufro mzard winaaRmdegobas awydeba
aradasavluri civilizaciebis mxriv, romlebSic aSkarad SeimCneva `sakuTari
kulturuli fesvebisaken mibrunebis~ procesi7. erTni cdiloben modernizacias
vesternizaciis gareSe, meoreni ver axerxeben am ukanasknelis Tavidan acilebas,
mesameni ki konfrontaciul gzas irCeven.
1
ix.: Abdel-Malek A. Orientalism in Crisis. – Abdel-Malek A. Civilizations and Social Theory. Albany, 1981, p.73-96; Said E.
Orientalism. L., 1978 da sxv.
2
Said E. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.127-128.
3
Abdel-Malek A., dasax. naSr., gv.88.
4
Празаускас А.А. Этнонационализм, многонациональное государство и процессы глобализации. – В журн.: Политические
исследования. М., 1997, № 2, с.42.
5
termini “mesame samyaro” 1952 w. daamkvidra frangma mkvlevarma alfred sovim “mesame wodebis” analogiiT
— im wodebisa, romelmac Tavis droze daamxo arsebuli msoflwesrigi. sovis azriT, ignorirebul
“mesame samyaros” momavalSi SeeZlo sul sxva adgilis damkvidreba msoflioSi.
6
Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.78.
7
hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? gv. 10-11.
31
 XX saukunis manZilze iyo mcdelobebi _ SeeerTebinaT `dasavluri teqnika da
aRmosavluri morali~, `muSaoba da locva~, mecniereba da adamianuri faseulobani,
racionalizmi da humanizmi. mwvave problemam — SesaZlebelia Tu ara sxva civilizaciam
aiTvisos dasavluri teqnologia da moaxerxos misi transformireba sakuTar
RirebulebaTa Sesabamisad — cnobil amerikel mkvlevar m.melkosTan Semdegi
interpretacia SeiZina: `Tu CineTma SesZlo induri budizmis transformireba ise, rom
igi ufro daosizms daemsgavsa, ratom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom XXI saukuneSi igi
moaxerxebs dasavluri teqnologiebisa da politikuri ideebis transformirebas ise,
rom isini Cinur kulturas Seesatyvisebodnen?~1
mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs `ekleqtikuri msoflios~ Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb,
romelic moicavs dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciebs da romlis
dasaxasiaTeblad xSirad mimarTaven `msxvilad daWrili salaTis~ an `nakuwebisagan
Sekerili sabnis~ metaforas. es metaforebi Caenacvla `sadnobi Rumelis~ saxeliT
cnobil Teoriul winamorbeds, romliTac aRiniSneboda amerikuli kulturis xasiaTi,
Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciis gadamuSavebisa da
urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. axali saxeliT monaTluli fenomeni ki gulisxmobs ara
mTlian, erTian kulturas, aramed eTnikur kulturul elementTa narevs.
`ekleqtikuri msoflios~ liderad jer kidev rCeba dasavleTi, magram aziur-
wynarokeanuri regioni zustad reagirebs civilizacia-lideris nebismier
warumateblobaze da cdilobs mis gamoyenebas Tavis sasargeblod. swored igi SeiZleba
mogvevlinos liberaluri dasavleTis principebis mTavar metoqed2.
meore nawili ar iziarebs amgvar xedvas. magaliTad, a.dirliki miiCnevs, rom aziur-
wynarokeanuri regioni warmoadgens geoekonomikur sistemas, romlis saTaveebTan
idgnen aRmosavleT aziaSi SeWrili evropelebi da amerikelebi. misive azriT, dRes am
sistemis farglebSi mimdinare procesebi dakavSirebulia ukve aRmosavleT azielebis
mier iniciativis xelSi aRebasTan, rasac mosdevs `kvazikonfuciuri menejeruli
kapitalizmis~ mier aSS da kanadaSi sakuTari niSebis Seqmna. amis Sedegad civilizacia-
lideri kargavs sakuTari sistemis funqcionirebis mniSvnelovan rgolebze kontrols,
romelic dasavleTis samyaroSi CarTul ucxo kulturul erTobaTa warmomadgenlebis
xelSi gadadis3.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs kidev erTi garemoeba: Tu XIX saukunesa da
XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi aradasavluri warmomavlobis imigrantebi, xvdebodnen ra
dasavluri kulturis `sadnob RumelSi~, iRebdnen da iTvisebdnen samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis kulturas, axla isini arc cdiloben Camoyalibebul socialur garemoSi
adaptirebas, aramed qmnian diasporebs, tradiciul Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul, met-
naklebad daxSul lokalur erTobebs, romlebic cxovroben pirvel rigSi sakuTari da
mxolod Semdeg _ maspinZeli qveynis normebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, isini, rogorc wesi,
iReben dasavleTis qveSevrdomobas da gardaqmnian (cvlian) dasavleTis qveynebis
socialur garemos4.
CineTisa da, saerTod, aRmosavleT aziis garda, dasavleTis civilizaciur
oponentad xSirad ganixilaven muslimur samyaros. xSirad saubroben bipolarizmis
axali formis — dasavleTisa da islamis samyaros dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. dasavleTis
gamowvevis pasuxad muslimuri samyaros gamococxlebis erT-erT formad gvevlineba
1
Melko M. World Systems Theory: Faustian Delusion. – Comparative Civilizations Review, 1994, 30, p.11-12.
2
Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? (С Ламанским, Шпенглером и Тойнби над глобусом ХХ1 века. – В журн.: т.5, № 3
(Россия и ее южные соседи). М.., 2001, с.186.
3
Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? ..., с.186.
4
Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в. Размышления об истоках и перспективах
межцивилизационных противоречий. – В журн.: Политические исследования. М., 2001, № 6, с.137.
32
dasavleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebisa, qristianul rjulze moeqciaT isini. Tu
Cinelebi rodesme isesxeben raimes qristianobidan, albaT, Secvlian mas ise, rom igi
Tavsebadi gaxdes Cinuri kulturis ZiriTad elementebTan. analogiurad, muslimma
arabebma aiTvises, daafases da gamoiyenes `elinuri memkvidreoba ukiduresad
utilitaruli miznebisaTvis. iyvnen ra ZiriTadad dainteresebulni garkveuli
garegnuli formebis an teqnikuri mxareebis aTvisebiT, maT icodnen, Tu rogor
ugulebeleyoT berZnuli filosofiuri azris nebismieri elementi, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeboda yuranis fundamenturi normebiTa da swavlebiT dadgenil
`WeSmaritebas~. iaponiamac msgavsi gza gaiara. VII saukuneSi man ganaxorciela Cinuri
kulturis importi da sakuTari nebiT, `yovelgvari ekonomikuri da politikuri
zewolis gareSe, gardaqmna igi~ ufro maRal civilizaciad. `momdevno saukuneebSi
erTmaneTs enacvleboda kontinenturi gavlenisagan SedarebiTi izolaciisa (roca
xdeboda adrindel nasesxeb elementTa gadarCeva da sasargeblos SeTviseba) da
kontaqtisa Tu kulturuli sesxebis periodebi~. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi iaponurma
kulturam SeinarCuna TviTmyofadi saxe.
qemalistTa mozomili msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom aradasavluri sazogadoebebi
SeiZleba modernizdnen vesternizebis gziT, ar mtkicdeba. ukiduresi qemalistebis
warmodgena, TiTqos aradasavluri sazogadoebebi unda vesternizrdnen, raTa
SemdgomSi modernizdnen, ar gamodgeba sayovelTao `receptad~. Cndeba kiTxva:
arseboben Tu ara iseTi aradasavluri sazogadoebebi, sadac lokaluri kultura ise
aferxebs modernizaciis process, rom es kultura Zireulad unda amoiZirkvos da
Seicvalos dasavluri kulturiT? Teoriulad, es ufro SesaZlebelia dasrulebul,
vidre instrumentul kulturebSi. instrumentuli kulturebi `xasiaTdeba saboloo
miznebisagan gancalkevebuli da damoukidebeli Sualeduri miznebis vrceli arealis
arsebobiT. es sistemebi advilad ganaxldeba, afarebs ra cvlilebas tradiciis safars.
aseT sistemebs ZaluZT ganaxleba ise, rom arc gamoamJRavnon Zireuli cvlilebebi
TavianT socialur institutebSi. piriqiT, siaxle Zvelis daviwyebas emsaxureba~.
dasrulebuli sistemebi, piriqiT, `xasiaTdeba mWidro kavSiriT Sualedur da saboloo
miznebs Soris... sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, xelisufleba da a.S. warmoadgenen
saguldagulod SekavSirebul, kargad Sekrul sistemas, romelic gamsWvalulia
religiiT, rogorc Semecnebis saxelmZRvanelo proncipiT. aseTi sistemebi yovelTvis
mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni siaxlisadmi~. apteri iyenebs am kategoriebs afrikul
tomebSi momxdari cvlilebebis analizisaTvis. aizenStadtma SedarebiTi meTodis
gamoyenebiT gaaanaliza aziis didi civilizaciebi da msgavs daskvnebamde mivida.
Sinagan cvlilebebs `mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs socialuri, kulturuli da
politikuri institutebis avtonomia~. am mizeziT, SedarebiT ufro instrumentuli
xasiaTis iaponuri da induri sazogadoebebi ufro advilad da adre daadgnen
modernizaciis gzas, vidre konfuciuri da muslimuri sazogadoebebi. maT ufro meti
unari gaaCndaT Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa sesxebisa da maTi gamoyenebisa sakuTari
kulturis ganmtkicebisaTvis. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Cinurma da muslimurma
sazogadoebebma an uari Tqvan rogorc modernizaciaze, ise vesternizaciazec, an
orive miiRon? arCevani arc ase SezRudulia. iaponiasTan erTad, singapuri, taivani,
saudis arabeTi da, naklebad, iranic Tanamedrove (modernul) sazogadoebebad
gardaiqmnen yovelgvari vesternizaciis gareSe. sainteresoa, rom Sahis mcdelobebma,
qemalistur kurss gahyoloda da ganexorcielebina orive _ modernizaciaca da
vesternizaciac, mZafri antidasavluri, magram ara antimodernuli reaqcia gamoiwvia.
CineTic aSkara reformistul gzas daadga.
89
ukanaskneli mniSvnelovania, gamomdinare iqidan, rom mis gareSe pirvelis
ganxorcieleba ararealuria, da orive SesaZlebelia. reformizmisaTvis modernizacia
sasurveli da SesaZlebelia yovelgvari Zireuli vesternizebis gareSe, romelic,
amavdroulad, arasasurvelicaa. maSasadame, uTanxmoebaa uaryofis politikasa da
qemalizms Soris modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis sasurvelobis Taobaze, aseve
qemalizmsa da reformizms Soris imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad realuria modernizacia
vesternizaciis gareSe.
cxrili 3.1 swored am mimarTulebebs gamosaxavs. `uarmyofeli~ A wertilze
darCeba; qemalisti diagonals mihyveba B wertilamde; reformatori horizontals
gauyveba C wertilamde. ra gziT wavidnen sinamdvileSi sazogadoebebi? ra Tqma unda,
yovel aradasavlur sazogadoebas ganviTarebis sakuTari gza aqvs, romelic, SesaZloa,
SesamCnevad gansxvavdebodes mocemuli sami prototipuli marSrutisagan. mazrui
imasac amtkicebda, rom egvipte da afrika D wertilis mimarTulebiT wavida: es iyo
`kulturis vesternizaciis mtkivneuli procesi teqnikuri modernizaciis gareSe.~ Tu
modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis nebismier ZiriTad formas ganvixilavT, rogorc
aradasavluri sazogadoebebis pasuxs dasavleTisadmi, maSin gamogviva mrudi -
Tavdapirvelad vesternizacia da modernizacia erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia:
aradasavluri sazogadoeba iTvisebs dasavluri kulturis TiTqmis yvela elements,
amave dros, SeimCneva modernizaciis neli procesi. Tumca, rogorc ki modernizacia
daCqardeba, vesternizaciis intensivoba klebulobs da iwyeba adgilobrivi kulturis
aRorZineba. Semdgomi modernizacia ukve cvlis civilizaciur balanss dasavlur da
aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa Soris da aZlierebs sakuTar kulturaze mijaWvulobas.
maSasadame, cvlilebaTa adreul stadiaze modernizacia vesternizaciis
saSualebiT xorcieldeba. Semdgom etapebze modernizacia devesternizaciis gziT
midis da ganapirobebs adgilobrivi kulturebis gamococxlebas ori saxiT:
sazogadoebriv doneze, modernizacia aviTarebs ekonomikas, jars, axdens
sazogadoebis politikur konsolidacias, aniWebs am sazogadoebis wevrebs TavianTi
kulturisadmi rwmenasa da TviTdajerebulobas. individualur doneze, moder-
nizacias Tan axlavs gaucxoebisa da anomiis grZnoba, radgan irRveva tradiciuli
kavSirebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis normebi, rasac pirovneba mihyavs
identurobis krizisamde, romelzec pasuxs religia iZleva.
es zogadi hipoTezuri modeli iTvaliswinebs rogorc socialur mecnierebaTa
Teoriebs, ise istoriul gamocdilebasac. dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs ra `ucvlelobis
Teorias~, rainer baumi askvnis, rom `adamianis mier idealuri mmarTvelobisa da
idealuri pirovnuli avtonomiis mudmivi Zieba sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba cakleul
kulturebSi. am mxriv multikulturuli da homogenuri msofliosaken swrafva ar
ikveTeba. piriqiT, rogorc Cans, is sistemebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen ganviTarebis
istoriul da adre-modernul safexurebze, kvlav ucvleladaa SenarCunebuli.
sesxebis Teoria, SemuSavebuli frobeniusis, Spenglerisa da bouzmanis mier, xazs
usvams sazRvrebs, romelTa farglebSi civilizacia-recipientebi SerCeviTad
iTviseben sxva civilizaciebis elementebs, axdenen maT adaptirebas, gardaqmnasa da
asimilacias da amiT uzrunvelyofen TavianTi kulturebis umTavresi Rirebulebebis
_ `paideumi~ _ gadarCenas. msoflios TiTqmis yvela aradasavluri civilizacia
arsebobda, sul cota, erTi, zogi ki ramdenime aTasi weli. arsebobs araerTi magaliTi
sxva civilizaciaTagan sesxebisa, sakuTari arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. mkvlevrebi
aRniSnaven, rom CineTis mier indoeTisgan budizmis aTvisebas ar gamouwvevia CineTis
`induizacia~. Cinelebma igi TavianT miznebsa da saWiroebebs Seusabames, Cinuri
kultura ki Cinuri darCa. Cinelebs SeuZliaT Seadginon qronologiuri CamonaTvali
88
islamistebis gaaqtiureba, romlebic Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis gziT fiqroben
dasavluri faseulobebiT `mowamluli~ sazogadoebis reislamizacias, amave dros,
mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis gamoyenebas da Tanamedrove
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Casmas islamis konceptualur CarCoebSi. maTi
damokidebuleba dasavleTisadmi sam ZiriTad punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1.
nostalgia (swored islamma Seitana dasavleTSi civilizacia); 2. dasavleTis
RirebulebaTa mankierebisa da `ormagi standartebis~ mxileba (zneobrivi principebis
dacvas igi mxolod sxvebisagan moiTxovs); 3. islamis apologia1.
globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia dasavluri cxovrebis wesis,
maskulturisa da azrovnebis tipis eqspansiasTan. kulturis globalizacia
vesternizaciis, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — amerikanizaciis formas iRebs, rasac
saTanado reaqcia mohyveba nacionalizmis sxvadasxva formis gaZlierebis saxiT.
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kulturebi warmoadgenen adamianis yofis,
RirebulebaTa da normaTa ierarqiis, TviTSegnebis safuZvels. adamians aSinebs
kulturuli fesvebis dakargvisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, anomiis anu fsiqologiuri
dezorientaciis safrTxe. xSirad es nayofier niadags qmnis fundamentalizmisaTvis.
vesternizaciis process Tan sdevs eTnikuri miTebis, mogonebebisa da tradiciebis
gamococxleba. maT pirispir ki, dgas globaluri, kosmopolituri kultura, romelic,
konkretul istoriul identurobasTan dakavSirebuli eTnikuri kulturisagan
gansxvavebiT, moklebulia `mexsierebas~.
vfiqrobT, globalizaciis Tanamedrove interpretaciebSi gadaWarbebiT fasdeba
integraciuli procesebis mniSvneloba. magram naTelia, rom Soreul perspeqtivaSic ki
msoflios mravalferovneba ar waiSleba. rogorc i.krasini aRniSnavs, `msoflio mudam
mravalferovani iyo, magram yovelTvis iTvleboda, rom SeiZleba misi
gaerTmniSvnelianeba. iqmneboda nairnairi sqemebi, da Tumca bevri realoba maTSi ar
`jdeboda~, igulisxmeboda, rom integraciisa da konvergenciis Sedegad msoflio
homogenuri gaxdeboda, da es dasavluri civilizaciis farglebSi moxdeboda~2.
magram suraTi gacilebiT rTulia. cxadia, miswrafeba dasavluri nimuSebisa da
standartebisaken dResac didia da mas zurgs umagrebs dasavleTis teqnologiuri
upiratesoba. Cvens Tvalwin garegnuli ieri icvala mravalma aratradiciulma
sazogadoebam, Tumca maT ar uRalatiaT TavianTi Zireuli principebisaTvis,
romlebic SeuTavsebelia dasavlur individualizmTan. afrikul tomTa beladebi
prezidentebad iqcnen, indoneziaSi gaCnda parlamenti, ganviTarebadi qveynebis
umravlesobaSi deklarirebulia xelisuflebis dayofis principi. mkvlevarTa nawili
amas ubralo mimkriad miiCnevs da misi axsnisaTvis Semdeg martiv mizezs gvTavazobs:
dasavluri kreditebisa da investiciebis mopovebis umTavres pirobas warmoadgens
demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaken svlis formaluri niSnebis arseboba.
tradiciul sazogadoebaTa liderebi dasavluri principebis Sesabamisad iqcevian
mxolod dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi, saSinao sakiTxebis
gadawyvetisas ki tradiciul stereotipebs emyarebian3.
erTi sityviT, saubaria globaluri (dasavlur Targze aWrili) kulturis mxolod
formebis kopirebaze, rac SedarebiT iolad xdeba. magram am formebis safuZvlebi
saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda. dRes dasavluri moda, moxmarebis sagnebi, garTobis
1
sanikiZe g. islamizmi, fundamentalizmi, integrizmi, tradicionalizmi — cnebaTa ganmartebisaTvis. —
sag.saq.saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 7 (16), Tb., 1999, gv.42-43.
2
Актуальные вопросы глобализации (Круглый стол «МЭ и МО»). – В журн.: Мировая экономика и международные
отношения, М., 1999, № 5, с.42.
3
Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в., c.135.
33
industria farTodaa gavrcelebuli iqac, sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xsenebac ki
ar aris.
afrikuli warmoSobis mkvlevarma a.a.mazruim yuradReba miaqcia dasavluri
kulturis mimzidvelobisa da misadmi agresiuli ganwyobis urTierTdaSrevebas
dasavleTTan aradasvluri samyaros urTierTobis procesSi: `mosuli (dasavluri —
n.C.) kultura iwvevs erTdroulad aRfrTovanebasa da zizRs, mibaZvis survilsa da
protestis grZnobas~1. sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeba aradasavlur civilizaciaTa
miswrafeba sakuTari saxis, sakuTari faseulobebis damkvidrebisaken. `Cven vcxovrobT
ara mxolod mTlian samyaroSi, aramed `samyaroebis samyaroSi~2, sadac mimdinareobs
pasuxis Zieba globalizaciis gamowvevaze.
iraneli mecnieris, Teiranis universitetis profesor d.Saieganis azriT, es
gamowveva principulad gansxvavdeba warsulSi kulturaTa urTierTqmedebisagan,
radgan saqme exeba socialuri da individualuri yofis organizaciis amosaval
principTa totalur SeuTavseblobas. dasavleTisaTvis esaa istoriuli evoluciis,
grZnobadi da zegrZnobadi samyarosgan gancalkevebuli sulis, nebis primatisa da
raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebze samyaros dayvanis principebi. iq damkvidrebuli
samyaros sekularizacia niSnavs mis despiritualizacias, bunebis ukidures
obieqtivacias, saidanac gamomdinareobs scientizmi da teqnicizmi. Zireulad
gansxvavebulia aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa principebi. istoria aq wmindaTawmindaa da
uSualod ukavSirdeba esqatologias. adamianuri instinqtebi da vnebani ar miiCneva
istoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad, _ rogorc islamSi, ise induizmSi maT
daqvemdebarebuli adgili mieCinebaT, an kidev isini aRiqmeba mZime tvirTad,
romlisganac gaTavisuflebaa saWiro.
d.Saiegani Tvlis, rom dasavluri civilizaciis, rogorc universaluris,
damkvidreba an angrevs sxva kulturaTa eTikur da esTetikur faseulobebs, an dayavs
isini `adgilobriv koloritamde~. kulturaTa sinTezi ucxo RirebulebaTa zewolis
pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, radgan motanili faseulobebi diametrulad sawinaaRmdegoa
adgilobrivisa. es moaswavebs dagrovil memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmas, damoukidebel
azrovnebaze, qcevasa da qmedebaze xelis aRebas, sabolood ki — uaris Tqmas sakuTar
Tavze. `Tu aRmosavlur samyaros ara aqvs sxva arCevani, garda `aSkara gamowvevis~,
`garduvali bedisweris~ miRebisa, rac dasavleTTan Segueba-morgebaSi gamoixateba,
maSin es iqneba aRmosavluri civilizaciebis tragikuli aRsasruli. esaa yofierebis
ori tipis mkacri Setakeba, romelTa Soris kompromisi SeuZlebelia~, — askvnis
mkvlevari3.
`Tanamedrove muslims ar SeuZlia, ar awarmoos mudmivi jixadi (wminda omi) ara
mxolod sakuTar TavTan, raTa SeinarCunos saRi goneba da sulieri sijansaRe, aramed
Tavis garemomcvel samyarosTanac, raTa daicvas winaparTa didebuli sulieri da
mxatvruli memkvidreoba da gadasces igi momaval Taobas~, _ wers s.nasri4.
niSandoblivia saudis arabeTis princis gancxadebac, romelic s.hanTingtons
mohyavs: `ucxouri importi mSvenieria lamazi nivTebis an maRalteqnikuri sagnebis
saxiT. magram socialuri da politikuri institutebis importi SeiZleba
1
Mazrui A. World Federation of Cultures: an African Perspective. N.Y., 1976, p.457.
2
Актуальные вопросы глобализации, с.42.
3
Shayegan D. The Challenges of Today and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Cultural Studies. Tokyo, 1977, 4, p.35-36.
4
Наср С.Х. О столкновении принципов западной и исламской цивилизаций. –В кн.: Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций.
Под ред. Б.С.Ерасова, с.481-482.
34
gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n). evropuli enebi da dasavluri saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebi savaldebuloa, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanasknelni marTlac xels
uwyoben Tavisufal azrovnebasa da uzrunvelyofil cxovrebas. muslimebi mxolod
maSin miaRweven iseT mdgomareobas, roca SesaZlebeli iqneba teqnikuri siaxleebis
aTviseba da Semdgom ganviTareba, Tu isini upirobod miiReben dasavlur models~.
samoci wliT adre, vidre es sityvebi daiwereboda, mustafa qemal aTaTurqi msgavs
daskvnamde mivida da otomanTa imperiis nangrevebidan axali TurqeTi Seqmna, didi
Zalisxmeva gaswia rogorc misi vesternizebis, aseve modernizebisaTvis. am kursis
arCeviTa da muslimuri warsulis uaryofiT aTaTurqma TurqeTi `gaxleCil qveynad~
aqcia, romlis sazogadoeba muslimuri iyo Tavisi religiiT, memkvidreobiT,
CveulebebiT da institutebiT, magram hyavda mmarTveli elita, romelsac ganzraxuli
hqonda misi gaTanamedroveoba, dasavlur yaidaze mowyoba da dasavleTTan yofna. XX
saukunis bolosaTvis ramdenime qveyana adgas qemalistur gzas, isini cdiloben
Secvalon aradasavluri identuroba dasavluriT. maTi mcdelobebi gaanalizebulia
meeqvse TavSi.
reformizmi. uaryofa gulisxmobs sazogadoebis izolirebis uimedo mcdelobas
Tanamedrove cvalebad samyaroSi. qemalizmi niSnavs Znel da mtkivneul gzas
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli kulturis ngrevisa da misi Canacvlebisa sxva
civilizaciidan Semotanili (nasesxebi) kulturiT. mesame gza gulisxmobs
modernizaciis Sexamebas adgilobrivi kulturis umTavresi faseulobebTan,
CveulebebTan da institutebTan. rasakvirvelia, es mimarTuleba yvelaze ufro
popularuli iyo aradasavlur elitebs Soris. CineTSi cinis dinastiis mmarTvelobis
bolo xanebSi aqtualuri iyo devizi `ti-iongi~: Cinuri swavleba _ fundamenturi
principebisaTvis, dasavluri swavleba _ praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis.~ iaponiaSi es
iyo `vakon, iosei~ (iaponuri suli, dasavluri teqnika~). 1830-iani wlebis egvipteSi
muhamed alim scada `teqnikuri modernizaciis Catareba seriozuli kulturuli
vesternizaciis gareSe~. Tumca es mcdeloba kraxiT damTavrda; britaneTma aiZula igi,
uari eTqva mTel rig reformebze, romlebic modernizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli. amis
Sedegad, rogorc ali mazrui SeniSnavs, `egviptes ar ewera iaponiis bedi teqnikuri
modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis gareSe, arc aTaTurqiseuli bedi teqnikuri
modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis saSualebiT~. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
jamal al-din al-avRanma, muhamed abdulam da sxva reformatorebma kvlav scades
islamisa da Tanamedroveobis urTierTmorgeba, amtkicebdnen ra `islamis Tavseba-
dobas Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan da dasavluri azrovnebis saukeTeso momentebTan~,
cdilobdnen muslimuri dasabuTeba moeZebnaT Tanamedrove ideebisa da institutebis
(iqneboda es samecniero, teqnikuri Tu politikuri _ konstitucionalizmi da
warmomadgenlobiTi mTavroba) misaRebad safuZvlis momzadebisaTvis.~ es ukve farTo
reformatoruli moZraoba iyo, romelic, midioda ra qemalizmis gziT, ara marto
moderniziaciisken iswarfvoda, aramed zogierTi dasavluri institutis aTvisebis-
Tvisac iyo mzad. aseTi saxis reformizmi muslimuri elitebis mxridan dasavleTisadmi
yvelaze gavrcelebuli pasuxi iyo ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1870-iani wlebidan
1920-ian wlebamde, sanam igi ar waawyda gamowveveas jer qemalizmis, xolo mogvianebiT
_ fundamentalisturi formis ufro daxvewili reformizmis mxridan.
uaryofis politika, qemalizmi da reformizmi efuZneba sxvadasxva warmodgenas
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris SesaZlebeli da ra _ sasurveli. uaryofis politikisaTvis
orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ arasasurvelia da SesaZlebelia orives
uaryofa. qemalizmisaTvis orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ sasurvelia,
87
karCaketilobis politika mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo Cinelebis
warmodgeniT sakuTar Tavze, rogorc msoflios centrze, agreTve yvela sxva xalxze
Cinuri kulturis upiratesobis mtkice rwmeniT. CineTis izolacia, iseve, rogorc
iaponiisa, dasavleTis iaraRis meSveobiT dasrulda, romelic 1839-1842 wlebis
opiumis omis dros gamoiyena inglisma. rogorc magaliTebidan vxedavT, XIX saukuneSi
dasavluri saxelmwifoebi Sanss ar utovebdnen aradasavlur sazogadoebebs,
ganexorcielebinaT absoluturad karCaketili politika.
meoce saukuneSi momxdarma winsvlam satransporto da sakomunikacio saSualebaTa
sferoSi, agreTve globalurma urTierTdamokidebulebam ganze dgoma did fufunebad
aqcia. modernizaciis, iseve rogorc vesternizaciis sruli uaryofa naklebad
realuria im msoflioSi, romelic dRiTidRe sul ufro Tanamedrove da urTierT-
dakavSirebuli xdeba. aseTi fufunebis ufleba mxolod patara, izolirebulma
sasoflo Temma Tu SeiZleba misces Tavs, romlis miswrafebebi saarsebo minimumis iqiT
ar midis. `mxolod yvelaze eqstremisti fundamentalistebi~, _ wers daniel faipsi
islamTan dakavSirebiT, `uaryofen rogorc modernizacias, ise vesternizacias. isini
mdinareSi yrian televizorebs, krZalaven majis saaTis tarebas, uars acxadeben
Sidawvis Zravis moxmarebaze. magram maTi samoqmedo gegmis ararealuroba msgavs
jgufebs mimzidvelobas ukargavs; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki (magaliTad, ien izala
kanoSi, sadaTis mkvlelebi, meqas meCeTze Tavdamsxmelebi, dayvas zogierTi dajgufeba
malaiziaSi) — xelisuflebasTan sisxlian SetakebebSi gancdilma marcxma mogvianebiT
maTi TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba gamoiwvia.~ ukvalod gaqroba — aseTia sruli uaryofis
politikis zogadi perspeqtiva meoce saukunis miwuruls. fanatizmi, toinbis sityviT
rom vTqvaT, ubralod, arasicoclisunariani arCevania.
qemalizmi. meore SesaZlo pasuxi dasavleTisadmi aris toinbiseuli herodianizmi,
anu rogorc modernizaciis, ise vesternizaciis miReba. aseTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs
warmodgenidan, rom modernizacia sasurveli da aucilebelia, da rom adgilobrivi
kultura SeuTavsebelia modernizaciasTan, amitom masze uari unda iTqvas, an igi unda
ganadgurdes. sazogadoeba srulad unda vesternizdes, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
warmatebiT modernizeba. modernizacia da vesternizacia aZlierebs urTierTs da
isini Tanadroulad unda warimarTon. msgavsi damokidebuleba gamoxatulia
mecxramete saukunis dasasrulis zogierTi iaponeli da Cineli moazrovnis
msjelobebSi, romelTa mixedviT, modernizaciisaTvis saWiroa, rom maTma sazo-
gadoebebma daiviwyon TavianT istoriuli enebi da aRiaron inglisuri, rogorc
saxelmwifo ena. es Sexeduleba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ufro dasavlur wreebSi iyo
popularuli, vidre aradasavlur elitebSi. misi mTavari principia: `Tu ginda
warmatebas miaRwio, Cvennairi unda gaxde; es erTaderTi gamosavalia~. argumenti ki
isaa, rom `[aradasavlur] sazogadoebaTa religiuri Rirebulebebi, zneobrivi normebi
da sazogadoebrivi wyoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ucxoa, Tu ara mtruli,
industrializmis Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebisadmi.~ aqedan gamomdinare, ekono-
mikuri ganviTareba moiTxovs cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis mkveTr da Zireul
reorganizacias, da, xSirad, Tavad am civilizaciis xalxis mier arsebobis saazrisis
xelaxla gaazrebas.~ igive azrs imeorebs faipsi islamze msjelobisas:`anomiis Tavidan
asarideblad, muslimebs mxolo erTi gza darCeniaT, radgan modernizacia vester-
nizacias gulisxmobs... islami ar gvTavazobs alternatiul gzas modernizebisaTvis...
sekularizmis daTmoba warmoudgenelia, Tanamedrove mecniereba da teqnologia
moiTxovs misi Tanamdevi saazrovno procesebis gaTavisebas; igive situaciaa
politikur institutebTan dakavSirebiTac. Sinaaarsic iseve unda iyos aTvisebuli,
rogorc garegnuli forma. dasavluri civilizaciis pirveloba imTaviTve unda iyos
86
momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami CvenTvis mxolod religia ki ara, cxovrebis wesia.
Cven, saudelebs, gvsurs modernizeba, magram ar vsaWiroebT vesternizebas~1.
dasavlur samyarosTan muslimuri aRmosavleTis urTierTobis Sedegebisa da
perspeqtivebis SefasebaSi gacilebiT naklebradikaluria iraneli
literaturaTmcodne, doqtori abdulhusein zarinkubi, romelmac 1974 wels
gamoaqveyna wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `arc dasavluri, arc aRmosavluri _
adamianuri~. miuxedavad dasavleTisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, igi
miiCnevs, rom SeuZlebelia iranuli kulturis dakonserveba, misi SenarCuneba Zveli
tradiciebis farglebSi. igi unda viTardebodes, iTvisebdes axals _ aucilebelsa da
sasargeblos. problemas qmnis ara dasavluris aTviseba _ es istoriuli
aucileblobaa, radgan kapitalistur ekonomikasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebaSi iWreba
garkveuli kulturuli faseulobani, _ aramed dasavleTis winaSe qedis moxra,
cxovrebis ucxo normebis Tavsmoxveva. sad aris gamosavali? mecnieris azriT,
gadamwyvet rols Seasrulebs iranuli kulturis istoriuli gamocdileba, romelmac
SesaZlebeli gaxada enis, literaturisa da kulturis SenarCuneba sxvadasxva saxis
zewolis pirobebSi. unda viamayoT imiT _ dasZens mkvlevari _ rom iranuli kultura
arc aRmosavluria, arc dasavluri, igi adamianuria2.
cxadia, daskvna, cota ar iyos, ucnauria, magram sakiTxis dasma sainteresoa: sxva
iraneli mkvlevrebi, maT Soris, zemoT naxsenebi d.Saiegani iranuli kulturis
aRmosavlurobas eWvqveS ar ayeneben. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic.
cnobili istorikosi da literaturaTmcodne, Teiranis universitetis profesori
islami noduSeni aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic mudam
zemoqmedebda iranis istoriaze, aris misi mdebareoba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs
Soris. geografiam gansazRvra CvenTvis erTaderTi gza _ wonasworobis SenarCuneba,
anu sakuTar safuZvelze myarad dgomis unari, askvnis igi3.
vfiqrobT, ganxiluli poziciebi sainteresoa CvenTvisac: rogorc davinaxeT,
iranelebi xazs usvamen dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris TavianT yofnas (Cveni
Tvalsawieridan, iranuli kultura calsaxad aRmosavluria), Cveni mkvlevrebis nawili
ki daJinebiT cdilobs qarTuli kulturis an mxolod dasavluri, an mxolod
aRmosavluri maxasiaTeblebis moZiebas.
aradasavlel mkvlevarTaTvis, cxadia, miuRebelia mtkiceba, rom Tu ara
koloniuri eqspansia, aRmosavleTis yvela qveyana, iaponiis CaTvliT, dRes TiTqmis XV
saukunis doneze iqneboda. yvelaferi axali da Tanamedrove aRmosavleTSi
dasavleTidan movida, vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis procesis Sedegad, da
aRmosavleTi yovelive (an TiTqmis yovelive) amiT mSvenivrad sargeblobs. am
TvalsazrisiT, swored kolonializmma daaaxlova aRmosavleTi dasavleTTan4.
sapirispirod, aRmosavleli mkvlevrebi cdiloben daasabuTon, rom Rirebulebani
da miRwevebi, romlebiTac ase amayobs Tanamedrove dasavleTi, arc aRmosavluri, maT
Soris, muslimuri sazogadoebebisaTvisaa ucxo, zog SemTxvevaSi ki es ukanasknelni
winac uswreben dasavlelebs. magaliTad, a.a.mazrui aRniSnavs, rom Tumca qalTa
mdgomareoba muslimur qveynebSi dasavleTis mZafri kritikis sagania, magram,
dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, am qveynebSi qals yovelTvis gaaCnda qmrisgan
1
hanTingtoni s. dasavleTi — unikaluri, ara universaluri. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis
sakiTxebi, X, Tb., Tsu gamomc., 2001, gv.185.
2
Китаянов Д.С. Иран и Запад: история и современный диалог. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998,
с.32-33. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iranis islamuri revoluciis ideologebi am lozungs daesesxnen
zarinkubs da igi Semdegnairad gadaakeTes: arc aRmosavluri, arc dasavluri _ islamuri.
3
iqve, gv.9.
4
Васильев Л.С. dasax. naSr., gv.107.
35
damoukidebeli sakuTrebis ufleba, rac, vTqvaT, britanelma qalebma mxolod 1870
wels miiRes. muslimuri samarTali aseve Tanabrad cnobda rogorc vaJebis, ise
qaliSvilebis memkvidreobiT uflebebs, bevr dasavlur qveyanaSi ki cota xnis win
qalebs aseTi ufleba ar hqondaT. did britaneTSi qalebma saarCevno ufleba 1928 wels
miiRes, aSS-Si — 1920 wels, safrangeTSi — 1971 wels; am droisaTvis bevr muslimur
qveyanaSi (irani, erayi, pakistani da sxv.) qalebi arCevnebSi monawileobdnen. ufro
metic — pakistanSi, bangladeSSi, TurqeTSi qalebi ikaveben premier-ministris postebs,
aSS-s ki arasdros hyolia qali-prezidentio, dasZens a.a.mazrui.
misi azriT, kulturebi/civilizaciebi unda fasdebodes ara mxolod umaRles
miRwevaTa mixedviT, aramed mankierebaTa da Seubraleblobis xarisxiT, romlisTvisac
isini swiraven sakuTar Tu sxva xalxebs. am TvalsazrisiT, islams ufro Zlieri
imuniteti aqvs nacionalizmis, komunizmis, rasizmis, genocidis winaaRmdeg. Tu
muslimur samyaroSi dasavlurze Zlieria politikuri Zalmomreoba, dasavleTSi
gacilebiT masStaburia quCis Zaladoba. dasavluri liberaluri demokratia
uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis maRalmwarmoeblurobas, mosaxleobis farTo monawileobas
marTvaSi, magram dasavlurma pluralizmma warmoSva rasizmi, faSizmi, genocidi.
dasavleTma mets miaRwia yovelive saukeTesos realizaciaSi, rac adamianis bunebaSia,
aRmosavleTma — adamianis bunebis yvelaze cudi mxareebis SezRudvaSi. zogierTi
adamianuri kriteriumiT (stabiluri ojaxi, socialuri Zalmomreobisagan dacva da
sxv.), muslimuri samyaro win uswrebs dasavleTs. yovelive amis gamo, a.a.mazruis
daskvniT, kacobriobam unda gamoiyenos ara mxolod dasavleTis, aramed aRmosavleTis,
kerZod, muslimuri samyaros gamocdilebac1.
aqve davZenT, rom am da zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSic Tavad sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba
ufro saintereso da mniSvnelovania rogorc `pasuxi~ dasavleTis `gamowvevaze~, vidre
motanili magaliTebis realobasTan Sesabamisoba.
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia
dasavleTisa da aradasavluri samyaros urTierTobaSi. erTis mxriv, dasavluri
Rirebulebebi, masobrivi kulturis saxiT, farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. am
movlenas `koka-kolonizaciisa~ da `hamburgerizaciis~ efeqtis saxeliT ixsenieben.
saqme ufro Sorsac midis. rogorc e.saidi aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro aSS-
s politikur da kulturul satelitad gvevlineba. mimdinareobs gemovnebis
farTomasStabiani standartizacia, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod tranzistorebiT,
jinsebiTa da koka-koliT, aramed aRmosavleTis kulturuli saxeebiT, romelTac
farTod avrcelebs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi da romlebic ukritikod
moixmareba masobrivi auditoriis mier. amis paradoqsuli Sedegi isaa, rom arabi
sakuTar Tavs holivudis mier SemoTavazebuli saxiT aRiqvams2. azieli studentebi (da
profesorebi) kvlav amjobineben, moikalaTon amerikel orientalistTa ferxTiT,
Semdeg ki adgilobriv msmenelebs gaumeoron kliSeebiT gajerebuli orientalisturi
dogmebi3.
meore mxriv, XX s-is 50-iani wlebidan saTaves iRebs aRmosavlur kulturebTan
dasavleTis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi movlena. Tu aqamde
dasavleTi Tavis msoflaRqmas amdidrebda aRmosavluridan nasesxebi esTetikuri Tu
dekoratiuli elementebiT, am droidan evropulenovani aRmosavleli mwerlebis
masobrivi SemoWris Sedegad `Seiqmna sruliad axali tipis literatura —
orbunebovani, orcnobierebiani, organzomilebiani... miviReT aRmosavluri
1
Mazrui A.A. Islamic and Western Value. – Foreign Affairs, N.Y., 1997, vol.76, 5, p.118-132.
2
Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.322.
3
iqve, gv.323-324.
36
mis Tavidan acilebas, ubrundeba sakuTar kulturas. TavisTavad sakuTari kultu-
risaken mibruneba kargicaa da aucilebelic, magram aman ar unda miiRos garemosagan
izolaciis saxe. izolacia gamoiwvevs karCaketilobas, rasac SesaZloa sazogadoebis
statikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvla moyves (magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia ori koreis da
uaxloes warsulSi ori germaniis Sedareba). rogorc Cans, rac ar unda didi da Zlieri
iyos kultura, gamoricxulia gare samyarosTan urTierTobisa da siaxleTa miRebis
gareSe misi ganviTareba. TviT iseTi didi kultura, rogoricaa CineTi, romelsac
Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos civilizacia, ver uaryofs amas. igi cdilobs garedan
Sesuli siaxleebi marTvadi gaxados, miiRos is, rac surs. amitom uwodes CineTis
magaliTs ~marTvadi globalzacia~.
axlis miReba ar niSnavs Zvelis uaryofas da modernizaciis procesi ar aris
tradiciebisgan gaTavisufleba. k.tompsoni miiCnevs, rom kulturuli memkvidreoba da
Tanamedrove adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba absoluturad daukavSirebelia
erTmaneTTan, CemTvis ufro misaRebia S.eizenStadtis mosazreba. misi TqmiT, rac ar
unda didi iyos kontrasti ~tradiciul~ da ~Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs Soris,
warmatebuli modernizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod tradiciuli elementebis
regulaciaze dayrdnobiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaa iaponiis magaliTi, romelzec
Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. msjelobis mizania damajerebeli gaxados daskvna, romlis
mixedviTac globaluri kultura da Tavad globalizacia ar warmoadgens iseT
saSiSroebas, rogoradac igi saqarTveloSi aRiqmeba, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi
idealuria da yuradRebis miqcevas ar saWiroebs.
globalur kulturasTan urTierToba saqarTvelos aucileblad mouwevs. am
kulturaTa urTierTobas unda moyves raime Sedegi. saqarTvelos mier globaluri
kulturis sruli uaryofa iseve miuReblad da uaryofiTad mimaCnia, rogorc
adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Canacvleba.
adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturis urTierTobas Teoeriulad, SeiZleba, is
Sedegebi mohyves, romelzedac Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. esenia: konfrontacia,
simbiozi, sinTezi. magram SesaZlebelia, kulturaTa urTierTqmedeba ar mivides
romelime am tipis realizaciamde da Semoifarglos mxolod kulturul Rirebu-
lebaTa urTierTgacvliT, romelic intesivobiTa da xarisxiT Camouvardeba
zemonaxseneb tipebs.
pasuxebi dasavleTs da modernizacia
dasavleTis eqspansiam aradasavluri sazogadoebebis modernizeba da vester-
nizireba gamoiwvia. am sazogadoebebis politikuri da inteleqtualuri liderebis
pasuxi dasavleTis Semotevaze samgvari iyo: 1) orives _ modernizaciisa da
vestrenizaciis _ uaryofa, 2) orives miReba, 3) erTis miReba da meoris uaryofa.
uaryofa. 1542 wlidan _ dasavleTTan pirveli kontaqtis damyarebidan _ XIX
saukunis Sua xanebamde iaponia dasavleTis mkveTri uaryofis gziT midioda. daSvebuli
iyo modernizaciis mxolod SezRuduli formebi, magaliTad, sabrZolo masalebis
SeZena, xolo dasavluri kulturis importi, maT Soris yvelaze gamorCeulad _
qristianobisa, sastikad ikrZaleboda. XVII saukuneSi dasavlelebi saerTod gamoaZeves
qveynidan. ukompromiso damokidebulebas bolo moeRo 1854 wels, rodesac kapitanma
perim ZaliT daarRvia iaponiis karCaketiloba, 1868 wels meiZis restavracias mohyva
aqtiuri mcdelobebi, gaeziarebinaT dasavleTis gamocdileba. ramdenime saukunis
manZilze CineTic cdilobda, xeli SeeSala modernizebisa da vesternizebis seriozuli
mcdelobebisaTvis. 1601 wels qveyanaSi SeuSves qristiani misionerebi, Tumca 1722
wlisaTvis isini saguldagulod gamoaZeves iqidan. iaponiisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis
85
kulturiT sakuTaris Canacvleba miuRebeli da warmoudgenelia, radgan es niSnavs
sakuTaris, TviTmyofadisa da originaluris dakargvas. kultura imdenad aris
sazogadoebis sisxlSi gamjdari, rom misi revoluciuri Secvla drois mokle
monakveTSi SeuZlebelia. saqarTvelosaTvis sakuTari kulturis globaluri
kulturiT Canacvleba warmoudgenelia. es Cven kargad dagvanaxa Tundac kulinariaze
gakeTebulma kvlevam, sadac qarTulma xinkalma sagrZnoblad dasjabna hamburgeri. es,
ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas. zogadad rom vTqvaT,
globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi ki _
warmoudgeneli, radgan saqarTvelo cdilobs dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracias,
rac modernizacis gareSe warmoudgenelia. politikisa da ekonomikis sferoSi
warmatebis miRweva da dasavlur yaidaze sazogadoebis mowyoba kulturis doneze
urTierTobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es urTierToba ki iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebaSi
garkveuli saxis cvlilebebs, sxva kulturasTan adptirebas da morigeba-Seguebas.
globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas saqarTvelo verc moaxerxebs da, Cveni azriT,
arc unda iyos aucilebeli da saWiro. modernizacia, f.fukuiams TqmiT, sazogadoebaSi
cvlilebebs oTx doneze iwvevs _ ideologia, institutebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
da kultura. saqarTvelom globaluri kuluturis talRa unda gamoiyenos moder-
nizacisaTvis, anu Tu saqarTveoloSi ise, rogorc msoflios sxvadasxva adgilze,
globaluri kulturis gavrceleba daemTxva modernizacias an gamoiwvia igi,
globalizacia saqarTveloSi dadebiT procesad unda CaiTvalos. globaluri
kultura, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, vrceldeba iseTi saSualebebiT, romelTac
s.hanTingtonma da p.bergerma ~daosuri kultura~ da ~inteleqtualTa~ saklubo
kultura uwodes.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis
sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli, romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad
icvamen da erTobian, aseve, SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris
gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore
nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur
saqmian kulturas, magram sakuTari piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul
kulturul faseulobebze.
globalur kulturaSi arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSirad
erTvis saqmian kulturas, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris dasavluri inte-
ligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwoda inteleqtualTa saklubo
kultura (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxvadasxva gziT:
akademiuri struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis
sakuTar bazars _ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia dasavleli,
kerZod, amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian adamianis uflebaTa
damcvelebi, specialistebi da sxvani.
`inteleqtualTa saklubo kultura~ da `daosuri kultura~ aris saqarTveloSi
sazogadobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi garanti da safuZvelia im cvlilebebisa, romelic
aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes institutebisa da samoqalaqo saozgadoebis doneze.
anu SesaZlebelia, saqarTveloSi globaluri kultura da modernizaciis procesi
erTmaneTs daemTxves. amdenad globaluri kulturis suli uaryofa, Cveni azriT, romc
SegveZlos, dadebiTi Sedegis momtani ar unda iyos.
arsebobs SiSi imisa, rom modernizaciis procesi uaryofs warsulidan SemorCenil
tradiciebs, spobs maT da adamians met Tavisuflebas sTavazobs. bevrisaTvis es
tradiciisgan gaTavisufleba kulturis originalobisa da TviTmyofadobis dakargvas
niSnavs. amitom xSirad modernizacia uaryofiTad fasdeba da sazogadoeba cdilobs
84
warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romlis filosofiur-mxatvrulma koncefciam
sruliad gadaasxvafera msoflios mTliani literaturuli procesebi~1. mecnierebi
miuTiTeben axali tipis mxatvruli azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze, romelic aRniSnulia
`metisurobis~, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi aRmosavleTis yofnis niSniT2. magaliTad,
inglisur literaturul premiebs xSirad iReben inglisurenovani ucxoeli mwerlebi,
frangul literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arabuli warmoSobis avtorebi.
erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTis mier evropuli literaturuli sivrceebis dapyrobis
tendencia zogadad mTeli Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis mkveTri
maxasiaTebelia. sul raRac erTi saukunis win ki gansxvaveba aRmosavlur da dasavlur
azrovnebas Soris imdenad didi iyo, rom pirveli Cineli da iaponeli mTargmnelebi ki
ar Targmnidnen, TiTqmis Tavidan werdnen evropul romanebs3.
aRniSnuli procesi mxolod literaturis sferos ar exeba.
TviT kulturuli konvergenciis Teoriis momxreebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom
mimdinareobs kulturis globaluri homogenizacia transnacionalur korporaciaTa
zegavleniT (`koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~ da sxv.), aRniSnaven, rom `msoflio
produqciis~ mwarmoebel korporaciaTa saqmianoba warmatebulia imdenad, ramdenadac
isini adaptirdebian adgilobriv kulturasTan. `importior~ qveynebSi dasavluri
dawesebulebani Tu moxmarebis saSualebani sxva socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul
funqciebs asruleben, vidre samSobloSi. `sonis~ prezidentma akio moritam am
procesis aRsaniSnavad SemogvTavaza termini `glokalizacia~ (globalizacia+lo-
kalizacia), anu `orive mxares yureba~4.
mecnierebi saubroben kardinalur mijnaze, romelsac miadga kacobrioba da
romlis iqiT istoria, rogorc Cans, kalapots icvlis. `dominirebadma civilizaciam
Zlierebis piks miaRwia da globaluri gaxda, magram igi namdvil sulier katastrofas
ganicdis. qristianuli kultura — am supercivilizaciis macocxlebeli wyaro —
TandaTan adgils uTmobs axal realiebs, cnobierebis organizaciis sxva formebs,~ —
wers a.neklesa5.
2001 wlis miwuruls gamoqveynda ukiduresi memarjvene amerikeli politikosis
patrik biukenanis wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `dasavleTis sikvdili: rogor
emuqreba Cvens saxelmwifosa da civilizacias mosaxleobis kleba da imigrantTa
Semosevebi~ (Patrick J.Buchanan. The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant
Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization). sxvaTa Soris, am wignis publikacia 11
seqtembris teraqtebis gamo gadaido, Tumca igi jer kidev zafxulSi mzad iyo
gamosacemad. avtori dasavluri samyarosa da, kerZod, aSS-saTvis friad samwuxaro
samomavlo perspeqtivas xatavs: 2050 wlisaTvis aSS mesamexarisxovan qveynad
gadaiqceva, evropis TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisa da iaponelebis ricxvi katastrofulad
daiklebs, sabolood ki, isini sulac gaqrebian aziisa da afrikis muslimuri qveynebis
demografiuli Semotevis Sedegad. ganaxldeba islamis zewola evropis qveynebze, rac
ukve iyo istoriaSi, magram misi Sedegebi amjerad gacilebiT tragikuli iqneba
evropelTaTvis. arc ruseTis momavali esaxeba biukenans naTel ferebSi: CineTi
gandevnis mas cimbiridan da Soreuli aRmosavleTidan, muslimuri samyaro ki _
kavkasiidan da centraluri aziidan. qristianTa _ kaTolikeTa, protestantTa da
1
ebraliZe T. or kulturas Soris. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba” (saliteraturo CanarTi gazeTisa “axali epoqa”),
23 (49), 8-15 ivnisi, 2001, gv.3.
2
Прожогина С.В. Литература магрибинцев во Франции: продолжение диалога культур Востока и Запада. – В кн.: Восток-
Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998, с.178.
3
ebraliZe T. dasax naSr., gv.3.
4
Питерсе Я.Н. Глобализация и культура.- В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-составитель А.А.Празаускас. М., 2000, с.322.
5
Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.74.
37
marTlmadidebelTa _ ricxvi TandaTan Semcirdeba. erT-erT TavSi _ `amerikis
deqristianizacia~ _ biukenani dasavleTis qveynebis demografiuli krizisis mTavar
mizezad qristianuli sarwmunoebis daqveiTebas miiCnevs da acxadebs, rom ukve isaxeba
axali aTeisturi civilizacia, romelic safuZvels uryevs dasavlur kulturas.
globalistebi msoflios kulturul gaerTgvarovnebasa da inglisuri enis
sayovelTao gavrcelebas winaswarmetyveleben. `ori-sami Taobis Semdeg sazogadoebis
mxolod yvelaze gaunaTlebel wevrebs ar ecodinebaT inglisuri... Tqveni ena xdeba
raRac, razec ilaparakeben saxlSi, megobrebis wreSi, is, garkveulwilad, kulturuli
dialeqti iqneba da ara komunikaciis mTavari saSualeba~, _ ambobs inglisuri
literaturis amerikeli mkvlevari j.benseni1. am mtkicebis sapirispirod, isev
lingvistebi miuTiTeben, rom rac ufro meti sxvadasxva erovnebis adamiani miiRebs
monawileobas inglisuri enis funqcionirebaSi, miT meti leqsikuri erTeuli Seva masSi
sxva enebidan, gaCndeba gramatikuli inovaciebi, Seiqmneba inglisuri enis sxvadasxva
versia da maTze mosaubreebs sul ufro metad gauWirdebaT erTmaneTis gageba.
dasavlel mkvlevarTa nawili (e.gelneri da sxv.) aRniSnavs, rom samecniero da
teqnikuri codna SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos individTa mier yoveldRiur praqtikaSi,
ise, rom ar gamomdinareobdes misi kulturidan, ar warmoadgendes misi kulturis
nawils. Semecnebis xerxi ar emyareba religias, kulturas, civilizaciur
Rirebulebebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qimiuri formulebi an planetaTa ganlagebis
codna ar gvixsnis, rogor vicxovroT, rogor aRvzardoT bavSvebi, Tayvani vceT
RmerTebs. mravalma aradasavlurma kulturam SeiZleba aiTvisos mecnierebis
Tanamedrove Sexedulebani, Semecnebisa da marTvis racionaluri meTodebi, dasavlur
civilizaciad transformirebis gareSe2.
jer kidev a.toinbi miuTiTebda, rom erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT socialuri
cxovrebis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebi, romelTagan pirvel
ors Seexo unifikacia (da ara erToba), mesame ki, gacilebiT ufro Rrma da
fundamenturia, vidre pirveli ori.
globalistTa da kulturuli pluralizmis momxreTa kamaTSi gaCnda msoflios
kulturuli momavlis kidev erTi, ase vTqvaT, neitraluri versia — kulturis
kreolizaciis Teoria, romlis avtoria martinikeli frangulenovani mwerali,
mTargmneli da filosofosi eduard glisani. kulturaTa da xalxTa urTierT-
Sexvedrasa da SeRwevaSi igi xedavs kacobriobis arsebobis axal formas. msoflioSi
arsebul situacias igi aRniSnavs terminiT `kreolizacia~; misi azriT, es aris mudmivi
procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa da gansxvavebulis warmoSobas. unda
SeveguoT im azrs, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, amasTan, arc erTi
mxare ar dakargavs sakuTar bunebas da ar gaiTqvifeba kulturul magmaSi, _ wers
glisani. igi Tvlis, rom siaxle patara qveynebidan mova, romelTac ara aqvT arc
koloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebad
eSiniaT `statusis~ gaqrobis an dakargvisa. erT-erT aseT regionad igi karibis
kunZulebs miiCnevs, sadac, misi azriT, gamomuSavdeba da yalibdeba urTierTobaTa
Tanamedrove modelebi, arsebobs kulturaTa mravalferovnebisa da erTobis mZlavri
potenciali. amdenad, karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva, Tumca
kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli danarCeni msoflioc. kacobriobis arsebobis
1
wiklauri m., edilaSvili m. dedamiwa arasodes iqneba nacrisferi. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba”, Tb., 2001, 16
(40), gv.3.
2
Левашова А.В. Современная международная система: глобализация или вестернизация. – В журн.: Социально-
гуманитарные знания, М., 2000, № 1, с.264.
38
sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTiani da gansxvavebuli samyaro, romelic
ganfenilia dedamiwis sxvadasxva teritoriaze _ CineTi CineTSi, CineTi amerikaSi,
CineTi ruseTis teritoriaze. es gamowveva ufro did problemebs jerjerobiT
dasavleTis qveynebs uqmnis.
zemoT warmodgenili analizis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia garkveuli daskvnebis
gakeTeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. misi proeqtireba
Tavdapirvelad moxda dasavleTSi. globalizacia ar warmoadgens dasavleTis,
konkretulad amerikis samoqmedo gegmas. igi bunebrivad warmoSobili procesia.
msoflioSi mimdinare modernizaciis procesma, romlis saTavec dasavleTi iyo,
ganviTarebis garkveul dones miaRwia. msoflio Zalzed mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels
daemsgavsa, sadac yovel mosaxles urTierTTan aqvs kontaqti. mWidro kontaqtma
gamoaaSkarava sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. daingra miTi dasavluri
modernizaciis, rogorc ganviTarebis erTaderTi aucilebeli pirobis Sesaxeb.
globalizacia araerTgvarovnad aRiqmeba sazogadoebaTa mier. igi yvela doneze
misaRebia iseTi kulturebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT warsuli, es is kulturebia,
romlebic axla yalibdebian, amitom maTTvis advilia yovelive axlis miReba.
globalizacia miuRebelia kulturebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT warsuli, is, rac
Seqmnilia maT mier, raSic warmodgenilia maTi suli, cnobiereba, mentaliteti. radgan
kulturebi, romelTac dRes globalur, viwro samyaroSi uwevT arseboba da aqvT
Zalzed mWidro kontaqtebi, odesRac erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad Camoyalibdnen.
maT TanamedroveobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierToba daiwyes maSin, rodesac
warmoadgendnen zrdasrul erTobebs. anu is, rac ganapirobebda maT qcevas,
Camoyalibda manamde, sanam erTmaneTs safuZvlianad gaicnobdnen. es pirveladoba
sayuradReboa, radgan erT kulturas ar SeuZlia raime cvlileba Seitanos meore
kulturis siRrmiseul, pirvelad SreSi. Tanamedrove etapze mWidro urTierTkavSiri
da Sexeba ki ar aaxlovebs kulturebs, aramed aRrmavebs maT Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebs.
globalizacia mravalmxrivi procesia. Tu Tavdapirvelad gamowvevebi mxolod
dasavleTidan momdinareobda, Tanamedrove etapze mas aradasavluri kulturebic
qmnian. da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, ukve saubaria aradasavluri kulturebis mier
ganxorcielebul kontrSetevebze.
saqarTvelo globalur procesebSi maSin Caeba, rodesac TiTqmis gamoxatuli iyo
konturebi, Tu sad gamoCndeboda globalizaciis ZiriTadi da mZlavri mowina-
aRmdegeebi. Cven SevecadeT, msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebisa da kulturebis
warmomadgenel inteleqtualTa mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriebisa da mosazrebebis
saSualebebiT garkveuli warmodgena Segveqmna globalizaciisadmi saerTo damoki-
debulebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, SesaZlebelia, gamovyoT zogadad ramdenime
mimarTuleba, romelTa CarCoebSic gavanawilebT kulturis globalizaciis mimarT
sazogadoebaTa damokidebulebebs:
1. globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa;
2. adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Secvla;
3. adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturis Tanaarseboba sagrZnobi da mkveTri Serevis
gareSe;
4. adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturebis TaviseburebaTa sinTezi.
Zalzed sainteresoa, Tu romeli maTgania saqarTvelosaTvs misaRebi. didi sja-
baasi imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia istoriuli wasuli, tradiciebi, saerTod
TviTmyofadi kultura, ar aris saWiro. warsulis mqone kulturebisaTvis globaluri
83
organizaciis Sesaxeb, sadac sruliad gansxvavebuli urTierToba iqneba centrsa da
periferias Soris; yvela iqneba erTsa da imave dros centric da periferiac.
rogorc aqedan Cans, globalizacia misaRebia imisaTvis, visac ar gaaCnia sakuTari,
ukve mkacrad Camoyalibebuli, TviTmyofadi kultura. magram is, vinc amgvari
kulturis warmomadgenelia, ewinaaRmdegeba am process.
Cvens mier ganxiluli Teoriebis avtorebi aradasavluri samyaros
warmomadgenlebi arian. yoveli maTgani aRiarebs globaluri kulturis aRmavlobas;
aqedan gamomdinare, isini cdiloben, moZebnon Tanamedrove procesebTan Segueba-
morigebis saSualebebi. samive maTgani kargad icnobs dasvalur kulturas, amitom
maTTvis advili dasanaxia sakuTar da ucxo kulturas Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, Tu
msgavseba. Tumca, rig semTxvevebSi, maTi Sexedulebani ufro dasavleTis `gamowvevaze~
pasuxia, vidre realobis obieqturi Sefaseba.
rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturis roli ufro da ufro
izrdeba. unda iTqvas, rom Tavad kulturis xasiaTi ganapirobebs sazogadoebis
damokidebulebas globalizaciis mimarT. kerZod, zemoT moyvanili Teoriebis
mixedviT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli inteleqtualebi sxvadasxvagvar
saxels arqmeven kulturis globalizaciis process: globaluri kulturis
gavrceleba, makdonaldizacia, koka-kolonizacia, hamburgerizacia, fast-fudizacia,
vesternizacia, amerikanizacia, kreolizacia _ yvela es aris sxvadsxvagvari axsna,
gageba msoflioSi mimdinare erTi procesisa, romelsac yvelaze zogadad
globalizacia ewodeba globalizaciis process sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs, xolo is, Tu
ras daarqmevs mas sazogadoeba, gamoxatavs konkretuli sazogadoebis
damokidebulebas procesisadmi. glisanis mier SemoTavazebuli cneba `kreolizacia~
ar aRniSnavs mxolod karibis kunZulebze mimdinare process. es mxolod
damokidebulebaa mis mimarT: xalxi, visac ar gaaCnia Rrma istoriuli warsuli da
tradiciebi, umtkivneulod miiRebs globalur kulturas da moxdeba sazogadoebis
modernizeba. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili gansazRvreba Seiqmna da Camoyalibda
globalizaciis gamowvevebisa da masze gacemuli pasuxebis Sedegad.
rogorc vxedavT, globalizaciis gamowvevebma ganapiroba kulturebis mier
sakuTari `fesvebisaken~ mibruneba, lokalizeba kulturuli niSniT. sazogadoebaTa
Soris axlo da mudmivma urTierTobebma ufro naTelyo maT Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebi, ramac ganapiroba sakuTari kulturis maxasiaTebelTa sistematizacia
da mkveTrad gansazRvra, ise, rogorc es afrikuli kulturis magaliTze l.sengorma
gaakeTa. l.sengors axali araferi uTqvams, ubralod axleburad, sistemuri saxiT
warmoadgina afrikuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebi da misi gansxvaveba dasavluri
kulturisagan.
lokalizacia ganapirobebs kulturuli niSniT msoflios mravalpolusianobas.
msoflio sazogadoebaSi Tanaarseboben originaluri kulturebi. sazRvrebis
gafermkrTalebam, Sor manZilze mgzavrobis problemis moxsnam, mudmivi kontaqtis
saSualebebma ganapiroba is, rom adamiani sakuTar kulturul centrs aRar scildeba,
miuxedavad fizikuri daSorebisa, mas sakuTar saxlTan mudmivi da uwyveti kontaqti
aqvs; es ki adamianebs kulturuli asimilaciisgan icavs. magaliTad, amerikaSi, kerZod,
niu-iorkSi dasaxlebuli Cinelebis erTi nawili ise amTavrebs cxovrebas, rom
inglisuri enis swavlac ki ar sWirdeba, radgan Cinur samyaros ar scdeba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom SesaZloa mTeli amerika moiaros. globalizacia qmnis erT metad aqtualur
gamowvevas, es aris multikulturalizmi; anu sazogadoeba, qveyana warmodgenili
iqneba multikulturuli erTobiT. magaliTad, CineTi aris ara marto geografiul
sazRvrebSi moqceuli politikur-ekonomikuri erTeuli, aramed warmosaxviTi
82
Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebis
1
winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben .
mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebis mqone qveynebi da xalxebi ki
cdiloben, TavianTi misia sxvagvarad dainaxon da daasabuTon. Cexi mwerali m.kundera
aRniSnavs: `me vxedav patara xalxebis istoriul misias Tanamedrove msoflioSi,
romelic didi saxelmwifoebis anabaraa darCenili, es ukanasknelni ki cdiloben mis
`gamoWras~ sakuTar Targze. patara xalxebi, mudmivad eZieben ra sakuTar saxes da
ibrZvian TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis, xels uwyoben imas, rom msoflio win
aRudges saSinel unifikacias, SeinarCunos tradiciaTa siWrele da cxovrebis wesis
mravalferovneba, adamians ki gaaCndes samSoblos jadosnuri grZnoba~2.
amerikanizaciis formiT mimdinare globalizaciis process SeSfoTebiT adevneben
Tvals TviT dasavluri samyaros warmomadgenlebic. XX s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
aSS wamoayena kulturul RirebulebaTa Tavisufali gacvlis idea, rasac didi kamaTi
mohyva. safrangeTi da kanada SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom maT emuqreboda
amerikuli kulturuli produqciiT walekvisa da amerikuli cxovrebis wesis
moZalebis safrTxe. 1993 w. evrokavSirma, safrangeTis winadadebiT, uari Tqva
Tavisufal gacvlaze kulturis sferoSi.
`Cven globalizaciis atmosferoSi vcxovrobT, rac ganapirobebs ideaTa
standartizaciasa da cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas — pirvel rigSi, amerikuli
modelis Sesabamisad.кшyvela, visTvisac Zvirfasia sakuTari istoria, tradiciebi, ena,
filosofia da religia, SeSfoTebulia aRniSnuli tendenciiT, _ werda
evroparlamentSi safrangeTis deputati katrin lalumieri3. msoflios
standartizaciis perspeqtivis sapirispirod, sul ufro mets laparakoben
kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.
mkvlevarTa azriT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pluralistur `samyaroTa samyaroSi~
iarsebebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime civilizaciur-kulturuli centri, romelTa
urTierTobaSi gaCndeba problema erTi, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli simboloTa
enidan sxva kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa somboloebis enebze Targmnisa. s.hanTin-
gtonis sityviT, Tvalsawier momavalSi ar Camoyalibdeba erTiani universaluri
civilizacia da TiToeul arsebul civilizacias mouwevs sxvebTan Tanaarseboba.
kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Tanaarsebobis perspeqtiva gansakuTrebiT
mtkivneul Temad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg, romlebic
Sefasebul iqna rogorc ori planetis Sejaxeba erT planetaze, civilizaciaTa adre
nawinaswarmetyvelevi Sejaxeba, modernis Sejaxeba aramodernTan da winaremodernTan,
romlis aRmsrulebelni TviT modernis iaraRebs iyenebdnen da maT modernisave
winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. dasavleli mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom es Tavzardamcemi
qmedeba biZgs miscems sxvagvari msoflios Seqmnas, romelSic sivrciTi da droiTi
kulturebi aRar moindomeben erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. es axali msoflio aRar iqneba
martooden droiTi kulturis sul ufro mzardi da mZlavri aRmavlobis imedze _ im
kulturisa, romelic gamanadgureblad moqmedebs sivrciT kulturebze4.
1
Культурная креолизация мира. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), № 38, январь, 2000, с.39.
2
ix.: Хольцер Я. Была или не была? (Существовала или нет центральная Европа: чешские споры о центральноевропейской
ментальности малого народа). – В журн.: Политическая наука, № 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы),
М., 2001, с.76.
3
Лялюмьер К. Борьба за культурное многообразие. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), №
38, январь, 2000, с.25.
4
Smidi v. dasax. naSr., gv.2.
39
Tema IV. modernizacia _ dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
erT-erTi etapi
am etapze dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT modernizaciis im gagebas, romlis mixedviT
modernizacia dasavluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli
etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelic
unda ganixilebodes zogadad, dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am
civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul formebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo kavSirSi.
aqve SevexebiT dasavleTSi modernuli sazogadoebis damkvidrebis istoriul
peripetiebs, visaubrebT winamorbedi istoriuli realobis Sesaxeb, modernizacias
ganvixilavT, rogorc dasavluri tradiciis gagrZelebas, dasavluri sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps.
dasavleTi da modernizacia
universaluri civilizaciis gaCenis SesaZleblobis mesame da yvelaze farTod
gavrcelebuli argumenti mdgomareobs wamodgenaSi, rom igi aris modernizaciis
yovlismomcveli procesis Sedegi, romelic jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi daiwyo.
modernizacia moicavs industrializacias, urbanizacias, wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa
mzard procents, ganaTlebas, simdidres da socialur mobilurobas, samuSao
adgilebis gamravalferovnebas da daxvewas. swored XVIII saukuneSi dawyebuli
samecniero da teqnologiuri codnis uzarmazari eqspansiis Sedegia is, rom dRes
SegviZlia vakontroloT da CamovayaliboT Cveni garemo sruliad axali saxiT.
modernizacia revoluciuri procesia, romelic mxolod sazogadoebebis
primitiulidan civilizebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas Tu SegviZlia SevadaroT, anu
calkeuli civilizaciebis gaCenas tigrosisa da evfratis auzebSi, nilosisa da indis
xeobebSi 5000 wlis win. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi, faseulobebi, codna
da kultura didad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan. dasavleTi pirveli
modernizda da modernuli kulturis aTvisebis avangardSia. vinaidan sxva
sazogadoebebi iTviseben ganaTlebis, muSaobis, simdidrisa da klasobrivi
organizaciis msgavs formebs, aqedan momdinareobs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom
dasavluri kultura universalur msoflio kulturad iqceva.
is, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs modernul da tradiciul kulturebs
Soris kamaTs aRar iwvevs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos modernuli
kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi erTmaneTs ufro hgvanan, vidre tradiciuli
kulturis matarebeli xalxebi. ra Tqma unda, samyaro, sadac zogierTi sazogadoeba
maRal doneze modernizebulia, xolo sxvebi _ kvlav tradiciuli, ufro naklebad
erTgvarovania, vidre samyaro, romlis yvela sazogadoeba SedarebiT Tanabrad
modernizebulia. magram raRa vuyoT im samyaros, sadac yvela sazogadoeba
tradiciuli iyo? aseTi samyaro xom ramdenime aseuli wlis win arsebobda. iyo igi
naklebad homogenuri, vidre, rogorc fiqroben, iqneba sayovelTaod modernizebuli
momavali msoflio? albaT, ara. `minis (dinastiis) CineTi... ueWvelad, ufro axlos iyo
valuas (danastiis) safrangeTTan~, ambobda brodeli, `vidre mao Ze dunis CineTi _
mexuTe respublikis safrangeTTan.~
da mainc, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc modernuli sazogadoebebi ufro SeiZleba
erTmaneTis msgavsni iyvnen, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. pirveli mizezia
intensiuri urTierTqmedeba modernul sazogadoebebs Soris, romelic, SeiZleba, ver
warmoSobs saerTo kulturas, magram aadvilebs mokle droSi teqnikis, gamogonebebis,
Cveulebebis gadacemas erTi sazogadoebidan meoreSi, Tanac im doniT, romliTac es
40
rogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisaTvis warmoadgens multikulturuli
msoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis saSualebas, rac misTvis misaRebia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasavleTis mxridan gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mcire sazogadoebebisa da
kulturebis interesebic.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globali-
zaciis procesi kulturaTa Serevas niSnavs da es procesi maTTvis ar warmoadgens
raime saSiSroebas, piriqiT _ maTTvis globalizaciis gamowvevebi misaRebia;
eduard glisani _ martinikeli mwerali da filosofosi _ kulturis
`kreolizaciis~ Teoriis avtoria. kulturaTa da xalxTa urTierTSexvedrasa da
SeRwevaSi igi xedavs kacobriobis axal formas, damyarebuls sakuTar tradiciebsa da
fesvebze, oRond gamdidrebuls sxva xalxTa kulturuli tradiciebiT. misTvis
amosavalia `urTierTobis~ cneba, romelic upirispirdeba kulturul dominirebas an
multikulturas (es ukanaskneli kulturul mravalferovnebas enacvleba).
ramdenime wlis win gamoqveynda misi romani `sartoriusi~, romelic batatus toms
exeba. es aris Tanamedrove igavi aradominirebaze. Tumca batatus xalxis arseboba
drosa da sivrceSi mkafiodaa gansazRvruli (Zv.w. 500 weli, centraluri afrika),
magram batatu miTiuri tomia. msoflios sWirdeba aseTi miTi, radgan batatu im xalxis
gansaxierebaa, romelsac ar surs iyos nimuSi sxvebisaTvis da mimarTavs maT ara
dasamorCileblad, aramed TanaarsebobisaTvis.
`urTierToba~, ~kreolizacia~, ~universaloba~ _ es cnebebi urTierTSemavsebelia.
`universaloba~ _ esaa Tanamedrove msoflio mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT da qaosiT.
qaosi ubralod uwesrigoba ki ar aris, aramed movlenaTa gansazRvrisa da msoflios
gonivruli marTvis SeuZleblobaa. `urTierToba~ aRniSnavs, pirvel rigSi, movlenaTa
transversalur, da ara mizez-Sedegobriv Tanafardobas.
mwerali gadaWriT ilaSqrebs terminis `kreoluri kultura~ winaaRmdeg. misi
azriT, situacias msoflioSi gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba termini `kreolizacia~. es
aris mudmivi procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa da gansxvavebulis
warmoSobas. `kreoluri kultura~ ki is terminia, romelsac multilingvizmi da
multieTnikuri sawyisi dogmisa da nimuSis rangSi ayavs, amitom igi miuRebelia
avtorisaTvis, romelic yovelgvari nimuSis winaaRmdegia.
SekiTxvaze, xom ar niSnavs `msoflio qaosis~ pozitiuri mniSvnelobiT xmareba imis
daviwyebas, rom qaosi iwvevs urTierTobis gawyvetas da babilonis godolis Senebas,
mwerali pasuxobs: me vgulisxmob, rom Cven ar SegviZlia dagegmva da ganWvreta. Cvenma
Carevam samyaro ufro rTuli gaxada. amieridan Cven xeli unda aviRoT msoflios
marTvis ambiciur survilze. unda SeveguoT im azrsac, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan
Sexvedris Sedegad. amasTan, arc erTi da arc meore mxare ar dakargavs sakuTar bunebas
da ar gaiTqvifeba multikulturul magmaSi. es yvelaferi Znelad gaiazreba da kidev
ufro Znelad xorcieldeba, magram swored es udebs zRvars `msoflio qaoss~.
mwerlis azriT, karibis kunZulebi is regionia, sadac gamomuSavdeba da yalibdeba
urTierTobaTa Tanamedrove modelebi. aq arsebobs kulturaTa mravalferovnebisa da
erTobis mZlavri potenciali. karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva. Tumca
kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli danarCeni msoflioc. mwerali Tvlis, rom kacobriobis
arsebobis Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebic
winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben.
e.glisanis azriT, siaxle patara qveynebidan mova, romelTac ar aqvT arc
koloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebad
eSiniaT statusis gaqrobis an dakargvisa. Cven unda SeveCvioT azrs msoflios aseTi
81
cxovrebis ufro maRal donemde, sruliad ar aris calsaxad dasavleTis sasargeblo,
meores mxriv ki, is Rirebulebebi, romliTac ase amayobs dasavleTi, sulac ar aris
dasavluri warmoSobis, an kidev aRmosavleTSi dasavleTze adre damkvidrda.
rogorc vxedavT, am ori avtorisaTvis cxovrebis mxolod dasavluri stili
misaRebi ar aris, isini upiratesobas afrikuls aniWeben, miuxedavad imisa, rom
cxovrebis ekonomikuri done dasavleTSi gacilebiT maRalia. swored es ganasxvavebs
kulturebs, msoflaRqmebs. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva moments ayenebs win.
erT-erTi mosazreba SemogvTavaza pakistanelma mecnierma muhamed tahir-al-
qadrim statiaSi `kulturis globalizacia?~ al-qadri kulturuli integraciis
momxrea, xolo amosavali wertili aris is, rom arsebobs zogadsakacobrio faseulo-
bani, esenia: warmatebisa da miRwevebis standartebi, moqmedeba da muSaoba, materi-
aluri komforti, praqtikuloba da efeqturoba, mecniereba da teqnologia, Tavi-
sufleba da individualuri arCevani, individualuri iniciativa da sxva elementebi,
anu saSualeba kulturaTa Soris dialogis gamarTvisa, radgan al-qadris azriT,
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis miRweva maT Soris dialogis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tumca
amas esaWiroeba umravlesobis da umciresobis mxridan integraciisaTvis garemos
Seqmna. aq Tavdapirveli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba umravlesobas.
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis safuZvelia kulturuli Riaoba. Cven mzad unda
viyoT yvela kulturaSi arsebuli problemebis, prioritetebisa da moTxovnebis
mosmenisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, es kultura umravlesobis saxiTaa warmodgenili, Tu
romelime eTnikuri umciresobis kuTvnileba, acxadebs al-qadri.
amis Semdgom al-qadri saubrobs muslimuri da dasavluri sazogadoebis
msgavsebaze. avtonomia, ganaTleba, sicocxlisunarianoba, morali, sulieri kmayo-
fileba, samuSao eTika, socialuri harmonia, globaluri perspeqtivebi da ekologiuri
cvlilebebi _ es is ZiriTadi safuZvlebia, romlebzec, misi TqmiT, SeiZleba
multikulturalizmis damyareba. adamianTa uflebebi kidev erTi faqtoria, romelsac
kulturi globalizaciis procesi SeiZleba daefuZnos. islami aris fuZemdebeli da
saukeTeso mxardamWeri adamianTa uflebebisa da demokratiisa, acxadebs, al-qadri.
misi TqmiT, Zalzed mniSvnelovania kulturaTa Soris arsebul msgavsebebze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba, da, amave dros, gansxvavebebis realisturi da demokratiuli
Sefaseba. ar SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis xelovnurad miReba.
rogorc Cans, al-qadri ukmayofiloa islamisadmi dasavleTis damokidebulebiT.
dasavlur sazogadoebas ar aqvs islamis WeSmariti suraTi. is icnobs mxolod
dRevandel Sexedulebas, romelic misive mediiTaa miwodebuli. swored esaa imis
mizezi, rom nebismieri mcireodeni incindenti, romlisganac negatiuri daskvna
SeiZleba iyos gamotanili, gaSuqebulia da propagandirebulia mediiT da mis irgvliv
farTo debatebi imarTeba, maSin rodesac, aTasobiT pozitiuri faqtori uaryofilia
da amis Sedegad SeuZlebelia xidis gadeba kulturebs Soris.
am msjelobaze dayrdnobiT, al-qadri acxadebs, rom kulturuli mravalferov-
nebisa da realuri integraciis naklebobis asaxsnelad eTnocentrizmi ar gamodgeba.
eTnocentrizmi _ es aris sxva kulturis gansja sakuTari standartebiT. arc
unikulturalizmi gadawyvets am sakiTxs, ramdenadac is yvela eTnikur kulturas erT
mTlianobad aqcevs.
am problemis gadawyveta sami mimarTulebiTaa saZiebeli.
esenia:
1. multikulturalizmi;
2. pluralizmi;
3. globalizacia.
80
warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi. meore mizezi isaa, rom tradiciuli
sazogadoeba dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze, modernuli sazogadoeba ki
mrewvelobaze, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes meurneobis sistemas _ xelosnobidan
dawyebuli, klasikuri mZime mrewvelobis gavliT, rTul teqnologiebze damyarebuli
industriiT damTavrebuli. soflis meurneobis sistema da misi Tanamdevi socialuri
struqtura ufro damokidebulia bunebriv garemoze, vidre mrewvelobis sistema. igi
icvleba niadagisa da klimatis mixedviT da SeiZleba gamoiwvios miwis flobis,
sazogadoebrivi wyobisa da xelisuflebis sxvadasxva formis warmoSoba. vitfogelis
hidravlikuri civilizaciis Teoriis miuxedavad, soflis meurneoba, romelic
damokidebulia masStaburi sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobasa da funqciobaze, xels
uwyobs centralizebuli da biurokratiuli politikuri xelisuflebis warmoSobas.
sxvanairad ar xdeba. mdidari niadagi da kargi klimati xSirad xels uwyobs masiuri
saplantacio meurnebis gaCaRebas da misi Tanamdevi socialuri wyobis Camoyalibebas,
romelic moicavs mdidari miwaTmflobelebis mcirericxovan da plantaciaSi momuSave
glexebis, monebis Tu ymebis did fenas. masStaburi soflis meurneobis porobebSi
SeiZleba gaCndes damoukidebel glexTa sazogadoeba. mokled, sasoflo-sameurneo
sazogadoebebSi sazogadoebrivi wyoba ganpirobebulia bunebrivi garemoTi.
mrewveloba naklebadaa damokidebuli bunebriv garemoze. industriul organizaciaSi
arsebuli gansxvavebebi ki ufro kulturasa da socialur wyobaSi arsebuli sxvaobebiT
unda iyos gamowveuli, vidre geografiuli mizezebiT; aqedan pirveli SeiZleba
gardaiqmnas, magram ukanaskneli _ arasdros.
maSasadame, modernul sazogadoebebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo. magram arian ki isini
aucileblad erTgvarovanni? am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs mosaz-
rebidan, rom modernuli sazogadoeba unda daemsgavsos mxolod erT — dasavlur
models, rom modernuli civilizacia igive dasavluri civilizaciaa. Tumca, es
savsebiT mcdari msjelobaa. dasavluri civilizacia warmoiSva VIII-IX saukuneebSi da
Tavisi individualuri niSan-Tvisebebi Semdgom saukuneebSi SeiZina. misi modernizeba
moxda arauadres XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa. dasavleTi dasavleTs warmoadgenda
gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre igi modernuli gaxdeboda. dasavleTis mTavari niSan-
Tvisebebi, romlebic mas sxva civilizaciebisgan ganarCeven, win uswrebs dasavleTis
modernizacias.
ra niSan-Tvisebebi hqonda dasavlur sazogadoebas aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi,
sanam is modernizdeboda? sxvadasxva mecnierma sxvadasxvanairi pasuxi gasca am
kiTxvas, isini gansxvavdebian detalebSi, magram aRiareben ZiriTadi institutebis,
Cveulebebis da rwmena-warmodgenebis erTobliobas, romlebic savsebiT kanon-
zomierad SeiZleba miviCnioT dasavluri civilizaciis safuZvlad. esenia:
klasikuri memkvidreoba. rogorc mesame Taobis civilizaciam, dasavleTma bevri
ram SeiTvisa winamorbedi civilizaciebisgan, gansakuTrebiT ki, klasikuri
civilizaciisagan. klasikuri civilizaciis memkvidreoba mravalferovania: berZnuli
filosofia da racionalizmi, romauli samarTali, laTinuri ena da qristianoba.
muslimurma da marTlmadideblurma civilizaciebmac bevri ram aiTvises klasikuri
civilizaciisagan, magram Seudareblad naklebi, vidre dasavleTma.
kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi. dasavluri qristianoba _ Tavdapirvelad
kaTolicizmi, Semdeg kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi _ warmoadgenen dasavluri
civilizaciis istoriulad umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels. Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis
mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze is, rac dasavluri civilizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,
dasavleT saqristianod iwodeboda; arsebobda erTobis kargad ganviTarebuli grZnoba
dasavleTis qristian xalxebs Soris, romlis meSveobiT isini Tavs ganasxvavebdnen
41
Turqebis, mavrebis, bizantielebisa da sxvebisagan; swored RvTisa da oqros
gulisaTvis gavidnen dasavlelebi kontinentidan msoflios dasapyrobad XVI
saukuneSi. reformacia da kontrreformacia, dasavleT saqristianos gayofa
protestantul CrdiloeTad da kaTolikur samxreTad dasavleTis istoriis aseve
gansakuTrebuli Strixia, romelic sruliad ucxo iyo aRmosavluri
orTodoqsiisaTvis da saerTod ar arsebobda laTinuri amerikis sinamdvileSi.
evropuli enebi. ena, religiis Semdeg, rigiT meore, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
faqtoria, romelic erTi kulturis xalxs meorisgan ganasxvavebs. dasavleTi sxva
civilizaciaTa umravlesobisagan gamoirCeva enebis mravalricxovnebiT. hindi,
mandarini, rusuli da TviT arabuli TavTavianTi civilizaciebis ZiriTad enebad arian
miCneuli. dasavleTma memkvidreobiT laTinuri miiRo, magram erebis Camoyalibebis
kvalobaze warmoiSva erovnuli enebic, romlebic romanul da germanul enaTa vrcel
jgufebSi moeqcnen. XVI saukunisaTvis maT, ZiriTadad, miiRes TavianTi dRevandeli
saxe.
sasuliero da saero xelisuflebis gayofa. dasavleTis mTeli istoriis manZilze
eklesia, Semdeg ki eklesiebi, saxelmwifosagan gancalkevebiT idga. RmerTi da keisari,
eklesia da saxelmwifo, sasuliero avtoriteti da amqveyniuri Zalaufleba
gamokveTil dualizmad gvevlineba dasavlur kulturaSi. mxolod indur
civilizaciaSi Tu iyo religia da politika ase gamokveTilad gamijnuli
erTmaneTisagan. islamSi RmerTi keisaria, CineTsa da iaponiaSi keisari RmerTia;
marTlmadideblobaSi RmerTi keisris umcrosi partnioria. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
gamijvna da maTi perioduli dapirispireba, romelic esoden damaxasiaTebelia
dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis, sxva erTobebSi ar fiqsirdeba. Zalauflebebis aseTma
gamijvnam, udavod, didi biZgi misca dasavleTSi Tavisuflebis ideis ganviTarebas.
kanonis batonoba. civilizebul cxovrebaSi kanonis uzenaesoba romaelebisgan
miRebuli memkvidreobaa. Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma SeimuSaves bunebiTi
samarTlis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, monarqebs eniWebodaT Zalauflebis
ganxorcielebis ufleba, risi Sedegicaa inglisSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis tradiciis
Camoyalibeba. XVI da XVII saukuneebSi, absolutizmis batonobisas, kanonis uzenaesoba
ufro irRveoda, vidre daculi iyo, magram idea xelisuflebis damorCilebisa gare
SezRudvebisadmi ZalaSi rCeboda: `Non sub homine sed sub Deo et lege~ (`ara kacis, aramed
RvTisa da kanonis qveSevrdomoba~). kanonis uzenaesobis tradiciam safuZveli Cauyara
konstitucionalizmsa da adamianis uflebebs, maT Soris, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas,
ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. sxva civilizaciaTa umravlesobaSi kanoni gacilebiT
nakleb rols TamaSobda cnobierebisa da qceves CamoyalibebaSi.
socialuri pluralizmi. tradiciulad, dasavluri sazogadoeba pluralisturi
iyo. rogorc doiCi SeniSnavda, dasavleTs gamoarCevs `sxvadasxva avtonomiuri jgufis
arseboba da simyare, romlebic ar arian damyarebuli sisxlismier naTesaobaze an
qorwinebaze~. VI da VII saukuneebidan dawyebuli, aseT jgufebs Tavdapirvelad
warmoadgendnen monastrebi, samonastro ordenebi, gildiebi, SemdgomSi evropis
araerT kuTxeSi maT moicves mravali sxvadasxva gaerTianeba da sazogadoeba.
gaerTianebaTa pluralizms SemdgomSi klasobrivi pluralizmi daemata. dasavleT
evropuli sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi arsebobda SedarebiT Zlieri da
damoukidebeli aristokratia, soliduri fena glexobis saxiT da mcirericxovani,
magram mniSvnelovani klasi vaWrebisa. evropul sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi
feodaluri arsitokratiis Zliereba mTavari mizezi iyo imisa, rom iq absolutizmis
fexis mokideba SeuZlebeli xdeboda. evropuli pluralizmis gageba diametrulad
sapirisporoa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saRaribis, aristokratiis sisustisa da
42
araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcelebasac. magram iqidan Semosuli maskulturis
nimuSTa niaRvari masSi vrceldeba, Cveni kulturis nimuSebi ki mxolod Zalian viwro
momxmarebels miewodeba.
kulturaTa Soris urTierTobaSi did rols TamaSoben pirovnebebi, romelTa
biografias SesaZloa ewodos globaluri, radgan arseboben adamianebi, romlebic
ibadebian erT sazogadoebaSi, ganaTlebas iReben sxvagan, sxva qveyanaSi qmnian ojaxs da
ase Semdeg. maTi cxovreba, SeiZleba iTqvas, transnacionaluria. zemoT Cven ganvixileT
globaluri kulturis gavrcelebis saSualebebi. davosuri kultura da
inteleqtualTa saklubo kultura xels uwyobs pirovnebis biografiis globalizebas.
biznesmenebs, sagareo uwyebis TanamSromlebs, diplomatebs, saerTaSoriso safinanso
Tu samoqalaqo institutebis warmomadgenlebs xSirad uwevT cxovreba sxvadasaxva
adgilze. amis Sedegad pirovnebebi axerxeben, Rrmad gaicnon maTTvis ucxo kultura.
gacnobis Semdeg arsebobs ori SesaZlo Sedegi: pirovneba axdens kulturaTa
maxasiaTeblebis mkveTr gamijvns da meore, pirovnebisaTvis misaRebia kulturaTa
Serwyma; ufro TvalnaTeli rom gaxdes, SemogTavazebT ramdenime sxvadsxva kulturis
warmomadgeneli inteleqtualis Teorias. TiToeul am adamians SeiZleba ewodos
globalizebuli biografiis mqone.
sainteresoa warmoSobiT afrikeli, kerZod, senegaleli mecnieris leopold
sengoris biografia da Teoria senegali safrangeTis kolonia gaxldaT. l.sengori iyo
kaTolike, miiRo brwyinvele dasavluri ganaTleba, icoda Teologia, muSaobda
safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, iyo `zRvispira qveynebis~ deputati, muSaobda vice-
spikerad safrangeTis nacionalur krebaSi da bolos gaxda senegalis pirveli
prezidenti. es imitom movyeviT, rom xazi gagvesva imisaTvis, Tu ra axlo kavSiri
hqonda mas dasavlur civilizaciasTan, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom igi dasavluri
faseulobebiT cxovrobda. magram saintereso is aris, rom es kultura ar qceula mis
Sinagan kulturad, radgan sengorisaTvis dasavleTi ar iqca etalonad. amas mowmobs
is, rom cxovrebis ukansaknel wlebSi l.sengorma Seqmna Teoria zango-afrikuli
kulturis TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb. misi ocneba iyo sinTezireba dasavluri Rrma
konceptualizmisa da afrikuli naTeli warmosaxvisa. igi ocnebobda momaval evro-
afrikaze, romelic iqneboda winamorbedi kacobriobis erTian kulturaze
dayrdnobili msoflio civilizaciisa. l.sengori da misi momxreebi, imaze dayrdnobiT,
rom afrikuli civilizaciac civilizaciaa da, amasTan erTad, originaluri da
TviTmyofadi, ufro Sors wavidnen, maTi azriT, dasavluri, manqanis msgavsi
civilizacia aucileblad ganwirulia kraxisaTvis, Tu ar moxda misi organuli sinTezi
afrikul mgrZnobiare, uSualo adamianur sulTan. gaCnda iseTi cnebebi, rogoric aris
afrikeli evropeli, da evropeli afrikeli. afrikeli absoluturad sawinaaRmdegoa
evropelisa. am dapirispirebis ganviTarebam ganapiroba ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. afrikeli daupirispirda evropels. evropeli _ es aris
inJineri, pragmatikosi, romelic ganuwyvetel eqspluatacias uwevs bunebas, Tavis
Tavs da Tavis msgavsebs; mudam, rogorc manqana, isea, Tvlis fuls. samyaros Seicnobs
formuliT, mecnierebiT, gonebiT. afrikeli ki aris poeti, lirikosi; igi bunebas
aireklavs, gamoxatavs da masTan urTierTobas amyarebs cekviT, xelovnebiT, suliT,
grZnobiT. afrikaSi idiliuri damokidebulebaa bunebasTan, koleqtivizmi,
urTierTdaxmareba da urTierTTanagrZnoba, evropaSi ki _ socialuri antagonizmi,
konfliqtebi, agresia, adamianis mier adamianis diskriminacia.
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa aSS-Si moRvawe afrikeli mkvlevris ali mazruis
pozicia, romelic dasavlur da aRmosavlur Rirebulebebze msjelobs da cdilobs
daamtkicos, rom, erTis mxriv, pasuxi kiTxvaze _ arsebobis romel wess mivyavarT
79
saSualebas iZlevian am mimarTulebiT. aviRoT faqti qarTuli sinamdvilidan:
qarTuli xalxuri cekvis ansambli `erisioni~ msoflioSi popularuli swored mas
Semdeg gaxda, rac frangulma organizaciam daafinansa. erToblivi proeqtis mizans
warmoadgenda msoflios Sou-biznesis bazarze siaxlis Setana da mogebis naxva.
erToblivi proeqtiT orive mxare mogebuli darCa biznesis TvalsazrisiT, xolo
qarTuli cekva ganviTarebis da warmatebis Semdeg safexurze avida1.
sxvadasxva kulturebis urTierTobis Sedegad kulturuli artefaqtis
transformacis TvalsazrisiT meore kargi magaliTia suxiSvilebis ansamblis mier
warmodgenili Sou `asa-farTi~. maT mier filarmoniaSi gamarTuli koncerti or
nawilad iyofa: pirveli klasikuri qarTuli xalxuri cekvebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo
meore ganyofileba absoluturad ucxoa, im gagebiT, rom nacionaluri baletis
mocekvaveebi scenaze tradiciuli qarTuli tansacmliT ar gamodian; qalebs Sarvlebi
acviaT da Tavze kacis, ufro zustad, yaraCoRelis qudebi axuravT, mamakacebi Sav
formebSi arian gamowyobilni, tanze `kapiSoniani~ maisurebiT; maTi moZraobebi,
marTalia, qarTuli cekvidan aris aRebuli, magram sruliad uCveuloa; qarTul
tradiciul dol-garmonTan erTad, ismis eleqtronuli musikis hangebi, gamoyenebulia
aratradiciuli dasartymeli instrumentebi. anu iliko suxiSvilma (umcrosma)
qarTul cekvebSi Seitana sxva kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Cveni interesis
sagans ar warmoadgens imis garkveva, Rirebulia Tu ara `asa-farTi~, rogorc
qoreografiuli xelovnebis nimuSi, ubralod, igi qarTuli da dasavluri kulturis
urTierTobis Sedegia.
gvinda kvlav `erisions~ davubrundeT; ansamblis gastrolebis win moxda Sous
reklamireba. sareklamo klipis Sinaarsis moyoliT Tavs ar SegawyenT, mxolod xazs
gavusvamT imas, rom is aris franguli sareklamo klipi, romelic damzadda qarTuli
cekvis popularizaciis mizniT. es klipi warmoadgens frangebisaTvis mosayol qarTul
miTs. arsebiTad Secvlili araferia. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom musikas da
tradiciul sacekvao ileTebs damatebuli aqvs Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT Seqmnili
efeqtebi; anu frangebis winaSe warsdga absoluturad qarTuli `genia rokviT
ganfenili~.
kidev erTi magaliTi: sul axlaxans erTi saintereso da sagulisxmo faqti moxda.
qarTuli teleseriali `mglebis xorumi~ iyida aSS erT-erTma satelevizio arxma.
marTalia, am filmis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri amerikulia,
magram igi qarTuli `boevikia~ da ara amerikuli. igi saintereso gaxda
amerikelebisaTvis, radgan filmis istoria moTxrobilia maTTvis ucxo qveynis Sesaxeb
da mTxrobelic am qveynis warmomadgenelia. amas emateba isic, rom msgavsi Janris
teleserialis gadaReba amerikaSi imaze gacilebiT Zviri dajdeboda, vidre `mglebis
xorumis~ Sesyidva, Targmna da reklamis gakeTeba.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom amerikeli da
frangi Sou-biznesmenebis interesis sferoSi moxvda qarTuli kulturis artefaqtebi,
anu masobrivi kulturis gavrceleba ar aris calmxrivi procesi; Tu saqarTvloSi
Semodis evropuli da amerikuli masobrivi kultura, aseve saqarTvelodanac
eqsportirdeba kaulturis garkveuli artefaqtebi, Tan iseT doneze, rom did
ovaciasac iwvevs (igive `erisioni~ da Tundac is, rom qarTul xalxur simRerebs
mRerian frangebi, iaponelebi, amerikelebi da sxva). anu konkretuli adgilobrivi
kulturebi Tavis TavSi atareben imis saSualebas, moaxerxeben Tu ara globalur
kulturasTan konfliqtis gareSe urTierToba-morigebas da sakuTari originalobis
1
qarTvelebis warmatebas, albaT imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom manamde “suxiSvilebis” ansambls msoflio
masStabiT hqonda aRiareba.
78
centralizebuli biourokratiuli imperiebis siZlierisa, romlebic ruseTis da
CineTis realobaSi arsebobda, iseve rogorc TurqeTis samflobeloebsa da sxva
aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi.
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. socialurma pluralizmma imTaviTve misca
dasabami kerZo sakuTrebas, parlaments da sxva institutebs, romlebSic warmodgenili
iyo aristokratiis, samRvdeloebis, vaWrebisa da sxva fenebis interesebi. am
organoebSi warmomadgenlobis formebi, modernizaciis kvaldakval, gardaiqmnen
Tanamedrove demokratiul institutebad. absolutizmis periodSi zogi maTgani
saerTod gaauqmes an mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. miuxedavad aseTi SemTxvevebisa, es
institutebi mTavar saSualebas warmodgenda politikur cxovrebaSi xalxis farTo
monawileobis uzrunvelsayofad. arc erT Tanamedrove civilizacias ar aqvs
warmoamdgenlobiTi organoebis arsebobis msgavsi aTaswlovani gamocdileba. jer
kidev IX saukunidan adgilobriv doneze, italiis qalaqebSi, daiwyo moZraoba
TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romelic Semdgom CrdiloeTiT gavrcelda, `aiZulebda ra
episkoposebs, adgilobriv baronebs da sxva warCinebulebs, burJuebisTvisac
gaeziarebinaT, da xSirad, bolos mTlianad daeTmoT Zalaufleba~. saxalxo
warmomadgenlobas nacionalur doneze SemdgomSi daemata avtonomiurobis xarisxi
adgilobriv doneze, rac arnaxuli movlenaa msoflios sxva regionebisaTvis.
individualizmi. dasavluri civilizaciis bevrma zemoT CamoTvlilma elementma
biZgi misca individualizmis, pirovnebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis ideas, rac
unikaluri movlenaa civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. individualizmi ganviTarda
XIV-XV saukuneebSi; XVII saukuneSi dasavleTSi moxda Tavisufali arCevanis uflebis
aRiareba, rasac doiCi `romeo da julietas revolucias~ uwodebda. yvela
adamianisaTvis Tanabari uflebebi (`uRatakesi kacic inglisSi iseve imsaxurebs
sicocxles, rogorc umdidresi~), Tu sayovelTaod ar xorcieldeboda, xazi mainc
gansakuTrebiT esmeboda. individualizmi meoce saukuneSi arsebul civilizaciebs
Soris dasavleTis erT-erT gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebad rCeba. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebul erT-erTi gamokvleviT, romelSic 50 qveynis monacemebi iyo
warmodgenili, individualizmis umaRlesi indeqsis mqone qveyanaTa pirveli oceuli
moicavda yvela dasavlur qveyanas, portugaliis da aseve israelis gamoklebiT.
individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis meore kroskulturuli gamokvlevis avtorma
aseve xazi gausva dasavleTSi individualizmis dominirebas, danarCen msoflioSi
arsebuli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac ufro koleqtivizmi ikveTeba da aRniSna,
rom `Rirebulebani, romlebic dasavleTSi umniSvnelovanesia, danarCen msoflioSi
yvelaze naklebmniSvnelovania~. dasavlelebica da aradasavlelebic isev da isev
individualizms miiCneven dasavleTis mTavar ganmasxvavebel niSnad.
zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi ar warmoadgens dasavluri civilizaciis
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis amomwurav CamonaTvals. arc imis Tqma msurs, rom es
maxasiaTeblebi dasavlur sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis da yvelgan arsebobda. ra Tqma
unda, es ase ar yofila: dasavleTis istoriaSi araerTi despotia cnobili, romelic
ugulebelyofda kanonis uzenaesobas da auqmebda warmomadgenlobiT organoebs.
zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis miCneva dasavleTis maxasiaTeblebad aseve ar
niSnavs, rom isini sxva civilizaciebSi ar arsebobs. cxadia, arsebobs. magaliTad,
yurani da SariaTi warmoadgenen muslimuri sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo
bazaa; iaponias da indoeTs, dasavleTis msgavsad, aqvT klasobrivi sistema (da,
savaraudod, swored amis gamo arian isini oradori didi aradasavluri sazogadoeba,
romlebic demokratiul mTavrobas irCeven nebismieri vadiT). saTiTaod aRebuli, arc
erTi es niSan-Tviseba ar iyo unikaluri mxolod dasavleTisaTvis, mxolod maTi
43
erToblioba qmnida dasavleTis gansxvavebul saxes. es ideebi, tradiciebi da
institutebi ufro mZlavrad iyo warmodgenili dasavleTSi, vidre sxva
civilizaciebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini qmnian mTavar, mudmiv birTvs dasavluri
civilizaciisa. swored maTgan gamomdinareobs dasavleTis dasavluroba da ara
modernuloba. amavdroulad, isini warmoadgenen faqtorebs, romlebmac dasavleTs
saSualeba misca modernizebuliyo da am procesis avangardSi Camdgariyo msoflio
masStabiT.
universaluri civilizacia: mniSvnelobebi
xSirad amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove samyaro mowmea `universaluri civilizaciis~
Sobisa (es termini v.s.naipols ekuTvnis). ras gulisxmoben am terminSi? naipolis idea
zogadad gulisxmobs kacobriobis kulturul gaerTianebas, mTeli msoflios xalxebis
mier saerTo faseulobebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, orientaciebis, tradiciebisa da
institutebis gaziarebas. ufro zustad, es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes siRrmiseul,
magram umniSvnelo, an mniSvnelovan, magram arasiRrmiseul mxareebs, an sulac _
umniSvnelosa da zedapiruls.
pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs aqvT
garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebani _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobis
borotebasTan gaigiveba; saerTo sabazo institutebi _ magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxiT
warmodgenili ojaxis instituti. sazogadoebaTa umravlesobas erTmaneTis msgavsi
`moraluri kodeqsi~ aqvs — elementaruli zneobrivi warmodgena imaze, Tu ra aris
kargi da ra aris cudi. Tu `universaluri civilizaciis~ cnebaSi es azria Cadebuli, igi
Rrma da mniSvnelovania, magram, amave dros, es arc axalia da arc aqtualuri. is faqti,
rom adamianebs aqvT ramdenime saerTo fundamenturi Rirebuleba da instituti mTeli
istoriis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba gvixsnides adamianis qcevis garkveul konstantebs,
magram mas ar ZaluZs Suqi mohfinos an axsnas istoria, romelic savsea adamianis qcevaSi
momxdari cvlilebebiT. garda amisa, Tu mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo
universaluri civilizacia arsebobs, maSin ra termins viyenebT kacobriobis didi
kulturuli dajgufebebis aRsaniSnavad, rasebis garda? kacobrioba iyofa
qvejgufebad — tomebad, erebad da ufro farTo kulturul erTobebad, romelTac
civilizacia ewodeba. Tu civilizaciis cneba ayvanilia mTeli kacobriobis aRmniSvnel
gagebamde, maSin an udidesi kulturuli dajgufebis _ kacobriobis _ aRmniSvneli
axali termini unda gamovigonoT, an unda davuSvaT, rom es didi, magram ara
kacobriobis masStabis mqone dajgufebebi gaqreba. magaliTad, vaclav haveli,
amtkicebda, rom ` Cven axla vcxovrobT erT globalur civilizaciaSi~ da rom igi sxva
`araferia, Tu ara Txeli saburveli~, romelic `faravs an malavs kulturaTa, xalxTa,
religiaTa samyaroebis udides mravalferovnebas, istoriul tradiciebsa da
istoriulad Camoyalibebul Sexedulebebs; yvelaferi es, garkveuli azriT, mis
safarqveSaa moqceuli~. `civilizaciis~ terminisaTvis globaluri mniSvnelobis
miniWeba, xolo im didi kulturuli erTobebis `kulturis~ an `subcivilizaciis~
saxeliT moxsenieba, romlebic yovelTvis civilizaciebad iwodeboda, mxolod da
mxolod terminebis semantikur aRrevas Tu gamoiwvevs.
meore, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `universaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba
gamoiyenebodes im elementebis aRsaniSnavad, romelTa arseboba damaxasiaTebelia
civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalaqebi da
ganaTlebuloba — is, rac ganarCevs maTgan pirvelyofil sazogadoebebsa da
barbarosebs. es, cxadia, terminis meTvramete saukuniseuli gagebaa, romelic
civilizaciis mxolobiT ricxvs gulisxmobs da romlis mixedviT, universaluri
44
naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis problema; aRar vsaubrob kulturul cxovrebaze.
raionebi Caketil sivrceebad iqcnen, siaxle TiTqmis ar xdeba, rac xels uSlis
ganviTarebas.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciaze saubari SeiZleba iq, sadac saSualo
wliuri Semosavali aRemateba 5000 aSS dolars. zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT, rom
kulturis globalizacia _ es aris globaluri da adgilobrivi kulturebis
urTierTobis procesi. globalizaciis dros dasavleTidan moemarTeba kultura,
romelic uzrunvelyofilia politikuri da, pirvel rigSi, ekonomikuri saSualebebiT;
amitom globaluri kulturis gamowvevebze adekvaturi pasuxis gasacemad mxolod
kultura ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa am kulturis materialuri uzrunvelyofac.
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tavisi qveynis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, saubrobs safrangeTis
deputati evroparlamentSi katrin lalumieri. Tavis naSromSi `brZola kul-
turisaTvis~ is aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciis procesi iwvevs ideaTa standarti-
zaciasa da cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas, amerikuli modelis mixedviT. mis
gancxadebaSi sainteresoa erTi aRiareba: safrangeTs eSinia Tavisi enisa da kulturis
dakargvis. is xazs usvams globalizaciis gavlenas safrangeTze, gansakuTrebiT
kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoze. magaliTad mohyavs kinoindustria. kinos, romelic
pirvelad safrangeTSi gaCnda, frangebi miudgnen rogorc garTobisa da xelovnebis
sferos, da is meorexarisxovnad miiCnies. amis paralelurad, aSS-m Seqmna holivudi da
momavali giganturi audiovizualuri industriis safuZveli, saTanado gavrcelebis
sistemiT. lalumieri aRniSnavs, rom aSS, audiovizualuri industriiT, kino-
kulturiT, maskulturiT emuqreba safrangeTs. igi amas win unda aRudges Tavisi
kulturis Tanamedroveobis Sesaferisi organizaciaTa (gavrcelebis da popula-
rizaciis saSualebebiT) mxardaWeriT. sabolood lalumieri erT rCeva-rekomendacias
iZleva: kargad organizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes kulturul
Semoqmedebas da unda aZlevdes mas axal SesaZleblobebs ganviTarebisa da ayvave-
bisTvis.
rogorc davinaxeT, safrangeTma igrZno amerikuli kulturis moZaleba, rac
frangebma metad mtkivnulad aRiqves. dRes safrangeTi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania,
romelic mkacr uars acxadebs globalizaciaze da mas aRiqvams, rogorc
amerikanizacias. amis sapirispirod, safrangeTi miubrunda sakuTar kulturas da
daiwyo misi farTo masStabiT reklamireba, raTa gvian, magram mainc SeZlos sakuTari
originaluri da gansxvavebuli kulturis SenarCuneba. amis mixedviT, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis gareSe lokalizacia da sakuTari
kulturis SenarCuneba gamoricxulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, survili saSualebas ver
daemTxveva da, SesaZloa, sazogadoeba aRmoCndes igive mdgomareobaSi, rogoric
f.m.manenjim afrikis magaliTze daxata.
rodesac vsaubrobT kulturis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofaze da mxolod am
SemTxvevaSi mis gadarCenaze, Cndeba kiTxva: dasavlur _ evropul da amerikul _
kulturas, aqedan gamomdinare, mis ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs Znelad Tu gauweven
konkurencias da winaaRmdegobas sxva sazogadoebebi; xom ar niSnavs es, rom
ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian kulturuli
gaerTgvarovnebisa da kulturuli imperializmis batonobisaTvis?! Cveni azriT,
kultura ganwirulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba sami-oTxi Taobis ganmavlobaSi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis nulovan niSnuls ver gascda; magram sainteresoa, rom
globalizacia Tavad sTavazobs sazogadoebebs `Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs~;
transnacionaluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da fondebi,
romelTac garkveuli miznebiT uwevT konkretul qveyanaSi moRvaweoba, garkveul
77
procesia, rasac glokalizacia daerqva: mraval adgilze erTdroulad, da amasTan
erTad, gansxvavebulad. Tavad restoran `makdonaldsis~ daniSnuleba, rogorc
cnobilia, swrafi kvebaa. dasavleTis qveynebSi am restoranSi adamiani saSualod 7-9
wuTs Cerdeba; aradasvlur qveynebSi `makdonaldsma~ sxva daniSnuleba SeiZina.
saqarTvloSi igi warmoadgens ara marto swrafi kvebis obieqts, aramed igi dasvenebisa
da garTobis adgilicaa. skolis moswavleebi, studentebi, bebia-babuebi Svili-
SvilebTan erTad, Seyvarebuli wyvilebi xSirad dadian iq `drois satareblad~. amasTan
erTad, `makdonaldsis~ gverdiT saqarTveloSi gaCnda uamravi e.w. `sacxobebi~ da
erovnuli sakvebis warmoebis wertilebi. isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTul kulinariaSi
`fast-fudizaciisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis povna arcTu ise Zneli
aRmoCnada. tradiciuli xaWapurisa da lobianis, kartofilisa da xorcis Rvezelis
gverdiT gaCnda misi msgavsi axali `sasusnavebi~, magaliTad, rogoric aris brinjisa da
xorcis Sereuli farSiT momzadebuli Rvezeli, bostneulis Rvezeli, romelsac
`bostneulis samarxvo pica daerqva~ da sxva mravali. sxvagvarad, dasavluri
hamburgerebis Semosvlam safuZveli misca adgilobrivi kulinariis transformacias,
Tanamedroveobaze morgebas da axali qarTuli kerZebis Seqmnasac ki. amasTan erTad
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvloSi `makdonladsze~ ufro swrafad kveba swored zemoT
naxseneb `sacxobebSia~ SesaZlebeli.
SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, globalur kulturasTan
mimarTebaSi qarTuli kultura axerxebs sakuTaris, originaluris win wamowevas, rac
imis mimaniSnebelia, rom qarTul kulturas, rogorc tradiciulsa da originalurs,
aqvs saSualeba ar gaiTqvifos globalur kulturaSi da moaxerxos lokalizeba;
SesaZloa, kulinaria ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols, magram igi kulturis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani artefaqtia.
qarTuli samzareulos magaliTze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizacia `makdonal-
dizaciasTan~ ar igivdeba (`es erovnuli katastrofa arc saqarTvelos emuqreba,
vinaidan metad avtoritetul qarTvel eqspertebs mravalsaaTiani moxsenebis wakiTxva
SeuZliaT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor yvela parametrebiT dajabna qarTulma xinkalma da
xaWapurma hamburgeri da Cisburgeri~), Tumca qarTulma samzareulom ganicada `fast
fudizacia~, rac TavisTavad globalizaciis Sedegia da Tanac sakmaod sasargebloc.
`makdonaldizacia~, `fast-fudizacia~ masobriv-samomxmareblo globaluri
kulturis elementebia; rodesac vsaubrobT globaluri masobrivi kulturisa da
adgilobrivi qarTuli kulturis urTierTobaze, aucileblad unda ganvixiloT
dasavluri _ evropuli da amerikuli _ satelevizio, kino da Sou-biznesis sxva saxis
elemetTa zemoqmedebis xarisxi. ramdenime welia saqarTveloSi, ufro zustad
TbilisSi, regularulad ewyoba sxvadsxva musikaluri festivali, Camodian msoflioSi
cnobili Semsruleblebi, gaixsna satelevizio arxebi, arsebobs sakabelo televiziebi,
romlebic sxvadasxva qveynis arxebis Tvalyuris devnebis saSualebas iZleva.
globaluri da adgilobrivi kulturis urTierTobaze saubrisas da, saerTod,
saqarTveloSi globalizaciis procesze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolo wlebSi qarTuli sazogadoeba, faqtobrivad, daiyo or
nawilad: Tbilisi, romelTan erTadac SeiZleba kidev ramdenime qalaqis warmodgena
(baTumi, quTaisi, foTi) da danarCeni saqarTvelo. zemoT CamoTvlil qalaqebs
urTierToba aqvT, ara marto qalaqis da qveynis farglebSi, aramed sazRvargareTac.
arsebobs informaciis adgilobrivi da met-naklebad uwyveti saSualebebi:
satelevizio arxebi, radiosadgurebi da beWdviTi gamocemebi. danarCeni saqarTvelo
am yvelafers, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis moklebulia. ar arsebobs safosto
momsaxureba, anu Jurnal-gazeTebi ar miewodebaT Tavis droze; ganicdian informaciis
76
civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, anTropologebisa da pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis
bediT Sewuxebuli xalxis saubedurod. am gagebiT, civilizacia, kacobriobis istoriis
msvlelobis kvalobaze, TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda da misi (mxolobiT ricxvSi)
gavrceleba Tavsebadi iyo sxvadasxva civilizaciis (mravlobiT ricxvSi) arsebobasTan.
mesame, termini `universaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes warmodgenebs,
faseulobebsa da doqtrinebs, romlebic saerToa bevri adamianisaTvis dasavlur
civilizaciaSi da zogierTebisaTvis _ sxva civilizaciebSi. amas SeiZleba `davosis
kultura~ vuwodoT. yovelwliurad aTasamde bankiri, biznesmeni, saxelmwifo moxele,
moazrovne Tu Jurnalisti mTeli rigi qveynebidan ikribeba msoflio ekonomikur
forumze davosSi, SveicariaSi. TiTqmis yovel maTgans aqvs universitetis diplomi
sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi, biznesSi, samarTalSi, isini
ikvleven sityvebsa Tu ricxvebs, Tavisuflad floben inglisur enas, dasaqmebuli
arian saxelmwifo organoebSi, korporaciebsa da aqtiur saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi
Cambul samecniero dawesebulebebSi, xSirad mogzauroben sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebs
gareT. isini, ZiriTadad, iziareben saerTo warmodgenebs indvidualizmze, sabazro
ekonomikasa da politikur demokratiaze, rac damaxasiaTebelia dasavluri
civilizaciis sazogadoebisaTvis. `davosis xalxi~ akontrolebs, faqtobrivad, yvela
saerTaSoriso dawesebulebas, mravali qveynis mTavrobas da msoflios ekonomikuri da
samxedro potencialis met wils. aqedan gamomdinare, `davosis kultura~ uaRresad
mniSvnelovania. meore mxriv, ramdeni adamiani iziarebs am kulturas msoflio
masStabiT? dasavleTs gareT, albaT, 50 mln-ze naklebi, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 1
procenti. igi sakmaod Sors aris imisgan, rom universaluri kultura iyos, da
liderebs, romlebic ekuTvnian `davosis kulturas~, yovelTvis rodi aqvT myari
dasayrdeni sakuTar sazogadoebebSi. rogorc hedli buli aRniSnavda, `es saerTo
inteleqtualuri kultura mxolod elituri movlenaa: bevr sazogadoebaSi misi
fesvebi friad myifea... saeWvoa, rom igi Seezrdeba imas, rasac saerTo zneobriv
principebs, saerTo faseulobebs uwodeben da rac esoden gansxvavebulia saerTo
inteleqtualuri kulturisagan.~
meoTxe, miRebuli azria, rom dasavlur warmodgenaTa sistemebisa da popularuli
kulturis sayovelTao gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi universalur civilizacias
qmnis. es mosazreba arc Rrmaa da arc mniSvnelovani. kulturuli siaxleebi
civilizaciidan civilizacias gadaecemoda mTeli istoriis manZilze. erTi
civilizaciis wiaRSi gaCenil inovacias, rogorc wesi, meore civilizacia iTvisebs.
Tumca aq laparakia teqnikur siaxleebze, romlebsac ar mohyveba didi kulturuli
gardatexebi an siaxleebi; isini warmavalia, da ar cvlian mimRebi civilizaciis
ZiriTad kulturas. am siaxleebs recipienti civilizacia iTvisebs egzotikurobis an
iZulebis gamo. gasul saukuneebSi dasavlur samyaros periodulad gadauvlida xolme
Cinuri da induri kulturis garkveuli elementebiT gamowveuli enTuziazmis talRa.
XIX saukuneSi dasavleTis kulturuli siaxleebi popularuli gaxda indoeTsa da
CineTSi, radgan iq SeimCneoda dasavleTisadmi loialuroba. mosazreba, TiTqos
popularuli kulturisa da samomxmareblo saqonlis mTels msoflioSi gavrceleba
dasavluri civilizaciis triumfia, aufasurebs kidec Tavad dasavlur kulturas.
dasavluri kulturis arsia Magna carta (Tavisuflebis didi qartia), da ara Magna Mak
(didi sendviCi). is faqti, rom aradasavlelma SeiZleba es ukanaskneli miirTvas, sulac
ar niSnavs, rom misTvis misaRebia sxva faseulobebic.
es sruliadac ar gamoxatavs aradasavlelis damokidebulebas dasavleTisadmi.
sadRac axlo aRmosavleTSi eqvsiode axalgazrda SeiZleba jinsebSi iyos gamowyobili,
koka-kolas svamdes, reps usmendes, amave dros ki, locvebs Soris, romelTac isini
45
meqisaken pirSeqceuli aRavlenen, bombs amzadebdnen amerikuli samgzavro
TviTmfrinavis asafeTqeblad. 1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi amerikelebi yovelgvari
`iaponizirebis~ gareSe moixmardnen milionobiT iaponur manqanas, televizors,
kameras da eleqtronul xelsawyos, metic _ es yvelaferi iaponiisadmi antagonisturi
damokidebulebis fonze xdeboda. mxolod gulubryvilo ampartavnoba Tu
afiqrebinebs dasavlelebs, rom aradasavlelebi `vesternizdebian~ dasavluri
saqonlis SeZenis Sedegad. marTlacda sasaciloa, rodesac dasavlelebi TavianT
civilizacias aigiveben SuSxuna sasmelebTan, gaxunebul jinsebTan da sendviCTan.
universaluri popularuli kulturis ufro daxvewili versia yuradRebas
amaxvilebas ara samomxmareblo saqonelze, ara koka-kolaze, aramed mediasa da
holivudze. amerikis gavlena msoflio kinoze, televiziasa da konoproduqciaze
aRemateba kidec amerikis poziciebs saaviacio mrewvelobaSi. 1993 wlis monacemebis
mixedviT, 100 yvelaze popularuli filmidan 88 amerikuli iyo. ori amerikuli da ori
evropuli organizacia dominirebs globaluri masStabiT axali ambebis mopovebasa da
gavrcelebaSi. aq erTmaneTisgan unda gavmijnoT ori movlena. pirveli _ esaa
sayovelTao moTxovnileba produqciaze, romelic dakavSirebulia siyvarulTan,
seqsTan, ZaladobasTan, idumal ambebTan, gmirobasTan, simdiresTan; agreTve mogebaze
orientirebuli kompaniebis (pirvel rigSi, amerikuli) unari _ gamoiyenon es
moTxovnileba sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. Zalian cotaa an saerTod ar arsebobs
argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom vifiqroT, TiTqos globaluri komunikaciis
saSualebaTa gasayovelTaoebas gamoewvios mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi adamianTa
warmodgenebsa da rwmenaSi. `garToba~, ambobda maikl vlaxosi, `sulac ar niSnavs
kulturuli saxis Secvlas.~ meore: adamianebi siaxleebs aRiqvamen imTaviTve
gansazRvruli Rirebulebebis da Tvalsawieris poziciidan (e.i. Taviseburad). `erTi da
igive vizualuri gamosaxulebis gadmocema planetis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~, amtkicebs
kiSore mahbubani, `sxvadasxvanair aRqmas iwvevs. dasavleTSi aplodismentebiT
Sexvdebian mfrinavi raketebiT baRdadis dabombvis kadrebs, xolo sxvebi dainaxaven,
rom feradkaniani erayelebi da somalelebi, TeTrkaniani serbebisagan gansxvavebiT,
ufro metad isjebian dasavleTis mier — sagangaSo signalia yvela TvalsazrisiT.~
globaluri kavSiris saSualebebi dasavluri gavlenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
Tanamedrove gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, es ukanaskneli saSualebas aZlevs aradasavlur
sazogadoebaTa populist politikosebs, lanZRon dasavluri kulturuli
imperializmi da darazmon TavianTi sazogadoebebi gaqrobis piras myofi sakuTari
kulturebis erTianobis dacvisa da gadarCenisaTvis. globalur komunikaciaTa
sferoSi dasavleTis gavlenis masStabebi dasavleTisadmi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa
mtruli da uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mTavar wyarod (mizezad) gvevlineba. metic,
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa modernizaciam da
ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba adgilobrivi da regionuli mediaindustriis
gaCena, romlis muSaoba gaTvlili iyo iqauri sazogadoebebis gemovnebaze. magaliTad,
1994 wels, CNN International daadgina, rom mas hyavda 55 milioniani potenciuri
mayurebeli, anu msoflio mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 1 procenti (saocaria, rom es
raodenoba emTxveva `davosis kulturis~ matarebeli xalxis raodenobas), misma
prezidentma ki ganacxada, rom inglisurenovanma gadacemebma, sabolood, SeiZleba
bazris mxolo 2-4 procenti Seadginos. maSasadame, regionuli (e.i. civilizaciuri)
telekompaniebi daiwyeben gadacemebs espanurad, iaponurad, arabulad, frangulad
(dasavleT afrikisaTvis) da sxva enebze. `globalur redaqcias~, sami mkvlevris
daskvniT, `kvlav ewinaaRmdegeba babilonis godoli~. ronald dors moyavs
diplomatiur wreebsa da sazogado moRvaweebSi globaluri inteleqtualuri
46
doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris ukeTes ganaTlebasa da
janmrTelobaSi. es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli, Tu qalsac da kacsac
Tanabari uflebebi aqvT, Teoriuladac da praqtikuladac. CrdiloeTs mniSvnelovani
rolis Sesruleba ekisreba am procesSi. arasodes unda iqnes daSvebuli is, rac
SezRudavs xalxis usafrTxoebas, identurobis grZnobasa da Rirsebas. afrikam unda
iswavlos sakuTari xalxis gansxvavebuli azris pativiscema. amave dros, CrdiloeTma
yuradReba unda miaqcios afrikeli xalxis gamonaTqvams: `Sen ar SeiZleba icode da ver
gauZRvebi mezoblis saxlis saSinao saqmeebs~
ZiriTadi problema, rac globalurma kulturam afrikul sazogadoebas Seuqmna,
momdinareobs Semdegidan: daviwyoT imiT, rom globaluri kultura, afrikul
kulturasTan SedarebiT, aris meti SesaZleblobebis mqone, igi ufro Zlieria; Zala
gamoixateba imaSi, rom globalur kulturas, rogorc erTi saxis niSan-Tvisebebis
erTobliobas, romelic cdilobs garkveuli Rirebulebebis mTel msoflioSi
damkvidrebas, zurgs umagrebs politikurad da ekonomikurad Zlieri sazogadoeba.
globaluri kultura materialuri TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyofilia, rasac, Cveni
azriT, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. amis naTeli dadasturebaa zemoT moyvanili
magaliTi; materialuri uzrunvelyofis gamo afrikaSi dairRva ojaxis Zveli
tradicia, ramac, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mTeli kulturis gadagvareba, radgan
afrikuli kulturis safuZveli ojaxia; frida maiale-manenjis statiis wakiTxvis
Semdeg Cndeba ganwyoba, rom afrikeli dilemis winaSe dgas: an materialuri minimumis
uzrunvelyofa, an kulturis saxis SenarCuneba. sainteresoa is faqti, rom am
magaliTis mixedviT, originalur kulturaze gavlenas axdens ara globaluri
kultura, aramed ekonomika, anu transnacionaluri korporaciebi; aq ar aris saubari
imaze, rom kargad reklamirebuli globaluri kultura moqmedebs. amis mixedviT
SeiZeleba davaskvnaT, rom dasvleTidan globalizaciiis procesSi moemarTeba erTiani
sistema, warmodgenili sami mimarTulebiT: ekonomika, politika da kultura. samive
maTgani erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. kultura gansazRvravs politikisa da ekonomikis
marTvis wesebs, Tavad politika da ekonomika zemoqmedebas axdens kulturaze. XIX
saukunis iaponuri kultura isev iaponuria, magram politikuri da ekonomikuri
zemoqmedebis gamo, igi gansxvavdeba XVIII saukunis iaponuri kulturisagan. gare
zewolis Sedegad man ganicada transforamacia; demokratizacia da modernizacia
iaponiam, fukuiamas meTodologiis mixedviT, ganicada zevidan qveviT, anu iaponiam,
pirvel rigSi, irwmuna demokratiiuli faseulobani, amis Sedegad ki moxerxda
institutebis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, ramac ganapiroba kulturis
transformacia, ganviTareba da ara Secvla. iaponuri kultura tradiciuli
kulturaa, magram ar warmoadgens Caketil mTlianobas. Sintoizmi saSualebas iZleva,
iyo erTdroulad Sintoisti da qristiani, an budisti, an kidev muslimi. anu iaponur
kulturas aqvs unari, rom miiRos garedan mosuli da aqcios igi iaponurad,
dauqvemdebaros sakuTar kulturas. yuradRebas gavamaxvileb iaponur samzareuloze:
daosuri biznes-kulturis Tanmdevia `fast-fudizacia~ _ swrafi kvebis kultura,
radgan `dro fuli Rirs~; aman ganapiroba msoflios `makdonaldizaciis~ perspeqtiva;
magram moxda ise, rom `fast-fudizaciamac~ iaponiaSi adgilobrivi xasiaTi miiRo.
swrafi kvebis bazarze dRes warmodgenilia hamburgerebi, iaponuri suSi, gyidon-i
(lambaqi brinjiTa da xorciT) da Cinuri warmoSobis bulioni ramen. garedan mosuli
hamburgeris gaCenam gamoiwvia adgilobrivi, sakuTari kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis win wamoweva; iaponiam moxerxa lokalizeba.
sainteresoa, rom msgavsi procesebi saqarTveloSic ganviTarda; igive
makdonaldizaciam saqarTveloSic garkveuli lokalizeba ganicada. es zustad is
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socialuri struqturebis samyaroa; igi saxelmwifos mxridan manipulirebas naklebad
eqvemdebareba; meoTxe done aris kultura; igi yvelaze Rrmaa da moicavs iseT
movlenebs, rogoricaa ojaxis struqtura, religia, moraluri Rirebulebebi;
demokratiuli institutebis sayrdeni aris jansaRi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, xolo
Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winamZRvaria kultura. f.fukuiamas azriT, dasavleTi
samarTliani socialuri wyobis aSenebas cdilobs zemodan qvemoT, anu amosavali
wertilia pirveli da meore done; xolo aRmosavluri kulturebi mesame da meoTxe
donidan iwyeben da miemarTebian zeviT. modernizaciisa da demokratizaciis procesi
aradasavlur tradiciul qveynebSi pirvelive dartymas kulturas ayenebs; maTTvis
demokratizaciis procesi kulturis transformaciasa da SecvlasTan aris pirdapir
kavSirSi. amis gamo maTi reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben
demokratias, adamianis Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar
sazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili kulturaa.
frida maial-manenji Tavis naSromSi: `globalizaciis efeqti afrikul kulturaze,
danaxuli afrikeli qalis TvaliT~, aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciam didi gavlena iqonia
afrikeli xalxis yofaze, konkretulad ki sociumSi qalis rolze. globalizaciam,
romlis mizania globaluri bazrisaTvis da misi ZalebisaTvis yvela qveynis ekonomikis
farTod gaxsna, uzarmazari gavlena iqonia afrikel xalxze da aiZula isini SeecvalaT
cxovrebis gza da wesi. globalizaciis procesma ubiZga afrikul qveynebs, moexdinaT
ucxouri investiciebis deregulacia, importis liberalizacia, Sesustda saxelmwifo
kontroli. amis Sedegad, qalebi, romlebic am kontinentze did rols asrulebdnen
fermerobasa da industriaSi, ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebisa da sawarmoebSi axali
marketingis danergvis Semdeg umuSevrebi darCnen da iZulebuli gaxdnen, miemarTaT
qveynebis gareT vaWrobisaTvis. isini gavidnen qveynidan, ris Sedegadac bavSvebs
mSoblebis zrunva daakldaT. globalizaciis kidev erTi Sedegi afrikaSi ojaxis
rRveva aRmoCnda. statiis avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebis ojaxidan gasvlis Semdeg
bavSvebi aRar sxdebian buxris irgvliv da aRar usmenen im moTxrobebs, romlebic
aswavlian sakuTari Rirebulebebis pativiscemas, erTianobas, mSvidobas, siyvaruls. es
aRar xdeba TviT agrarul mxareebSic ki, romelsac kargad ergeboda aseTi garemo.
afrikaSi kaci, qali Tu bavSvi _ yvela CarTulia gadarCenisaTvis, TiToeuli
dRisaTvis sakvebis mosapoveblad brZolaSi. avtoris TqmiT, afrikul musikasa da
cekvaSi Warbobs oblobis, tkivilis, omisa da narkotikebis Temebi. es ganeitralda
dasavluri maikl jeqsonis musikiT. axalgazrdoba adgilobriv musikas dasavlurs
amjobinebs. dasavluri modis mixedviT Seicvala varcxnilobis stili, fexsacmeli da
tansacmeli. globalizaciis wyalobiT, afrikaSi dafuZnda da gafarTovda didi
kompaniebi, romelTac adgilobriv sawarmoebze iafad Semoitanes TavianTi produqcia
da amiT mravali adgilobrivi sawarmo aiZules daxuruliyvnen. ufro xSirad kaci rCeba
umuSevari, vidre qali. moxda ojaxSi rolebis gacvla _ kaci Sin, qali _ gareT. kaci
zrunavs bavSvebze da saojaxo saqmeebze. mravali bavSvi, gansakuTrebiT ki gogonebi,
iZulebuli gaxdnen, swavlisaTvis Tavi daenebebinaT, rasac, bunebrivia, didi gavlena
eqneba maT momavalze.
rogorc vxedavT, globalizaciis mier motanilma axalma realobam uzarmazari
gavlena iqonia afrikuli kulturis Strixebze, maT tradiciebze. moxda
Rirebulebebis gadafaseba da rRveva. safrTxe Seeqmna afrikul TviTmyofadobas, rac,
ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia sazogadoebisaTvis. amis gamo frida maial-manenji miiCnevs,
rom `CrdiloeTma unda Secvalos ganviTarebis koncefcia. ekonomikuri winsvla,
kulturuli da socialuri samarTlianobis gareSe, ver iqneba Cveni ganviTarebis
ideali. aucilebelia, rom ganviTarebis done ganisazRvros adamianTa cxovrebis
74
kulturis gaCenis STambeWdavi magaliTi, Tumca sabolood midis avtoritetul
daskvnamde, romelic dakavSirebulia komunikaciebis intensifikaciis gavlenasTan:
`rogorc wesi [xazgasma avtoris], komunikaciebis SemWidroebam da daxvewam unda
uzrunvelyos safuZveli urTierTobaTa daTbobisaTvis naciebs Soris, sul cota _
saSualo klasebs Soris, an, Tundac, diplomatiur wreebSi~, Tumca, dasZens igi, `wesi
yovelTvis ar wesobs.~
ena. nebismieri kulturisa Tu civilizaciis mTavari elementi aris ena da religia.
Tu universaluri civilizacia iqmneba, maSin unda SeimCneodes universaluri enisa da
universaluri religiis Seqmnis tendenciebi. msgavsi mosazreba xSirad gvesmis enasTan
dakavSirebiT. `msoflio enas inglisuri warmoadgens~, rogorc es `uol strit
jornalis~ redaqtorma ganacxada. aq SeiZleba ori ram vigulixmoT, romelTagan
mxolod erTi Tu amarTlebs mosazrebas universaluri civilizaciis arsebobis Tu
gaCenis Taobaze. SeiZleba, es niSnavdes, rom msoflios mosaxleobis mzardi nawili
laparakobs inglisurad. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs am mosazrebis
sasargeblod, da yvelaze ufro sando monacemebi, romelic, marTalia, ver iqneba sul
zusti, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gviCvenebs. sam aTwleulze ufro xangrZlivi periodis
(1958-1992 ww.) monacemebi metyvelebs, rom enis moxmarebis saerTo suraTi bolo wlebSi
msoflioSi kardinalurad ar Secvlila, sagrZnoblad Semcirda inglisurad,
frangulad, germanulad, rusulad da iaponurad molaparake xalxis wili, mcire kleba
SeimCneva mandarinis dialeqtze molaparake xalxis saerTo wilisa, mateba _ indurad,
malai-indoneziurad, arabulad, bengalurad, espanurad, portugaliurad da sxva
enebze molaparake xalxisa. 1958 wels saerTaSoriso enebs Soris (romelzec, sul cota,
1 milioni adamiani laparakobs) inglisurad molaparakeTa procentuli maCvenebeli
msoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 9.8 precents Seadgenda, xolo 1992
wlisaTvis misi wili 7.6 procentamde Semcirda (ix. cxrili 3.1).
wyaro: procentuli monacemebi gamoTvlilia prof.sidni s.qiulbertis (q.sietlis
vaSingtonis universiteti, fsiqologiis kaTedra) mier Tavmoyrili masalis
safuZvelze. yovelwliuri gamocema World Almanac and Book of Facts gvawvdis monacemebs,
Tu ramdeni adamiani saubrobs enebze, romlebze molaparakeTa ricxvi milionia an
milions aWarbebs. qiulbertis monacemebSi Sevida rogorc mSobliur, aseve
aramSobliur enaze molaparake xalxi. masalebi Segrovebulia mosaxleobis aRwerebis,
SerCeviTi da saeTero gamokiTxvebis, aseve mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebis da
skolebis mixedviT.
xuT ZiriTad evropul enaze (inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, portugaliuri,
espanuri) molaparakeTa raodenoba, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenobis 24.1 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis am maCvenebelma 20.8
procentamde iklo. 1992 wels, uxeSad rom viangariSoT, daaxloebiT orjer meti
adamiani laparakobda Cinurad (msoflios mosaxleobis 15.2 procenti), vidre
inglisurad, da damatebiT kidev 3.6 procenti saubrobda Cinuris sxva versiebze (ix.
cxrili 3.2).
erTis mxriv, ena, romelic msoflios mosaxleobis 92 procentisaTvis ucxoa, ver
iqneba msoflio ena. Tumca, meore mxriv, Cven SeiZleba mas ase vuwodoT, radgan es aris
ena, romelsac msoflios sxvadasxva enobrivi jgufebisa da kulturebis xalxi iyenebs
erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyarebisaTvis, anu is realurad msoflios lingua franka-a
_ lingvisturi termini rom moviSvelioT, farTo saurTierTobo enas warmoadgnes. Tu
adamianebs surT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyareba, unda gamonaxon saamiso
47
saSualeba. garkveul etapze maT, SeiZleba, mimarTon profesionalebs, romlebic
Tavisuflad floben or an met enas Tarjimnobisa da mTargnelobiTi saqmianobisaTvis.
Tumca es friad mouxerxebelia, mas didi dro da xarji sWirdeba. swored amis gamo,
istoriis ganmavlobaSi Cndeboda lingua frank-ebi: laTinuri antikur da Sua
saukuneebis samyaroSi, franguli _ dasavleTSi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
zvahiluri _ afrikis mraval kuTxeSi, inglisuri _ msoflios umravles adgilebSi XX
saukunis meore naxevarSi. diplomatebs, biznesmenebs, mecnierebs, turistebs da maT
mosamsaxure personals, aseve samgzavro TviTmfrinavis pilotebs da sahaero
dispetCerebs sWirdebaT mosaxerxebeli saSualeba urTierTobisaTvis, romelic
amJamad inglisuris meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
am azriT, inglisuri msoflios kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis saSualebaa, iseve
rogorc qristianuli kalendari warmoadgens msofliosaTvis drois gansazRvris
saSualebas, arabuli ricxvebi _ Tvlis saSualebas, metruli sistema ki _ umetesi
msofliosaTvis _ gazomvis safuZvels. am gagebiT, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba
interkulturuli urTierTobis sferos moicavs; igi iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva,
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobas. lingua franka enobrivi da
kulturuli gansxvavebebis daZlevis, da ara maTi mospobis saSualebaa. igi
urTierTobis xerxia, da ara sakuTari meobisa da garkveuli sazogadoebisadmi
kuTvnilebis gansazRvris saSualeba. rodesac iaponeli bankiri da indonezieli
biznesmeni erTmaneTs inglisurad elaparakebian, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom romelime
maTgani gaingliselebuli an vesternizirebulia. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT germanulad da
frangulad molaparake Sveicarielebze, romlebic erTmaneTTan ufro inglisurad
laparaks amjobineben, vidre romelime maT saxelmwifo enaze. aseve, indoeTSi, nerus
gegmebis sawinaaRmdegod, inglisuris, rogorc damxmare-saurTierTobo enis
SenarCuneba miuTiTebs indoeTSi mcxovrebi ara-hindis enaze molaparake xalxis
survilze, SeinarCunon sakuTari ena da kultura, aramed imis saWiroebaze, rom
indoeTi mravalenovan sazogadoebad darCes.
rogorc wamyvanma mkvlevarma-lingvistma joSua fiSmenma aRniSna, ufro
savaraudoa, lingua franka-d anu farTo saurTierTobo enad (LWC) iqces is ena, romelic
naklebadaa gaigivebuli konkretul eTnikur jgufTan, religiasa Tu ideologiasTan.
warsulSi inglisuri ena dakavSirebuli iyo zemoT xsenebul faqtorebTan. bolo dros
igi `deeTnizebuli (an minimalurad eTnizebuli)~ gaxda, rogorc es warsulSi aqaduri,
arameuli, berZnuli Tu laTinuri enebis SemTxvevebSi moxda. `inglisurs, rogorc
damxmare (meorad) enas, kargi bedi dahyva, ris dasturicaa is faqti, rom arc erTi misi
wyaro _ arc britanuli da arc amerikuli, daaxloebiT bolo meoTxedi saukunis
manZilze, ar ganixileba farTod da aSkarad eTnikur da ideologiur konteqstSi~
[xazgasma avtoris]. maSasadame, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba kulturaTSoris
urTierTobebSi xels uwyobs da aZlierebs kidec cakleul xalxTa kulturul
identurobebs. swored imis gamo, rom xalxs surs sakuTari kulturis SenarCuneba, sxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobisas igi iyenebs inglisur enas.
mTel msoflioSi inglisurad molaparake xalxi sxvadasxvanair inglisurze
saubrobs. inglisuri avtoqtonizebulia da iZens adgilobriv Seferilobas, riTic
Sordeba britanul da amerikul inglisurs, ukidures SemTxvevebSi _ imdenadac ki,
rom maT ukve aRar esmiT erTmaneTis, iseve, rogorc es Cinuri enis dialeqtebis
SemTxvevaSi xdeba. nigeriuli inglisuri pijini, induri inglisuri da inglisuris sxva
variantebi Serwymulni arian TavianT maspinZel kulturebs; savaraudod, maTi
diferencirebis procesi momavalSi ufro gaRrmavdeba, ise, rom isini gadaiqcevian
48
imgvarad dasma, rom saqarTvelo aucileblad unda iyos an dasavluri, an aRmosavluri
civlizaciis Semadgeneli nawili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ganviTarebis
gezis da mimarTulebis gansazRvra, ar aris marTebuli. qarTul kulturaSi
aRmosavluri kulturis niSnebis arseboba sulac ar niSnavs, rom qarTuli
sazogadoeba ver moaxerxebs modernizacias da demokratiuli saxelmwifos aSenebas, an
dasavleTSi integracias. amis naTeli magaliTebi msoflioSi uamravia: iaponia,
romelic sruliad sxva samyaros warmoadgens, magram moaxerxa demokratiis miReba
institutebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze, ise, rom kulturuli
originaloba arc daukargavs. Cveni azriT, globalizacia globalur msoflioSi
sakuTari adgilis, funqciis povnis saSualebas iZleva. qarTuli kulturis yofna
kulturaTa gzagasayarze SeiZleba iyos dasavluri sazogadoebis CveniT
dainteresebis mizezi. Zalzed aqtualuria msoflioSi kulturaTa dialogis procesi;
arseboben erTmaneTisagan mkveTarad gansxvavebuli kulturebi, romlebic dasavlur
da aRmosavlur civilizaciebs ganekuTvnebian. qarTul kulturas aqvs saSualeba met-
naklebad, saerTo ena gamonaxos rogorc dasavlur, aseve aRmosavlur kulturebTan.
kulturaTa dialogis procesSi sasazRvro1 kulturebs didi mniSvneloba
mieniWeba; niSnadoblivia, rom evrokavSirSi baltiispireTis qveynebis
gaerTianebisTanave samive maTgani iqca evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis
lobistad; Tavad evropis mxridanac swored baltiis qveynebs daevalaT Cveni
daxmareba da kuratoroba garkveul sakiTxebSi, magaliTad, patrulis samsaxuris
SeqmnaSi instruqtorebi swored baltiis qveynebis warmomadgenlebi arian;
baltiispireTis qveynebi ufro advilad SeZleben saqarTvelosTan saubaras, radgan
igive gza maT sul axlaxan gaiares. SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes
Suamavali evropasa da samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, radgan evropas azerbaijanTan
da somxeTTan saubari saqarTvelodan ufro gauadvildeba. amis safuZvlad mimaCnia
rogorc istoriuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli kulturaTa
garkveuli urTierTmsgavseba, aseve ekonomikur doneze urTierTsaWiroeba
(azerbaijanuli navTobis transportireba).
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,
aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba da demokratizacia. geopolitikuri
mdebareoba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom saqarTvelo Caebas globalur procesebSi;
arsebobs ekonomikuri da politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic saqarTvelos Tavisi
funqcia aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur kulturasTan
Sexeba.
sainteresoa ganvixiloT f.fukuiamas, mier SemoTavazebuli meTodologia. misi
TqmiT, demokratiis konsolidacia moxdeba oTx doneze: ideologia, rogorc rwmena
imisi, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formaa; institutebi, romelic
moicavs konstituciebs, sasamarTlo da partiul sistemebs, sabazro struqturebs da
a.S; mesamea samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebuli da
demokratiul politikur institutebze dafuZnebuli spontanurad warmoqmnili
1
sasazRvro ewodeba kulturas, romelic civilizaciaTa sazRvarze, maTi Sexebis arealSi mdebareobs.
aseT kulturebs axasiaTebs: struqturirebis dabali xarisxi; Sinagani daZabuloba da
winaaRmdegobani; kulturaSi sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul (Zvel)
fenomenTa mudmivi gamococxleba; identifikaciis problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba da
mtkivneuloba. sasazRvro kulturebi asruleben Suamavlis, Tarjimnis funqcias civilizaciebs
Soris. sazRvruloba ganixileba rogorc lokalur kulturaTa garkveuli saxeobis damaxasiaTebeli
gansakuTrebuli istoriul-kulturuli Tviseba, civilizaciuri procesis gansakuTrebuli tipi, da
ara ganviTarebis etapi. es procesi droSi gaWimulia da SeiZleba ramdenime aTaswleulsac ki
moicavdes. amdenad, sazRvruloba droebiTi ki ara, mudmivi mdgomareobaa.
73
geopolitikuri mdebareoba _ sakuTari da msoflio interesebis Sesabamisad.
mecnieris azriT, ukrainam unda gaataros damoukidebeli sagareo politikuri kursi
da ar daiwyos im gaerTianebebis karebze kakuni, sadac aravis sWirdeba: natoSi da
evrokavSirSi. ukrainelebi Raribebi da Tanac bevrni arian da axlo momavalSi am
organizaciaSi maT aravin elis. aqselrodis azriT, ukraina unda gaxdes mizidulobis
centri balkaneTis qveynebisTvis, rumineTisTvis, bulgareTisTvis, samxreT kavkasiis
saxelmwifoebisTvis, moldovisa da yazaxeTisTvis. ukrainelebma unda moawyon
civilizebuli saxelmwifo evropuli nimuSis mixedviT, sadac adgili ar eqneba
avtoritarizms. aqselrods Rrmad swams, rom am mimarTulebiT ukrainis perspeqtiva
imedismomcemia. mecnieris azriT, ukrainelebma unda daZlion TavianTi
provincializmi da globalizaciis epoqaSi msoflioSi arsebuli problemebis
gadaWraSi TavianTi wvlili Seitanon.
am Teoriis mixedviT, aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze unda Camoyalibdes axali
regioni, romlis organizatori da lideri unda gaxdes ukraina; mis wevrad
saqarTveloc moiazreba.
ukrainis meTaurobiT aRmosavleT evropaSi axali regionis Seqmna, SeiZleba iTqvas,
warmoudgenelia; pirvel rigSi Tavad ukraina ar warmoadgens Zlier demokratiul
sazogadoebas (arc ekonomikurad da arc politikurad), romelsac Seswevs unari,
konkurencia gauwios evrokavSirs, radgan Tavad aqselrodis mier CamoTvlil
saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis mizani evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaa, maTgan bulgareTi da
rumineTi ukve wevrebi arian; meores mxriv, miviCnevT, rom Tavad evropas, sabWoTa
kavSirTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT, aRar unda sWirdebodes aRmosavleT evropaSi
raime alternatiuli regionis Seqmna.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi regionis Seqmnas ver moaxerxebs verc erTi
kavkasiuri qveyana; TurqeTi TviTon cdilobs gaxdes evrokavSiris wevri; erTaderTi,
visac, SesaZloa, garkveuli survili hqondes regionis Seqmnisa, aris ruseTi; dsT, Cveni
azriT, warmoadgens ara globalizaciis gamowvevebze gacemul pasuxs da bunebriv
erTobas, aramed ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris gadmonaSTs; igi imTaviTve
ganwirulia daSlisaTvis; anu saqarTvelosaTvis am mimarTulebas da evrokavSiris
alternatiuli regionis Ziebas realuri safuZveli ar aqvs.
am msjelobis amosavali wertili aris is, rom `globalizaciis maxidan ar arsebobs
erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs transnacionaluri gamosavali~.
regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis
Seqmnisa. zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis mizezi da mizani politikisa da
ekonomikis sferoebidan momdinareobs, magram saSualeba aris kulturuli
urTierTmsgavseba. dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebriv organizmSi integracia
moaxerxes evropis qveynebma. evropa aris ara mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba,
aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba. misi erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia. anu
evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen da Sesvlis ufleba eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian
sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri
warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan modernizacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis
ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT. sakiTxis am mimarTulebiT kveleva marTebulad
mimaCnia, radgan saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli da
cdilobs globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces.
mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom saqarTvelos dasavluri orientacia
gamowveulia qarTuli kulturis dasavluri xasiaTiT. uamravi mosazreba gamoiTqva
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra niSnebis gamo SeiZleba CavTvaloT dasavluri civilizaciis wevrad.
ra Tqma unda, am mimarTulebiT kvleva aucilebelia, magram miviCnev, rom sakiTxis
72
inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva (calke) enebad, iseve, rogorc laTinuridan
aRmocendnen romanuli enebi. Tumca italiuri, franguli da espanuri enebisagan
gansxvavebiT, es inglisuridan nawarmoebi enebi sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilis
mier iqneba gamoyenebuli, an kidev maT gamoiyeneben, umTavresad, calkeuli
lingvisturi jgufebis urTierTobebSi.
swored msgavs procesebs SeiZleba mivadevnoT Tvali indoeTSi. magaliTad,
arazusti cnobebiT, 1983 wels iq, 733 milionian mosaxleobaSi, 18 milioni inglisurad
molaparake adamiani cxovrobda, xolo 1991 wlisaTvis, 867 milioniani mosaxleobidan
20 milioni metyvelebda inglisurad. maSasadame, indoeTis mosaxleobaSi inglisurad
molaparakeTa wili SedarebiT mdgradi iyo (2-4 procentis farglebSi). viwro elituri
wreebis gareT inglisuri ena lingua franka-s funqcias arc asrulebs. `simarTle isaa, rom
rodesac vinme kaSmiridan kaniakumarisken (indoeTis naxevarkunZulis yvelaze
samxreTi wertili) miemgzavreba, kavSiri, ZiriTadad, hindis, da ara inglisuri enis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba~, — acxadebs niu delis universitetis inglisuri enis ori
profesori. metic, induri inglisuri TavisTavad iZens araerT gamorCeul
maxasiaTebels: igi induizebul iqna, ufro zustad ki man, sivrcis cvlilebis
kvalobaze, lokaluri Tvisebebi SeiZina. inglisuri erwymis indur kulturas iseve,
rogorc es warsulSi moxda sanskritTan da sparsul enasTan dakavSirebiT.
istoriidan cnobilia, rom enis gadanawileba asaxavda Zalebis gadanawilebas
msoflioSi. yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi enebi _ inglisuri, mandarini, espanuri,
franguli, arabuli, rusuli — arian an iyvnen imperiul saxelmwifoTa enebi, romlebic
mondomebiT cdilobdnen imas, rom am enaze sxva xalxebic ametyvelebuliyvnen.
cvlilebebi ZalTa TanafardobaSi gavlenas axdens enebis gamoyenebaze. `britaneTis da
amerikis koloniurma, savaWro, industriulma, samecniero da finansurma Zalauflebam
sagrZnobi daRi daamCnia umaRles saganmanaTleblo sistemas, saxelisuflo
mmarTvelobas, vaWrobasa da teqnologias msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~. britaneTi da
safrangeTi moiTxovdnen maTi enebis gamoyenebas koloniebSi. Tumca damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdeg yofil koloniaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli aqtiurobiTa da
sxvadasxva warmatebiT, Seecada imperiuli enis Secvlas adgilobrivi eniT. sabWoTa
kavSiris zenitSi yofnis dros rusuli ena saerTaSoriso enas warmoadgenda praRidan
moyolebuli hanoimde. ruseTis Zalauflebis damcrobis paralelurad, aRiniSna
rusulis, rogorc meoradi enis gamoyenebis Semcireba. rac Seexeba kulturis sxva
elementebs, mzard zewolas Tan sdevs rogorc mSobliur enaze molaparakeTa
TviTdajerebuloba, ise stimuli sxvebisaTvis _ aiTvison igi. berlinis kedlis
dangrevis Semdgom Tabrudamxvev periodSi germania moiazreboda axal gigantad,
SeimCneoda tendencia, rom inglisurad sufTad molaparake germanels saerTaSoriso
Sexvedrebze germanulad elaparaka. iaponiis ekonomikurma Zlierebam stimuli misca
iaponuris swavlas araiaponelTa mier; CineTis ekonomikuri dawinaurebac igive
tendenciebs ganapirobebs. Cinuri ena aqtiurad ikavebs inglisuris dominantur
pozicias hong-kongSi. miecaT ra gasaqani CineTis sazRvars gareT mcxovreb Cinelebs
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, Cinuri gadaiqca enad, romelzec iwarmoeba regionis
umravlesi saerTaSoriso biznes-garigebebi. sxva civilizaciebTan SedarebiT,
dasavleTis zegavlenis dakargvis Tanadroulad, inglisuris da sxva dasavluri enebis
gamoyeneba sxva sazogadoebebSi da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa Soris urTierTobebSi
nel-nela Sesustdeba. Tu garkveul etapze, Sorul momavalSi, CineTi Caenacvleba
dasavleTs, rogorc msoflios wamyvan civilizacias, inglisuri daTmobs poziciebs
mandarinis, rogorc saerTaSoriso enis pirispir.
49
 koloniebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolisa da misi mopovebis fonze,
adgilobrivi enebis xelSewyoba da imperiuli enebis Seviwroeba nacionalisturi
elitebisaTvis dasavleli kolonistebisagan sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebisa da sakuTari
identurobis gansazRvris erTi-erTi forma iyo. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,
meores mxriv, am sazogadoebaTa elitebs surdaT sakuTari Tavis gancalkeveba
sakuTarive sazogadoebebisagan. inglisuris, frangulis Tu sxva dasavluri enis
srulyofilad floba swored amis saSualebas iZleoda. amis Sedegia is, rom
aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa elitebs dasavlelebTan da erTmaneTTan ufro eiolebaT
urTierToba, vidre sakuTar sazogadoebasTan (igive situacia iyo XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
evropul qveynebSi, romelTa aristokratebs advilad SeeZloT frangul enaze
kontaqtis damyareba erTmaneTTan, xolo sakuTari qveynis salaparako enas ver
flobdnen). aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi ori saxis tendencia SeimCvneva. erTi mxriv,
inglisuri sul ufro da ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sauniversiteto doneze, raTa
gamouSvan momzadebuli kadrebi, romlebic SeZleben savaWro da samomxmareblo
(biznesi...) sferoSi saerTaSoriso konkurenciis pirobebSi nayofier moRvaweobas.
meore mxriv, socialuri da politikuri zewola iwvevs adgilobrivi enebis Semosvlas
sayovelTao xmarebaSi. CrdiloeT afrikaSi arabuli frangul enas enacvleba,
pakistanSi urdus ena saxelmwifo da saganmanaTleblo doneze uwevs konkurencias
inglisurs, adgilobrivenovani mediis saSualebebi TandaTanobiT enacvleba
inglisurenovan mediis saSualebebs indoeTSi. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba jer kidev
1948 wels iwinaswarmetyvela indoeTis ganaTlebis komisiam, rodesac acxadebda, rom
`inglisuris gamoyeneba... xalxs or nawilad yofs: mcirericxovan mmarTvelebad da
mravalricxovan marTulebad. mmarTvelebi ar floben umravlesobis enas da,
Sesabamisad, ver ugeben mas. ormoci wlis Semdeg inglisuris, rogorc elitis enis
mdgradobam gaamarTla winaswarmetyveleba, rom es gamoiwvevda `arabunebrivi
situaciis Seqmnas iq arsebuli demokratiis pirobebSi, romelic damyarebulia
srulwlovanTa saarCevno uflebebze... inglisurad molaparake indoeTi da
politikurad aqtiuri indoeTi sul ufro da ufro Sordeba erTmaneTs~, es ki iwvevs
`daZabulobas inglisuris mcodne mmarTvel umciresobasa da danarCen mraval milions
Soris, romelic SeiraRebulia saarCevno xmis uflebiT da romelic ar flobs
inglisurs. aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi demokratiuli institutebis damkvidrebisa
da xelisuflebaSi iqauri xalxis ufro farTod warmodgenis fonze, dasavluri enebis
moxmareba iklebs, xolo adgilobrivi enebi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
sabWoTa imperiisa da civi omis dasasrulma daCagruli Tu daviwyebuli enebis
sayovelTao gavrceleba da gamococxleba gamoiwvia. mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi iqna
gatarebuli yofil sabWoTa respublikaTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli enebis
asaRorZineblad. estonuri, latviuri, litvuri, ukrainuli, qarTuli da somxuri
amJamad damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa nacionalur (saxelmwifo) enebs warmoadgenen.
msgavsi enobrivi gamococxleba moxda muslimur respublikebSi: azerbaijanma,
yirgizeTma, TurqmeneTma da uzbekeTma yofili rusi mCagvrelis `kirilicas~ Srifti
TavianTi Turqi naTesavebis dasavluri SriftiT Secvales, sparsulenovanma
tajikeTma ki arabuli anbani SemoiRo. meores mxriv, serbebi amjerad TavianT enas
ufro serbuls uwodeben xolme, vidre serbul-xorvatuls da TavianTi kaTolike
mtrebis dasavluri anbani rusi naTesavebis anbaniT Secvales. maT msgavsad,
xorvatebic amJamad TavianT enas xorvatuls uwodeben da cdiloben gawmindon igi
Turquli da sxva ucxoenovani sityvebisagan. am dros ki `Turqulidan da arabulidan
nasesxebi sityvebi _ balkaneTze TurqeTis imperiis 450 wliani arsebobis enobrivi
danaleqi _ kvlav popularobas iZens~ bosniaSi. ena gadaewyoba da gadasxvaferdeba
50
regionalizaciis process sWirdeba meTauri, medroSe; rodesac vsaubrobT regionSi
wamyvan qveyanaze, aq ar igulisxmeba raime politikuri an ekonomikuri zewola,
regionalizacia kulturis niSniT gamoricxavs Zaldatanebas, imperiul zraxvebs.
kulturuli niSniT regionalizaciis procesi damyarebulia sazogadoebaTa
kulturul msgavsebaze; igi bunebrivi da Seuqcevadi procesia, romelic TavisTavad
mimdinareobs; gansxvavebis saxiT gavixseneb regionalizacias ideologiis niSniT;
msgavsi erToba sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT arsebobda; misi daSlis erT-erTi mizezi
swored kulturuli mravalferovneba da gansxvavebuloba gaxda.
lokalizaciis da regionalizaciis saintereso Teorias gvTavazobs ukraineli
mecnieri _ politologi, nobelis premiis laureati robert aqselrodi;
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze: `Tanamedroveobis xelaxla gaazreba~ man ganacxada, rom
uaxloesi oci wlis manZilze kacobrioba SeeCexeba Semdeg potenciur safrTxeebs:
1. samxedro da sainformacio teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba;
2. erTa politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri TviTidentifikaciis problema;
3. mniSvnelovani resursebis (sakvebi, wyali, navTobi) ukmarisoba msoflio masStabiT;
4. gavlenisa da Zlierebis centrebis gadaadgileba;
5. gaZlierdeba ganxeTqileba mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris da warmoiSoba
finansuri arastabiluroba;
6. demografiuli krizisi.
udavoa, rom am gamowvevebs sWirdeba adekvaturi pasuxi, acxadebs r.aqselrodi da
miiCnevs, rom globalizmis ignorireba ar SeiZleba. magram globalizmi mxolod
nawilia didi procesisa, romelsac globalizacia ewodeba. Tu globalizmi gamoiyeneba
mxolod erT ganzomilebasTan, ekonomikasTan dakavSirebiT, globalizacia, germaneli
politologis ulrix bekis TvalsazrisiT, moicavs sxva aspeqtebsac, rogorebicaa:
politikuri, ekologiuri, socialuri, kulturuli, civilizaciuri. dRevandelobis
umniSvnelovanesi problema isaa, rom globalizmi win uswrebs globalizacias.
zenacionaluri monopoliebi, romelTac mokavSired hyavT aSS, TavianT pirobebs
karnaxoben msoflios, xolo saerTaSoriso institutebi ver axerxeben amaze
reagirebas. konfliqtebis daregulirebaSi ususuria xolme gaero. Teoriuladac ki ar
arsebobs sxvadasxva kulturisa da civilizaciis urTierTTanaarsebobis formebi.
saeklesio organizaciebisa da saxelmwifo liderebis mxridan imis oficialuri
mtkiceba, rom tradiciuli religiuri konfesiebi da saxelmwifoebi urTierTmimarT
tolerantebi arian da eyrdnobian saerTo sakacobrio Rirebulebebs, mxolod kvamlis
fardaa, romelsac advilad arRveven fundamentalistebi.
r.aqselrodi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs politkosebis, mecnierebis, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis aqtivistebis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas imisTvis, raTa Seiqmnas
saerTaSoriso institutebi, romlebic Seamcireben globalizmis negatiur Sedegebs.
aravisaTvis ar aris saidumlo is faqti, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia aviwroebs da
meore planze gadaaqvs globalizaciis is procesebi, romelTa mizania gansxvavebuli
civilizaciebis Rirebulebebis mudmivi daaxloeba maTi universalizaciis
mimarTulebiT. mas, SeiZleba, kacobriobisaTvis araprognozirebadi Sedegebi mohyves.
ukraineli mecnieri ayalibebs globalizaciis procesis umtkinveulod gadaqcevis
gzebs. is aRniSnavs, rom pirvel etapze unda daiwyos ara erTiani, universaluri
ideisaTvis SekavSireba, aramed unda moxdes gansxvavebul politikur, kulturul,
religiur da nacionalur jgufTa gaerTianeba, romlebic win aRudgebian im
faseulobebze Tavdasxmas, romlebic mocemul situaciaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania.
mecnieri aRniSnavs ukrainis rols momavalSi. is dasZens, rom miuxedavad maTi qveynis
mcire ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisa, kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli maTi
71
Soreuli mezobeli, romelsac hqonda msoflio imperiad qcevis pretenzia, met-nakleb
yuradRebas aqcevda saqarTvelos, mis geografiul mdebareobas); Sesabamisad, zemoT
warmodgenili msjelobidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba, rom
maSindel samyaroSi mimdinare globalur procesebSi monawileoba gaxda qarTuli
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis erT-erTi safuZveli; globaluri
procesebidan momdinare gamowvevebis mudmivoba ganapiroba geografiulma
mdebareobam, ramac saqarTvelos garkveuli funqcia mianiWa; saqarTvelos winaSe
arsebuli gamowvevebi ori saxisa iyo: gamowveva, romelic am funqciidan momdinareobda
da gamowveva, romelze gacemul pasuxsac am funqciis dabrunebamde mivyavdiT.
Cveni azriT, globalizaciis pirobebSi modernizaciis gamowvevebze arsebobs ori
pasuxi Tu ganviTarebis Sedegi _ lokalizacia da multikulturalizami;
lokalizaciis farglebSi ganixileba iseTi movlena, romelsac mecnierebaSi
glokalizacia ewoda. `globalurad~ _ niSnavs mraval adgilze erTdroulad, anu
translokalurad~. koncernebi `koka-kola~ da `soni~ sakuTar strategiebs
`globalur lokalizacias~ uwodeben, radgan isini miiCneven, rom globalizacia ar
niSnavs da moiTxovs msoflios yvela kuTxeSi qarxana-fabrikebis aSenebas, aramed
aucilebelia isini am Tu im kulturis nawilad iqcnen, anu `koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~
Tu `soni~ konkretuli kulturis moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs menejmentSi.
lokalizacis procesi iwvevs regionalizacias; magaliTad aviRoT iaponia,
romelic garkveul geografiul garemoSi da sazRvrebSi iqca lider qveynad; igi
axdens sakuTari kulturis reklamirebas da gavrcelebas; taivanis magaliTze, sin-xuan
maikl siao globalizaciis procesSi gamoyofs sam mimarTulebas _ amerikanizacia,
evropeizacia da iaponizacia. misive TqmiT, taivanuri da iaponuri kulturebi Zalzed
axlos arian erTmaneTTan; 1990-ian wlebSi taivanSi gaCnda axali gamoTqma ha-ri-zu
(`iaponiis TayvanismcemelTa Taoba~), romelic asocirdeba yvelaferi iaponuriT
aRtacebasTan. ha-ri-zu-s warmomadgenlebma, SesaZloa, iaponiis arc istoria icodnen
kargad da arc politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba; es Taoba Seiqmna iaponiis mier
sakuTari kulturis propagandis Sedegad; sin-xuan maikl siao aRniSnavs, rom
taivanuri kulturis iaponurTan siaxlovem taivanze vesternizaciis gavlena
Seasusta; ufro zustad: iaponias taivanSi aqvs mravali sakabelo satelevizio arxi;
iaponurma melodramebma warmatebiT moaxdina dasavluri kulturis, cxovrebis wesis
lokalizacia anu adaptireba adgilobrivTan da ise gadasca igi taivanel mayurebels;
anu taivani dasavlur Rirebulebebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, iaponur wnexSi
gamovlils iRebs; iaponuri kultura ki imdenad axloa taivanurTan, rom taivanuri
kultura absoluturad Ria aRmoCnda globaluri kulturis miRebisaTvis ise, rom
globalur kulturas ar mouxdenia adgilobrivi kulturis gadasxvafereba. msgavs
gavlenas, ambobs sin-xuan maikl siao, iaponuri kultura sxva Crdilo da samxreT
aRmosavleT aziis kulturebzec axdens. anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaponurma kulturam
lokalizaciis Sedegad moaxerxa garkveuli saxis regionalizacia, am regionSi igi
warmoadgens wamyvan sazogadoebas, rac imis saSualebasac iZleva, rom misi msgavsi
kulturebi da sazogadoebebi advilad iReben globaluri kulturis Taviseburebebs
da sakuTari kulturis originalobis dakargvis gareSe axerxeben modernizacias.
dasawyisSi minda aRvniSno, rom mizani msjelobisa, romelsac me SemogTavazebT, ar
aris daskvnis gakeTeba; is ufro globalizaciis gamowvevaze saqarTvlos mier gasacemi
pasuxis Ziebaa.
amjerad minda Tanamedrove saqarTvelos geografiul garemos Sevexo. iaponiis
magaliTze ganvsazRvreT, rom regionalizaciis miRweva kulturulad monaTesave
mezoblis gareSe, romelic gaxdeba regionSi wamyvani qveyana, SeuZlebelia; anu
70
imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas identurobis sakiTxi, civilizaciuri
Seferiloba. didi Zalebis ngrevis niadagze Rrmavdeba babilonizaciis procesi.
religia. universaluri religiis Camoyalibebis albaTobis procenti didad ar
aRemateba universaluri enis Camoyalibebis Sansebs. meoce saukunis dasasruli
aRiniSna mTels msoflioSi religiaTa sayovelTao aRorZinebiT. igi moicavda
religiuri TviTSegnebis gaZlierebas da fundamentalisturi moZraobebis
gaaqtiurebas, ramac, Sesabamisad, gaaZliera religiaTa Soris gansxvavebani. es
maicndamainc ar gulisxmobda msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis mkveTr
cvlas. konfesiur mikuTvnebulobasTan dakavSirebuli monacemebi kidev ufro
fragmentuli da arasandoa, vidre enebisa. 3.3 cxrilSi mocemuli maCveneblebi
sayovelTaod cnobilia. es da sxva monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom am saukuneSi
sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mkveTrad ar Secvlila. yvelaze ufro
masStaburi iyo `arareligiurTa~ an `aTeistTa~ saxelis qveS klasificirebuli 0.2
procentis (1900 w.) gazrda 20.9 procentamde 1980 wlisaTvis. savaraudod, es
maCvenebeli asaxavda mkveTr cvlilebas religiis sazianod; 1980 wels religiuri
gamoRviZeba mxolod iwyebda Zalebis mokrebas. Tumca aramorwmuneTa 20.7 procentamde
mateba zustad emTxveva `Cinuri xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis (tradiciuli
religiebis)~ klebas: 1900 w. igi 23.5 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1980 wels am
maCvenebelma 4.5 procentamde daiwia. am maCvenebelTa Tanabari zrda da kleba imaze
miuTiTebs, rom komunizmis mosvlasTan erTad Cinuri xalxuri religiis mimdevari
uzarmazari masa aTeistebad iqca.
cxrili uCvenebs gasuli 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi ori didi prozelituri religiis,
qristianobisa da islamis proporciebis zrdas msoflio mosaxleobaSi. 1900 wels
dasavleT qristianebi msoflio mosaxleobis 26.9 procents Seadgendnen, xolo 1980
wels _ 30 procents. mulismTa wilma kidev ufro sagrZnoblad moimata: 1900
wlisaTvis _ 12.4 procenti, 1980 wlisaTvis _ 16.5 procenti, xolo sxvaTa gamoTvliT,
1980 wlisaTvis 18 procentsac ki gautolda. meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulSi
mniSvnelovnad gazarda islamisa da qristianobis mimdevarTa ricxvi afrikaSi,
qristianobas gansakuTrebuli warmatebebi hqonda samxreT koreaSi. swrafad
modernizirebad sazogadoebebSi, Tu tradiciul rwmenas ar ZaluZs adaptireba
modernizaciis moTxovnebTan, izrdeba qristianobis an islamis gavrcelebis albaToba.
aseT sazogadoebebSi neoklasikosi ekonomistebi, demokratiis jvarosnebi an
transnacionaluri korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi dasavluri kulturis mTavar
gmirebad ki ara, aramed misionerebad arian warmodgenili. qalaqSi dasaxlebulebisa da
saSualo ganaTlebamiRebulTa pirveli Taobis fsiqologiur, emociur, moralur Tu
socialur moTxovnilebebs verc adam smiti daakamyofilebs da verc Tomas jefersoni;
ieso qristes amis ukeTesi Sansi aqvs, Tumca igi maT, SeiZleba, saerTod ar SexvdeT.
sabolood, gamarjvebuli mainc muhamedi rCeba. qristianoba vrceldeba, ZiriTadad, am
sarwmunoebaze moqceviT, islami _ moqceviTa da gamravlebiT. qristianobam Tavis piks
1980-ian wlebSi miaRwia (30 procenti), erT adgilze gaCerda, axla ki ukve klebulobs,
xolo 2025 wlisaTvis, albaT, 25 procents miuaxlovdeba. gamravlebis maRali
procentis gamo, msoflioSi muslimTa xvedriTi wili momavalSi kidev ufro
gaizrdeba, saukuneTa gasayarze 20 procentamdec ki ava, ramdenime wlis Semdeg
qristianTa raodenobas gadaaWarbebs, xolo 2025 wlisaTvis 30 procentsac
gautoldeba.
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universaluri civilizacia: wyaroebi
universaluri civilizaciis cneba dasavluri civilizaciis kuTvnilebaa. XIX
saukunis idea `TeTri kacis sazrunavis~ Taobaze amarTlebda aradasavlur
sazogadoebebze dasavleTis politikur da ekonomikur batonobas. XX saukunis
miwuruls ki universaluri civilizacia gamarTlebas uZebnis sxva sazogadoebebze
dasavleTis kulturul gavlenasa da maT mier dasavluri wes-Cveulebebisa da
institutebis upirobod aTvisebis aucileblobas. universalizmi dasavleTis iaraRia
aradasavlur kulturebTan dapirispirebisaTvis. rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme
marginaluri da rwmenaSecvlili adamianebis SemTxvevaSi, erTiani civilizaciis ideis
yvelaze didi damcvelebi dasavleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli xalxia, rogoricaa naipoli
da fuad ajami, romelTaTvisac es cneba savsebiT damakmayofilebeli pasuxia mTavar
kiTxvaze: `vin var me?~ `TeTri kacis negri~ — ase uwoda erTma arabma moazrovnem aseT
migrantebs. universaluri civilizaciis idea naklebad imsaxurebs mowonebas sxva
civilizaciebSi. aradasavleli dasavlurs xedavs imaSi, rasac dasavleli
universalurad miiCnevs. rasac dasavlelebi nayofier globalur integracias
uwodebenen (magaliTad, msoflio mediis gavrceleba), aradasavlelebi gmoben, rogorc
saZulvel dasavlur imperializms. dasavlelebi msolios mTlianobaSi aRiqvamen,
sxvebi ki am mTlianobaSi safrTxes xedaven.
universaluri civilizaciis Camoyalibebis varaudi emyareba erT-erTs sami
mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom SeiZleba es moxdes: pirveli ukavSirdeba I TavSi
ganxilul mosazrebas, rom sabWoTa komunizmis kraxi moaswavebda istoriis dasasruls
da mTel msoflioSi liberaluri demokratiis sayovelTao gamarjvebas. es argumenti
gamomdinareobs civi omis periodis mcdari warmodgenidan imis Taobaze, rom
komunizmis erTaderTi alternativa liberaluri demokratiaa da pirvelis kvdoma
meoris gasayovelTaoebas iwvevs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, avtoritarizmi, nacionalizmi,
korporatizmi da sabazro komunizmi (rogorc CineTSia) uamravi formiTaa
warmodgenili dRevandel msoflioSi. gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia is faqti, rom
samoqalaqo ideologiis samyaros miRma misi uamravi religiuri alternativa arsebobs.
Tanamedrov samyaroSi religia xalxis erT-erTi, SesaZloa erTaderTi mamoZravebeli
da makonsolidirebeli Zalaa. namdvili ampartavneba iqneba imis Tqma, rom radgan
sabWoTa komunizmi daeca, dasavleTma mTeli msoflio xelSi Caigdo da rom muslimebi,
Cinelebi, indoelebi da sxvebi aRfrTovanebiT aitaceben dasavlur liberalizms,
rogorc erTaderT arCevans. samyaros civi omis droindeli dayofa warsuls Cabarda.
ufro mniSvnelovani — eTnikuri, religiuri da civilizaciuri dayofa jer kidev
arsebobs da konfliqtis axal kerebs warmoSobs.
meore: gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom xalxTa gacxovelebuli urTierTqmedeba
(ZiriTadad _ vaWroba, investiciebi, turizmi, media, eleqtronuli kavSiris
saSualebebi) warmoqmnis saerTo msoflio kulturas. transportisa da komunikaciebis
teqnologiurma winsvlam marTlac ufro ioli da iafi gaxada fulis moZraoba,
tvirTis gadazidva, adamianebis gadaadgileba, codnis, ideebisa da warmodgenebis
gavrceleba. eWvi ar aris, rom arsebobs intensiuri saerTaSoriso moZraoba am
sferoebSi, magram eWvs iwvevs am moZraobis Sedegebi: zrdis Tu amcirebs igi
konfliqtis SesaZleblobas? warmodgena, TiTqos igi amcirebs omis albaTobas xalxebs
Soris, sul mcire, ar mtkicdeba, faqtebi sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs. saerTaSoriso
vaWroba gafarTovda 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, aseve civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg
aTwleulSi. magram 1913 wels saerTaSoriso vaWrobis masStabebs sarekordo
maCveneblebi hqonda, xolo ramodenime weliwadSi erebi erTmaneTs umagaliTod
uswordebodnen. Tu saerTaSoriso vaWrobas aRniSnul situaciaSi ar SeeZlo omis
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aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. cvlilebebma am orive mimarTulebiT XVIII saukunis
bolos kulminacias miaRwia. pirvelma modernma ganapiroba politikuri revoluciebi
safrangeTsa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi. meore ki, romelic mimdinareobda teqnologiuri
inovaciebisaTvis xelsayrel viTarebaSi, did britaneTis industriuli revoluciis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi iyo.
amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebma daafuZnes modernuli sazogadoebis
politikuri tipi _ konstituciuri da demokratiuli. es niSnavs ara imas, rom
amieridan yvela mTavrobas amgvari xasiaTi hqonda, aramed imas, rom aqedan
moyolebuli, praqtikulad yvela moazrovnisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom axla politikur
sistemebs aRar unda hqonodaT pretenzia legitimurobaze, Tu is ar iqneboda
damyarebuli konstituciurad gamoxatul `xalxis nebaze~.
Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis cnebaTa
urTierTmimarTebisTvis
erT-erTi didi problemaa globalizaciisa da vesternizaciis urTierTmimarTeba.
Camoyalibda ori Tvalsazrisi:
pirvelis mixedviT, globalizacia aris ufro farTo procesi, vidre vesterniza-
cia; amasTan erTad, globalizacia praqtikulad TanabarmniSvnelovania modernizaci-
isa; am Sexedulebas mxars uWeren a.gidensi, r.robertsoni, m.olbrou, u.konoli.
aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma daamtkices, rom industrializacia SesaZlebelia
vesternizaciis gareSe.
meore midgomis mixedviT, globalizacia mxolod da mxolod dasavluri
modernizmis globalur difuzias warmoadgens. da igi mimarTulia veternizaciis
gafarToebis, dasavluri kapitalizmisa da institutebis gavrcelebisaken. am
mimarTulebas mxars uWeren s.amini da l.bentoni. r.gilpini miiCnevs, rom msoflio
internacionalizacia aris amerikuli msoflio wesrigis gavrcelebis produqti.
a.kalinikosi da rigi mecnierebisa TanamedroveobaSi xedaven dasavluri imperializmis
axal fazas, romelSic nacionalurma xelisuflebebma Seasrules monopolitikuri
kapitalis agentebis roli. amerikeli Teoritikosis h.gleizeris azriT,
globalizacia aris gavrceleba dasavleTis mier regulirebuli informaciisa da
gasarTobi saSualebebisa, romlebic garkveul efeqts axdens im qveynebis
faseulobebze, romelbSic es informacia aRwevs. CexeTis prezidentma vaclav havelma
warmoadgina ubralo beduinis saxe, romelic zis aqlemze da tradiciuli samosis qveS
jinsebs atarebs. mas xelSi radiomimRebi da koka-kola uWiravs. koka-kola da jinsi,
marTalia, naklebmniSvnelovania, magram radiomimRebi da televizori ukve did
mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan maTi saSualebiT beduini iRebs informacias, romelic
aucileblad axdens gavlenas beduinis pirvelsawyis Rirebulebebze. rodesac saubaria
kulturis globalizaciaze, saubaria dasavluri civilizaciis, kerZod, amerikuli
kulturis gavlenaze msoflios sxva civilizaciebze.
Tema VIII. dasavlur da aradasavlur kulturaTa warmomadgenlebis
TvaliT danaxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva
rogorc davinaxeT, globalizacia Tanamedrove movlenaa, magram es ar niSnavs, rom
dRes mimdinare procesebis msgavsi istoriis ganmavlobaSi ar xdeboda. globalur
movlenebi adrec aRiniSneboda; istoriaze dakvirvebiT, SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba,
rom saqarTvelo mudmivad CarTuli iyo globalur procesebSi (nebismieri axlo Tu
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realizebas. amiT globaluri kultura Zalzed waagavs elinizmis epoqas, rodesac
gaizarda individebis miswrafeba `srulyofilebisaken~.
mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, oriode sityviT Tavad modernizaciis cnebasac
SevexoT. am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo, agraruli
sazogadoebidan sekularul, industriul, urbanistul sazogadoebad
transformacias. modernuli sazogadoeba industriuli sazogadoebaa. sazogadoebis
modernizeba, upirveles yovlisa, mis industrializacias niSnavs. istoriulad,
modernuli sazogadoebis aRzeveba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli industriuli
sazogadoebis warmoSobasTan. modernulobis yvela ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli/niSani
dakavSirebulia cvlilebaTa erTobliobasTan, romelmac ori saukuniT adre
ganapiroba industriuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba. termini `industrializacia~ da
`industriuli sazogadoeba~ gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre ekonomikuri da
teqnologiuri komponentebia, romlebic mis arss warmoadgenen. industrializmi
cxovrebis wesia, romelic moicavs Zireul ekonomikur, socialur, politikur da
kulturul cvlilebebs. industrializaciis yovlismomcveli gardaqmnebis Sedegad
sazogadoeba xdeba modernuli. modernizacia aris uwyveti da usasrulo procesi.
istoriulad, modernizacia saukuneebs moicavs, Tumca, arsebobs daCqarebuli
modernizaciis magaliTebi. orive SemTxvevaSi, modernizacia ar aris erTjeradi
monapovari. rogoric ar unda iyos ganviTarebis done, yovelTvis arseboben
`CamorCenili~ regionebi da `periferiuli~ jgufebi. es aris modernul sazogadoebaSi
daZabulobisa da konfliqtebis mudmivi safuZveli. modernizaciis procesi ar
Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is unda ganixilebodes
globaluri masStabiT, radgan modernizacia gavrcelda Tavisi warmoSobis adgilidan
_ dasavleTidan _ da mTeli msoflio moicva. ganviTarebis araTanabari donis mqone
naciebis arseboba msoflio saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi arastabilurobis fundamenturi
elementia.
modernizacias ori ZiriTadi faza aqvs. misi ganviTarebis garkveul momentamde
modernistuli ideebi progresulad iTvleba, Tumca mas SeiZleba Tavdapirvelad
winaaRmdegoba Sexvdes. modernizaciis Tavdapirveli winaaRmdegobebi, SesaZloa,
xangrZlivi da mwvave iyos, magram, ZiriTadad isini ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis.
Tumca, garkveuli momentis Semdeg modernizacia iwvevs mzard ukmayofilebas. es
nawilobriv gamoiwvia modernuli sazogadoebis adreuli warmatebisa da
dinamizmisagan didi Sedegebis molodinma. jgufebs erTobebSi mzardi moTxovnebi
uCndebodaT da am moTxovnebis dakmayofileba sul ufro da ufro rTuldeboda. ufro
dasabuTebulad, modernizaciam ganviTarebul doneze msoflio masStabiT moitana
axali socialuri da materialuri sirTuleebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnida
ganviTarebasa da eqspansias, romelsac modernuli sazogadoeba efuZneba. meore
fazaSi, modernuli sazogadoeba uamravi problemis pirispir aRmoCnda. am problemaTa
gadaWra, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda tradiciuli eri-saxlemwifos
SesaZleblobebs. amave dros, msoflios dRevandeli saxis ganmsazRvrel dominirebad
faqtorad rCeba araTanabari siZlierisa da konfliqturi interesebis mqone
suverenul er-saxelmwifoTa sistema.
modernuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia XVIII saukuneSi momxdar or
did cvlilebasTan (ZvrasTan) politikur da ekonomikur sferoSi. orive maTgani im
farTo cvlilebebis nawilia, romlebmac, renesansisa da reformaciis Semdeg,
dasavleTi gadaiyvana ganviTarebis axal, danarCeni samyarosagan gansxvavebul, etapze.
cvlilebaTa es modeli gulisxmobda individualizmsa da, saboloo jamSi,
sekularizms, rac protestantul memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. cvlilebebi gamoixata
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Tavidan acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs? faqtebi ar metyvelebs im mosazrebis
sasargeblod, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobas uwyobs xels. 1990-iani wlebis
Sefaseba kidev ufro metad ayenebs eWvqveS aRniSnul ideas. erT-erTi gamokvlevaSi
askvnian, rom `aqtiuri vaWroba SeiZleba sakmaod Zlier gamTiSvel Zalad mogvevlinos
saerTaSoriso politikaSi~, da rom `aqtiuri saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebi,
TavisTavad, ver moxsnis saerTaSoriso daZabulobas, ver uzrunvelyofs seriozul
saerTaSoriso stabilurobas~. meore naSromi amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri
damoukideblobis maRali done `SeiZleba iyos mSvidobis damamyarebeli an omis
gamCaRebeli, rac damokidebulia momavali vaWrobis perspeqtivebze.~ ekonomikuri
damoukidebloba xels uwyobs mSvidobas mxolod maSin, `rodesac saxelmwifoebi
moelian savaWro urTierTobebis maRali donis SenarCunebas uaxloes momavalSi~. Tu
saxelmwifoebi ar elian TanamSromlobis (urTierTdamokidebulebebis) perspeqtivas,
Sedegad, savaraudod, oms viRebT.
vaWrobisa da komunikaciebis uZlureba _ uzrunvelyon mSvidoba da Tanxmoba _
Seesabameba socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi gamokvlevebis Sedegebs. socialur
fsiqologiaSi arsebuli gansxvavebulobis Teoriis mixedviT, xalxi sakuTar Tavs
gansazRvravs swored imiT, riTac ganirCeva sxvisgan konkretul konteqstSi: `adamiani
ganixilavs Tavs im maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic ganarCevs erTs meore adamianisagan,
gansakuTrebiT, Tavisive Cveul socialur garemoSi... aTobiT sxva profesiis mqone
qalTa sazogadoebaSi qali-fsiqologi Tavis Tavs gansazRvravs, rogorc fsiqologi,
xolo aTobiT mamakaci-fsiqologis garemocvaSi _ rogorc qali~. adamianebi
gansazRvraven TavianT meobas imis meSveobiT, rac ar arian. vinaidan intensiuri
kavSiris saSualebebis, vaWrobisa da mogzaurobebis Sedegad civilizaciaTaSorisi
urTierTqmedeba gaaTmagebulia, xalxi ufro da ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
sakuTar civilizaciur identurobas. ori evropeli — germaneli da frangi,
urTierTobisas erTmaneTs ganarCeven, rogorc frangs da germanels. xolo ori
evropeli — germaneli da frangi, da ori arabi — saudeli da egvipteli, erTmaneTSi
urTierTobisas TaviaT Tavs gansazRvraven evropelebad da arabebad.
CrdiloafrikelTa imigracia safrangeTSi frangebs Soris arakeTilganwyobas iwvevs,
amave dros, amaRlebs evropel kaTolike polonel emigrantTa mimReobis xarisxs.
amerikelebi iaponur investiciebs gacilebiT uaryofiTad xvdebian, vidre msgavsi
masStabis kanadur da evropul investiciebs (romlebic masStabiT pirvels aRemateba).
swored amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda donald horovici: `nigeriis aRmosavleTSi
ibo SeiZleba iyos... ibo overi an ibo onitSa. lagosSi igi, ubralod, iboa. londonSi is
nigerielia, niu-iorkSi — afrikeli.~ sociologiis kuTxiT, globalizaciis Teoria
msgavs daskvnas gvTavazobs: `swrafad globalizebad msoflioSi, romelic xasiaTdeba
istoriulad uprecendento civilizaciuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu sxva saxis
urTierTdamokidebulebiT da misi sayovelTao gaazrebiT, SeimCneva civilizaciuri,
sazogadoebrivi da eTnikuri TviTSegnebis gamwvaveba.~ religiaTa globaluri
aRorZineba~, `siwmindesTan dabruneba~ warmoadgens pasuxs samyaros, rogorc
mTlianobis gaazrebaze.
Tema V. modernizacia da globalizacia
sakiTxis SesawavlisaTvis aucilebelia cneba globalizaciis warmoSobis da
samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli definiciebis ganxilva. amis Semdgom unda moxdes
globalizaciis, rogorc procesis ganviTarebis gaanalizeba. yuradReba unda mieqces
53
imas, rom Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma procesma Semdgom
adamianisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela doneze met-naklebad SeaRwia (zogadad
igulisxmeba sami done: ekonomika, politika da kultura). globalizaciis kulturul
doneze gaSlam gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi gamoiwvia uaRresad saintereso da
urTierTsapirispiro procesebis warmoSoba. sakiTxis dasmis ZiriTadi mizani swored
globaluri procesebidan momdinare winaaRmdegobebis gansazRvra da warmodgenaa.
XX saukune kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saintereso periodia,
igi gamoirCeva didi ZvrebiTa da msoflio wesrigis swrafi cvalebadobiT.
sainteresoa, rom XX saukune moeswro tipur feodalur imperiebs, maT rRvevasa da
axali saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, msoflio mniSvnelobis ramdenime revolucias,
or msoflio oms, romlebmac samyaros Semdgom ganviTarebasa da saxis CamoyalibebaSi
didi roli iTamaSa.
esa Tu is epoqa, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
msoflwesrigis niSniTac. gansxvaveba aris ara marto geografiul sazRvrebSi
(magaliTad, portugaliis msoflio batonoba Secvala espaneTis batonobam), aramed
saxelmwifoTa dajgufebis xasiaTSic. Tu cnobil politolog s.hanTingtons
davesesxebiT, msoflio istoria icnobs Semdegi saxis dapirispirebebs, romlebic
gansazRvraven msoflios saxesa da sazRvarTa gavlebis princips: iyo periodi, roca
sazRvrebi gadioda im teritoriaTa Soris, romelsac esa Tu is mmarTveli flobda,
mTavar rols asrulebda winaaRmdegoba mmarTvelebs Soris, anu saxelmwifoTaSorisi
urTierTobis dominanti mmarTvelis neba iyo. aman Camoayaliba eri-saxelmwifoebi.
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg sazRvrebi swored ama Tu im eris gansaxlebis areals
mihyveboda. konfliqtebi da dapirispirebac erebs Soris mimdinareobda, anu dominanti
iyo eri-saxelmwifo. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg sazRvarTa gavleba ideologiurma
kuTvnilebam gansazRvra, erebi gaerTiandnen ideologiis niSniT, msoflwesrigis
dominantic ideologia gaxda. samyaro daiyo or nawilad. erT mxares iyo nacional-
socialisturi samyaro, romelic warmodgenili gaxldaT, ZiriTadad, italiisa da
germaniis saxiT, danarCeni msoflio ki moicavda or ideologiur banaks _
liberalursa da komunisturs. saerTo mtris arsebobam isini gaaerTiana, magram ara
ideologiuri, aramed wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan aucilebeli iyo
nacizmis damarcxeba. misi ganadgurebis Semdeg sazRvari gaivlo liberalur
demokratiasa da komunizms Soris. mas `rkinis farda~ ewoda, xolo dapirispirebas _
`civi omi~. komunizmis marcxma es sazRvaric moSala. msoflio, am TvalsazrisiT,
erTian sivrced gardaiqmna.
`civi omis~, rogorc msoflwesrigis gaqrobam da komunizmis istoriad qcevam
warmoSva uamravi gansxvavebuli mosazreba momavali msoflwesrigis Sesaxeb:
magaliTad, frensis fukuiama Tavdapirvelad miiCnevda, rom kacobriobam Seabija
ganviTarebis axal fazaSi, romelsac, SeiZleba, `istoriis dasasruli~ ewodos, radgan
kacobriobis erTma didma nawilma miaRwia evoluciuri ganviTarebis umaRles
safexurs da Seqmna adamianis bunebisa da moTxovnilebebisaTvis yvelaze ufro
Sesaferisi, misaRebi sazogadoebrivi organizacia _ liberalur-demokratiuli
mmarTveloba. f.fukuiama ar gamoricxavda, rom igi iqceoda kacobriobis organizaciis
ukanasaknel da ucvlel formad. ramdenadac f.fukuiamasaTvis istoria aris erTiani
evoluciuri procesi yvela xalxisa da yoveli drois erTobliobaSi, amdenad, igi
miiCnevs, rom erebis, kulturebis umravlesoba sabolood aRiarebs demokratias,
rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderT legitimur formas. am niadagze Seiqmneba
`postistoriuli samyaro~.
54
axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba xalxi erTmaneTs. swored amitom kulturebi jer
kidev inarCuneben individualurobas. misive TqmiT, 60-ian wlebSi azia aSS-s Sehyurebda
rogorc modernizaciis models. gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba, rom dasavleTi flobs
mowinave sakomunikacio teqnologiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac advili SesaZlebeli
iqneboda kulturis gavrceleba. magram swored iman, rom am sakomunikacio
saSualebebma azias da sxva sazogadoebebs ufro mkveTrad daanaxa is gansxvaveba,
romelic maTi kulturebis ZirebSia saZiebeli da, romlis gafermkrTalebac ki Zalian
Zneli, TiTqmis miuRwevelia. amas isic emateba, rom aziisa da sxva aradasavluri
sazogadoebebi sul ufro did yuradRebas aqceven amerikaSi mimdinare urbanul
xrwnasa da ojaxis dacemas. es ki isedac arsebul ufskruls sul ufro aRrmavebs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom informaciulma daaxloebam mxolod moCvenebiTi globaluri
kultura Seqmna, romelic misaRebia masisaTvis. masas, SesaZloa, didi survilic
hqondes, rom miiRos da icxovros ucxo kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT,
magram es ver moaxerxos, radgan sakuTari kultura ar miscems amis saSualebas. swored
es ganasxvavebs masas elitisagan, radgan elita iRebs ara imas, rac surs, aramed imas,
risi miRebac mis pirovnebas SeuZlia. ufro sworad, elitas imis miRebis survili
uCndeba, rac misi kulturisaTvis aris misaRebi da amas igi akeTebs ara ise, rom
moaxdinos sakuTaris, Zireulis uaryofa, radgan elita Tavidan bolomde SeigrZnobs
kulturas, masas ki es grZnoba ar gaaCnia, swored amitom misTvis globaluri
samomxmareblo kultura ukve niSnavs mTlianad kulturis globalizacias, radgan
kulturis meti siRrme masas ar aintresebs. swored amis eSinoda x.ortega i gasetis
jer kidev XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac acxadebda, rom gaqrebian beThovenisa da
mocartis msmenelebi. es SiSi dResac arsebobs _ SiSi imisa, rom masebis gaZliereba
TavisTavad moaxdens kulturuli originalurobis gaqrobas. masa moiTxovs komforts,
mas ara aqvs mizani, rasac cxovrebas Seswiravs, misi mizania komfortuli cxovreba, mas
mxolod is surs, rom iyos yvelas msgavsi.
aseve didi roli ekisreba globaluri kulturis gavrcelebaSi evangelistur
protestantizms. ingliseli sociologi devid martini didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
ikvlevda am sakiTxs da dazusta, rom msoflioSi am religiis mimdevari 250 milionamde
adamiania. am religiis miReba iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs ojaxur urTierTobebSi,
seqsualur gamovlinebebSi, bavSvTa aRzrdaSi da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, saqmisadmi
damokidebulebaSi, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze saerTod.
globaluri kultura mimarTulia adamianebis individualizaciisaken da
tradiciebisgan da erTobebisagan maTi damoukideblobisaken. individualizacia unda
ganixilebodes, rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic empiriul
gamoxatulebas povebs adamianis qcevasa da cnobierebaSi, damoukideblad im ideisagan,
romelic am adamianebs SesaZloa hqodeT amis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT, individualizacia
rogorc empiriuli gamovlineba, aucileblad gansasxvavebelia `individualizmisagan,
rogorc ideologiisagan. msgavsi midgoma momgebiania imdenad, ramdenadac gvexmareba
avxsnaT, Tu riT aris mimzidveli axali globaluri kultura. rogorc ukve cnobilia,
modernizacia angrevs tradiciebisa da koleqtiuri sulis mefobas da individs xdis
ufro TviTmyofads. es ki niSnavs gaTavisuflebas. axal globalur kulturas bevri
aqvs saerTo modernizaciis procesTan. dRevandel dRes ki msoflios mraval kuTxeSi
kidec emTxvevian erTmaneTs.
modernizaciis adreul etapze adamianebs uCndebaT meti Tavisuflebisa da axali
SesaZleblobebis aRtacebuli grZnoba. amitom axali globaluri kultura
momxiblavia maTTvis, vinc afasebs pirovnul Tavisuflebas da cdilobs mis srulad
67
urTierToba, romelic SeiZleba damyardes skolaSi, quCaSi, kafeSi, qarxanaSi,
internetSic xorcieldeba.
interneti xels uwyobs globaluri kulturis Seqmnas, acxadebs saerTaSoriso
marketinguli firma IDC-s vice-prezidenti gigi vangi (Gigi Wang). am saxis ukanaskneli
cvlileba iyo gadasvla lokaluridan erovnul ekonomikaze, rasac Tan sdevda
gadasvla rkinigzidan da radiodan avtomobilsa da televizorze. axla xdeba gadasvla
erovnuli ekonomikidan globalur ekonomikaze, rasac mosdevs sahaero transporti da
interneti.
boloniis universitetis istoriis profesori devid elvudi (David Elwood) miiCnevs,
rom interneti ar qmnis globalur kulturas, aramed mxolod aCqarebs movlenebs da
qmnis am fenomenis erT-erT Sres. globaluri kultura didi biznesia da misi saTave
SeiZleba moiZebnos industriis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa sporti, filmebi,
fotografia, musika da aviaxazebi. yovelive amis Tavi da Tavia aSS gasarTobi
industriis mier masobrivi kulturis unikaluri da mzardi moculobiT gamogoneba,
warmoeba da gavrceleba. d.elvudis TqmiT, 1996 wels aSS filmebma, satelevizio
produqciam, kompiuterulma teqnikam, wignebma da kulturis sxva formebma gadaaWarba
sahaero da TavdacviTi produqciis eqsports, da am mxriv pirveli adgili daikava. amis
Semdeg inglisuri ena iqca ara mxolod globaluri komerciis, aramed saerTaSoriso
teqnologiisa da garTobis enadac.
kacobriobam Seabija ganviTarebis axal epoqaSi, es aris sainformacio epoqa,
interneti aris masobrivi kulturis farTod gavrcelebis saSualeba. afrikeli
mkvlevari qalis farida miuale-manenjis (Fridah Muyale-Manenji) TqmiT, globalizacia
uzarmazar gavlenas axdens kulturaze, igi sxvadasxva gziT zemoqmedebs xalxis
kulturul qcevaze. adamianebi icvlian cxovrebis wess. koka-kolas ritmuli reklama
ismis qveynierebis nebismier wertilSi, im soflebSic ki, sadac arsebobs sasmeli wylis
problema.
informaciulma epoqam ganapiroba is, rom kulturebi dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs;
tradiciul simboloTa gverdiT gaCnda internacionaluri mniSvnelobis simboloebi
da popularuli sistemebi.
sainteresoa, rom es yvelaferi xdeba zedapirulad, anu yvelafris
gaucnobiereblad miRebas axdens masa, romelsac monawileoba ar miuRia Tavisi
kulturis originaluri Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSi, masa, romelsac gacnobierebulic ki
ar aqvs, Tu ras niSnavs Zireuli gansxvaveba kulturebs Soris, amitom masze did
gavlenas axdens reklama. mediis zemoqmedebiT kulturis miReba zustad iseTive
movlenaa, rogorc reklamiT raRac nawarmis farTo masisaTvis gacnoba. reklamaSi
Seqmnili samyaro imdenad mimzidveli da macduria, rom aucileblad axdens
momxmarebelze gavlenas. momxmarebeli ki dRes aris masa, romelic imdenad gaZlierda,
rom, marTalia, Tavad ver qmnis, magram elitas, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi unari aqvs,
karnaxobs imas, Tu ra unda Seqmnas, karnaxobs modas. dRes iqmneba is, rac moswons
yvelas, yvela ki `masaa~, iqmneba is, raSic masa ufro met Tanxas ixdis.
f.fukuiamas TqmiT, dRes saubari SeZleba mxolod globalur samomxmareblo
kulturaze, romelic vrceldeba makdonaldsisa da koka-kolas msgavsi kompaniebis
meSveobiT1. magram, saerTod, kultura ufro metia, vidre samomxmareblo bazari, es
ukanaskneli aris zedapiruli aspeqti, kulturas ki aqvs siRrme, romelic gavlenas
1
(erT saintereso faqtze minda SevaCero Tqveni yuradReba; ruandaSi momxdari genocidis Semdeg ar
arsebobda aranairi infrastruqtura, aranairi wesrigi, qveyana srul qaosiT iyo moculi.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, romelic gaemgzavra misiis Sesasruleblad am qveyanaSi, erTi
saintereso faqtis momswre gaxda: maTze ufro adre ruandaSi Casvla “koka-kolas” warmomadgenlebma
moaxerxes)
66
meore saintereso mosazrebaa istoriis `civilizaciuri xedva~. am midgomis
warmomadgenlis s.hanTingtonis azriT, kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesi
sazRvrebi kulturuli niSniT iqneba ganpirobebuli. moxdeba msgavsi kulturis mqone
er-saxelmwifoTa daaxloeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom sabolood kulturis dominantoba
SeniSna Tavad f.fukuiamamac. misi TqmiT, liberaluri demokratiis damkvidrebis gzaze
mTavari dabrkolebis saxiT win moiwevs kultura.
dReisaTvis kulturas, rogorc sazogadoebaTa gamijvnis safuZvels, yvelaze didi
datvirTva eniWeba.
ukanasknel xanebSi farTo interesis sagania msoflios `globalizaciis~ problema.
Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT, Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, saidan iRebs saTaves da ra
aris misi warmoSobis safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT
miemarTeba, saiT mihyavs samyaro?
civi omis dasrulebiTa da sabWoTa imperiis daSliT saqarTvelo Caeba msoflioSi
mimdinare globalur procesSi, romelic sabWoeTis daSlamde ganviTarebis garkveul
etapze avida. srul damoukideblobas saqarTvelom, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierT
xanmokle periodebs, rogoric iyo mag. giorgi brwyinvales periodi, TiTqmis aTi
saukunea ver miaRwia, xolo ukanaskneli samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvlo ruseTis
izolaciis qveS imyofeba. saqarTvelom rusuli karCaketiloba daZlia da cdilobs
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebSi CaerTos rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. modernizacia iqca
ganviTarebis mimarTulebad, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kulturam sxvadasxva-
gvarad aRiqva da, aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadsaxvagvari reaqcia hqonda. modernizacia
Tanamedroveobis gamowvevaa; zogierTi aradasavluri qveynisaTvis modernizacia
igivdeba vesternizacia-amerikanizaciasTan, anu isini miiCneven, rom Tuki sazo-
gadoebas surs modernizaciis procesSi CarTva, aucilebeli da gardauvalia dasav-
luri, konkretulad, amerikuli kulturiT sakuTari kulturis Canacvleba, anu
gardauvalia amerikanizacia. es ukanaskneli ki originaluri kulturebis warmomad-
genelTaTvis miuRebelia; aman xeli Seuwyo sakuTari kulturisaken mibrunebas, anu
lokalizacias. zogierTi kulturisaTvis ki, modernizacia anu gaTanamedroveoba
amerikanizaciis gareSec misaRwevia; da kidev mesame _ globalizaciis procesSi
modernizaciis miRweva SesaZlebelia sruliad umtkivneulod, ori kulturis
elementTa SereviT.
am procesebidan saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad daSorebuli iyo. rogorc zemoT
mogaxseneT, globalizaciis procesi manam, sanam saqarTvelo sabWoTa sivrceSi iyo
Caketili, ganviTarebis garkveul etapze avida, aqedan gamomdinare, dagrovda am
procesidan momdinare gamowvevebis winaaRmdeg pasuxis gacemis araerTgvarovani
gamocdileba. amitom sainteresoa, Tu romeli saxis pasuxia saqarTvelosaTvis ufro
misaRebi, ra problemebze da niuansebze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba globalizaciis
epoqaSi.
`globalizaciis maxidan ar arsebobs erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs
transnacionaluri gamosavali~. regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri
zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnisa; zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis
mizezi da mizani politikisa da ekonomikis sferoebidan momdinareobs, magram
saSualeba aris kulturuli urTierTmsgavseba; dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxel-
mwifoebriv organizmSi integracia moaxerxes evropis qveynebma; evropa aris ara
mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba, aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba; misi
erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia; anu evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen da Sesvlis ufleba
eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis
55
xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan
modernizacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT.
saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli da cdilobs
globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces. SesaZlebelia
iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos magaliTze sazogadoebis modernizacia emTxveva
globalizaciis process.
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,
aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba da demokratizacia. geopolitikuri
mdebareoba iZleva saqarTvelos globalur procesebSi CarTvis saSualebas; arsebobs
ekonomikuri da politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic mas Tavisi funqcia aqvs. aqedan
gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur kulturasTan Sexeba, radgan
Tanamedrove etapze politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis urTierTganpirobebulobis
xarisxi sakmaod gaizarda.
modernizaciisa da demokratizaciis procesi aradasavlur tradiciul qveynebSi
pirvelive dartymas kulturas ayenebs; maTTvis demokratizaciis procesi kulturis
transformaciasa da SecvlasTan aris pirdapir kavSirSi. amis gamo umravlesi
aradasavluri qveynis reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben
demokratiaze, adamianis Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar
sazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili kulturaa.
amdenad, mimaCnia, rom Cems mier wamoWrili problemis kvleva interesmoklebuli ar
unda iyos, radgan Tanamedrove etapze kulturis roli sakmaod izrdeba. iuneskos
programis _ `msoflio kulturuli proeqti~ _ direqtoris d.p.Saferis statiaSi
`axali msoflio sistemisaken kulturuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT~ naTqvamia, rom
msoflio miiwevs ekonomikuri saukunidan kulturuli saukunisaken. naTeli gaxda, rom
ganviTarebis problemaTa gadawyveta SeuZlebelia kulturis faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. sxvagvarad msoflios mowyobis nebismieri proeqti
ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. d.Saferis azriT, axali msoflio sistemis agebis
safuZvelia kulturuli Teoriuli tradiciis gaTvaliswineba, kulturisadmi
holisturi midgoma, istoriis kulturuli interpretaciis gaazreba, yvelaze
mdgradi kulturuli faseulobebis ganmtkiceba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom msoflio
Sevida ganviTarebis im stadiaSi, romelsac bevri mkvlevari gansazRvravs rogorc
kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebas.
rogorc vxedavT, da rasac qvemoT warmodgenili kvleva ufro TvalnaTels gaxdis,
Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kulturas. mosazrebebi
da Teoriebi kulturis globalizaciis Sesaxeb iseTive swarfi tempiT icvleba da
viTardeba, rogorc Tavad procesi. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom, rogorc erT-ereTma
mcire kulturam, moaxeros Tanamedrove procesebisaTvis fexis awyoba da ar CamorCes
mas, aucileblad mimaCnia procesis gaanalizebis, axali Teoriebisdmi yuradRebis
mudmivi miqceva. sakiTxisadmi midgomis amosavali wertili aris is, rom yvela medals
ori mxare gaaCnia. Cveni azriT, ar SeiZleba globalizaciis procesis calsaxad
dadebiTad an uaryofiTad Sefaseba. es procesi Seicavs rogorc pozitiur, aseve
negatiur Tvisebebsac. erTis mxriv acxadeben, rom globalizacia mimarTulia
gaerTgvarovnebisaken da cxovrebis wesis standartizaciisaken, rac TavisTavad
gulisxmobs kulturaTa originalobis gaqrobas. meores mxriv, arseboben
sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globalizacia warmoadgens ganviTarebisa da
msoflioSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebis karg saSualebas, ZiriTadad es exebaT
mcire kulturebs. amdenad, aucilebelia ganxilul iqnes sxvadsxva sazogadoebis
damokidebuleba da reaqcia globalizaciisadmi, radgan igi xels Segviwyobs ukeT
56
nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ Tuki Tqveni kultura ver SeZlebs warmodgenilis
miRebas... es mxolod samwuxaroa. magram mTavari aris is, rom dRevandeli msoflios
globaluri sabazro ekonomika Seqmnilia udidesi istoriuli Zalebis mier, romlebmac
Secvales urTierTobis, investirebis stili da msoflios aRqmac ki. Tuki Tqven gsurT
win aRudgeT am cvlilebebs, Tqven amiT mxolod Tavs moityuebT da sxva araferi.
globaluri kulturis gavrceleba xdeba, agreTve masobrivi kulturis
saSualebebiT (adidasi, makdonaldsi, levisi, mtv da sxva). mas mxolod zedapiruli
xasiaTi aqvs. `globalizacia~ _ es aris movlena, romelic erTgvarovani
samomxmareblo kulturis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. erTgvarovneba ki misaRebia
`masisaTvis~. xose ortega i gaseti gasuli saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi werda, rom
evropa dRes yvelaze did kriziss ganicdis, ramac SeiZleba moicvas xalxebi, erebi da
kulturebi. misi TqmiT, es aris `masebis amboxi~. masas igi axasiaTebs rogorc
fsiqologiuri rigis movlenas. `adamiani-masa~ isaa, visac ar SeuZlia, rogorc kargi,
aseve cudi mxriTac Seafasos Tavi; vinc Tavis Tavs aRiqvamas `iseTad, rogoricaa
yvela~ da sulac ar ganicdis amas. mas moswons iyos iseTi, rogoricaa yvela.
ortega i gaseti am krizisis dasawyiss XIX saukuneSi xedavs. jer kidev maSin
iwinaswarmetyveles hegelma, kontma, nicSem `masebis amboxi~, romelic mas Semdeg sul
ufro gaZlierda. adamiani-masa _ es aris pirovneba, romelsac ar gaaCnia Semoqmedebisa
da Sefasebis unari. igi iRebs yvelafers iseTad, rogorc awvdian. amis gamo, masaze
zegavlenis moxdena advilia.
neoliberaluri msoflwesrigis pirobebSi individis sulieri da kulturuli
msoflSegneba ganicdis saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio saSualebaTa zewolas. filmebis,
Souebisa da serialebis globaluri auditoriis gaCena da maTi zegavlena programebis
Sinaarsze uprecedento movlenaa. media orientirebulia popularul da masobriv
kulturaze da masobrivi cnobierebidan devnis alternatiul formebs. mayurebelTa
da msmenelTa reitingisaTvis mebrZoli mediis saSualebaTa saqmianoba gansazRvrulia
ekonomikuri interesiT, da ara inteleqtualuri SinaarsiT. kultura ganixileba,
rogorc globaluri auditoriisa da globaluri informaciuli sazogadoebis
miRwevis saSualeba.
globaluri kulturis Camoyalibebis centrSia interneti. garemocva, romelSic
qveyanas, kulturas uxdeba arseboba, did gavlenas axdens mis Camoyalibeba-
ganviTarebaze, radgan ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos urTierToba aqvs
gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone erTobebTan. urTierTobisas xdeba kulturul
RirebulebaTa gacvla, erTobis cnobiereba ganicdis mudmiv transformacias.
iyo periodi, rodesac msoflio ar warmoadgenda erTian sivrces da dayofili
gaxldaT patara samyaroebad; erebi xalxebi da kulturebi ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs, ar
hqondaT urTierToba, Sexeba, ramac ganapiroba mravali originaluri kulturis, eri-
saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba.
dRes msoflio gaxsnilia, igi erTian sivrces warmoadgens. arsebobs farTo
sainformacio saSulebebi, telefoni, sahaero transporti, kosmosuri sadgurebi da,
rac mTavaria, interneti. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia urTierTobis damyareba
aTasobiT kilometris daSorebiT. yoveldRiurad internetis meSveobiT igzavneba
milionobiT imeili, cifruli foto, wignis moculobis teqstebi, xmovani da video
faili. audionakadi SesaZlebels xdis berlinis radiosadguris mosmenas niu-deliSi
da piriqiT. internetis `CeT-rumi~ da sadiskusio jgufebi virtualuri saqalaqo
Sexvedris centrebia, sadac aTasobiT adamiani erTmaneTs uziarebs sakuTar azrs;
TamaSoben, ibmeba megobrobis Zafebi, ideba biznes-garigebebi. yvela adamianuri
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1980-ian wlebSi sami yvelaze Zlieri ekonomikuri instituti, romelic ganTavsebuli
iyo aSS dedaqalaqSi _ aSS finansTa saministro, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da
msoflio banki _ mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ZiriTadi
xelSemSleli piroba iyo sabaJo sistemebi. `vaSingtonis konsensusi~ moicavs msoflio
vaWrobis reorganizaciis aT rekomendacias, romelic SemuSavebul iqna ekonomist
j.viliamsonis mier.
kerZo biznesis racionalizaciis SesaZleblobis safuZvelze Camoyalibda `oqros
korsetis~ wesi, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli kanonebis
mixedviT moqmedebas; kerZod: kerZo seqtori iqceva ekonomikis ganviTarebis,
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis ZiriTad saSualebad; unda moxdes inflaciis dabali donis
mxardaWera; SenarCunebul iqnes fasebis stabiluroba; saxelmwifos biurokratiuli
aparatis roli mcirdeba; aseve mcirdeba importze gadasaxadi; ucxour investiciebze
SezRudvebi ixsneba; xdeba saxelmwifo kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis
privatizeba; es zrdis imports; aseve adgilobrivi industria gaxsnilia
msofliosaTvis da sxva. utkinis TqmiT, `oqros korsetis~ wesis gansakuTrebuloba
isaa, rom igi iTvaliswinebs `yvelasaTvis erT zomas~; utkini miCnevs, rom swored es
iwvevs sxvadsxva qveyanaze socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul zewolas, rasac,
TavisTavad, araerTgvarovani pasuxebi mohyveba. magram kompensaciad miiCneva is, rom
`oqros korsetis~ miRebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba warmoeba, ekonomikuri Semosavali. oci
wlis win malaizielis saSualo Semosavali iyo 350 dolari weliwadSi, magram `oqros
korsetSi~ CaTreuli malaizieli axla weliwadSi 5000 dolars iRebs.
politikur sferoSi, acxadebs utkini, `oqros korseti~ amcirebs xelisuflebis
saTaveebTan mdgom partiebs Soris arsebul gasxvavebebs. kerZod, aviRoT aSS
demokratebi da respublikelebi, maTi samoqmedo gegma, mizani da warmodgenili
saxelmwifo mowyobis gegma ar scdeba `oqros korsetis~ wesebs, amitom maT Soris
arsebuli winaaRmdegoba mcirea: imdenad mcire, rom samxreT koreaSi 1999 wels
arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg kim te dJunma vaSingtonSi elCad mowinaaRmdege partiis
lideri gagzavna. es ukanasknelic daTanxmda im motiviT, rom gansxvaveba am
mimarTulebiT da, saerTod, maT Soris mcire iyo.
yvela qveyana ver axerxebs `oqros korsetis~ saboolood SenarCunebas da morgebas.
zogierTi qveyana mxolod nawilobriv irgebs mas (egvipte, indoeTi); zogierTi
pirvelive Sedegis mware gamocdilebis gamo ixsnis mas (ruseTi, malaizia); mesameni
cdiloben, oqros korseti sakuTar nacionalur kulturas moargon da ise miiRon
(iaponia, germania, safrangeTi); arseboben iseTebic, dasZens utkini, romelnic
miiCneven, rom korsetSi Tavis Seyofa arc Rirs da ukeTesad miiCneven, rom mxolod
bunebriv resursebs miendon (saudis arabeTi, irani); arseboben kidev iseTi
sazogadoebebi, romelnic yvelafers gaiReben imisaTvis, rom korsetis mkacr wesebsa
da kanonebSi ar aRmoCndnen (kuba, sudani, korea); isini, vinc korsetis wesebs aRiareben,
miiCneven, rom visac surs materialuri progresis miRweva, aucileblad mouwevs am
wesebis Sesruleba. mis dasturad korsetis momxreebs moyavT faqtebic. kerZod, isini
xazs usvamen viwro regionebis ganviTarebas: CrdiloeT italia, samxreT korea, Sanxais
teritoria, tel-avivi israelSi, beiruTi libanSi, bangalori indoeTSi _ yvela
maTgani miekuTvneba msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis korifeTa ricxvs,
`kibernetikul tomebs~, romlebic cxovroben Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT.
`oqros korsetis~ mowinaaRmdegeni erTnairad reagireben masze da miiCneven, rom
isini sakuTari kulturis mixedviT, sakuTari siswrafiT ivlian, radgan korseti
Zalzed determinizebulia. isini svamen kiTxvas _ ratom ar SeiZleba, Seikribon
xelaxla da Seqmnan axali, naklebad amkrZalavi modeli? razec msoflios Zlieri
64
gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebisdagavarad mkveTrad gamovyoT saqarTve-
losaTvis Tu ra SeiZleba aRmoCndes dadebiTi da ra uaryofiTi, radgan is rac
misaRebia erTisaTvis, miuRebelia meoresTvis. sxvaTa gamocdilebis gaanalizeba da
Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems CamoyaliboT globalizaciisadmi sakuTari midgoma. es
aucilebelia, radgan Cven politikuri da ekonomikuri kursi swored mTavari
globalizatoris, Tu SeZleba ase iTqvas, dasavleTisaken gvaqvs aRebuli. es ki niSnavs
imas, rom `macivars mohyveba haqslic~, anu politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis
daSoreba SeuZlebelia, ar SeiZleba politikur-ekonomikur kavSirs ar moyves
urTierToba kulturis doneze. am mxriv sakiTxs arTulebs is, rom erTis SexedviT
erTian dasavleTSi sakmaod didi da rTuli winaaRmdegobebi gaCnda dasavleT evropasa
da amerikas Soris, rogorc ikveTeba kulturis doneze maT Sorisac sakmaod didi
gansxvaveba yofila, radgan evropis zogierTi qveynisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda
globalizaciis procesSi amerikidan importirebuli kultura. kvlevis aqtualobas
esec amtkicebs, radgan politikis doneze gancxadeba Cveni dasavluri orientaciis
Sesaxeb gasagebi da misaRebia, magram meore mxriv, Tuki Cven SevxedavT amas mecnieruli
TvaliT, gaurkvevelia ras niSnavs dasavluri orientacia _ kari gavuRoT yvelafers
rac modis mTlianad dasavleTidan, anu aSS-dan da evropidan da miviRoT igi, Tu unda
ganvasxvavoT amerikuli da evropuli.
rogorc vxedavT, problema mcire kulturebisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvis,
sakmaod bevr saintereso da aqtualur sakiTxebs moicavs. SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT,
Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, saidan iRebs saTaves da ra aris misi warmoSobis
safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT miemarTeba, saiT
miyavs samyaro?
daviwyoT imiT, rom `eri-saxelmwifo aRar iqneba efeqturi Zala: igi Zalian pataraa
didi problemisaTvis da Zalian didi _ patara problemebisaTvis~ (artur
Sleizingeri; amerikeli istorikosi). es aris formula, romelic kargad miesadageboda
~civi omis~ Semdgom, gardamaval periodSi myof msoflios, radgan aSkara iyo, rom
ideologiaTa konfliqtis epoqis dasrulebis Semdeg warmoudgeneli iqneboda eri-
saxelmwifos qceva (Tu dabruneba) msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvrelad; magram sruliad
gaurkveveli rCeboda is, Tu ras an vis unda daekavebina misi adgili. Tuki
davakvirdebiT am periodis samecniero Tu publicistur statiebs, davinaxavT, rom
Sesaval sityvebSi aseTi gamoTqmebi figurirebs: `msoflio gagiJda~, `es fantastikuri
msoflioa~, `kacobriobam ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Seabija~. swavlulebi TiTqos,
SeSinebulni, ufro ki gaocebulni arian.
SemoTavazebul iqna uamravi da sxvadasxvagvari Teoria momavali msoflio wesrigis
Sesaxeb: istoriis dasasruli, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba, marqsizmis aRorZineba. erT-
erTma maTganma msoflioSi mimdinare process globalizacia uwoda. es moxda 1983
wels. amerikelma mecnierma t.levitma am terminiT calkeul produqtTa bazrebis
gaerTianeba daaxasiaTa. manamde arsebobda mondializmis anu globalizmis cneba,
romelic 70-iani wlebidan postindustriuli civilizaciis mTels planetaze
gavrcelebas axasiaTebda. amis Semdeg terminma ufro Rrma Sinaarsi SeiZina da iqca
cnebad, romelic msoflioSi arsebul process gamoxatavs. Tavad procesis
gansazRvreba imdenivea, ramdeni moazrovnec Seexo mas.
Cvenc, Cvenis mxriv, ar CamovrCebiT moazrovneTa did laSqars da vecdebiT misi
Sinaarsis gansazRvras samecniero literaturaSi arsebul definiciebze dayrdnobiT.
Tavad cneba `globalizacia~ modis sityvidan global, rac frangulad
sayovelTaos, mTlians, saerTos niSnavs, aqedan, cnebac, advili misaxvedria,
`gasayovelTaoebas~ aRniSnavs.
57
 axla oriod sityva imaze, Tu ris `gasayovelTaoebazea~ saubari. marTalia, cnebas
Tavdapirvelad mxolod ekonomikuri datvirTva hqonda, magram dRes igi ukve,
faqtobrivad, cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavs. rodesac vambobT yvelafers,
vgulisxmobT doneebs: ekonomikurs, politikursa da kulturul-religiurs.
yvelaze zogadad, globalizacia aris procesi, romelic msoflios daviwroebas
axdens. dedamiwas `patara didi sofeli~ SeiZleba ewodos. es aris erTiani `msoflio
sazogadoeba~. am sityvaTwyobaSi Tu sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi germaneli filosofosi
u.beki sityva `msoflios~ gansxvavebulobis, mravalferovnebis mniSvnelobas aniWebs,
xolo `sazogadoebas~ _ araintegrirebulobis. amitom, gamodis, rom msoflio
sazogadoeba aris erTianobis gareSe arsebuli mravalferovneba. u.beki ganasxvavebs
globalizms, globalurobasa da globalizacias. aRniSnuli gansxvavebis mizania
daamsxvrios politikurisa da sazogadoebrivis teritoriuli orTodoqsuloba,
romelic pirveli modernis proeqtSi Camoyalibda, daukavSirda erovnul saxelmwifos
da miiRo kategorialur-instituciuri absolutis statusi.
globalizmi _ es aris msoflio bazris batonobis gageba. mas globalizaciis
mravalmxrivoba (politikuri, kulturuli, ekologiuri da sxva) dayavs mxolod
sameurneo ganzomilebamde da sxva danarCens mxolod mis daqvemdebarebaSi
warmoadgens. globalizmi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom, SeiZleba magaliTad, germania,
marTo ubralo sawarmosaviT.
ramdenadac `msoflio~ da sityvaTSeTanxmeba `msoflio sazogadoeba~ aRniSnavs
gansxvavebebs, mravalferovnebas, xolo `sazogadoeba~ _ araintegrirebuleobas,
amitom msoflio sazogadoebis cnebis qveS SesaZloa vigulisxmoT erTianobis gareSe
mravalferovneba.
msoflio sazogadoeba warmoadgens ara megasazogadoebas, romelic Tavis TavSi
aerTianebs da aqrobs yvela nacionalur sazogadoebas, aramed mravalferovnebiT
gamorCeul da integracias dauqvemdebarebel msoflio horizonts, romelic iReba
maSinve, roca is iqmneba da, amasTan, inarCunebs komunikaciisa da moqmedebis
Tavisuflebas.
axalia ara marto yoveldRiuri cxovreba da qmedebani, romlebic gascdnen
erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs da qveynebi urTierTdamokidebulebebis qseliT
dafares, aramed isic, rom aRar arsebobs sazogadoebis, Sromisa da kapitalis
garkveul adgilze mijaWvuloba.
globalizaciaSi ar igulisxmeba msoflio saxelmwifos arseboba; ufro zustad:
esaa msoflio sazogadoeba msoflio saxelmwifosa da msoflio mTavrobis gareSe.
laparakia globalurad dezorganizebuli kapitalizmis gafarToebaze, vinaidan arc
ekonomikuri da arc politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs hegemoni xelisufleba da
internacionaluri reJimi.
erTi sityviT, globaluri niSnavs erTian sivrces, mas ufro geografiuli
datvirTva eniWeba. globalizmi aris am sivrceSi msoflio bazris gabatonebis
gamomxatveli cneba. rac Seexeba globalizacias, es aris procesi, anu is, rac
globalizmiT gajerebul globalur msoflioSi xdeba da mimdinareobs, anu
globalizacia aris cocxali, dinamiuri da mimdinare procesi, romelmac msoflio
axal wesrigamde unda miiyvanos.
SesaZloa, dResdReisobiT, globalizacia Tavad warmoadgens msoflio wesrigs,
radgan uaxloes momavalSi swored misgan momdinare gamowvevebze mouwevs
sazogadoebebs pasuxis gacema.
globalizaciis Sesaxeb Seqmnili Teoriebi iseTive swrafi tempiT viTardeba,
rogorc Tavad procesi. Tuki Tqven gaxsniT am procesis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel
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momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis saxelidan); am saxelwodebiT ganisazRvreba
wamyvani saqmiani da politikuri wreebis saerTaSoriso kultura, romlis ZiriTadi
mamoZravebeli Zala, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri globalizaciisa,
saerTaSoriso biznesia. am kulturis matareblebad moiazrebian ara marto is
adamianebi, romlebic xSirad dadian davosSi, aramed isinic, visac surs iyos am
sazogadoebs wevri da ar aris, an jer ar aris.
msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli
(iapi-internacionali _ abreviatura, romelic modis young urban professional-dan),
romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad icvamen da erTobian, aseve,
SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am
axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad
or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur saqmian kulturas, magram sakuTari
piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul kulturul faseulobebze.
globalur kulturaSi arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSirad
erTvis saqmian kulturas, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris dasavluri
inteligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwoda inteleqtualTa saklubo
kultura (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxvadasxva gziT: akademiuri
struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis sakuTar bazars
_ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia dasavleli, kerZod, amerikeli
inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi,
specialistebi da sxvani.
davosur kulturas da inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturas aqvs centri da
periferia. gansxvaveba am or kulturas Soris aris is, rom davosuri kulturis
centrebi mxolod dasavleTSi ar aris ganlagebuli. iseTi didi biznes-centrebi,
rogorebicaa tokio, hong-kongi, singapuri iseTsave imave rols asruleben. xolo
inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis centri mxolod dasavleTSi, kerZod, amerikaSia.
ase, rom mTavar globalizatorad, am mimarTulebiT, dRes amerika miiCneva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier SemoRebuli cxovrebis
janmrTeli wesi da misi ganxorcielebis cda dasavleTSi TavisTavadi movlenaa da
pirdapir daniSnulebas emsaxureba. sxva kulturebSi ki mas sxva daniSnuleba aqvs,
kerZod, es aris am sazogadoebis mier demokratiulobis xarisxis dadasturebis
mcdeloba. amis magaliTia samxreT afrikaSi Tambaqos wevis sawinaaRmdego
kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, maSin roca Sidsis virusma samxreT afrikaSi katastroful
zRvars miaRwia. sigaretis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdebloba, bergeris azriT, swored
inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturisaken swrafviT iyo gamowveuli da ara xalxis
janmrTelobaze zrunviT.
jeims hanteri saubrobs im kosmopolitebze, romlebic Zalzed advilad moZraoben
mTeli msoflios masStabiT da originaluri kulturis gavlenas ar ganicdian. es xalxi
gvxvdeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso korporaciebSi,
evangelistur misiebSi. eseni arian globalizatorebi.
rodesac saubaria davosuri kulturisa da inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis
Taviseburebebze, aucileblad mimaCnia yuradReba gavamaxvilo rusi mecnieris,
saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa centris direqtoris a.i. utkinis mier SemoTavazebuli
mosazrebaze. igi miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis procesi or etapad iyofa. pirveli etapi
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze unda veZioT, xolo meore etapi _ XX saukunis 70-iani
wlebis bolos. maT Soris wyalgamyofia meore msoflio omi da misi momdevno
aTwleulebi. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi globalizaciis meore talRas, utkinis azriT,
safuZveli daudo SeTanxmebam, romelic cnobilia `vaSingtonis konsensusis~ saxeliT.
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saZiebelia im teritoriaze, romelic moicavs CrdiloeT afrikas, axlo aRmosavleTs,
indoeTis nawils, centralur da samxreT azias, swored aq iyo protokapitalisturi
elementebi. ese igi, maTi azriT, safuZveli aRmosavleTia, xolo Semdeg xdeba
`aRmosavleTis dacema~ da dasavleTis ayvaveba. momavalSi mosalodnelia aRmo-
savleTis xelaxali ayvaveba, Sesabamisad, Tu dRes dominanti dasavleTia, xval aRmo-
savleTi gaxdeba.
Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio sazogadoeba
globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe
globalizaciis kvlevisas erT paradoqss vawydebiT: kvlevis dawyebamde geCveneba,
rom masze mkafio warmodgena gaqvs, xolo kvlevisas ufro bundovani xdeba misi arsi.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom arsebobs uamravi samecniero naSromi, saJurnalo statia
da Teoria globalizaciis Sesaxeb, mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, winaswar SemogTavazod
sqema, romlis CarCoebSic gavagrZelebT kvlevas.
sqema, romelsac warmogidgenT, SemuSavebul iqna 1999-2002 wlebSi wlebSi
Catarebuli kvlevis Sdegad. igi ganaxorciela bostonis universitetma da
ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavlelma institutma (ISEC). kvlevas xelmZRvanelobdnen
piter l. bergeri (sociologi, ISEC-is direqtori) da samuel p. hanTigtoni
(politologi, harvardis universitetis profesori). mkvlevarTa jgufebma msoflios
aTobiT qveyanaSi Caatares dakvirveba kulturis globalizaciis dinamikaze.
Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad piter l. bergerma gamoyo oTxi mimarTuleba, romlis
saSualebiTac vrceldeba globaluri kultura esenia:
1. davosuri kultura, anu saerTaSoriso biznes-kultura;
2. `mak-msoflio~ kultura, anu masobrivi samomxmareblo kultura;
3. inteleqtualTa saerTaSoriso saklubo kultura;
4. axali religiuri moZraobebi.
imisaTvis, rom mimarTulebaTa aseTi dayofa mkafio da TvalsaCino gaxdes, maT
ufro safuZvlianad ganvixilavT.
arsebobs ganviTarebadi, zrdadi globaluri kultura da igi xasiaTiTa da
warmomavlobiT amerikulia. Cilelma istorikosma klaudio velizim mas uwoda `anglo-
amerikuli civilizaciis elinisturi stadia~ _ stadia, romelic ar SeiZleba gagebul
iqnas, rogorc `imperializmi~. antikuri samyaro berZnulad iqca swored maSin, roca
saberZneTs imperiuli SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCnda. dRes, marTalia, aSS udides Zalas
flobs, magram, rogorc Tavad amerikelebi miiCneven, aSS ar cdilobs sakuTari
kulturis Tavs moxvevas sxva sazogadoebebisaTvis. adrec da axlac ena did rols
TamaSobda kulturis gavrcelebaSi. elinizmis periodSi mTavar enas warmoadgeneda
`koine~ _ ubralo xalxis salaparako ena; dRes igive rols arsulebs inglisuri,
amerikuli inglisuri ena. igi warmoadgens mzardi globaluri kulturis `koines~. mas
uaxles momavalSi konkurenti Znelad Tu gamouCndeba. milionobiT adamiani saubrobs
inglisur enaze, magram maTi umravlesoba inglisur enas internetSi Ziebisa da ukeTesi
samuSaos mosaZebnad swavlobs, da ara originalSi Seqspirisa da folkneris wasakiTxad.
ucxo enis gamoyeneba ukvalod ar qreba. enas aqvs kulturuli plastebi, rogorc
cnobier, aseve normatiul da emociur donezea.
mzrdad globalur kulturas aqvs SesaZlebloba, gavrceldes rogorc elitarul,
aseve farTo fenebze. SeasZloa, elitarul doneze kulturis gavrcelebis yvelaze
mTvari saSualeba aris is, rasac s.hanTingtonma daosuri kultura uwoda (saxelwodeba
62
saSualebas _ internets _ da saZiebelSi CawerT sityvas `globalizacia~, Tqvens
Tvalwin gaixsneba saSualod 4 mln veb-gverdi.
globalizacia damyarebulia adamianTa urTierTobaze, ufro sworad, sxvadasxva
sazogadoebaTa urTierTobaze. ese igi, roca saubaria globalizaciaze, igulisxmeba am
Tu im sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoeba. xolo sazogadoebam Tavisi
Rirebulebebi sayovelTaod rom aqcios, saWiroa igi sxva sazogadoebebs gaacnos da
gauTavisos, risTvisac saWiroa kontaqti. ese igi, logikurad mivediT daskvnamde, rom
globalizaciis pirveli aucilebeli piroba sxvadasxva sazogadoebis, sxvadasxava
kulturuli erTobis urTierTobaa.
imisaTvis, rom msjeloba ganvagrZoT, saWiroa globalizaciis saTave romelime
istoriul epoqas davukavSiroT. am mxriv mecnierTa azri iyofa. erTi nawili miiCnevs,
rom globalizaciis saTaveebi saZiebelia XV saukuneSi, igi ukavSirdeba did
geografiul aRmoCenebs, rodesac dedamiwis macxovrebelTa umetesobam moaxerxa
urTierTgacnoba. mkvlevarTa am jgufis azriT, es iyo pirveli faqti msoflios
xalxTa urTierTobisa, swored am periodSi xdeba kulturul RirebulebaTa pirveli
masobrivi gacvla.
mecnierTa meore nawili Tvlis, rom globalizacia aris XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze
dawyebuli movlena, dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebTan sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa dargSi da msoflios ganawilebis erTi etapis damTavrebasTan.
mesame nawili ki miiCnevs, rom globalizacia XX saukunis meore naxevris movlenaa,
radgan misi safuZvlebi saZiebelia informaciuli epoqis dasawyisSi.
aucileblad miviCnevT, SemogTavazoT konkretul mecnierTa varaudebi; es
varaudebi u.bekis naSromSia warmodgenili:
avtori dasawyisi Tema
marqsi me-15 s. Tanamedrove kapitalizmi
uolerstaini me-15 s. msoflio kapitalisturi sistema
robertsoni 1870-1920w.w. mravalwyobianoba
gidensi me-18 s. modernizacia
perlmuteri aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
globaluri civilizacia
dasasruli
ra Tqma unda, sakamaToa, romeli daskvnaa ufro misaRebi, radgan yovel maTgans
sakuTari, met-naklebad damajerebeli dasabuTeba aqvs.
imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT am winaaRmdegobaSi da CvenTvis ufro advili Seiqmnes
sakuTari daskvnis gakeTeba, oriode sityviT SevexoT im istoriul periodebs,
rodesac dasavleTs mWidro urTierToba hqonda sxva samyarosTan.
pirveli intensiuri Sexeba mas aRmosavleTTan hqonda. es iyo antikur xanaSi,
rodesac erTmaneTs ebrZoda berZnuli da sparsuli samyaro. am samyaroTa
urTierTobam gamoiwvia sruliad axali kulturuli erTobis _ elinisturi samyaros
_ warmoSoba, rac mTlianad gamoxatuli iyo berZnuli da araberZnuli (sparsuli da
sxva) adaT-wesebis, kulturul faseulobaTa gacvla-gamocvliT. Tuki Sedegebis mxriv
vimsjelebT, am periodis Semdeg (Tu ar CavTvliT jvarosnul omebs), RirebulebaTa
urTierTgacvlis mxriv, msgavsi nayofieri Sedegi samyaroTa urTierTobas aRar
hqonia. aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg, marTalia, imperia daiSala,
magram axlo aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibda samyaro, romelic arc sparsul-aRmosavluri
iyo da arc berZnul-dasavluri, igi am samyaroTa urTierTobis Sedegi gaxldaT.
rodesac kulturul RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoebazea saubari, unda gamoiyos
ramdenime istoriuli epoqa. Tu Sedegebze mxolod dasavleTTan mimarTebaSi
59
visaubrebT, msgavsi SemTxveva ramdenimea: elinisturi epoqa, safrangeTis revolucia
da, Semdeg, komunizmis periodi. yovel maTgans Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos
pirovnebaTa saxeli: elinisturs _ aleqsandre makedonelis, safrangeTis revolucias
_ napoleonis, xolo komunizmis periods _ stalinis. safrangeTis revolucia
Tamamad CaiTvleba evropul revoluciad, rac Seexeba komunizms, es ideologia
dasavleTSi aRmocenda da TiTqmis mTel evraziaSi gavrcelda. arc makedoneli, arc
napoleoni da arc stalini im kulturis uSualo warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen, romlis
saxeliTac moqmedebdnen. arada, ra gasakviric ar unda iyos, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom
es sami pirovneba-epoqa dasavleTis saxis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.
kerZod, makedonelma SeZlo is, rac Tavad berZnebma ver SeZles, anu moaxerxa berZnuli
samyaros gaerTianeba, romelic gaxda safuZveli erTiani dasavluri kulturisa.
napoleonma frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi zogadevropulad aqcia da safuZveli
daudo erTiani evropis Camoyalibebas, stalinma komunizmis gaZlierebiT Camoayaliba
banaki, romlis winaaRmdeg brZolac SeiZleba CaiTvalos napoleonis epoqaSi dawyebuli
evropis konsolidaciis saboloo Camoyalibebis procesad; komunizmis winaaRmdeg
brZola iqca evropuli integraciis erT-erT damaCqarebel movlenad.
samive movlenaSi Cans `gasayovelTaoebis~ niSnebi, magram `globalizaciaze~
saubari jer kidev adrea, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mxolod ori sazogadoebis
urTierTobazea saubari, meore SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba ver gascda evropis
sazRvrebs, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi komunizmi, rogorc sayovelTao ideologia, Tavad
mSobelma dasavleTma uaryo. magram samive maTgans, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, didi
wvlili miuZRvis faseulobaTa im sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, ris gasayovelTaoebazec
dRes aris saubari. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia,
romelic moicavs ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul sferoebs.
liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia aris dasavlur faseulobaTa sistema,
aqedan gamomdinare, `globalizacia~ dasavluri movlenaa. swored dasavluri
ideologiis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba `globalizaciis~ procesis dawyeba.
dasavluri cnobierebiT, `progresi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonia~. xolo
progresi marto rwmeniT, anu gonebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ideologia iZleva
amqveyniuri keTildReobis etalons. am SemTxvevaSi ki dasavluri ideologia, rogorc
Tavad dasavleTi fiqrobs, erTaderTia, romelic iZleva kargi cxovrebis garantias. am
daskvnamde dasavleTi im logikiT mivida, rom Zlierebisa da keTildReobisaTvis
saWiroa Zlieri ekonomika, xolo amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod im wesebis dacviT,
romelsac liberaluri demokratia gvTavazobs.
sanam uSualod `globalizaciis~ doneTa ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, gvsurs erT
faqtze gavamaxviloT yuradReba. msjelobas Jan-Jak rusos sityvebiT daviwyebT:
`yvelaze Zlieri ar aris ise Zlieri, rom mudam batoni iyos, Tu Tavis Zalas uflebad,
xolo morCilebas movaleobad ar gardaqmnis~. dRes Zlierad msoflios swored
dasavleTi evlineba, amitom es ukanaskneli yvelanairad cdilobs, dRevandeli
Zliereba gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom Zala uflebad aqcios, xolo morCileba ki
movaleobad, raTa yovelTvis dominantad darCes. kerZod, igi cdilobs Seqmnas
samyaro, sadac TviTon moTamaSe arbitris rolSi iqneba. dasavleTi cdilobs,
msoflios TamaSis sakuTari wesebi ukarnaxos. `globalizaciis~ idea aris is, rom
dasavluri Rirebulebani _ demokratia, kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis uflebaTa
pativiscema, Riaoba _ anu liberaluri demokratia aqcios msoflio ideologiad.
`globalizaciis~ dasavlur xedvas kargad gamoxatavs am saukunis ormocian wlebSi
adaminis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis istoria. misi ganxilvis dros,
dasavleTis mecnierTa erTma jgufma, kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam,
60
melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT, warmoadgina memorandumi, romlis mixedviTac,
saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba
Taviseburad esmiT. rogorc blez paskali ambobda, `is, rac alpebs aqeT WeSmaritebaa,
alpebs iqiT sicruea~. memorandumi emyareboda formulas: `adamiani Tavisufalia im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis im gagebiT, romelic mis
sazogadoebaSia miRebuli~. maTi azriT, Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs sxvadasxva
kulturaSi sxvadasxva xasiaTi aqvT, amitom, yoveli mcdeloba _ Camoyalibdes isini
mxolod erTi romelime kulturis warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT, xels uSlis adamianis
uflebaTa aseTi deklaraciis gavrcelebas mTel kacobriobaze. oficialuri
dasavleTisaTvis es memorandumi miuRebeli aRmoCnda da maT miiRes deklaracia,
romelic mxolod dasavlur Rirebulebebs efuZneba. aqedan gamomdinare,
`globalizacia~, anu deklaraciis gasayovelTaoebis mcdeloba dasavluri movlenaa.
sanam uSualod Tanamedroveobaze gadavidodeT, oriode sityviT ekonomikuri
`globalizaciis~ Temas SevexoT. dasavlel mecnierTa didi nawili msoflio istorias
aRiqvams, rogorc erT mTlian process. am mecnierTagan unda gamovyoT isini, vinc
msoflio istoriis amosaval wertilad ekonomikas miiCneven. sainteresoa
msoflsistemuri midgoma, romelic `analebis~ skolis warmomadgenelma fernar
brodelma da ekonomikis istoriis mkvlevarma imanuel valerstainma Camoayalibes. am
ukanasknelis wignSi `Tanamedrove msoflsistema~ kargad aris Camoyalibebuli
msoflistemuri TvalTaxedva, romlis mixedviTac, msoflsistema aris ara msoflio
sistema, aramed esaa sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros.
msoflsitemuri midgomisaTvis amosavalia ufro didi organizmebis gamoyofa,
vidre socialur-istoriuli organizmia, magram amosavali wertili aris ara kultura,
aramed ekonomika. pirveli msoflsistemebi msoflio imperiebia, romlebic
warmoadgens ara mxolod samyaroebs, aramed warmoebis wessac. es msoflio imperiebi
Tavis Tavs gardaqmnis axal msoflio sistemad, anu msoflekonomikad. warmoebis wesis
mixedviT, valerstaini gamoyofs sxvadasxva msoflsistemas da aRiarebs, rom
Tanamedrove msoflsistema, anu kapitalisturi msoflekonomika, erTaderTia,
romelic ara mxolod gadarCa, aramed ajoba sxva socialur sistemebs, `Seisruta ra
isini~.
80-iani wlebis miwurulidan gamoikveTa msoflsistemuri midgomis momxreTa mier
kacobriobis istoriis orgvari xedva: pirvelis mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis
warmoadgenda erTian msoflsistemas, xolo meoris mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis iyo
gaxleCili ramdenime msoflsistemad. k.Ceiz-danma pirvelis momxreebs `monoli-
Tistebi~ uwoda, xolo meoreT ki _ `damnawevreblebi~.
`monoliTistebis~ azriT, ukanaskneli 5 aTasi wlis manZilze (rac arsebobs
kalasobrivi sazogadoeba) mTeli Zveli samyaro warmoadgenda erTian msoflsistemas,
axali samyaro ki, XV saukunis bolomde meore msoflsistema iyo. XV saukuneSi es erTi
`naprali~ Seavso amerikis aRmoCenam. am Tvalsazrisis warmomadgenlebi arian
a.g.franki, s.amini, J.abu-lughodi. yoveli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia met-
naklebad agresiuli antievropeizmi.
`damnawevreblebis~ warmomadgenelia k. Ceiz-dani, romelic gamoyofs msoflsiste-
maTa sxvadasxva tips, Semoaqvs cneba `zemsoflsistema~, romliTac aRiniSneba evrazia.
rogorc vxedavT, msoflistema Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs `globalizacias~.
`monoliTistebi~ aRiareben kapitalisturi msoflekonomikis, rogorc erTiani
msoflsistemis, dominantobas da Tvlian, rom kapitalizmis safuZvlebi saZiebelia ara
erT romelime sazogadoebaSi, romelsac valerstaini `nacionalur saxelmwifoebs~
uwodebs, aramed swored maT urTierTobaSi. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis safuZvlebi
61
visaubrebT, msgavsi SemTxveva ramdenimea: elinisturi epoqa, safrangeTis revolucia
da, Semdeg, komunizmis periodi. yovel maTgans Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos
pirovnebaTa saxeli: elinisturs _ aleqsandre makedonelis, safrangeTis revolucias
_ napoleonis, xolo komunizmis periods _ stalinis. safrangeTis revolucia
Tamamad CaiTvleba evropul revoluciad, rac Seexeba komunizms, es ideologia
dasavleTSi aRmocenda da TiTqmis mTel evraziaSi gavrcelda. arc makedoneli, arc
napoleoni da arc stalini im kulturis uSualo warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen, romlis
saxeliTac moqmedebdnen. arada, ra gasakviric ar unda iyos, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom
es sami pirovneba-epoqa dasavleTis saxis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.
kerZod, makedonelma SeZlo is, rac Tavad berZnebma ver SeZles, anu moaxerxa berZnuli
samyaros gaerTianeba, romelic gaxda safuZveli erTiani dasavluri kulturisa.
napoleonma frang ganmanaTlebelTa ideebi zogadevropulad aqcia da safuZveli
daudo erTiani evropis Camoyalibebas, stalinma komunizmis gaZlierebiT Camoayaliba
banaki, romlis winaaRmdeg brZolac SeiZleba CaiTvalos napoleonis epoqaSi dawyebuli
evropis konsolidaciis saboloo Camoyalibebis procesad; komunizmis winaaRmdeg
brZola iqca evropuli integraciis erT-erT damaCqarebel movlenad.
samive movlenaSi Cans `gasayovelTaoebis~ niSnebi, magram `globalizaciaze~
saubari jer kidev adrea, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mxolod ori sazogadoebis
urTierTobazea saubari, meore SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba ver gascda evropis
sazRvrebs, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi komunizmi, rogorc sayovelTao ideologia, Tavad
mSobelma dasavleTma uaryo. magram samive maTgans, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, didi
wvlili miuZRvis faseulobaTa im sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, ris gasayovelTaoebazec
dRes aris saubari. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia,
romelic moicavs ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul sferoebs.
liberalur-demokratiuli ideologia aris dasavlur faseulobaTa sistema,
aqedan gamomdinare, `globalizacia~ dasavluri movlenaa. swored dasavluri
ideologiis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba `globalizaciis~ procesis dawyeba.
dasavluri cnobierebiT, `progresi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonia~. xolo
progresi marto rwmeniT, anu gonebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ideologia iZleva
amqveyniuri keTildReobis etalons. am SemTxvevaSi ki dasavluri ideologia, rogorc
Tavad dasavleTi fiqrobs, erTaderTia, romelic iZleva kargi cxovrebis garantias. am
daskvnamde dasavleTi im logikiT mivida, rom Zlierebisa da keTildReobisaTvis
saWiroa Zlieri ekonomika, xolo amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod im wesebis dacviT,
romelsac liberaluri demokratia gvTavazobs.
sanam uSualod `globalizaciis~ doneTa ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, gvsurs erT
faqtze gavamaxviloT yuradReba. msjelobas Jan-Jak rusos sityvebiT daviwyebT:
`yvelaze Zlieri ar aris ise Zlieri, rom mudam batoni iyos, Tu Tavis Zalas uflebad,
xolo morCilebas movaleobad ar gardaqmnis~. dRes Zlierad msoflios swored
dasavleTi evlineba, amitom es ukanaskneli yvelanairad cdilobs, dRevandeli
Zliereba gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom Zala uflebad aqcios, xolo morCileba ki
movaleobad, raTa yovelTvis dominantad darCes. kerZod, igi cdilobs Seqmnas
samyaro, sadac TviTon moTamaSe arbitris rolSi iqneba. dasavleTi cdilobs,
msoflios TamaSis sakuTari wesebi ukarnaxos. `globalizaciis~ idea aris is, rom
dasavluri Rirebulebani _ demokratia, kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis uflebaTa
pativiscema, Riaoba _ anu liberaluri demokratia aqcios msoflio ideologiad.
`globalizaciis~ dasavlur xedvas kargad gamoxatavs am saukunis ormocian wlebSi
adaminis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis istoria. misi ganxilvis dros,
dasavleTis mecnierTa erTma jgufma, kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam,
60
melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT, warmoadgina memorandumi, romlis mixedviTac,
saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba
Taviseburad esmiT. rogorc blez paskali ambobda, `is, rac alpebs aqeT WeSmaritebaa,
alpebs iqiT sicruea~. memorandumi emyareboda formulas: `adamiani Tavisufalia im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis im gagebiT, romelic mis
sazogadoebaSia miRebuli~. maTi azriT, Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs sxvadasxva
kulturaSi sxvadasxva xasiaTi aqvT, amitom, yoveli mcdeloba _ Camoyalibdes isini
mxolod erTi romelime kulturis warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT, xels uSlis adamianis
uflebaTa aseTi deklaraciis gavrcelebas mTel kacobriobaze. oficialuri
dasavleTisaTvis es memorandumi miuRebeli aRmoCnda da maT miiRes deklaracia,
romelic mxolod dasavlur Rirebulebebs efuZneba. aqedan gamomdinare,
`globalizacia~, anu deklaraciis gasayovelTaoebis mcdeloba dasavluri movlenaa.
sanam uSualod Tanamedroveobaze gadavidodeT, oriode sityviT ekonomikuri
`globalizaciis~ Temas SevexoT. dasavlel mecnierTa didi nawili msoflio istorias
aRiqvams, rogorc erT mTlian process. am mecnierTagan unda gamovyoT isini, vinc
msoflio istoriis amosaval wertilad ekonomikas miiCneven. sainteresoa
msoflsistemuri midgoma, romelic `analebis~ skolis warmomadgenelma fernar
brodelma da ekonomikis istoriis mkvlevarma imanuel valerstainma Camoayalibes. am
ukanasknelis wignSi `Tanamedrove msoflsistema~ kargad aris Camoyalibebuli
msoflistemuri TvalTaxedva, romlis mixedviTac, msoflsistema aris ara msoflio
sistema, aramed esaa sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros.
msoflsitemuri midgomisaTvis amosavalia ufro didi organizmebis gamoyofa,
vidre socialur-istoriuli organizmia, magram amosavali wertili aris ara kultura,
aramed ekonomika. pirveli msoflsistemebi msoflio imperiebia, romlebic
warmoadgens ara mxolod samyaroebs, aramed warmoebis wessac. es msoflio imperiebi
Tavis Tavs gardaqmnis axal msoflio sistemad, anu msoflekonomikad. warmoebis wesis
mixedviT, valerstaini gamoyofs sxvadasxva msoflsistemas da aRiarebs, rom
Tanamedrove msoflsistema, anu kapitalisturi msoflekonomika, erTaderTia,
romelic ara mxolod gadarCa, aramed ajoba sxva socialur sistemebs, `Seisruta ra
isini~.
80-iani wlebis miwurulidan gamoikveTa msoflsistemuri midgomis momxreTa mier
kacobriobis istoriis orgvari xedva: pirvelis mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis
warmoadgenda erTian msoflsistemas, xolo meoris mixedviT, msoflio yovelTvis iyo
gaxleCili ramdenime msoflsistemad. k.Ceiz-danma pirvelis momxreebs `monoli-
Tistebi~ uwoda, xolo meoreT ki _ `damnawevreblebi~.
`monoliTistebis~ azriT, ukanaskneli 5 aTasi wlis manZilze (rac arsebobs
kalasobrivi sazogadoeba) mTeli Zveli samyaro warmoadgenda erTian msoflsistemas,
axali samyaro ki, XV saukunis bolomde meore msoflsistema iyo. XV saukuneSi es erTi
`naprali~ Seavso amerikis aRmoCenam. am Tvalsazrisis warmomadgenlebi arian
a.g.franki, s.amini, J.abu-lughodi. yoveli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia met-
naklebad agresiuli antievropeizmi.
`damnawevreblebis~ warmomadgenelia k. Ceiz-dani, romelic gamoyofs msoflsiste-
maTa sxvadasxva tips, Semoaqvs cneba `zemsoflsistema~, romliTac aRiniSneba evrazia.
rogorc vxedavT, msoflistema Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs `globalizacias~.
`monoliTistebi~ aRiareben kapitalisturi msoflekonomikis, rogorc erTiani
msoflsistemis, dominantobas da Tvlian, rom kapitalizmis safuZvlebi saZiebelia ara
erT romelime sazogadoebaSi, romelsac valerstaini `nacionalur saxelmwifoebs~
uwodebs, aramed swored maT urTierTobaSi. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis safuZvlebi
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saZiebelia im teritoriaze, romelic moicavs CrdiloeT afrikas, axlo aRmosavleTs,
indoeTis nawils, centralur da samxreT azias, swored aq iyo protokapitalisturi
elementebi. ese igi, maTi azriT, safuZveli aRmosavleTia, xolo Semdeg xdeba
`aRmosavleTis dacema~ da dasavleTis ayvaveba. momavalSi mosalodnelia aRmo-
savleTis xelaxali ayvaveba, Sesabamisad, Tu dRes dominanti dasavleTia, xval aRmo-
savleTi gaxdeba.
Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio sazogadoeba
globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe
globalizaciis kvlevisas erT paradoqss vawydebiT: kvlevis dawyebamde geCveneba,
rom masze mkafio warmodgena gaqvs, xolo kvlevisas ufro bundovani xdeba misi arsi.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom arsebobs uamravi samecniero naSromi, saJurnalo statia
da Teoria globalizaciis Sesaxeb, mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, winaswar SemogTavazod
sqema, romlis CarCoebSic gavagrZelebT kvlevas.
sqema, romelsac warmogidgenT, SemuSavebul iqna 1999-2002 wlebSi wlebSi
Catarebuli kvlevis Sdegad. igi ganaxorciela bostonis universitetma da
ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavlelma institutma (ISEC). kvlevas xelmZRvanelobdnen
piter l. bergeri (sociologi, ISEC-is direqtori) da samuel p. hanTigtoni
(politologi, harvardis universitetis profesori). mkvlevarTa jgufebma msoflios
aTobiT qveyanaSi Caatares dakvirveba kulturis globalizaciis dinamikaze.
Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad piter l. bergerma gamoyo oTxi mimarTuleba, romlis
saSualebiTac vrceldeba globaluri kultura esenia:
1. davosuri kultura, anu saerTaSoriso biznes-kultura;
2. `mak-msoflio~ kultura, anu masobrivi samomxmareblo kultura;
3. inteleqtualTa saerTaSoriso saklubo kultura;
4. axali religiuri moZraobebi.
imisaTvis, rom mimarTulebaTa aseTi dayofa mkafio da TvalsaCino gaxdes, maT
ufro safuZvlianad ganvixilavT.
arsebobs ganviTarebadi, zrdadi globaluri kultura da igi xasiaTiTa da
warmomavlobiT amerikulia. Cilelma istorikosma klaudio velizim mas uwoda `anglo-
amerikuli civilizaciis elinisturi stadia~ _ stadia, romelic ar SeiZleba gagebul
iqnas, rogorc `imperializmi~. antikuri samyaro berZnulad iqca swored maSin, roca
saberZneTs imperiuli SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCnda. dRes, marTalia, aSS udides Zalas
flobs, magram, rogorc Tavad amerikelebi miiCneven, aSS ar cdilobs sakuTari
kulturis Tavs moxvevas sxva sazogadoebebisaTvis. adrec da axlac ena did rols
TamaSobda kulturis gavrcelebaSi. elinizmis periodSi mTavar enas warmoadgeneda
`koine~ _ ubralo xalxis salaparako ena; dRes igive rols arsulebs inglisuri,
amerikuli inglisuri ena. igi warmoadgens mzardi globaluri kulturis `koines~. mas
uaxles momavalSi konkurenti Znelad Tu gamouCndeba. milionobiT adamiani saubrobs
inglisur enaze, magram maTi umravlesoba inglisur enas internetSi Ziebisa da ukeTesi
samuSaos mosaZebnad swavlobs, da ara originalSi Seqspirisa da folkneris wasakiTxad.
ucxo enis gamoyeneba ukvalod ar qreba. enas aqvs kulturuli plastebi, rogorc
cnobier, aseve normatiul da emociur donezea.
mzrdad globalur kulturas aqvs SesaZlebloba, gavrceldes rogorc elitarul,
aseve farTo fenebze. SeasZloa, elitarul doneze kulturis gavrcelebis yvelaze
mTvari saSualeba aris is, rasac s.hanTingtonma daosuri kultura uwoda (saxelwodeba
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saSualebas _ internets _ da saZiebelSi CawerT sityvas `globalizacia~, Tqvens
Tvalwin gaixsneba saSualod 4 mln veb-gverdi.
globalizacia damyarebulia adamianTa urTierTobaze, ufro sworad, sxvadasxva
sazogadoebaTa urTierTobaze. ese igi, roca saubaria globalizaciaze, igulisxmeba am
Tu im sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoeba. xolo sazogadoebam Tavisi
Rirebulebebi sayovelTaod rom aqcios, saWiroa igi sxva sazogadoebebs gaacnos da
gauTavisos, risTvisac saWiroa kontaqti. ese igi, logikurad mivediT daskvnamde, rom
globalizaciis pirveli aucilebeli piroba sxvadasxva sazogadoebis, sxvadasxava
kulturuli erTobis urTierTobaa.
imisaTvis, rom msjeloba ganvagrZoT, saWiroa globalizaciis saTave romelime
istoriul epoqas davukavSiroT. am mxriv mecnierTa azri iyofa. erTi nawili miiCnevs,
rom globalizaciis saTaveebi saZiebelia XV saukuneSi, igi ukavSirdeba did
geografiul aRmoCenebs, rodesac dedamiwis macxovrebelTa umetesobam moaxerxa
urTierTgacnoba. mkvlevarTa am jgufis azriT, es iyo pirveli faqti msoflios
xalxTa urTierTobisa, swored am periodSi xdeba kulturul RirebulebaTa pirveli
masobrivi gacvla.
mecnierTa meore nawili Tvlis, rom globalizacia aris XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze
dawyebuli movlena, dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebTan sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa dargSi da msoflios ganawilebis erTi etapis damTavrebasTan.
mesame nawili ki miiCnevs, rom globalizacia XX saukunis meore naxevris movlenaa,
radgan misi safuZvlebi saZiebelia informaciuli epoqis dasawyisSi.
aucileblad miviCnevT, SemogTavazoT konkretul mecnierTa varaudebi; es
varaudebi u.bekis naSromSia warmodgenili:
avtori dasawyisi Tema
marqsi me-15 s. Tanamedrove kapitalizmi
uolerstaini me-15 s. msoflio kapitalisturi sistema
robertsoni 1870-1920w.w. mravalwyobianoba
gidensi me-18 s. modernizacia
perlmuteri aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
globaluri civilizacia
dasasruli
ra Tqma unda, sakamaToa, romeli daskvnaa ufro misaRebi, radgan yovel maTgans
sakuTari, met-naklebad damajerebeli dasabuTeba aqvs.
imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT am winaaRmdegobaSi da CvenTvis ufro advili Seiqmnes
sakuTari daskvnis gakeTeba, oriode sityviT SevexoT im istoriul periodebs,
rodesac dasavleTs mWidro urTierToba hqonda sxva samyarosTan.
pirveli intensiuri Sexeba mas aRmosavleTTan hqonda. es iyo antikur xanaSi,
rodesac erTmaneTs ebrZoda berZnuli da sparsuli samyaro. am samyaroTa
urTierTobam gamoiwvia sruliad axali kulturuli erTobis _ elinisturi samyaros
_ warmoSoba, rac mTlianad gamoxatuli iyo berZnuli da araberZnuli (sparsuli da
sxva) adaT-wesebis, kulturul faseulobaTa gacvla-gamocvliT. Tuki Sedegebis mxriv
vimsjelebT, am periodis Semdeg (Tu ar CavTvliT jvarosnul omebs), RirebulebaTa
urTierTgacvlis mxriv, msgavsi nayofieri Sedegi samyaroTa urTierTobas aRar
hqonia. aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg, marTalia, imperia daiSala,
magram axlo aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibda samyaro, romelic arc sparsul-aRmosavluri
iyo da arc berZnul-dasavluri, igi am samyaroTa urTierTobis Sedegi gaxldaT.
rodesac kulturul RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaoebazea saubari, unda gamoiyos
ramdenime istoriuli epoqa. Tu Sedegebze mxolod dasavleTTan mimarTebaSi
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 axla oriod sityva imaze, Tu ris `gasayovelTaoebazea~ saubari. marTalia, cnebas
Tavdapirvelad mxolod ekonomikuri datvirTva hqonda, magram dRes igi ukve,
faqtobrivad, cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavs. rodesac vambobT yvelafers,
vgulisxmobT doneebs: ekonomikurs, politikursa da kulturul-religiurs.
yvelaze zogadad, globalizacia aris procesi, romelic msoflios daviwroebas
axdens. dedamiwas `patara didi sofeli~ SeiZleba ewodos. es aris erTiani `msoflio
sazogadoeba~. am sityvaTwyobaSi Tu sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi germaneli filosofosi
u.beki sityva `msoflios~ gansxvavebulobis, mravalferovnebis mniSvnelobas aniWebs,
xolo `sazogadoebas~ _ araintegrirebulobis. amitom, gamodis, rom msoflio
sazogadoeba aris erTianobis gareSe arsebuli mravalferovneba. u.beki ganasxvavebs
globalizms, globalurobasa da globalizacias. aRniSnuli gansxvavebis mizania
daamsxvrios politikurisa da sazogadoebrivis teritoriuli orTodoqsuloba,
romelic pirveli modernis proeqtSi Camoyalibda, daukavSirda erovnul saxelmwifos
da miiRo kategorialur-instituciuri absolutis statusi.
globalizmi _ es aris msoflio bazris batonobis gageba. mas globalizaciis
mravalmxrivoba (politikuri, kulturuli, ekologiuri da sxva) dayavs mxolod
sameurneo ganzomilebamde da sxva danarCens mxolod mis daqvemdebarebaSi
warmoadgens. globalizmi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom, SeiZleba magaliTad, germania,
marTo ubralo sawarmosaviT.
ramdenadac `msoflio~ da sityvaTSeTanxmeba `msoflio sazogadoeba~ aRniSnavs
gansxvavebebs, mravalferovnebas, xolo `sazogadoeba~ _ araintegrirebuleobas,
amitom msoflio sazogadoebis cnebis qveS SesaZloa vigulisxmoT erTianobis gareSe
mravalferovneba.
msoflio sazogadoeba warmoadgens ara megasazogadoebas, romelic Tavis TavSi
aerTianebs da aqrobs yvela nacionalur sazogadoebas, aramed mravalferovnebiT
gamorCeul da integracias dauqvemdebarebel msoflio horizonts, romelic iReba
maSinve, roca is iqmneba da, amasTan, inarCunebs komunikaciisa da moqmedebis
Tavisuflebas.
axalia ara marto yoveldRiuri cxovreba da qmedebani, romlebic gascdnen
erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs da qveynebi urTierTdamokidebulebebis qseliT
dafares, aramed isic, rom aRar arsebobs sazogadoebis, Sromisa da kapitalis
garkveul adgilze mijaWvuloba.
globalizaciaSi ar igulisxmeba msoflio saxelmwifos arseboba; ufro zustad:
esaa msoflio sazogadoeba msoflio saxelmwifosa da msoflio mTavrobis gareSe.
laparakia globalurad dezorganizebuli kapitalizmis gafarToebaze, vinaidan arc
ekonomikuri da arc politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs hegemoni xelisufleba da
internacionaluri reJimi.
erTi sityviT, globaluri niSnavs erTian sivrces, mas ufro geografiuli
datvirTva eniWeba. globalizmi aris am sivrceSi msoflio bazris gabatonebis
gamomxatveli cneba. rac Seexeba globalizacias, es aris procesi, anu is, rac
globalizmiT gajerebul globalur msoflioSi xdeba da mimdinareobs, anu
globalizacia aris cocxali, dinamiuri da mimdinare procesi, romelmac msoflio
axal wesrigamde unda miiyvanos.
SesaZloa, dResdReisobiT, globalizacia Tavad warmoadgens msoflio wesrigs,
radgan uaxloes momavalSi swored misgan momdinare gamowvevebze mouwevs
sazogadoebebs pasuxis gacema.
globalizaciis Sesaxeb Seqmnili Teoriebi iseTive swrafi tempiT viTardeba,
rogorc Tavad procesi. Tuki Tqven gaxsniT am procesis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel
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momdinareobs Sveicariuli qalaqis saxelidan); am saxelwodebiT ganisazRvreba
wamyvani saqmiani da politikuri wreebis saerTaSoriso kultura, romlis ZiriTadi
mamoZravebeli Zala, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri globalizaciisa,
saerTaSoriso biznesia. am kulturis matareblebad moiazrebian ara marto is
adamianebi, romlebic xSirad dadian davosSi, aramed isinic, visac surs iyos am
sazogadoebs wevri da ar aris, an jer ar aris.
msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli
(iapi-internacionali _ abreviatura, romelic modis young urban professional-dan),
romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad icvamen da erTobian, aseve,
SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am
axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad
or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur saqmian kulturas, magram sakuTari
piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul kulturul faseulobebze.
globalur kulturaSi arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSirad
erTvis saqmian kulturas, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris dasavluri
inteligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwoda inteleqtualTa saklubo
kultura (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxvadasxva gziT: akademiuri
struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis sakuTar bazars
_ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia dasavleli, kerZod, amerikeli
inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi,
specialistebi da sxvani.
davosur kulturas da inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturas aqvs centri da
periferia. gansxvaveba am or kulturas Soris aris is, rom davosuri kulturis
centrebi mxolod dasavleTSi ar aris ganlagebuli. iseTi didi biznes-centrebi,
rogorebicaa tokio, hong-kongi, singapuri iseTsave imave rols asruleben. xolo
inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis centri mxolod dasavleTSi, kerZod, amerikaSia.
ase, rom mTavar globalizatorad, am mimarTulebiT, dRes amerika miiCneva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier SemoRebuli cxovrebis
janmrTeli wesi da misi ganxorcielebis cda dasavleTSi TavisTavadi movlenaa da
pirdapir daniSnulebas emsaxureba. sxva kulturebSi ki mas sxva daniSnuleba aqvs,
kerZod, es aris am sazogadoebis mier demokratiulobis xarisxis dadasturebis
mcdeloba. amis magaliTia samxreT afrikaSi Tambaqos wevis sawinaaRmdego
kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, maSin roca Sidsis virusma samxreT afrikaSi katastroful
zRvars miaRwia. sigaretis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdebloba, bergeris azriT, swored
inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturisaken swrafviT iyo gamowveuli da ara xalxis
janmrTelobaze zrunviT.
jeims hanteri saubrobs im kosmopolitebze, romlebic Zalzed advilad moZraoben
mTeli msoflios masStabiT da originaluri kulturis gavlenas ar ganicdian. es xalxi
gvxvdeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso korporaciebSi,
evangelistur misiebSi. eseni arian globalizatorebi.
rodesac saubaria davosuri kulturisa da inteleqtualTa saklubo kulturis
Taviseburebebze, aucileblad mimaCnia yuradReba gavamaxvilo rusi mecnieris,
saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa centris direqtoris a.i. utkinis mier SemoTavazebuli
mosazrebaze. igi miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis procesi or etapad iyofa. pirveli etapi
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze unda veZioT, xolo meore etapi _ XX saukunis 70-iani
wlebis bolos. maT Soris wyalgamyofia meore msoflio omi da misi momdevno
aTwleulebi. XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi globalizaciis meore talRas, utkinis azriT,
safuZveli daudo SeTanxmebam, romelic cnobilia `vaSingtonis konsensusis~ saxeliT.
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1980-ian wlebSi sami yvelaze Zlieri ekonomikuri instituti, romelic ganTavsebuli
iyo aSS dedaqalaqSi _ aSS finansTa saministro, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da
msoflio banki _ mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ZiriTadi
xelSemSleli piroba iyo sabaJo sistemebi. `vaSingtonis konsensusi~ moicavs msoflio
vaWrobis reorganizaciis aT rekomendacias, romelic SemuSavebul iqna ekonomist
j.viliamsonis mier.
kerZo biznesis racionalizaciis SesaZleblobis safuZvelze Camoyalibda `oqros
korsetis~ wesi, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mxridan garkveuli kanonebis
mixedviT moqmedebas; kerZod: kerZo seqtori iqceva ekonomikis ganviTarebis,
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis ZiriTad saSualebad; unda moxdes inflaciis dabali donis
mxardaWera; SenarCunebul iqnes fasebis stabiluroba; saxelmwifos biurokratiuli
aparatis roli mcirdeba; aseve mcirdeba importze gadasaxadi; ucxour investiciebze
SezRudvebi ixsneba; xdeba saxelmwifo kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis
privatizeba; es zrdis imports; aseve adgilobrivi industria gaxsnilia
msofliosaTvis da sxva. utkinis TqmiT, `oqros korsetis~ wesis gansakuTrebuloba
isaa, rom igi iTvaliswinebs `yvelasaTvis erT zomas~; utkini miCnevs, rom swored es
iwvevs sxvadsxva qveyanaze socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul zewolas, rasac,
TavisTavad, araerTgvarovani pasuxebi mohyveba. magram kompensaciad miiCneva is, rom
`oqros korsetis~ miRebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba warmoeba, ekonomikuri Semosavali. oci
wlis win malaizielis saSualo Semosavali iyo 350 dolari weliwadSi, magram `oqros
korsetSi~ CaTreuli malaizieli axla weliwadSi 5000 dolars iRebs.
politikur sferoSi, acxadebs utkini, `oqros korseti~ amcirebs xelisuflebis
saTaveebTan mdgom partiebs Soris arsebul gasxvavebebs. kerZod, aviRoT aSS
demokratebi da respublikelebi, maTi samoqmedo gegma, mizani da warmodgenili
saxelmwifo mowyobis gegma ar scdeba `oqros korsetis~ wesebs, amitom maT Soris
arsebuli winaaRmdegoba mcirea: imdenad mcire, rom samxreT koreaSi 1999 wels
arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg kim te dJunma vaSingtonSi elCad mowinaaRmdege partiis
lideri gagzavna. es ukanasknelic daTanxmda im motiviT, rom gansxvaveba am
mimarTulebiT da, saerTod, maT Soris mcire iyo.
yvela qveyana ver axerxebs `oqros korsetis~ saboolood SenarCunebas da morgebas.
zogierTi qveyana mxolod nawilobriv irgebs mas (egvipte, indoeTi); zogierTi
pirvelive Sedegis mware gamocdilebis gamo ixsnis mas (ruseTi, malaizia); mesameni
cdiloben, oqros korseti sakuTar nacionalur kulturas moargon da ise miiRon
(iaponia, germania, safrangeTi); arseboben iseTebic, dasZens utkini, romelnic
miiCneven, rom korsetSi Tavis Seyofa arc Rirs da ukeTesad miiCneven, rom mxolod
bunebriv resursebs miendon (saudis arabeTi, irani); arseboben kidev iseTi
sazogadoebebi, romelnic yvelafers gaiReben imisaTvis, rom korsetis mkacr wesebsa
da kanonebSi ar aRmoCndnen (kuba, sudani, korea); isini, vinc korsetis wesebs aRiareben,
miiCneven, rom visac surs materialuri progresis miRweva, aucileblad mouwevs am
wesebis Sesruleba. mis dasturad korsetis momxreebs moyavT faqtebic. kerZod, isini
xazs usvamen viwro regionebis ganviTarebas: CrdiloeT italia, samxreT korea, Sanxais
teritoria, tel-avivi israelSi, beiruTi libanSi, bangalori indoeTSi _ yvela
maTgani miekuTvneba msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis korifeTa ricxvs,
`kibernetikul tomebs~, romlebic cxovroben Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT.
`oqros korsetis~ mowinaaRmdegeni erTnairad reagireben masze da miiCneven, rom
isini sakuTari kulturis mixedviT, sakuTari siswrafiT ivlian, radgan korseti
Zalzed determinizebulia. isini svamen kiTxvas _ ratom ar SeiZleba, Seikribon
xelaxla da Seqmnan axali, naklebad amkrZalavi modeli? razec msoflios Zlieri
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gavaanalizoT procesis arsi, SeZlebisdagavarad mkveTrad gamovyoT saqarTve-
losaTvis Tu ra SeiZleba aRmoCndes dadebiTi da ra uaryofiTi, radgan is rac
misaRebia erTisaTvis, miuRebelia meoresTvis. sxvaTa gamocdilebis gaanalizeba da
Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems CamoyaliboT globalizaciisadmi sakuTari midgoma. es
aucilebelia, radgan Cven politikuri da ekonomikuri kursi swored mTavari
globalizatoris, Tu SeZleba ase iTqvas, dasavleTisaken gvaqvs aRebuli. es ki niSnavs
imas, rom `macivars mohyveba haqslic~, anu politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis
daSoreba SeuZlebelia, ar SeiZleba politikur-ekonomikur kavSirs ar moyves
urTierToba kulturis doneze. am mxriv sakiTxs arTulebs is, rom erTis SexedviT
erTian dasavleTSi sakmaod didi da rTuli winaaRmdegobebi gaCnda dasavleT evropasa
da amerikas Soris, rogorc ikveTeba kulturis doneze maT Sorisac sakmaod didi
gansxvaveba yofila, radgan evropis zogierTi qveynisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda
globalizaciis procesSi amerikidan importirebuli kultura. kvlevis aqtualobas
esec amtkicebs, radgan politikis doneze gancxadeba Cveni dasavluri orientaciis
Sesaxeb gasagebi da misaRebia, magram meore mxriv, Tuki Cven SevxedavT amas mecnieruli
TvaliT, gaurkvevelia ras niSnavs dasavluri orientacia _ kari gavuRoT yvelafers
rac modis mTlianad dasavleTidan, anu aSS-dan da evropidan da miviRoT igi, Tu unda
ganvasxvavoT amerikuli da evropuli.
rogorc vxedavT, problema mcire kulturebisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvis,
sakmaod bevr saintereso da aqtualur sakiTxebs moicavs. SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT,
Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, saidan iRebs saTaves da ra aris misi warmoSobis
safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT miemarTeba, saiT
miyavs samyaro?
daviwyoT imiT, rom `eri-saxelmwifo aRar iqneba efeqturi Zala: igi Zalian pataraa
didi problemisaTvis da Zalian didi _ patara problemebisaTvis~ (artur
Sleizingeri; amerikeli istorikosi). es aris formula, romelic kargad miesadageboda
~civi omis~ Semdgom, gardamaval periodSi myof msoflios, radgan aSkara iyo, rom
ideologiaTa konfliqtis epoqis dasrulebis Semdeg warmoudgeneli iqneboda eri-
saxelmwifos qceva (Tu dabruneba) msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvrelad; magram sruliad
gaurkveveli rCeboda is, Tu ras an vis unda daekavebina misi adgili. Tuki
davakvirdebiT am periodis samecniero Tu publicistur statiebs, davinaxavT, rom
Sesaval sityvebSi aseTi gamoTqmebi figurirebs: `msoflio gagiJda~, `es fantastikuri
msoflioa~, `kacobriobam ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Seabija~. swavlulebi TiTqos,
SeSinebulni, ufro ki gaocebulni arian.
SemoTavazebul iqna uamravi da sxvadasxvagvari Teoria momavali msoflio wesrigis
Sesaxeb: istoriis dasasruli, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba, marqsizmis aRorZineba. erT-
erTma maTganma msoflioSi mimdinare process globalizacia uwoda. es moxda 1983
wels. amerikelma mecnierma t.levitma am terminiT calkeul produqtTa bazrebis
gaerTianeba daaxasiaTa. manamde arsebobda mondializmis anu globalizmis cneba,
romelic 70-iani wlebidan postindustriuli civilizaciis mTels planetaze
gavrcelebas axasiaTebda. amis Semdeg terminma ufro Rrma Sinaarsi SeiZina da iqca
cnebad, romelic msoflioSi arsebul process gamoxatavs. Tavad procesis
gansazRvreba imdenivea, ramdeni moazrovnec Seexo mas.
Cvenc, Cvenis mxriv, ar CamovrCebiT moazrovneTa did laSqars da vecdebiT misi
Sinaarsis gansazRvras samecniero literaturaSi arsebul definiciebze dayrdnobiT.
Tavad cneba `globalizacia~ modis sityvidan global, rac frangulad
sayovelTaos, mTlians, saerTos niSnavs, aqedan, cnebac, advili misaxvedria,
`gasayovelTaoebas~ aRniSnavs.
57
xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan
modernizacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT.
saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli da cdilobs
globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces. SesaZlebelia
iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos magaliTze sazogadoebis modernizacia emTxveva
globalizaciis process.
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,
aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba da demokratizacia. geopolitikuri
mdebareoba iZleva saqarTvelos globalur procesebSi CarTvis saSualebas; arsebobs
ekonomikuri da politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic mas Tavisi funqcia aqvs. aqedan
gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur kulturasTan Sexeba, radgan
Tanamedrove etapze politikis, ekonomikisa da kulturis urTierTganpirobebulobis
xarisxi sakmaod gaizarda.
modernizaciisa da demokratizaciis procesi aradasavlur tradiciul qveynebSi
pirvelive dartymas kulturas ayenebs; maTTvis demokratizaciis procesi kulturis
transformaciasa da SecvlasTan aris pirdapir kavSirSi. amis gamo umravlesi
aradasavluri qveynis reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben
demokratiaze, adamianis Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar
sazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili kulturaa.
amdenad, mimaCnia, rom Cems mier wamoWrili problemis kvleva interesmoklebuli ar
unda iyos, radgan Tanamedrove etapze kulturis roli sakmaod izrdeba. iuneskos
programis _ `msoflio kulturuli proeqti~ _ direqtoris d.p.Saferis statiaSi
`axali msoflio sistemisaken kulturuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT~ naTqvamia, rom
msoflio miiwevs ekonomikuri saukunidan kulturuli saukunisaken. naTeli gaxda, rom
ganviTarebis problemaTa gadawyveta SeuZlebelia kulturis faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. sxvagvarad msoflios mowyobis nebismieri proeqti
ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis. d.Saferis azriT, axali msoflio sistemis agebis
safuZvelia kulturuli Teoriuli tradiciis gaTvaliswineba, kulturisadmi
holisturi midgoma, istoriis kulturuli interpretaciis gaazreba, yvelaze
mdgradi kulturuli faseulobebis ganmtkiceba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom msoflio
Sevida ganviTarebis im stadiaSi, romelsac bevri mkvlevari gansazRvravs rogorc
kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebas.
rogorc vxedavT, da rasac qvemoT warmodgenili kvleva ufro TvalnaTels gaxdis,
Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kulturas. mosazrebebi
da Teoriebi kulturis globalizaciis Sesaxeb iseTive swarfi tempiT icvleba da
viTardeba, rogorc Tavad procesi. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom, rogorc erT-ereTma
mcire kulturam, moaxeros Tanamedrove procesebisaTvis fexis awyoba da ar CamorCes
mas, aucileblad mimaCnia procesis gaanalizebis, axali Teoriebisdmi yuradRebis
mudmivi miqceva. sakiTxisadmi midgomis amosavali wertili aris is, rom yvela medals
ori mxare gaaCnia. Cveni azriT, ar SeiZleba globalizaciis procesis calsaxad
dadebiTad an uaryofiTad Sefaseba. es procesi Seicavs rogorc pozitiur, aseve
negatiur Tvisebebsac. erTis mxriv acxadeben, rom globalizacia mimarTulia
gaerTgvarovnebisaken da cxovrebis wesis standartizaciisaken, rac TavisTavad
gulisxmobs kulturaTa originalobis gaqrobas. meores mxriv, arseboben
sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globalizacia warmoadgens ganviTarebisa da
msoflioSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebis karg saSualebas, ZiriTadad es exebaT
mcire kulturebs. amdenad, aucilebelia ganxilul iqnes sxvadsxva sazogadoebis
damokidebuleba da reaqcia globalizaciisadmi, radgan igi xels Segviwyobs ukeT
56
nawilisgan mkacri pasuxi miiRes _ Tuki Tqveni kultura ver SeZlebs warmodgenilis
miRebas... es mxolod samwuxaroa. magram mTavari aris is, rom dRevandeli msoflios
globaluri sabazro ekonomika Seqmnilia udidesi istoriuli Zalebis mier, romlebmac
Secvales urTierTobis, investirebis stili da msoflios aRqmac ki. Tuki Tqven gsurT
win aRudgeT am cvlilebebs, Tqven amiT mxolod Tavs moityuebT da sxva araferi.
globaluri kulturis gavrceleba xdeba, agreTve masobrivi kulturis
saSualebebiT (adidasi, makdonaldsi, levisi, mtv da sxva). mas mxolod zedapiruli
xasiaTi aqvs. `globalizacia~ _ es aris movlena, romelic erTgvarovani
samomxmareblo kulturis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. erTgvarovneba ki misaRebia
`masisaTvis~. xose ortega i gaseti gasuli saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi werda, rom
evropa dRes yvelaze did kriziss ganicdis, ramac SeiZleba moicvas xalxebi, erebi da
kulturebi. misi TqmiT, es aris `masebis amboxi~. masas igi axasiaTebs rogorc
fsiqologiuri rigis movlenas. `adamiani-masa~ isaa, visac ar SeuZlia, rogorc kargi,
aseve cudi mxriTac Seafasos Tavi; vinc Tavis Tavs aRiqvamas `iseTad, rogoricaa
yvela~ da sulac ar ganicdis amas. mas moswons iyos iseTi, rogoricaa yvela.
ortega i gaseti am krizisis dasawyiss XIX saukuneSi xedavs. jer kidev maSin
iwinaswarmetyveles hegelma, kontma, nicSem `masebis amboxi~, romelic mas Semdeg sul
ufro gaZlierda. adamiani-masa _ es aris pirovneba, romelsac ar gaaCnia Semoqmedebisa
da Sefasebis unari. igi iRebs yvelafers iseTad, rogorc awvdian. amis gamo, masaze
zegavlenis moxdena advilia.
neoliberaluri msoflwesrigis pirobebSi individis sulieri da kulturuli
msoflSegneba ganicdis saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio saSualebaTa zewolas. filmebis,
Souebisa da serialebis globaluri auditoriis gaCena da maTi zegavlena programebis
Sinaarsze uprecedento movlenaa. media orientirebulia popularul da masobriv
kulturaze da masobrivi cnobierebidan devnis alternatiul formebs. mayurebelTa
da msmenelTa reitingisaTvis mebrZoli mediis saSualebaTa saqmianoba gansazRvrulia
ekonomikuri interesiT, da ara inteleqtualuri SinaarsiT. kultura ganixileba,
rogorc globaluri auditoriisa da globaluri informaciuli sazogadoebis
miRwevis saSualeba.
globaluri kulturis Camoyalibebis centrSia interneti. garemocva, romelSic
qveyanas, kulturas uxdeba arseboba, did gavlenas axdens mis Camoyalibeba-
ganviTarebaze, radgan ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos urTierToba aqvs
gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone erTobebTan. urTierTobisas xdeba kulturul
RirebulebaTa gacvla, erTobis cnobiereba ganicdis mudmiv transformacias.
iyo periodi, rodesac msoflio ar warmoadgenda erTian sivrces da dayofili
gaxldaT patara samyaroebad; erebi xalxebi da kulturebi ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs, ar
hqondaT urTierToba, Sexeba, ramac ganapiroba mravali originaluri kulturis, eri-
saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba.
dRes msoflio gaxsnilia, igi erTian sivrces warmoadgens. arsebobs farTo
sainformacio saSulebebi, telefoni, sahaero transporti, kosmosuri sadgurebi da,
rac mTavaria, interneti. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia urTierTobis damyareba
aTasobiT kilometris daSorebiT. yoveldRiurad internetis meSveobiT igzavneba
milionobiT imeili, cifruli foto, wignis moculobis teqstebi, xmovani da video
faili. audionakadi SesaZlebels xdis berlinis radiosadguris mosmenas niu-deliSi
da piriqiT. internetis `CeT-rumi~ da sadiskusio jgufebi virtualuri saqalaqo
Sexvedris centrebia, sadac aTasobiT adamiani erTmaneTs uziarebs sakuTar azrs;
TamaSoben, ibmeba megobrobis Zafebi, ideba biznes-garigebebi. yvela adamianuri
65
urTierToba, romelic SeiZleba damyardes skolaSi, quCaSi, kafeSi, qarxanaSi,
internetSic xorcieldeba.
interneti xels uwyobs globaluri kulturis Seqmnas, acxadebs saerTaSoriso
marketinguli firma IDC-s vice-prezidenti gigi vangi (Gigi Wang). am saxis ukanaskneli
cvlileba iyo gadasvla lokaluridan erovnul ekonomikaze, rasac Tan sdevda
gadasvla rkinigzidan da radiodan avtomobilsa da televizorze. axla xdeba gadasvla
erovnuli ekonomikidan globalur ekonomikaze, rasac mosdevs sahaero transporti da
interneti.
boloniis universitetis istoriis profesori devid elvudi (David Elwood) miiCnevs,
rom interneti ar qmnis globalur kulturas, aramed mxolod aCqarebs movlenebs da
qmnis am fenomenis erT-erT Sres. globaluri kultura didi biznesia da misi saTave
SeiZleba moiZebnos industriis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa sporti, filmebi,
fotografia, musika da aviaxazebi. yovelive amis Tavi da Tavia aSS gasarTobi
industriis mier masobrivi kulturis unikaluri da mzardi moculobiT gamogoneba,
warmoeba da gavrceleba. d.elvudis TqmiT, 1996 wels aSS filmebma, satelevizio
produqciam, kompiuterulma teqnikam, wignebma da kulturis sxva formebma gadaaWarba
sahaero da TavdacviTi produqciis eqsports, da am mxriv pirveli adgili daikava. amis
Semdeg inglisuri ena iqca ara mxolod globaluri komerciis, aramed saerTaSoriso
teqnologiisa da garTobis enadac.
kacobriobam Seabija ganviTarebis axal epoqaSi, es aris sainformacio epoqa,
interneti aris masobrivi kulturis farTod gavrcelebis saSualeba. afrikeli
mkvlevari qalis farida miuale-manenjis (Fridah Muyale-Manenji) TqmiT, globalizacia
uzarmazar gavlenas axdens kulturaze, igi sxvadasxva gziT zemoqmedebs xalxis
kulturul qcevaze. adamianebi icvlian cxovrebis wess. koka-kolas ritmuli reklama
ismis qveynierebis nebismier wertilSi, im soflebSic ki, sadac arsebobs sasmeli wylis
problema.
informaciulma epoqam ganapiroba is, rom kulturebi dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs;
tradiciul simboloTa gverdiT gaCnda internacionaluri mniSvnelobis simboloebi
da popularuli sistemebi.
sainteresoa, rom es yvelaferi xdeba zedapirulad, anu yvelafris
gaucnobiereblad miRebas axdens masa, romelsac monawileoba ar miuRia Tavisi
kulturis originaluri Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSi, masa, romelsac gacnobierebulic ki
ar aqvs, Tu ras niSnavs Zireuli gansxvaveba kulturebs Soris, amitom masze did
gavlenas axdens reklama. mediis zemoqmedebiT kulturis miReba zustad iseTive
movlenaa, rogorc reklamiT raRac nawarmis farTo masisaTvis gacnoba. reklamaSi
Seqmnili samyaro imdenad mimzidveli da macduria, rom aucileblad axdens
momxmarebelze gavlenas. momxmarebeli ki dRes aris masa, romelic imdenad gaZlierda,
rom, marTalia, Tavad ver qmnis, magram elitas, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi unari aqvs,
karnaxobs imas, Tu ra unda Seqmnas, karnaxobs modas. dRes iqmneba is, rac moswons
yvelas, yvela ki `masaa~, iqmneba is, raSic masa ufro met Tanxas ixdis.
f.fukuiamas TqmiT, dRes saubari SeZleba mxolod globalur samomxmareblo
kulturaze, romelic vrceldeba makdonaldsisa da koka-kolas msgavsi kompaniebis
meSveobiT1. magram, saerTod, kultura ufro metia, vidre samomxmareblo bazari, es
ukanaskneli aris zedapiruli aspeqti, kulturas ki aqvs siRrme, romelic gavlenas
1
(erT saintereso faqtze minda SevaCero Tqveni yuradReba; ruandaSi momxdari genocidis Semdeg ar
arsebobda aranairi infrastruqtura, aranairi wesrigi, qveyana srul qaosiT iyo moculi.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, romelic gaemgzavra misiis Sesasruleblad am qveyanaSi, erTi
saintereso faqtis momswre gaxda: maTze ufro adre ruandaSi Casvla “koka-kolas” warmomadgenlebma
moaxerxes)
66
meore saintereso mosazrebaa istoriis `civilizaciuri xedva~. am midgomis
warmomadgenlis s.hanTingtonis azriT, kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesi
sazRvrebi kulturuli niSniT iqneba ganpirobebuli. moxdeba msgavsi kulturis mqone
er-saxelmwifoTa daaxloeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom sabolood kulturis dominantoba
SeniSna Tavad f.fukuiamamac. misi TqmiT, liberaluri demokratiis damkvidrebis gzaze
mTavari dabrkolebis saxiT win moiwevs kultura.
dReisaTvis kulturas, rogorc sazogadoebaTa gamijvnis safuZvels, yvelaze didi
datvirTva eniWeba.
ukanasknel xanebSi farTo interesis sagania msoflios `globalizaciis~ problema.
Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT, Tu ras niSnavs `globalizacia~, saidan iRebs saTaves da ra
aris misi warmoSobis safuZveli, ganviTarebis ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, saiT
miemarTeba, saiT mihyavs samyaro?
civi omis dasrulebiTa da sabWoTa imperiis daSliT saqarTvelo Caeba msoflioSi
mimdinare globalur procesSi, romelic sabWoeTis daSlamde ganviTarebis garkveul
etapze avida. srul damoukideblobas saqarTvelom, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierT
xanmokle periodebs, rogoric iyo mag. giorgi brwyinvales periodi, TiTqmis aTi
saukunea ver miaRwia, xolo ukanaskneli samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvlo ruseTis
izolaciis qveS imyofeba. saqarTvelom rusuli karCaketiloba daZlia da cdilobs
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebSi CaerTos rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. modernizacia iqca
ganviTarebis mimarTulebad, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kulturam sxvadasxva-
gvarad aRiqva da, aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadsaxvagvari reaqcia hqonda. modernizacia
Tanamedroveobis gamowvevaa; zogierTi aradasavluri qveynisaTvis modernizacia
igivdeba vesternizacia-amerikanizaciasTan, anu isini miiCneven, rom Tuki sazo-
gadoebas surs modernizaciis procesSi CarTva, aucilebeli da gardauvalia dasav-
luri, konkretulad, amerikuli kulturiT sakuTari kulturis Canacvleba, anu
gardauvalia amerikanizacia. es ukanaskneli ki originaluri kulturebis warmomad-
genelTaTvis miuRebelia; aman xeli Seuwyo sakuTari kulturisaken mibrunebas, anu
lokalizacias. zogierTi kulturisaTvis ki, modernizacia anu gaTanamedroveoba
amerikanizaciis gareSec misaRwevia; da kidev mesame _ globalizaciis procesSi
modernizaciis miRweva SesaZlebelia sruliad umtkivneulod, ori kulturis
elementTa SereviT.
am procesebidan saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad daSorebuli iyo. rogorc zemoT
mogaxseneT, globalizaciis procesi manam, sanam saqarTvelo sabWoTa sivrceSi iyo
Caketili, ganviTarebis garkveul etapze avida, aqedan gamomdinare, dagrovda am
procesidan momdinare gamowvevebis winaaRmdeg pasuxis gacemis araerTgvarovani
gamocdileba. amitom sainteresoa, Tu romeli saxis pasuxia saqarTvelosaTvis ufro
misaRebi, ra problemebze da niuansebze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba globalizaciis
epoqaSi.
`globalizaciis maxidan ar arsebobs erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs
transnacionaluri gamosavali~. regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri
zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnisa; zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis
mizezi da mizani politikisa da ekonomikis sferoebidan momdinareobs, magram
saSualeba aris kulturuli urTierTmsgavseba; dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxel-
mwifoebriv organizmSi integracia moaxerxes evropis qveynebma; evropa aris ara
mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba, aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba; misi
erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia; anu evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen da Sesvlis ufleba
eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis
55
imas, rom Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma procesma Semdgom
adamianisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela doneze met-naklebad SeaRwia (zogadad
igulisxmeba sami done: ekonomika, politika da kultura). globalizaciis kulturul
doneze gaSlam gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi gamoiwvia uaRresad saintereso da
urTierTsapirispiro procesebis warmoSoba. sakiTxis dasmis ZiriTadi mizani swored
globaluri procesebidan momdinare winaaRmdegobebis gansazRvra da warmodgenaa.
XX saukune kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saintereso periodia,
igi gamoirCeva didi ZvrebiTa da msoflio wesrigis swrafi cvalebadobiT.
sainteresoa, rom XX saukune moeswro tipur feodalur imperiebs, maT rRvevasa da
axali saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, msoflio mniSvnelobis ramdenime revolucias,
or msoflio oms, romlebmac samyaros Semdgom ganviTarebasa da saxis CamoyalibebaSi
didi roli iTamaSa.
esa Tu is epoqa, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
msoflwesrigis niSniTac. gansxvaveba aris ara marto geografiul sazRvrebSi
(magaliTad, portugaliis msoflio batonoba Secvala espaneTis batonobam), aramed
saxelmwifoTa dajgufebis xasiaTSic. Tu cnobil politolog s.hanTingtons
davesesxebiT, msoflio istoria icnobs Semdegi saxis dapirispirebebs, romlebic
gansazRvraven msoflios saxesa da sazRvarTa gavlebis princips: iyo periodi, roca
sazRvrebi gadioda im teritoriaTa Soris, romelsac esa Tu is mmarTveli flobda,
mTavar rols asrulebda winaaRmdegoba mmarTvelebs Soris, anu saxelmwifoTaSorisi
urTierTobis dominanti mmarTvelis neba iyo. aman Camoayaliba eri-saxelmwifoebi.
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg sazRvrebi swored ama Tu im eris gansaxlebis areals
mihyveboda. konfliqtebi da dapirispirebac erebs Soris mimdinareobda, anu dominanti
iyo eri-saxelmwifo. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg sazRvarTa gavleba ideologiurma
kuTvnilebam gansazRvra, erebi gaerTiandnen ideologiis niSniT, msoflwesrigis
dominantic ideologia gaxda. samyaro daiyo or nawilad. erT mxares iyo nacional-
socialisturi samyaro, romelic warmodgenili gaxldaT, ZiriTadad, italiisa da
germaniis saxiT, danarCeni msoflio ki moicavda or ideologiur banaks _
liberalursa da komunisturs. saerTo mtris arsebobam isini gaaerTiana, magram ara
ideologiuri, aramed wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan aucilebeli iyo
nacizmis damarcxeba. misi ganadgurebis Semdeg sazRvari gaivlo liberalur
demokratiasa da komunizms Soris. mas `rkinis farda~ ewoda, xolo dapirispirebas _
`civi omi~. komunizmis marcxma es sazRvaric moSala. msoflio, am TvalsazrisiT,
erTian sivrced gardaiqmna.
`civi omis~, rogorc msoflwesrigis gaqrobam da komunizmis istoriad qcevam
warmoSva uamravi gansxvavebuli mosazreba momavali msoflwesrigis Sesaxeb:
magaliTad, frensis fukuiama Tavdapirvelad miiCnevda, rom kacobriobam Seabija
ganviTarebis axal fazaSi, romelsac, SeiZleba, `istoriis dasasruli~ ewodos, radgan
kacobriobis erTma didma nawilma miaRwia evoluciuri ganviTarebis umaRles
safexurs da Seqmna adamianis bunebisa da moTxovnilebebisaTvis yvelaze ufro
Sesaferisi, misaRebi sazogadoebrivi organizacia _ liberalur-demokratiuli
mmarTveloba. f.fukuiama ar gamoricxavda, rom igi iqceoda kacobriobis organizaciis
ukanasaknel da ucvlel formad. ramdenadac f.fukuiamasaTvis istoria aris erTiani
evoluciuri procesi yvela xalxisa da yoveli drois erTobliobaSi, amdenad, igi
miiCnevs, rom erebis, kulturebis umravlesoba sabolood aRiarebs demokratias,
rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderT legitimur formas. am niadagze Seiqmneba
`postistoriuli samyaro~.
54
axdens imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba xalxi erTmaneTs. swored amitom kulturebi jer
kidev inarCuneben individualurobas. misive TqmiT, 60-ian wlebSi azia aSS-s Sehyurebda
rogorc modernizaciis models. gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba, rom dasavleTi flobs
mowinave sakomunikacio teqnologiebs, romelTa meSveobiTac advili SesaZlebeli
iqneboda kulturis gavrceleba. magram swored iman, rom am sakomunikacio
saSualebebma azias da sxva sazogadoebebs ufro mkveTrad daanaxa is gansxvaveba,
romelic maTi kulturebis ZirebSia saZiebeli da, romlis gafermkrTalebac ki Zalian
Zneli, TiTqmis miuRwevelia. amas isic emateba, rom aziisa da sxva aradasavluri
sazogadoebebi sul ufro did yuradRebas aqceven amerikaSi mimdinare urbanul
xrwnasa da ojaxis dacemas. es ki isedac arsebul ufskruls sul ufro aRrmavebs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom informaciulma daaxloebam mxolod moCvenebiTi globaluri
kultura Seqmna, romelic misaRebia masisaTvis. masas, SesaZloa, didi survilic
hqondes, rom miiRos da icxovros ucxo kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT,
magram es ver moaxerxos, radgan sakuTari kultura ar miscems amis saSualebas. swored
es ganasxvavebs masas elitisagan, radgan elita iRebs ara imas, rac surs, aramed imas,
risi miRebac mis pirovnebas SeuZlia. ufro sworad, elitas imis miRebis survili
uCndeba, rac misi kulturisaTvis aris misaRebi da amas igi akeTebs ara ise, rom
moaxdinos sakuTaris, Zireulis uaryofa, radgan elita Tavidan bolomde SeigrZnobs
kulturas, masas ki es grZnoba ar gaaCnia, swored amitom misTvis globaluri
samomxmareblo kultura ukve niSnavs mTlianad kulturis globalizacias, radgan
kulturis meti siRrme masas ar aintresebs. swored amis eSinoda x.ortega i gasetis
jer kidev XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac acxadebda, rom gaqrebian beThovenisa da
mocartis msmenelebi. es SiSi dResac arsebobs _ SiSi imisa, rom masebis gaZliereba
TavisTavad moaxdens kulturuli originalurobis gaqrobas. masa moiTxovs komforts,
mas ara aqvs mizani, rasac cxovrebas Seswiravs, misi mizania komfortuli cxovreba, mas
mxolod is surs, rom iyos yvelas msgavsi.
aseve didi roli ekisreba globaluri kulturis gavrcelebaSi evangelistur
protestantizms. ingliseli sociologi devid martini didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
ikvlevda am sakiTxs da dazusta, rom msoflioSi am religiis mimdevari 250 milionamde
adamiania. am religiis miReba iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs ojaxur urTierTobebSi,
seqsualur gamovlinebebSi, bavSvTa aRzrdaSi da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, saqmisadmi
damokidebulebaSi, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze saerTod.
globaluri kultura mimarTulia adamianebis individualizaciisaken da
tradiciebisgan da erTobebisagan maTi damoukideblobisaken. individualizacia unda
ganixilebodes, rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic empiriul
gamoxatulebas povebs adamianis qcevasa da cnobierebaSi, damoukideblad im ideisagan,
romelic am adamianebs SesaZloa hqodeT amis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT, individualizacia
rogorc empiriuli gamovlineba, aucileblad gansasxvavebelia `individualizmisagan,
rogorc ideologiisagan. msgavsi midgoma momgebiania imdenad, ramdenadac gvexmareba
avxsnaT, Tu riT aris mimzidveli axali globaluri kultura. rogorc ukve cnobilia,
modernizacia angrevs tradiciebisa da koleqtiuri sulis mefobas da individs xdis
ufro TviTmyofads. es ki niSnavs gaTavisuflebas. axal globalur kulturas bevri
aqvs saerTo modernizaciis procesTan. dRevandel dRes ki msoflios mraval kuTxeSi
kidec emTxvevian erTmaneTs.
modernizaciis adreul etapze adamianebs uCndebaT meti Tavisuflebisa da axali
SesaZleblobebis aRtacebuli grZnoba. amitom axali globaluri kultura
momxiblavia maTTvis, vinc afasebs pirovnul Tavisuflebas da cdilobs mis srulad
67
realizebas. amiT globaluri kultura Zalzed waagavs elinizmis epoqas, rodesac
gaizarda individebis miswrafeba `srulyofilebisaken~.
mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, oriode sityviT Tavad modernizaciis cnebasac
SevexoT. am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo, agraruli
sazogadoebidan sekularul, industriul, urbanistul sazogadoebad
transformacias. modernuli sazogadoeba industriuli sazogadoebaa. sazogadoebis
modernizeba, upirveles yovlisa, mis industrializacias niSnavs. istoriulad,
modernuli sazogadoebis aRzeveba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli industriuli
sazogadoebis warmoSobasTan. modernulobis yvela ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli/niSani
dakavSirebulia cvlilebaTa erTobliobasTan, romelmac ori saukuniT adre
ganapiroba industriuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba. termini `industrializacia~ da
`industriuli sazogadoeba~ gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre ekonomikuri da
teqnologiuri komponentebia, romlebic mis arss warmoadgenen. industrializmi
cxovrebis wesia, romelic moicavs Zireul ekonomikur, socialur, politikur da
kulturul cvlilebebs. industrializaciis yovlismomcveli gardaqmnebis Sedegad
sazogadoeba xdeba modernuli. modernizacia aris uwyveti da usasrulo procesi.
istoriulad, modernizacia saukuneebs moicavs, Tumca, arsebobs daCqarebuli
modernizaciis magaliTebi. orive SemTxvevaSi, modernizacia ar aris erTjeradi
monapovari. rogoric ar unda iyos ganviTarebis done, yovelTvis arseboben
`CamorCenili~ regionebi da `periferiuli~ jgufebi. es aris modernul sazogadoebaSi
daZabulobisa da konfliqtebis mudmivi safuZveli. modernizaciis procesi ar
Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is unda ganixilebodes
globaluri masStabiT, radgan modernizacia gavrcelda Tavisi warmoSobis adgilidan
_ dasavleTidan _ da mTeli msoflio moicva. ganviTarebis araTanabari donis mqone
naciebis arseboba msoflio saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi arastabilurobis fundamenturi
elementia.
modernizacias ori ZiriTadi faza aqvs. misi ganviTarebis garkveul momentamde
modernistuli ideebi progresulad iTvleba, Tumca mas SeiZleba Tavdapirvelad
winaaRmdegoba Sexvdes. modernizaciis Tavdapirveli winaaRmdegobebi, SesaZloa,
xangrZlivi da mwvave iyos, magram, ZiriTadad isini ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis.
Tumca, garkveuli momentis Semdeg modernizacia iwvevs mzard ukmayofilebas. es
nawilobriv gamoiwvia modernuli sazogadoebis adreuli warmatebisa da
dinamizmisagan didi Sedegebis molodinma. jgufebs erTobebSi mzardi moTxovnebi
uCndebodaT da am moTxovnebis dakmayofileba sul ufro da ufro rTuldeboda. ufro
dasabuTebulad, modernizaciam ganviTarebul doneze msoflio masStabiT moitana
axali socialuri da materialuri sirTuleebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnida
ganviTarebasa da eqspansias, romelsac modernuli sazogadoeba efuZneba. meore
fazaSi, modernuli sazogadoeba uamravi problemis pirispir aRmoCnda. am problemaTa
gadaWra, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRemateboda tradiciuli eri-saxlemwifos
SesaZleblobebs. amave dros, msoflios dRevandeli saxis ganmsazRvrel dominirebad
faqtorad rCeba araTanabari siZlierisa da konfliqturi interesebis mqone
suverenul er-saxelmwifoTa sistema.
modernuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia XVIII saukuneSi momxdar or
did cvlilebasTan (ZvrasTan) politikur da ekonomikur sferoSi. orive maTgani im
farTo cvlilebebis nawilia, romlebmac, renesansisa da reformaciis Semdeg,
dasavleTi gadaiyvana ganviTarebis axal, danarCeni samyarosagan gansxvavebul, etapze.
cvlilebaTa es modeli gulisxmobda individualizmsa da, saboloo jamSi,
sekularizms, rac protestantul memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. cvlilebebi gamoixata
68
Tavidan acileba, maS, rodis SeZlebs? faqtebi ar metyvelebs im mosazrebis
sasargeblod, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba mSvidobas uwyobs xels. 1990-iani wlebis
Sefaseba kidev ufro metad ayenebs eWvqveS aRniSnul ideas. erT-erTi gamokvlevaSi
askvnian, rom `aqtiuri vaWroba SeiZleba sakmaod Zlier gamTiSvel Zalad mogvevlinos
saerTaSoriso politikaSi~, da rom `aqtiuri saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebi,
TavisTavad, ver moxsnis saerTaSoriso daZabulobas, ver uzrunvelyofs seriozul
saerTaSoriso stabilurobas~. meore naSromi amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri
damoukideblobis maRali done `SeiZleba iyos mSvidobis damamyarebeli an omis
gamCaRebeli, rac damokidebulia momavali vaWrobis perspeqtivebze.~ ekonomikuri
damoukidebloba xels uwyobs mSvidobas mxolod maSin, `rodesac saxelmwifoebi
moelian savaWro urTierTobebis maRali donis SenarCunebas uaxloes momavalSi~. Tu
saxelmwifoebi ar elian TanamSromlobis (urTierTdamokidebulebebis) perspeqtivas,
Sedegad, savaraudod, oms viRebT.
vaWrobisa da komunikaciebis uZlureba _ uzrunvelyon mSvidoba da Tanxmoba _
Seesabameba socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi gamokvlevebis Sedegebs. socialur
fsiqologiaSi arsebuli gansxvavebulobis Teoriis mixedviT, xalxi sakuTar Tavs
gansazRvravs swored imiT, riTac ganirCeva sxvisgan konkretul konteqstSi: `adamiani
ganixilavs Tavs im maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic ganarCevs erTs meore adamianisagan,
gansakuTrebiT, Tavisive Cveul socialur garemoSi... aTobiT sxva profesiis mqone
qalTa sazogadoebaSi qali-fsiqologi Tavis Tavs gansazRvravs, rogorc fsiqologi,
xolo aTobiT mamakaci-fsiqologis garemocvaSi _ rogorc qali~. adamianebi
gansazRvraven TavianT meobas imis meSveobiT, rac ar arian. vinaidan intensiuri
kavSiris saSualebebis, vaWrobisa da mogzaurobebis Sedegad civilizaciaTaSorisi
urTierTqmedeba gaaTmagebulia, xalxi ufro da ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
sakuTar civilizaciur identurobas. ori evropeli — germaneli da frangi,
urTierTobisas erTmaneTs ganarCeven, rogorc frangs da germanels. xolo ori
evropeli — germaneli da frangi, da ori arabi — saudeli da egvipteli, erTmaneTSi
urTierTobisas TaviaT Tavs gansazRvraven evropelebad da arabebad.
CrdiloafrikelTa imigracia safrangeTSi frangebs Soris arakeTilganwyobas iwvevs,
amave dros, amaRlebs evropel kaTolike polonel emigrantTa mimReobis xarisxs.
amerikelebi iaponur investiciebs gacilebiT uaryofiTad xvdebian, vidre msgavsi
masStabis kanadur da evropul investiciebs (romlebic masStabiT pirvels aRemateba).
swored amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda donald horovici: `nigeriis aRmosavleTSi
ibo SeiZleba iyos... ibo overi an ibo onitSa. lagosSi igi, ubralod, iboa. londonSi is
nigerielia, niu-iorkSi — afrikeli.~ sociologiis kuTxiT, globalizaciis Teoria
msgavs daskvnas gvTavazobs: `swrafad globalizebad msoflioSi, romelic xasiaTdeba
istoriulad uprecendento civilizaciuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu sxva saxis
urTierTdamokidebulebiT da misi sayovelTao gaazrebiT, SeimCneva civilizaciuri,
sazogadoebrivi da eTnikuri TviTSegnebis gamwvaveba.~ religiaTa globaluri
aRorZineba~, `siwmindesTan dabruneba~ warmoadgens pasuxs samyaros, rogorc
mTlianobis gaazrebaze.
Tema V. modernizacia da globalizacia
sakiTxis SesawavlisaTvis aucilebelia cneba globalizaciis warmoSobis da
samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli definiciebis ganxilva. amis Semdgom unda moxdes
globalizaciis, rogorc procesis ganviTarebis gaanalizeba. yuradReba unda mieqces
53
universaluri civilizacia: wyaroebi
universaluri civilizaciis cneba dasavluri civilizaciis kuTvnilebaa. XIX
saukunis idea `TeTri kacis sazrunavis~ Taobaze amarTlebda aradasavlur
sazogadoebebze dasavleTis politikur da ekonomikur batonobas. XX saukunis
miwuruls ki universaluri civilizacia gamarTlebas uZebnis sxva sazogadoebebze
dasavleTis kulturul gavlenasa da maT mier dasavluri wes-Cveulebebisa da
institutebis upirobod aTvisebis aucileblobas. universalizmi dasavleTis iaraRia
aradasavlur kulturebTan dapirispirebisaTvis. rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme
marginaluri da rwmenaSecvlili adamianebis SemTxvevaSi, erTiani civilizaciis ideis
yvelaze didi damcvelebi dasavleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli xalxia, rogoricaa naipoli
da fuad ajami, romelTaTvisac es cneba savsebiT damakmayofilebeli pasuxia mTavar
kiTxvaze: `vin var me?~ `TeTri kacis negri~ — ase uwoda erTma arabma moazrovnem aseT
migrantebs. universaluri civilizaciis idea naklebad imsaxurebs mowonebas sxva
civilizaciebSi. aradasavleli dasavlurs xedavs imaSi, rasac dasavleli
universalurad miiCnevs. rasac dasavlelebi nayofier globalur integracias
uwodebenen (magaliTad, msoflio mediis gavrceleba), aradasavlelebi gmoben, rogorc
saZulvel dasavlur imperializms. dasavlelebi msolios mTlianobaSi aRiqvamen,
sxvebi ki am mTlianobaSi safrTxes xedaven.
universaluri civilizaciis Camoyalibebis varaudi emyareba erT-erTs sami
mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom SeiZleba es moxdes: pirveli ukavSirdeba I TavSi
ganxilul mosazrebas, rom sabWoTa komunizmis kraxi moaswavebda istoriis dasasruls
da mTel msoflioSi liberaluri demokratiis sayovelTao gamarjvebas. es argumenti
gamomdinareobs civi omis periodis mcdari warmodgenidan imis Taobaze, rom
komunizmis erTaderTi alternativa liberaluri demokratiaa da pirvelis kvdoma
meoris gasayovelTaoebas iwvevs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, avtoritarizmi, nacionalizmi,
korporatizmi da sabazro komunizmi (rogorc CineTSia) uamravi formiTaa
warmodgenili dRevandel msoflioSi. gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia is faqti, rom
samoqalaqo ideologiis samyaros miRma misi uamravi religiuri alternativa arsebobs.
Tanamedrov samyaroSi religia xalxis erT-erTi, SesaZloa erTaderTi mamoZravebeli
da makonsolidirebeli Zalaa. namdvili ampartavneba iqneba imis Tqma, rom radgan
sabWoTa komunizmi daeca, dasavleTma mTeli msoflio xelSi Caigdo da rom muslimebi,
Cinelebi, indoelebi da sxvebi aRfrTovanebiT aitaceben dasavlur liberalizms,
rogorc erTaderT arCevans. samyaros civi omis droindeli dayofa warsuls Cabarda.
ufro mniSvnelovani — eTnikuri, religiuri da civilizaciuri dayofa jer kidev
arsebobs da konfliqtis axal kerebs warmoSobs.
meore: gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom xalxTa gacxovelebuli urTierTqmedeba
(ZiriTadad _ vaWroba, investiciebi, turizmi, media, eleqtronuli kavSiris
saSualebebi) warmoqmnis saerTo msoflio kulturas. transportisa da komunikaciebis
teqnologiurma winsvlam marTlac ufro ioli da iafi gaxada fulis moZraoba,
tvirTis gadazidva, adamianebis gadaadgileba, codnis, ideebisa da warmodgenebis
gavrceleba. eWvi ar aris, rom arsebobs intensiuri saerTaSoriso moZraoba am
sferoebSi, magram eWvs iwvevs am moZraobis Sedegebi: zrdis Tu amcirebs igi
konfliqtis SesaZleblobas? warmodgena, TiTqos igi amcirebs omis albaTobas xalxebs
Soris, sul mcire, ar mtkicdeba, faqtebi sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs. saerTaSoriso
vaWroba gafarTovda 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, aseve civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg
aTwleulSi. magram 1913 wels saerTaSoriso vaWrobis masStabebs sarekordo
maCveneblebi hqonda, xolo ramodenime weliwadSi erebi erTmaneTs umagaliTod
uswordebodnen. Tu saerTaSoriso vaWrobas aRniSnul situaciaSi ar SeeZlo omis
52
aseve mecnierebis ganviTarebaSic. cvlilebebma am orive mimarTulebiT XVIII saukunis
bolos kulminacias miaRwia. pirvelma modernma ganapiroba politikuri revoluciebi
safrangeTsa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi. meore ki, romelic mimdinareobda teqnologiuri
inovaciebisaTvis xelsayrel viTarebaSi, did britaneTis industriuli revoluciis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi iyo.
amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebma daafuZnes modernuli sazogadoebis
politikuri tipi _ konstituciuri da demokratiuli. es niSnavs ara imas, rom
amieridan yvela mTavrobas amgvari xasiaTi hqonda, aramed imas, rom aqedan
moyolebuli, praqtikulad yvela moazrovnisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom axla politikur
sistemebs aRar unda hqonodaT pretenzia legitimurobaze, Tu is ar iqneboda
damyarebuli konstituciurad gamoxatul `xalxis nebaze~.
Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis cnebaTa
urTierTmimarTebisTvis
erT-erTi didi problemaa globalizaciisa da vesternizaciis urTierTmimarTeba.
Camoyalibda ori Tvalsazrisi:
pirvelis mixedviT, globalizacia aris ufro farTo procesi, vidre vesterniza-
cia; amasTan erTad, globalizacia praqtikulad TanabarmniSvnelovania modernizaci-
isa; am Sexedulebas mxars uWeren a.gidensi, r.robertsoni, m.olbrou, u.konoli.
aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma daamtkices, rom industrializacia SesaZlebelia
vesternizaciis gareSe.
meore midgomis mixedviT, globalizacia mxolod da mxolod dasavluri
modernizmis globalur difuzias warmoadgens. da igi mimarTulia veternizaciis
gafarToebis, dasavluri kapitalizmisa da institutebis gavrcelebisaken. am
mimarTulebas mxars uWeren s.amini da l.bentoni. r.gilpini miiCnevs, rom msoflio
internacionalizacia aris amerikuli msoflio wesrigis gavrcelebis produqti.
a.kalinikosi da rigi mecnierebisa TanamedroveobaSi xedaven dasavluri imperializmis
axal fazas, romelSic nacionalurma xelisuflebebma Seasrules monopolitikuri
kapitalis agentebis roli. amerikeli Teoritikosis h.gleizeris azriT,
globalizacia aris gavrceleba dasavleTis mier regulirebuli informaciisa da
gasarTobi saSualebebisa, romlebic garkveul efeqts axdens im qveynebis
faseulobebze, romelbSic es informacia aRwevs. CexeTis prezidentma vaclav havelma
warmoadgina ubralo beduinis saxe, romelic zis aqlemze da tradiciuli samosis qveS
jinsebs atarebs. mas xelSi radiomimRebi da koka-kola uWiravs. koka-kola da jinsi,
marTalia, naklebmniSvnelovania, magram radiomimRebi da televizori ukve did
mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan maTi saSualebiT beduini iRebs informacias, romelic
aucileblad axdens gavlenas beduinis pirvelsawyis Rirebulebebze. rodesac saubaria
kulturis globalizaciaze, saubaria dasavluri civilizaciis, kerZod, amerikuli
kulturis gavlenaze msoflios sxva civilizaciebze.
Tema VIII. dasavlur da aradasavlur kulturaTa warmomadgenlebis
TvaliT danaxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva
rogorc davinaxeT, globalizacia Tanamedrove movlenaa, magram es ar niSnavs, rom
dRes mimdinare procesebis msgavsi istoriis ganmavlobaSi ar xdeboda. globalur
movlenebi adrec aRiniSneboda; istoriaze dakvirvebiT, SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba,
rom saqarTvelo mudmivad CarTuli iyo globalur procesebSi (nebismieri axlo Tu
69
Soreuli mezobeli, romelsac hqonda msoflio imperiad qcevis pretenzia, met-nakleb
yuradRebas aqcevda saqarTvelos, mis geografiul mdebareobas); Sesabamisad, zemoT
warmodgenili msjelobidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba, rom
maSindel samyaroSi mimdinare globalur procesebSi monawileoba gaxda qarTuli
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis erT-erTi safuZveli; globaluri
procesebidan momdinare gamowvevebis mudmivoba ganapiroba geografiulma
mdebareobam, ramac saqarTvelos garkveuli funqcia mianiWa; saqarTvelos winaSe
arsebuli gamowvevebi ori saxisa iyo: gamowveva, romelic am funqciidan momdinareobda
da gamowveva, romelze gacemul pasuxsac am funqciis dabrunebamde mivyavdiT.
Cveni azriT, globalizaciis pirobebSi modernizaciis gamowvevebze arsebobs ori
pasuxi Tu ganviTarebis Sedegi _ lokalizacia da multikulturalizami;
lokalizaciis farglebSi ganixileba iseTi movlena, romelsac mecnierebaSi
glokalizacia ewoda. `globalurad~ _ niSnavs mraval adgilze erTdroulad, anu
translokalurad~. koncernebi `koka-kola~ da `soni~ sakuTar strategiebs
`globalur lokalizacias~ uwodeben, radgan isini miiCneven, rom globalizacia ar
niSnavs da moiTxovs msoflios yvela kuTxeSi qarxana-fabrikebis aSenebas, aramed
aucilebelia isini am Tu im kulturis nawilad iqcnen, anu `koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~
Tu `soni~ konkretuli kulturis moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs menejmentSi.
lokalizacis procesi iwvevs regionalizacias; magaliTad aviRoT iaponia,
romelic garkveul geografiul garemoSi da sazRvrebSi iqca lider qveynad; igi
axdens sakuTari kulturis reklamirebas da gavrcelebas; taivanis magaliTze, sin-xuan
maikl siao globalizaciis procesSi gamoyofs sam mimarTulebas _ amerikanizacia,
evropeizacia da iaponizacia. misive TqmiT, taivanuri da iaponuri kulturebi Zalzed
axlos arian erTmaneTTan; 1990-ian wlebSi taivanSi gaCnda axali gamoTqma ha-ri-zu
(`iaponiis TayvanismcemelTa Taoba~), romelic asocirdeba yvelaferi iaponuriT
aRtacebasTan. ha-ri-zu-s warmomadgenlebma, SesaZloa, iaponiis arc istoria icodnen
kargad da arc politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba; es Taoba Seiqmna iaponiis mier
sakuTari kulturis propagandis Sedegad; sin-xuan maikl siao aRniSnavs, rom
taivanuri kulturis iaponurTan siaxlovem taivanze vesternizaciis gavlena
Seasusta; ufro zustad: iaponias taivanSi aqvs mravali sakabelo satelevizio arxi;
iaponurma melodramebma warmatebiT moaxdina dasavluri kulturis, cxovrebis wesis
lokalizacia anu adaptireba adgilobrivTan da ise gadasca igi taivanel mayurebels;
anu taivani dasavlur Rirebulebebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, iaponur wnexSi
gamovlils iRebs; iaponuri kultura ki imdenad axloa taivanurTan, rom taivanuri
kultura absoluturad Ria aRmoCnda globaluri kulturis miRebisaTvis ise, rom
globalur kulturas ar mouxdenia adgilobrivi kulturis gadasxvafereba. msgavs
gavlenas, ambobs sin-xuan maikl siao, iaponuri kultura sxva Crdilo da samxreT
aRmosavleT aziis kulturebzec axdens. anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaponurma kulturam
lokalizaciis Sedegad moaxerxa garkveuli saxis regionalizacia, am regionSi igi
warmoadgens wamyvan sazogadoebas, rac imis saSualebasac iZleva, rom misi msgavsi
kulturebi da sazogadoebebi advilad iReben globaluri kulturis Taviseburebebs
da sakuTari kulturis originalobis dakargvis gareSe axerxeben modernizacias.
dasawyisSi minda aRvniSno, rom mizani msjelobisa, romelsac me SemogTavazebT, ar
aris daskvnis gakeTeba; is ufro globalizaciis gamowvevaze saqarTvlos mier gasacemi
pasuxis Ziebaa.
amjerad minda Tanamedrove saqarTvelos geografiul garemos Sevexo. iaponiis
magaliTze ganvsazRvreT, rom regionalizaciis miRweva kulturulad monaTesave
mezoblis gareSe, romelic gaxdeba regionSi wamyvani qveyana, SeuZlebelia; anu
70
imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iTxovs amas identurobis sakiTxi, civilizaciuri
Seferiloba. didi Zalebis ngrevis niadagze Rrmavdeba babilonizaciis procesi.
religia. universaluri religiis Camoyalibebis albaTobis procenti didad ar
aRemateba universaluri enis Camoyalibebis Sansebs. meoce saukunis dasasruli
aRiniSna mTels msoflioSi religiaTa sayovelTao aRorZinebiT. igi moicavda
religiuri TviTSegnebis gaZlierebas da fundamentalisturi moZraobebis
gaaqtiurebas, ramac, Sesabamisad, gaaZliera religiaTa Soris gansxvavebani. es
maicndamainc ar gulisxmobda msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis mkveTr
cvlas. konfesiur mikuTvnebulobasTan dakavSirebuli monacemebi kidev ufro
fragmentuli da arasandoa, vidre enebisa. 3.3 cxrilSi mocemuli maCveneblebi
sayovelTaod cnobilia. es da sxva monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom am saukuneSi
sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mkveTrad ar Secvlila. yvelaze ufro
masStaburi iyo `arareligiurTa~ an `aTeistTa~ saxelis qveS klasificirebuli 0.2
procentis (1900 w.) gazrda 20.9 procentamde 1980 wlisaTvis. savaraudod, es
maCvenebeli asaxavda mkveTr cvlilebas religiis sazianod; 1980 wels religiuri
gamoRviZeba mxolod iwyebda Zalebis mokrebas. Tumca aramorwmuneTa 20.7 procentamde
mateba zustad emTxveva `Cinuri xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis (tradiciuli
religiebis)~ klebas: 1900 w. igi 23.5 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1980 wels am
maCvenebelma 4.5 procentamde daiwia. am maCvenebelTa Tanabari zrda da kleba imaze
miuTiTebs, rom komunizmis mosvlasTan erTad Cinuri xalxuri religiis mimdevari
uzarmazari masa aTeistebad iqca.
cxrili uCvenebs gasuli 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi ori didi prozelituri religiis,
qristianobisa da islamis proporciebis zrdas msoflio mosaxleobaSi. 1900 wels
dasavleT qristianebi msoflio mosaxleobis 26.9 procents Seadgendnen, xolo 1980
wels _ 30 procents. mulismTa wilma kidev ufro sagrZnoblad moimata: 1900
wlisaTvis _ 12.4 procenti, 1980 wlisaTvis _ 16.5 procenti, xolo sxvaTa gamoTvliT,
1980 wlisaTvis 18 procentsac ki gautolda. meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulSi
mniSvnelovnad gazarda islamisa da qristianobis mimdevarTa ricxvi afrikaSi,
qristianobas gansakuTrebuli warmatebebi hqonda samxreT koreaSi. swrafad
modernizirebad sazogadoebebSi, Tu tradiciul rwmenas ar ZaluZs adaptireba
modernizaciis moTxovnebTan, izrdeba qristianobis an islamis gavrcelebis albaToba.
aseT sazogadoebebSi neoklasikosi ekonomistebi, demokratiis jvarosnebi an
transnacionaluri korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi dasavluri kulturis mTavar
gmirebad ki ara, aramed misionerebad arian warmodgenili. qalaqSi dasaxlebulebisa da
saSualo ganaTlebamiRebulTa pirveli Taobis fsiqologiur, emociur, moralur Tu
socialur moTxovnilebebs verc adam smiti daakamyofilebs da verc Tomas jefersoni;
ieso qristes amis ukeTesi Sansi aqvs, Tumca igi maT, SeiZleba, saerTod ar SexvdeT.
sabolood, gamarjvebuli mainc muhamedi rCeba. qristianoba vrceldeba, ZiriTadad, am
sarwmunoebaze moqceviT, islami _ moqceviTa da gamravlebiT. qristianobam Tavis piks
1980-ian wlebSi miaRwia (30 procenti), erT adgilze gaCerda, axla ki ukve klebulobs,
xolo 2025 wlisaTvis, albaT, 25 procents miuaxlovdeba. gamravlebis maRali
procentis gamo, msoflioSi muslimTa xvedriTi wili momavalSi kidev ufro
gaizrdeba, saukuneTa gasayarze 20 procentamdec ki ava, ramdenime wlis Semdeg
qristianTa raodenobas gadaaWarbebs, xolo 2025 wlisaTvis 30 procentsac
gautoldeba.
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 koloniebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolisa da misi mopovebis fonze,
adgilobrivi enebis xelSewyoba da imperiuli enebis Seviwroeba nacionalisturi
elitebisaTvis dasavleli kolonistebisagan sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebisa da sakuTari
identurobis gansazRvris erTi-erTi forma iyo. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,
meores mxriv, am sazogadoebaTa elitebs surdaT sakuTari Tavis gancalkeveba
sakuTarive sazogadoebebisagan. inglisuris, frangulis Tu sxva dasavluri enis
srulyofilad floba swored amis saSualebas iZleoda. amis Sedegia is, rom
aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa elitebs dasavlelebTan da erTmaneTTan ufro eiolebaT
urTierToba, vidre sakuTar sazogadoebasTan (igive situacia iyo XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
evropul qveynebSi, romelTa aristokratebs advilad SeeZloT frangul enaze
kontaqtis damyareba erTmaneTTan, xolo sakuTari qveynis salaparako enas ver
flobdnen). aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi ori saxis tendencia SeimCvneva. erTi mxriv,
inglisuri sul ufro da ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sauniversiteto doneze, raTa
gamouSvan momzadebuli kadrebi, romlebic SeZleben savaWro da samomxmareblo
(biznesi...) sferoSi saerTaSoriso konkurenciis pirobebSi nayofier moRvaweobas.
meore mxriv, socialuri da politikuri zewola iwvevs adgilobrivi enebis Semosvlas
sayovelTao xmarebaSi. CrdiloeT afrikaSi arabuli frangul enas enacvleba,
pakistanSi urdus ena saxelmwifo da saganmanaTleblo doneze uwevs konkurencias
inglisurs, adgilobrivenovani mediis saSualebebi TandaTanobiT enacvleba
inglisurenovan mediis saSualebebs indoeTSi. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba jer kidev
1948 wels iwinaswarmetyvela indoeTis ganaTlebis komisiam, rodesac acxadebda, rom
`inglisuris gamoyeneba... xalxs or nawilad yofs: mcirericxovan mmarTvelebad da
mravalricxovan marTulebad. mmarTvelebi ar floben umravlesobis enas da,
Sesabamisad, ver ugeben mas. ormoci wlis Semdeg inglisuris, rogorc elitis enis
mdgradobam gaamarTla winaswarmetyveleba, rom es gamoiwvevda `arabunebrivi
situaciis Seqmnas iq arsebuli demokratiis pirobebSi, romelic damyarebulia
srulwlovanTa saarCevno uflebebze... inglisurad molaparake indoeTi da
politikurad aqtiuri indoeTi sul ufro da ufro Sordeba erTmaneTs~, es ki iwvevs
`daZabulobas inglisuris mcodne mmarTvel umciresobasa da danarCen mraval milions
Soris, romelic SeiraRebulia saarCevno xmis uflebiT da romelic ar flobs
inglisurs. aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi demokratiuli institutebis damkvidrebisa
da xelisuflebaSi iqauri xalxis ufro farTod warmodgenis fonze, dasavluri enebis
moxmareba iklebs, xolo adgilobrivi enebi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
sabWoTa imperiisa da civi omis dasasrulma daCagruli Tu daviwyebuli enebis
sayovelTao gavrceleba da gamococxleba gamoiwvia. mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi iqna
gatarebuli yofil sabWoTa respublikaTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli enebis
asaRorZineblad. estonuri, latviuri, litvuri, ukrainuli, qarTuli da somxuri
amJamad damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa nacionalur (saxelmwifo) enebs warmoadgenen.
msgavsi enobrivi gamococxleba moxda muslimur respublikebSi: azerbaijanma,
yirgizeTma, TurqmeneTma da uzbekeTma yofili rusi mCagvrelis `kirilicas~ Srifti
TavianTi Turqi naTesavebis dasavluri SriftiT Secvales, sparsulenovanma
tajikeTma ki arabuli anbani SemoiRo. meores mxriv, serbebi amjerad TavianT enas
ufro serbuls uwodeben xolme, vidre serbul-xorvatuls da TavianTi kaTolike
mtrebis dasavluri anbani rusi naTesavebis anbaniT Secvales. maT msgavsad,
xorvatebic amJamad TavianT enas xorvatuls uwodeben da cdiloben gawmindon igi
Turquli da sxva ucxoenovani sityvebisagan. am dros ki `Turqulidan da arabulidan
nasesxebi sityvebi _ balkaneTze TurqeTis imperiis 450 wliani arsebobis enobrivi
danaleqi _ kvlav popularobas iZens~ bosniaSi. ena gadaewyoba da gadasxvaferdeba
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regionalizaciis process sWirdeba meTauri, medroSe; rodesac vsaubrobT regionSi
wamyvan qveyanaze, aq ar igulisxmeba raime politikuri an ekonomikuri zewola,
regionalizacia kulturis niSniT gamoricxavs Zaldatanebas, imperiul zraxvebs.
kulturuli niSniT regionalizaciis procesi damyarebulia sazogadoebaTa
kulturul msgavsebaze; igi bunebrivi da Seuqcevadi procesia, romelic TavisTavad
mimdinareobs; gansxvavebis saxiT gavixseneb regionalizacias ideologiis niSniT;
msgavsi erToba sabWoTa kavSiris saxiT arsebobda; misi daSlis erT-erTi mizezi
swored kulturuli mravalferovneba da gansxvavebuloba gaxda.
lokalizaciis da regionalizaciis saintereso Teorias gvTavazobs ukraineli
mecnieri _ politologi, nobelis premiis laureati robert aqselrodi;
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze: `Tanamedroveobis xelaxla gaazreba~ man ganacxada, rom
uaxloesi oci wlis manZilze kacobrioba SeeCexeba Semdeg potenciur safrTxeebs:
1. samxedro da sainformacio teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba;
2. erTa politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri TviTidentifikaciis problema;
3. mniSvnelovani resursebis (sakvebi, wyali, navTobi) ukmarisoba msoflio masStabiT;
4. gavlenisa da Zlierebis centrebis gadaadgileba;
5. gaZlierdeba ganxeTqileba mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris da warmoiSoba
finansuri arastabiluroba;
6. demografiuli krizisi.
udavoa, rom am gamowvevebs sWirdeba adekvaturi pasuxi, acxadebs r.aqselrodi da
miiCnevs, rom globalizmis ignorireba ar SeiZleba. magram globalizmi mxolod
nawilia didi procesisa, romelsac globalizacia ewodeba. Tu globalizmi gamoiyeneba
mxolod erT ganzomilebasTan, ekonomikasTan dakavSirebiT, globalizacia, germaneli
politologis ulrix bekis TvalsazrisiT, moicavs sxva aspeqtebsac, rogorebicaa:
politikuri, ekologiuri, socialuri, kulturuli, civilizaciuri. dRevandelobis
umniSvnelovanesi problema isaa, rom globalizmi win uswrebs globalizacias.
zenacionaluri monopoliebi, romelTac mokavSired hyavT aSS, TavianT pirobebs
karnaxoben msoflios, xolo saerTaSoriso institutebi ver axerxeben amaze
reagirebas. konfliqtebis daregulirebaSi ususuria xolme gaero. Teoriuladac ki ar
arsebobs sxvadasxva kulturisa da civilizaciis urTierTTanaarsebobis formebi.
saeklesio organizaciebisa da saxelmwifo liderebis mxridan imis oficialuri
mtkiceba, rom tradiciuli religiuri konfesiebi da saxelmwifoebi urTierTmimarT
tolerantebi arian da eyrdnobian saerTo sakacobrio Rirebulebebs, mxolod kvamlis
fardaa, romelsac advilad arRveven fundamentalistebi.
r.aqselrodi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs politkosebis, mecnierebis, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis aqtivistebis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas imisTvis, raTa Seiqmnas
saerTaSoriso institutebi, romlebic Seamcireben globalizmis negatiur Sedegebs.
aravisaTvis ar aris saidumlo is faqti, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia aviwroebs da
meore planze gadaaqvs globalizaciis is procesebi, romelTa mizania gansxvavebuli
civilizaciebis Rirebulebebis mudmivi daaxloeba maTi universalizaciis
mimarTulebiT. mas, SeiZleba, kacobriobisaTvis araprognozirebadi Sedegebi mohyves.
ukraineli mecnieri ayalibebs globalizaciis procesis umtkinveulod gadaqcevis
gzebs. is aRniSnavs, rom pirvel etapze unda daiwyos ara erTiani, universaluri
ideisaTvis SekavSireba, aramed unda moxdes gansxvavebul politikur, kulturul,
religiur da nacionalur jgufTa gaerTianeba, romlebic win aRudgebian im
faseulobebze Tavdasxmas, romlebic mocemul situaciaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania.
mecnieri aRniSnavs ukrainis rols momavalSi. is dasZens, rom miuxedavad maTi qveynis
mcire ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebisa, kargad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli maTi
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geopolitikuri mdebareoba _ sakuTari da msoflio interesebis Sesabamisad.
mecnieris azriT, ukrainam unda gaataros damoukidebeli sagareo politikuri kursi
da ar daiwyos im gaerTianebebis karebze kakuni, sadac aravis sWirdeba: natoSi da
evrokavSirSi. ukrainelebi Raribebi da Tanac bevrni arian da axlo momavalSi am
organizaciaSi maT aravin elis. aqselrodis azriT, ukraina unda gaxdes mizidulobis
centri balkaneTis qveynebisTvis, rumineTisTvis, bulgareTisTvis, samxreT kavkasiis
saxelmwifoebisTvis, moldovisa da yazaxeTisTvis. ukrainelebma unda moawyon
civilizebuli saxelmwifo evropuli nimuSis mixedviT, sadac adgili ar eqneba
avtoritarizms. aqselrods Rrmad swams, rom am mimarTulebiT ukrainis perspeqtiva
imedismomcemia. mecnieris azriT, ukrainelebma unda daZlion TavianTi
provincializmi da globalizaciis epoqaSi msoflioSi arsebuli problemebis
gadaWraSi TavianTi wvlili Seitanon.
am Teoriis mixedviT, aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze unda Camoyalibdes axali
regioni, romlis organizatori da lideri unda gaxdes ukraina; mis wevrad
saqarTveloc moiazreba.
ukrainis meTaurobiT aRmosavleT evropaSi axali regionis Seqmna, SeiZleba iTqvas,
warmoudgenelia; pirvel rigSi Tavad ukraina ar warmoadgens Zlier demokratiul
sazogadoebas (arc ekonomikurad da arc politikurad), romelsac Seswevs unari,
konkurencia gauwios evrokavSirs, radgan Tavad aqselrodis mier CamoTvlil
saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis mizani evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaa, maTgan bulgareTi da
rumineTi ukve wevrebi arian; meores mxriv, miviCnevT, rom Tavad evropas, sabWoTa
kavSirTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT, aRar unda sWirdebodes aRmosavleT evropaSi
raime alternatiuli regionis Seqmna.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi regionis Seqmnas ver moaxerxebs verc erTi
kavkasiuri qveyana; TurqeTi TviTon cdilobs gaxdes evrokavSiris wevri; erTaderTi,
visac, SesaZloa, garkveuli survili hqondes regionis Seqmnisa, aris ruseTi; dsT, Cveni
azriT, warmoadgens ara globalizaciis gamowvevebze gacemul pasuxs da bunebriv
erTobas, aramed ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris gadmonaSTs; igi imTaviTve
ganwirulia daSlisaTvis; anu saqarTvelosaTvis am mimarTulebas da evrokavSiris
alternatiuli regionis Ziebas realuri safuZveli ar aqvs.
am msjelobis amosavali wertili aris is, rom `globalizaciis maxidan ar arsebobs
erovnuli gamosavali, magram arsebobs transnacionaluri gamosavali~.
regionalizacia aris saSualeba transnacionaluri zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis
Seqmnisa. zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizmebis Seqmnis mizezi da mizani politikisa da
ekonomikis sferoebidan momdinareobs, magram saSualeba aris kulturuli
urTierTmsgavseba. dReisaTvis msoflioSi zesaxelmwifoebriv organizmSi integracia
moaxerxes evropis qveynebma. evropa aris ara mxolod geografiuli ganzomileba,
aramed zesaxelmwifoebrivi sazogadoeba. misi erTianobis safuZvelia demokratia. anu
evrokavSirSi aRmoCndnen da Sesvlis ufleba eZlevaT im qveynebs, romlebic iRvwian
sakuTar sazogadoebaSi demokratiulobis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis, anu evrokavSiri
warmoadgens modernizaciis Sedegs, radgan modernizacia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis
ganviTarebas demokratiuli niSnebiT. sakiTxis am mimarTulebiT kveleva marTebulad
mimaCnia, radgan saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gezi am mimarTulebiT aqvs aRebuli da
cdilobs globalizaciis gamowvevas pasuxi evrokavSirSi integraciiT gasces.
mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom saqarTvelos dasavluri orientacia
gamowveulia qarTuli kulturis dasavluri xasiaTiT. uamravi mosazreba gamoiTqva
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra niSnebis gamo SeiZleba CavTvaloT dasavluri civilizaciis wevrad.
ra Tqma unda, am mimarTulebiT kvleva aucilebelia, magram miviCnev, rom sakiTxis
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inglisuris monaTesave, magram sxva (calke) enebad, iseve, rogorc laTinuridan
aRmocendnen romanuli enebi. Tumca italiuri, franguli da espanuri enebisagan
gansxvavebiT, es inglisuridan nawarmoebi enebi sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilis
mier iqneba gamoyenebuli, an kidev maT gamoiyeneben, umTavresad, calkeuli
lingvisturi jgufebis urTierTobebSi.
swored msgavs procesebs SeiZleba mivadevnoT Tvali indoeTSi. magaliTad,
arazusti cnobebiT, 1983 wels iq, 733 milionian mosaxleobaSi, 18 milioni inglisurad
molaparake adamiani cxovrobda, xolo 1991 wlisaTvis, 867 milioniani mosaxleobidan
20 milioni metyvelebda inglisurad. maSasadame, indoeTis mosaxleobaSi inglisurad
molaparakeTa wili SedarebiT mdgradi iyo (2-4 procentis farglebSi). viwro elituri
wreebis gareT inglisuri ena lingua franka-s funqcias arc asrulebs. `simarTle isaa, rom
rodesac vinme kaSmiridan kaniakumarisken (indoeTis naxevarkunZulis yvelaze
samxreTi wertili) miemgzavreba, kavSiri, ZiriTadad, hindis, da ara inglisuri enis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba~, — acxadebs niu delis universitetis inglisuri enis ori
profesori. metic, induri inglisuri TavisTavad iZens araerT gamorCeul
maxasiaTebels: igi induizebul iqna, ufro zustad ki man, sivrcis cvlilebis
kvalobaze, lokaluri Tvisebebi SeiZina. inglisuri erwymis indur kulturas iseve,
rogorc es warsulSi moxda sanskritTan da sparsul enasTan dakavSirebiT.
istoriidan cnobilia, rom enis gadanawileba asaxavda Zalebis gadanawilebas
msoflioSi. yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi enebi _ inglisuri, mandarini, espanuri,
franguli, arabuli, rusuli — arian an iyvnen imperiul saxelmwifoTa enebi, romlebic
mondomebiT cdilobdnen imas, rom am enaze sxva xalxebic ametyvelebuliyvnen.
cvlilebebi ZalTa TanafardobaSi gavlenas axdens enebis gamoyenebaze. `britaneTis da
amerikis koloniurma, savaWro, industriulma, samecniero da finansurma Zalauflebam
sagrZnobi daRi daamCnia umaRles saganmanaTleblo sistemas, saxelisuflo
mmarTvelobas, vaWrobasa da teqnologias msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~. britaneTi da
safrangeTi moiTxovdnen maTi enebis gamoyenebas koloniebSi. Tumca damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdeg yofil koloniaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli aqtiurobiTa da
sxvadasxva warmatebiT, Seecada imperiuli enis Secvlas adgilobrivi eniT. sabWoTa
kavSiris zenitSi yofnis dros rusuli ena saerTaSoriso enas warmoadgenda praRidan
moyolebuli hanoimde. ruseTis Zalauflebis damcrobis paralelurad, aRiniSna
rusulis, rogorc meoradi enis gamoyenebis Semcireba. rac Seexeba kulturis sxva
elementebs, mzard zewolas Tan sdevs rogorc mSobliur enaze molaparakeTa
TviTdajerebuloba, ise stimuli sxvebisaTvis _ aiTvison igi. berlinis kedlis
dangrevis Semdgom Tabrudamxvev periodSi germania moiazreboda axal gigantad,
SeimCneoda tendencia, rom inglisurad sufTad molaparake germanels saerTaSoriso
Sexvedrebze germanulad elaparaka. iaponiis ekonomikurma Zlierebam stimuli misca
iaponuris swavlas araiaponelTa mier; CineTis ekonomikuri dawinaurebac igive
tendenciebs ganapirobebs. Cinuri ena aqtiurad ikavebs inglisuris dominantur
pozicias hong-kongSi. miecaT ra gasaqani CineTis sazRvars gareT mcxovreb Cinelebs
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, Cinuri gadaiqca enad, romelzec iwarmoeba regionis
umravlesi saerTaSoriso biznes-garigebebi. sxva civilizaciebTan SedarebiT,
dasavleTis zegavlenis dakargvis Tanadroulad, inglisuris da sxva dasavluri enebis
gamoyeneba sxva sazogadoebebSi da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa Soris urTierTobebSi
nel-nela Sesustdeba. Tu garkveul etapze, Sorul momavalSi, CineTi Caenacvleba
dasavleTs, rogorc msoflios wamyvan civilizacias, inglisuri daTmobs poziciebs
mandarinis, rogorc saerTaSoriso enis pirispir.
49
saSualeba. garkveul etapze maT, SeiZleba, mimarTon profesionalebs, romlebic
Tavisuflad floben or an met enas Tarjimnobisa da mTargnelobiTi saqmianobisaTvis.
Tumca es friad mouxerxebelia, mas didi dro da xarji sWirdeba. swored amis gamo,
istoriis ganmavlobaSi Cndeboda lingua frank-ebi: laTinuri antikur da Sua
saukuneebis samyaroSi, franguli _ dasavleTSi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
zvahiluri _ afrikis mraval kuTxeSi, inglisuri _ msoflios umravles adgilebSi XX
saukunis meore naxevarSi. diplomatebs, biznesmenebs, mecnierebs, turistebs da maT
mosamsaxure personals, aseve samgzavro TviTmfrinavis pilotebs da sahaero
dispetCerebs sWirdebaT mosaxerxebeli saSualeba urTierTobisaTvis, romelic
amJamad inglisuris meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
am azriT, inglisuri msoflios kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis saSualebaa, iseve
rogorc qristianuli kalendari warmoadgens msofliosaTvis drois gansazRvris
saSualebas, arabuli ricxvebi _ Tvlis saSualebas, metruli sistema ki _ umetesi
msofliosaTvis _ gazomvis safuZvels. am gagebiT, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba
interkulturuli urTierTobis sferos moicavs; igi iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva,
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobas. lingua franka enobrivi da
kulturuli gansxvavebebis daZlevis, da ara maTi mospobis saSualebaa. igi
urTierTobis xerxia, da ara sakuTari meobisa da garkveuli sazogadoebisadmi
kuTvnilebis gansazRvris saSualeba. rodesac iaponeli bankiri da indonezieli
biznesmeni erTmaneTs inglisurad elaparakebian, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom romelime
maTgani gaingliselebuli an vesternizirebulia. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT germanulad da
frangulad molaparake Sveicarielebze, romlebic erTmaneTTan ufro inglisurad
laparaks amjobineben, vidre romelime maT saxelmwifo enaze. aseve, indoeTSi, nerus
gegmebis sawinaaRmdegod, inglisuris, rogorc damxmare-saurTierTobo enis
SenarCuneba miuTiTebs indoeTSi mcxovrebi ara-hindis enaze molaparake xalxis
survilze, SeinarCunon sakuTari ena da kultura, aramed imis saWiroebaze, rom
indoeTi mravalenovan sazogadoebad darCes.
rogorc wamyvanma mkvlevarma-lingvistma joSua fiSmenma aRniSna, ufro
savaraudoa, lingua franka-d anu farTo saurTierTobo enad (LWC) iqces is ena, romelic
naklebadaa gaigivebuli konkretul eTnikur jgufTan, religiasa Tu ideologiasTan.
warsulSi inglisuri ena dakavSirebuli iyo zemoT xsenebul faqtorebTan. bolo dros
igi `deeTnizebuli (an minimalurad eTnizebuli)~ gaxda, rogorc es warsulSi aqaduri,
arameuli, berZnuli Tu laTinuri enebis SemTxvevebSi moxda. `inglisurs, rogorc
damxmare (meorad) enas, kargi bedi dahyva, ris dasturicaa is faqti, rom arc erTi misi
wyaro _ arc britanuli da arc amerikuli, daaxloebiT bolo meoTxedi saukunis
manZilze, ar ganixileba farTod da aSkarad eTnikur da ideologiur konteqstSi~
[xazgasma avtoris]. maSasadame, inglisuri enis gamoyeneba kulturaTSoris
urTierTobebSi xels uwyobs da aZlierebs kidec cakleul xalxTa kulturul
identurobebs. swored imis gamo, rom xalxs surs sakuTari kulturis SenarCuneba, sxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobisas igi iyenebs inglisur enas.
mTel msoflioSi inglisurad molaparake xalxi sxvadasxvanair inglisurze
saubrobs. inglisuri avtoqtonizebulia da iZens adgilobriv Seferilobas, riTic
Sordeba britanul da amerikul inglisurs, ukidures SemTxvevebSi _ imdenadac ki,
rom maT ukve aRar esmiT erTmaneTis, iseve, rogorc es Cinuri enis dialeqtebis
SemTxvevaSi xdeba. nigeriuli inglisuri pijini, induri inglisuri da inglisuris sxva
variantebi Serwymulni arian TavianT maspinZel kulturebs; savaraudod, maTi
diferencirebis procesi momavalSi ufro gaRrmavdeba, ise, rom isini gadaiqcevian
48
imgvarad dasma, rom saqarTvelo aucileblad unda iyos an dasavluri, an aRmosavluri
civlizaciis Semadgeneli nawili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ganviTarebis
gezis da mimarTulebis gansazRvra, ar aris marTebuli. qarTul kulturaSi
aRmosavluri kulturis niSnebis arseboba sulac ar niSnavs, rom qarTuli
sazogadoeba ver moaxerxebs modernizacias da demokratiuli saxelmwifos aSenebas, an
dasavleTSi integracias. amis naTeli magaliTebi msoflioSi uamravia: iaponia,
romelic sruliad sxva samyaros warmoadgens, magram moaxerxa demokratiis miReba
institutebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze, ise, rom kulturuli
originaloba arc daukargavs. Cveni azriT, globalizacia globalur msoflioSi
sakuTari adgilis, funqciis povnis saSualebas iZleva. qarTuli kulturis yofna
kulturaTa gzagasayarze SeiZleba iyos dasavluri sazogadoebis CveniT
dainteresebis mizezi. Zalzed aqtualuria msoflioSi kulturaTa dialogis procesi;
arseboben erTmaneTisagan mkveTarad gansxvavebuli kulturebi, romlebic dasavlur
da aRmosavlur civilizaciebs ganekuTvnebian. qarTul kulturas aqvs saSualeba met-
naklebad, saerTo ena gamonaxos rogorc dasavlur, aseve aRmosavlur kulturebTan.
kulturaTa dialogis procesSi sasazRvro1 kulturebs didi mniSvneloba
mieniWeba; niSnadoblivia, rom evrokavSirSi baltiispireTis qveynebis
gaerTianebisTanave samive maTgani iqca evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis
lobistad; Tavad evropis mxridanac swored baltiis qveynebs daevalaT Cveni
daxmareba da kuratoroba garkveul sakiTxebSi, magaliTad, patrulis samsaxuris
SeqmnaSi instruqtorebi swored baltiis qveynebis warmomadgenlebi arian;
baltiispireTis qveynebi ufro advilad SeZleben saqarTvelosTan saubaras, radgan
igive gza maT sul axlaxan gaiares. SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes
Suamavali evropasa da samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, radgan evropas azerbaijanTan
da somxeTTan saubari saqarTvelodan ufro gauadvildeba. amis safuZvlad mimaCnia
rogorc istoriuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli kulturaTa
garkveuli urTierTmsgavseba, aseve ekonomikur doneze urTierTsaWiroeba
(azerbaijanuli navTobis transportireba).
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom moaxerxos dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracia,
aucilebelia sazogadoebis modernizeba da demokratizacia. geopolitikuri
mdebareoba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom saqarTvelo Caebas globalur procesebSi;
arsebobs ekonomikuri da politikuri proeqtebi, romelSic saqarTvelos Tavisi
funqcia aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mouwevs globalur kulturasTan
Sexeba.
sainteresoa ganvixiloT f.fukuiamas, mier SemoTavazebuli meTodologia. misi
TqmiT, demokratiis konsolidacia moxdeba oTx doneze: ideologia, rogorc rwmena
imisi, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formaa; institutebi, romelic
moicavs konstituciebs, sasamarTlo da partiul sistemebs, sabazro struqturebs da
a.S; mesamea samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebuli da
demokratiul politikur institutebze dafuZnebuli spontanurad warmoqmnili
1
sasazRvro ewodeba kulturas, romelic civilizaciaTa sazRvarze, maTi Sexebis arealSi mdebareobs.
aseT kulturebs axasiaTebs: struqturirebis dabali xarisxi; Sinagani daZabuloba da
winaaRmdegobani; kulturaSi sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul (Zvel)
fenomenTa mudmivi gamococxleba; identifikaciis problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba da
mtkivneuloba. sasazRvro kulturebi asruleben Suamavlis, Tarjimnis funqcias civilizaciebs
Soris. sazRvruloba ganixileba rogorc lokalur kulturaTa garkveuli saxeobis damaxasiaTebeli
gansakuTrebuli istoriul-kulturuli Tviseba, civilizaciuri procesis gansakuTrebuli tipi, da
ara ganviTarebis etapi. es procesi droSi gaWimulia da SeiZleba ramdenime aTaswleulsac ki
moicavdes. amdenad, sazRvruloba droebiTi ki ara, mudmivi mdgomareobaa.
73
socialuri struqturebis samyaroa; igi saxelmwifos mxridan manipulirebas naklebad
eqvemdebareba; meoTxe done aris kultura; igi yvelaze Rrmaa da moicavs iseT
movlenebs, rogoricaa ojaxis struqtura, religia, moraluri Rirebulebebi;
demokratiuli institutebis sayrdeni aris jansaRi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, xolo
Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winamZRvaria kultura. f.fukuiamas azriT, dasavleTi
samarTliani socialuri wyobis aSenebas cdilobs zemodan qvemoT, anu amosavali
wertilia pirveli da meore done; xolo aRmosavluri kulturebi mesame da meoTxe
donidan iwyeben da miemarTebian zeviT. modernizaciisa da demokratizaciis procesi
aradasavlur tradiciul qveynebSi pirvelive dartymas kulturas ayenebs; maTTvis
demokratizaciis procesi kulturis transformaciasa da SecvlasTan aris pirdapir
kavSirSi. amis gamo maTi reaqcia sakmaod mZafria; rodesac saubars iwyeben
demokratias, adamianis Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze, maT miRebaze sakuTar
sazogadoebaSi, amosavali wertili kulturaa.
frida maial-manenji Tavis naSromSi: `globalizaciis efeqti afrikul kulturaze,
danaxuli afrikeli qalis TvaliT~, aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciam didi gavlena iqonia
afrikeli xalxis yofaze, konkretulad ki sociumSi qalis rolze. globalizaciam,
romlis mizania globaluri bazrisaTvis da misi ZalebisaTvis yvela qveynis ekonomikis
farTod gaxsna, uzarmazari gavlena iqonia afrikel xalxze da aiZula isini SeecvalaT
cxovrebis gza da wesi. globalizaciis procesma ubiZga afrikul qveynebs, moexdinaT
ucxouri investiciebis deregulacia, importis liberalizacia, Sesustda saxelmwifo
kontroli. amis Sedegad, qalebi, romlebic am kontinentze did rols asrulebdnen
fermerobasa da industriaSi, ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebisa da sawarmoebSi axali
marketingis danergvis Semdeg umuSevrebi darCnen da iZulebuli gaxdnen, miemarTaT
qveynebis gareT vaWrobisaTvis. isini gavidnen qveynidan, ris Sedegadac bavSvebs
mSoblebis zrunva daakldaT. globalizaciis kidev erTi Sedegi afrikaSi ojaxis
rRveva aRmoCnda. statiis avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebis ojaxidan gasvlis Semdeg
bavSvebi aRar sxdebian buxris irgvliv da aRar usmenen im moTxrobebs, romlebic
aswavlian sakuTari Rirebulebebis pativiscemas, erTianobas, mSvidobas, siyvaruls. es
aRar xdeba TviT agrarul mxareebSic ki, romelsac kargad ergeboda aseTi garemo.
afrikaSi kaci, qali Tu bavSvi _ yvela CarTulia gadarCenisaTvis, TiToeuli
dRisaTvis sakvebis mosapoveblad brZolaSi. avtoris TqmiT, afrikul musikasa da
cekvaSi Warbobs oblobis, tkivilis, omisa da narkotikebis Temebi. es ganeitralda
dasavluri maikl jeqsonis musikiT. axalgazrdoba adgilobriv musikas dasavlurs
amjobinebs. dasavluri modis mixedviT Seicvala varcxnilobis stili, fexsacmeli da
tansacmeli. globalizaciis wyalobiT, afrikaSi dafuZnda da gafarTovda didi
kompaniebi, romelTac adgilobriv sawarmoebze iafad Semoitanes TavianTi produqcia
da amiT mravali adgilobrivi sawarmo aiZules daxuruliyvnen. ufro xSirad kaci rCeba
umuSevari, vidre qali. moxda ojaxSi rolebis gacvla _ kaci Sin, qali _ gareT. kaci
zrunavs bavSvebze da saojaxo saqmeebze. mravali bavSvi, gansakuTrebiT ki gogonebi,
iZulebuli gaxdnen, swavlisaTvis Tavi daenebebinaT, rasac, bunebrivia, didi gavlena
eqneba maT momavalze.
rogorc vxedavT, globalizaciis mier motanilma axalma realobam uzarmazari
gavlena iqonia afrikuli kulturis Strixebze, maT tradiciebze. moxda
Rirebulebebis gadafaseba da rRveva. safrTxe Seeqmna afrikul TviTmyofadobas, rac,
ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia sazogadoebisaTvis. amis gamo frida maial-manenji miiCnevs,
rom `CrdiloeTma unda Secvalos ganviTarebis koncefcia. ekonomikuri winsvla,
kulturuli da socialuri samarTlianobis gareSe, ver iqneba Cveni ganviTarebis
ideali. aucilebelia, rom ganviTarebis done ganisazRvros adamianTa cxovrebis
74
kulturis gaCenis STambeWdavi magaliTi, Tumca sabolood midis avtoritetul
daskvnamde, romelic dakavSirebulia komunikaciebis intensifikaciis gavlenasTan:
`rogorc wesi [xazgasma avtoris], komunikaciebis SemWidroebam da daxvewam unda
uzrunvelyos safuZveli urTierTobaTa daTbobisaTvis naciebs Soris, sul cota _
saSualo klasebs Soris, an, Tundac, diplomatiur wreebSi~, Tumca, dasZens igi, `wesi
yovelTvis ar wesobs.~
ena. nebismieri kulturisa Tu civilizaciis mTavari elementi aris ena da religia.
Tu universaluri civilizacia iqmneba, maSin unda SeimCneodes universaluri enisa da
universaluri religiis Seqmnis tendenciebi. msgavsi mosazreba xSirad gvesmis enasTan
dakavSirebiT. `msoflio enas inglisuri warmoadgens~, rogorc es `uol strit
jornalis~ redaqtorma ganacxada. aq SeiZleba ori ram vigulixmoT, romelTagan
mxolod erTi Tu amarTlebs mosazrebas universaluri civilizaciis arsebobis Tu
gaCenis Taobaze. SeiZleba, es niSnavdes, rom msoflios mosaxleobis mzardi nawili
laparakobs inglisurad. araviTari mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs am mosazrebis
sasargeblod, da yvelaze ufro sando monacemebi, romelic, marTalia, ver iqneba sul
zusti, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gviCvenebs. sam aTwleulze ufro xangrZlivi periodis
(1958-1992 ww.) monacemebi metyvelebs, rom enis moxmarebis saerTo suraTi bolo wlebSi
msoflioSi kardinalurad ar Secvlila, sagrZnoblad Semcirda inglisurad,
frangulad, germanulad, rusulad da iaponurad molaparake xalxis wili, mcire kleba
SeimCneva mandarinis dialeqtze molaparake xalxis saerTo wilisa, mateba _ indurad,
malai-indoneziurad, arabulad, bengalurad, espanurad, portugaliurad da sxva
enebze molaparake xalxisa. 1958 wels saerTaSoriso enebs Soris (romelzec, sul cota,
1 milioni adamiani laparakobs) inglisurad molaparakeTa procentuli maCvenebeli
msoflios mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 9.8 precents Seadgenda, xolo 1992
wlisaTvis misi wili 7.6 procentamde Semcirda (ix. cxrili 3.1).
wyaro: procentuli monacemebi gamoTvlilia prof.sidni s.qiulbertis (q.sietlis
vaSingtonis universiteti, fsiqologiis kaTedra) mier Tavmoyrili masalis
safuZvelze. yovelwliuri gamocema World Almanac and Book of Facts gvawvdis monacemebs,
Tu ramdeni adamiani saubrobs enebze, romlebze molaparakeTa ricxvi milionia an
milions aWarbebs. qiulbertis monacemebSi Sevida rogorc mSobliur, aseve
aramSobliur enaze molaparake xalxi. masalebi Segrovebulia mosaxleobis aRwerebis,
SerCeviTi da saeTero gamokiTxvebis, aseve mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebis da
skolebis mixedviT.
xuT ZiriTad evropul enaze (inglisuri, franguli, germanuli, portugaliuri,
espanuri) molaparakeTa raodenoba, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenobis 24.1 procents Seadgenda, xolo 1992 wlisaTvis am maCvenebelma 20.8
procentamde iklo. 1992 wels, uxeSad rom viangariSoT, daaxloebiT orjer meti
adamiani laparakobda Cinurad (msoflios mosaxleobis 15.2 procenti), vidre
inglisurad, da damatebiT kidev 3.6 procenti saubrobda Cinuris sxva versiebze (ix.
cxrili 3.2).
erTis mxriv, ena, romelic msoflios mosaxleobis 92 procentisaTvis ucxoa, ver
iqneba msoflio ena. Tumca, meore mxriv, Cven SeiZleba mas ase vuwodoT, radgan es aris
ena, romelsac msoflios sxvadasxva enobrivi jgufebisa da kulturebis xalxi iyenebs
erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyarebisaTvis, anu is realurad msoflios lingua franka-a
_ lingvisturi termini rom moviSvelioT, farTo saurTierTobo enas warmoadgnes. Tu
adamianebs surT erTmaneTTan urTierTobis damyareba, unda gamonaxon saamiso
47
meqisaken pirSeqceuli aRavlenen, bombs amzadebdnen amerikuli samgzavro
TviTmfrinavis asafeTqeblad. 1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi amerikelebi yovelgvari
`iaponizirebis~ gareSe moixmardnen milionobiT iaponur manqanas, televizors,
kameras da eleqtronul xelsawyos, metic _ es yvelaferi iaponiisadmi antagonisturi
damokidebulebis fonze xdeboda. mxolod gulubryvilo ampartavnoba Tu
afiqrebinebs dasavlelebs, rom aradasavlelebi `vesternizdebian~ dasavluri
saqonlis SeZenis Sedegad. marTlacda sasaciloa, rodesac dasavlelebi TavianT
civilizacias aigiveben SuSxuna sasmelebTan, gaxunebul jinsebTan da sendviCTan.
universaluri popularuli kulturis ufro daxvewili versia yuradRebas
amaxvilebas ara samomxmareblo saqonelze, ara koka-kolaze, aramed mediasa da
holivudze. amerikis gavlena msoflio kinoze, televiziasa da konoproduqciaze
aRemateba kidec amerikis poziciebs saaviacio mrewvelobaSi. 1993 wlis monacemebis
mixedviT, 100 yvelaze popularuli filmidan 88 amerikuli iyo. ori amerikuli da ori
evropuli organizacia dominirebs globaluri masStabiT axali ambebis mopovebasa da
gavrcelebaSi. aq erTmaneTisgan unda gavmijnoT ori movlena. pirveli _ esaa
sayovelTao moTxovnileba produqciaze, romelic dakavSirebulia siyvarulTan,
seqsTan, ZaladobasTan, idumal ambebTan, gmirobasTan, simdiresTan; agreTve mogebaze
orientirebuli kompaniebis (pirvel rigSi, amerikuli) unari _ gamoiyenon es
moTxovnileba sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad. Zalian cotaa an saerTod ar arsebobs
argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom vifiqroT, TiTqos globaluri komunikaciis
saSualebaTa gasayovelTaoebas gamoewvios mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi adamianTa
warmodgenebsa da rwmenaSi. `garToba~, ambobda maikl vlaxosi, `sulac ar niSnavs
kulturuli saxis Secvlas.~ meore: adamianebi siaxleebs aRiqvamen imTaviTve
gansazRvruli Rirebulebebis da Tvalsawieris poziciidan (e.i. Taviseburad). `erTi da
igive vizualuri gamosaxulebis gadmocema planetis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~, amtkicebs
kiSore mahbubani, `sxvadasxvanair aRqmas iwvevs. dasavleTSi aplodismentebiT
Sexvdebian mfrinavi raketebiT baRdadis dabombvis kadrebs, xolo sxvebi dainaxaven,
rom feradkaniani erayelebi da somalelebi, TeTrkaniani serbebisagan gansxvavebiT,
ufro metad isjebian dasavleTis mier — sagangaSo signalia yvela TvalsazrisiT.~
globaluri kavSiris saSualebebi dasavluri gavlenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
Tanamedrove gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, es ukanaskneli saSualebas aZlevs aradasavlur
sazogadoebaTa populist politikosebs, lanZRon dasavluri kulturuli
imperializmi da darazmon TavianTi sazogadoebebi gaqrobis piras myofi sakuTari
kulturebis erTianobis dacvisa da gadarCenisaTvis. globalur komunikaciaTa
sferoSi dasavleTis gavlenis masStabebi dasavleTisadmi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa
mtruli da uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mTavar wyarod (mizezad) gvevlineba. metic,
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa modernizaciam da
ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba adgilobrivi da regionuli mediaindustriis
gaCena, romlis muSaoba gaTvlili iyo iqauri sazogadoebebis gemovnebaze. magaliTad,
1994 wels, CNN International daadgina, rom mas hyavda 55 milioniani potenciuri
mayurebeli, anu msoflio mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 1 procenti (saocaria, rom es
raodenoba emTxveva `davosis kulturis~ matarebeli xalxis raodenobas), misma
prezidentma ki ganacxada, rom inglisurenovanma gadacemebma, sabolood, SeiZleba
bazris mxolo 2-4 procenti Seadginos. maSasadame, regionuli (e.i. civilizaciuri)
telekompaniebi daiwyeben gadacemebs espanurad, iaponurad, arabulad, frangulad
(dasavleT afrikisaTvis) da sxva enebze. `globalur redaqcias~, sami mkvlevris
daskvniT, `kvlav ewinaaRmdegeba babilonis godoli~. ronald dors moyavs
diplomatiur wreebsa da sazogado moRvaweebSi globaluri inteleqtualuri
46
doniT, rac aisaxeba sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris ukeTes ganaTlebasa da
janmrTelobaSi. es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli, Tu qalsac da kacsac
Tanabari uflebebi aqvT, Teoriuladac da praqtikuladac. CrdiloeTs mniSvnelovani
rolis Sesruleba ekisreba am procesSi. arasodes unda iqnes daSvebuli is, rac
SezRudavs xalxis usafrTxoebas, identurobis grZnobasa da Rirsebas. afrikam unda
iswavlos sakuTari xalxis gansxvavebuli azris pativiscema. amave dros, CrdiloeTma
yuradReba unda miaqcios afrikeli xalxis gamonaTqvams: `Sen ar SeiZleba icode da ver
gauZRvebi mezoblis saxlis saSinao saqmeebs~
ZiriTadi problema, rac globalurma kulturam afrikul sazogadoebas Seuqmna,
momdinareobs Semdegidan: daviwyoT imiT, rom globaluri kultura, afrikul
kulturasTan SedarebiT, aris meti SesaZleblobebis mqone, igi ufro Zlieria; Zala
gamoixateba imaSi, rom globalur kulturas, rogorc erTi saxis niSan-Tvisebebis
erTobliobas, romelic cdilobs garkveuli Rirebulebebis mTel msoflioSi
damkvidrebas, zurgs umagrebs politikurad da ekonomikurad Zlieri sazogadoeba.
globaluri kultura materialuri TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyofilia, rasac, Cveni
azriT, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. amis naTeli dadasturebaa zemoT moyvanili
magaliTi; materialuri uzrunvelyofis gamo afrikaSi dairRva ojaxis Zveli
tradicia, ramac, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mTeli kulturis gadagvareba, radgan
afrikuli kulturis safuZveli ojaxia; frida maiale-manenjis statiis wakiTxvis
Semdeg Cndeba ganwyoba, rom afrikeli dilemis winaSe dgas: an materialuri minimumis
uzrunvelyofa, an kulturis saxis SenarCuneba. sainteresoa is faqti, rom am
magaliTis mixedviT, originalur kulturaze gavlenas axdens ara globaluri
kultura, aramed ekonomika, anu transnacionaluri korporaciebi; aq ar aris saubari
imaze, rom kargad reklamirebuli globaluri kultura moqmedebs. amis mixedviT
SeiZeleba davaskvnaT, rom dasvleTidan globalizaciiis procesSi moemarTeba erTiani
sistema, warmodgenili sami mimarTulebiT: ekonomika, politika da kultura. samive
maTgani erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. kultura gansazRvravs politikisa da ekonomikis
marTvis wesebs, Tavad politika da ekonomika zemoqmedebas axdens kulturaze. XIX
saukunis iaponuri kultura isev iaponuria, magram politikuri da ekonomikuri
zemoqmedebis gamo, igi gansxvavdeba XVIII saukunis iaponuri kulturisagan. gare
zewolis Sedegad man ganicada transforamacia; demokratizacia da modernizacia
iaponiam, fukuiamas meTodologiis mixedviT, ganicada zevidan qveviT, anu iaponiam,
pirvel rigSi, irwmuna demokratiiuli faseulobani, amis Sedegad ki moxerxda
institutebis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, ramac ganapiroba kulturis
transformacia, ganviTareba da ara Secvla. iaponuri kultura tradiciuli
kulturaa, magram ar warmoadgens Caketil mTlianobas. Sintoizmi saSualebas iZleva,
iyo erTdroulad Sintoisti da qristiani, an budisti, an kidev muslimi. anu iaponur
kulturas aqvs unari, rom miiRos garedan mosuli da aqcios igi iaponurad,
dauqvemdebaros sakuTar kulturas. yuradRebas gavamaxvileb iaponur samzareuloze:
daosuri biznes-kulturis Tanmdevia `fast-fudizacia~ _ swrafi kvebis kultura,
radgan `dro fuli Rirs~; aman ganapiroba msoflios `makdonaldizaciis~ perspeqtiva;
magram moxda ise, rom `fast-fudizaciamac~ iaponiaSi adgilobrivi xasiaTi miiRo.
swrafi kvebis bazarze dRes warmodgenilia hamburgerebi, iaponuri suSi, gyidon-i
(lambaqi brinjiTa da xorciT) da Cinuri warmoSobis bulioni ramen. garedan mosuli
hamburgeris gaCenam gamoiwvia adgilobrivi, sakuTari kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis win wamoweva; iaponiam moxerxa lokalizeba.
sainteresoa, rom msgavsi procesebi saqarTveloSic ganviTarda; igive
makdonaldizaciam saqarTveloSic garkveuli lokalizeba ganicada. es zustad is
75
procesia, rasac glokalizacia daerqva: mraval adgilze erTdroulad, da amasTan
erTad, gansxvavebulad. Tavad restoran `makdonaldsis~ daniSnuleba, rogorc
cnobilia, swrafi kvebaa. dasavleTis qveynebSi am restoranSi adamiani saSualod 7-9
wuTs Cerdeba; aradasvlur qveynebSi `makdonaldsma~ sxva daniSnuleba SeiZina.
saqarTvloSi igi warmoadgens ara marto swrafi kvebis obieqts, aramed igi dasvenebisa
da garTobis adgilicaa. skolis moswavleebi, studentebi, bebia-babuebi Svili-
SvilebTan erTad, Seyvarebuli wyvilebi xSirad dadian iq `drois satareblad~. amasTan
erTad, `makdonaldsis~ gverdiT saqarTveloSi gaCnda uamravi e.w. `sacxobebi~ da
erovnuli sakvebis warmoebis wertilebi. isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTul kulinariaSi
`fast-fudizaciisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli sakvebi nawarmis povna arcTu ise Zneli
aRmoCnada. tradiciuli xaWapurisa da lobianis, kartofilisa da xorcis Rvezelis
gverdiT gaCnda misi msgavsi axali `sasusnavebi~, magaliTad, rogoric aris brinjisa da
xorcis Sereuli farSiT momzadebuli Rvezeli, bostneulis Rvezeli, romelsac
`bostneulis samarxvo pica daerqva~ da sxva mravali. sxvagvarad, dasavluri
hamburgerebis Semosvlam safuZveli misca adgilobrivi kulinariis transformacias,
Tanamedroveobaze morgebas da axali qarTuli kerZebis Seqmnasac ki. amasTan erTad
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvloSi `makdonladsze~ ufro swrafad kveba swored zemoT
naxseneb `sacxobebSia~ SesaZlebeli.
SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, globalur kulturasTan
mimarTebaSi qarTuli kultura axerxebs sakuTaris, originaluris win wamowevas, rac
imis mimaniSnebelia, rom qarTul kulturas, rogorc tradiciulsa da originalurs,
aqvs saSualeba ar gaiTqvifos globalur kulturaSi da moaxerxos lokalizeba;
SesaZloa, kulinaria ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols, magram igi kulturis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani artefaqtia.
qarTuli samzareulos magaliTze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizacia `makdonal-
dizaciasTan~ ar igivdeba (`es erovnuli katastrofa arc saqarTvelos emuqreba,
vinaidan metad avtoritetul qarTvel eqspertebs mravalsaaTiani moxsenebis wakiTxva
SeuZliaT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor yvela parametrebiT dajabna qarTulma xinkalma da
xaWapurma hamburgeri da Cisburgeri~), Tumca qarTulma samzareulom ganicada `fast
fudizacia~, rac TavisTavad globalizaciis Sedegia da Tanac sakmaod sasargebloc.
`makdonaldizacia~, `fast-fudizacia~ masobriv-samomxmareblo globaluri
kulturis elementebia; rodesac vsaubrobT globaluri masobrivi kulturisa da
adgilobrivi qarTuli kulturis urTierTobaze, aucileblad unda ganvixiloT
dasavluri _ evropuli da amerikuli _ satelevizio, kino da Sou-biznesis sxva saxis
elemetTa zemoqmedebis xarisxi. ramdenime welia saqarTveloSi, ufro zustad
TbilisSi, regularulad ewyoba sxvadsxva musikaluri festivali, Camodian msoflioSi
cnobili Semsruleblebi, gaixsna satelevizio arxebi, arsebobs sakabelo televiziebi,
romlebic sxvadasxva qveynis arxebis Tvalyuris devnebis saSualebas iZleva.
globaluri da adgilobrivi kulturis urTierTobaze saubrisas da, saerTod,
saqarTveloSi globalizaciis procesze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolo wlebSi qarTuli sazogadoeba, faqtobrivad, daiyo or
nawilad: Tbilisi, romelTan erTadac SeiZleba kidev ramdenime qalaqis warmodgena
(baTumi, quTaisi, foTi) da danarCeni saqarTvelo. zemoT CamoTvlil qalaqebs
urTierToba aqvT, ara marto qalaqis da qveynis farglebSi, aramed sazRvargareTac.
arsebobs informaciis adgilobrivi da met-naklebad uwyveti saSualebebi:
satelevizio arxebi, radiosadgurebi da beWdviTi gamocemebi. danarCeni saqarTvelo
am yvelafers, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis moklebulia. ar arsebobs safosto
momsaxureba, anu Jurnal-gazeTebi ar miewodebaT Tavis droze; ganicdian informaciis
76
civilizacia perspeqtivis saqmea, anTropologebisa da pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis
bediT Sewuxebuli xalxis saubedurod. am gagebiT, civilizacia, kacobriobis istoriis
msvlelobis kvalobaze, TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda da misi (mxolobiT ricxvSi)
gavrceleba Tavsebadi iyo sxvadasxva civilizaciis (mravlobiT ricxvSi) arsebobasTan.
mesame, termini `universaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes warmodgenebs,
faseulobebsa da doqtrinebs, romlebic saerToa bevri adamianisaTvis dasavlur
civilizaciaSi da zogierTebisaTvis _ sxva civilizaciebSi. amas SeiZleba `davosis
kultura~ vuwodoT. yovelwliurad aTasamde bankiri, biznesmeni, saxelmwifo moxele,
moazrovne Tu Jurnalisti mTeli rigi qveynebidan ikribeba msoflio ekonomikur
forumze davosSi, SveicariaSi. TiTqmis yovel maTgans aqvs universitetis diplomi
sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi, biznesSi, samarTalSi, isini
ikvleven sityvebsa Tu ricxvebs, Tavisuflad floben inglisur enas, dasaqmebuli
arian saxelmwifo organoebSi, korporaciebsa da aqtiur saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi
Cambul samecniero dawesebulebebSi, xSirad mogzauroben sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebs
gareT. isini, ZiriTadad, iziareben saerTo warmodgenebs indvidualizmze, sabazro
ekonomikasa da politikur demokratiaze, rac damaxasiaTebelia dasavluri
civilizaciis sazogadoebisaTvis. `davosis xalxi~ akontrolebs, faqtobrivad, yvela
saerTaSoriso dawesebulebas, mravali qveynis mTavrobas da msoflios ekonomikuri da
samxedro potencialis met wils. aqedan gamomdinare, `davosis kultura~ uaRresad
mniSvnelovania. meore mxriv, ramdeni adamiani iziarebs am kulturas msoflio
masStabiT? dasavleTs gareT, albaT, 50 mln-ze naklebi, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 1
procenti. igi sakmaod Sors aris imisgan, rom universaluri kultura iyos, da
liderebs, romlebic ekuTvnian `davosis kulturas~, yovelTvis rodi aqvT myari
dasayrdeni sakuTar sazogadoebebSi. rogorc hedli buli aRniSnavda, `es saerTo
inteleqtualuri kultura mxolod elituri movlenaa: bevr sazogadoebaSi misi
fesvebi friad myifea... saeWvoa, rom igi Seezrdeba imas, rasac saerTo zneobriv
principebs, saerTo faseulobebs uwodeben da rac esoden gansxvavebulia saerTo
inteleqtualuri kulturisagan.~
meoTxe, miRebuli azria, rom dasavlur warmodgenaTa sistemebisa da popularuli
kulturis sayovelTao gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi universalur civilizacias
qmnis. es mosazreba arc Rrmaa da arc mniSvnelovani. kulturuli siaxleebi
civilizaciidan civilizacias gadaecemoda mTeli istoriis manZilze. erTi
civilizaciis wiaRSi gaCenil inovacias, rogorc wesi, meore civilizacia iTvisebs.
Tumca aq laparakia teqnikur siaxleebze, romlebsac ar mohyveba didi kulturuli
gardatexebi an siaxleebi; isini warmavalia, da ar cvlian mimRebi civilizaciis
ZiriTad kulturas. am siaxleebs recipienti civilizacia iTvisebs egzotikurobis an
iZulebis gamo. gasul saukuneebSi dasavlur samyaros periodulad gadauvlida xolme
Cinuri da induri kulturis garkveuli elementebiT gamowveuli enTuziazmis talRa.
XIX saukuneSi dasavleTis kulturuli siaxleebi popularuli gaxda indoeTsa da
CineTSi, radgan iq SeimCneoda dasavleTisadmi loialuroba. mosazreba, TiTqos
popularuli kulturisa da samomxmareblo saqonlis mTels msoflioSi gavrceleba
dasavluri civilizaciis triumfia, aufasurebs kidec Tavad dasavlur kulturas.
dasavluri kulturis arsia Magna carta (Tavisuflebis didi qartia), da ara Magna Mak
(didi sendviCi). is faqti, rom aradasavlelma SeiZleba es ukanaskneli miirTvas, sulac
ar niSnavs, rom misTvis misaRebia sxva faseulobebic.
es sruliadac ar gamoxatavs aradasavlelis damokidebulebas dasavleTisadmi.
sadRac axlo aRmosavleTSi eqvsiode axalgazrda SeiZleba jinsebSi iyos gamowyobili,
koka-kolas svamdes, reps usmendes, amave dros ki, locvebs Soris, romelTac isini
45
erToblioba qmnida dasavleTis gansxvavebul saxes. es ideebi, tradiciebi da
institutebi ufro mZlavrad iyo warmodgenili dasavleTSi, vidre sxva
civilizaciebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini qmnian mTavar, mudmiv birTvs dasavluri
civilizaciisa. swored maTgan gamomdinareobs dasavleTis dasavluroba da ara
modernuloba. amavdroulad, isini warmoadgenen faqtorebs, romlebmac dasavleTs
saSualeba misca modernizebuliyo da am procesis avangardSi Camdgariyo msoflio
masStabiT.
universaluri civilizacia: mniSvnelobebi
xSirad amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove samyaro mowmea `universaluri civilizaciis~
Sobisa (es termini v.s.naipols ekuTvnis). ras gulisxmoben am terminSi? naipolis idea
zogadad gulisxmobs kacobriobis kulturul gaerTianebas, mTeli msoflios xalxebis
mier saerTo faseulobebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, orientaciebis, tradiciebisa da
institutebis gaziarebas. ufro zustad, es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes siRrmiseul,
magram umniSvnelo, an mniSvnelovan, magram arasiRrmiseul mxareebs, an sulac _
umniSvnelosa da zedapiruls.
pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs aqvT
garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebani _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobis
borotebasTan gaigiveba; saerTo sabazo institutebi _ magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxiT
warmodgenili ojaxis instituti. sazogadoebaTa umravlesobas erTmaneTis msgavsi
`moraluri kodeqsi~ aqvs — elementaruli zneobrivi warmodgena imaze, Tu ra aris
kargi da ra aris cudi. Tu `universaluri civilizaciis~ cnebaSi es azria Cadebuli, igi
Rrma da mniSvnelovania, magram, amave dros, es arc axalia da arc aqtualuri. is faqti,
rom adamianebs aqvT ramdenime saerTo fundamenturi Rirebuleba da instituti mTeli
istoriis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba gvixsnides adamianis qcevis garkveul konstantebs,
magram mas ar ZaluZs Suqi mohfinos an axsnas istoria, romelic savsea adamianis qcevaSi
momxdari cvlilebebiT. garda amisa, Tu mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo
universaluri civilizacia arsebobs, maSin ra termins viyenebT kacobriobis didi
kulturuli dajgufebebis aRsaniSnavad, rasebis garda? kacobrioba iyofa
qvejgufebad — tomebad, erebad da ufro farTo kulturul erTobebad, romelTac
civilizacia ewodeba. Tu civilizaciis cneba ayvanilia mTeli kacobriobis aRmniSvnel
gagebamde, maSin an udidesi kulturuli dajgufebis _ kacobriobis _ aRmniSvneli
axali termini unda gamovigonoT, an unda davuSvaT, rom es didi, magram ara
kacobriobis masStabis mqone dajgufebebi gaqreba. magaliTad, vaclav haveli,
amtkicebda, rom ` Cven axla vcxovrobT erT globalur civilizaciaSi~ da rom igi sxva
`araferia, Tu ara Txeli saburveli~, romelic `faravs an malavs kulturaTa, xalxTa,
religiaTa samyaroebis udides mravalferovnebas, istoriul tradiciebsa da
istoriulad Camoyalibebul Sexedulebebs; yvelaferi es, garkveuli azriT, mis
safarqveSaa moqceuli~. `civilizaciis~ terminisaTvis globaluri mniSvnelobis
miniWeba, xolo im didi kulturuli erTobebis `kulturis~ an `subcivilizaciis~
saxeliT moxsenieba, romlebic yovelTvis civilizaciebad iwodeboda, mxolod da
mxolod terminebis semantikur aRrevas Tu gamoiwvevs.
meore, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `universaluri civilizacia~ SeiZleba
gamoiyenebodes im elementebis aRsaniSnavad, romelTa arseboba damaxasiaTebelia
civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalaqebi da
ganaTlebuloba — is, rac ganarCevs maTgan pirvelyofil sazogadoebebsa da
barbarosebs. es, cxadia, terminis meTvramete saukuniseuli gagebaa, romelic
civilizaciis mxolobiT ricxvs gulisxmobs da romlis mixedviT, universaluri
44
naklebobas; aqvT eleqtroenergiis problema; aRar vsaubrob kulturul cxovrebaze.
raionebi Caketil sivrceebad iqcnen, siaxle TiTqmis ar xdeba, rac xels uSlis
ganviTarebas.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciaze saubari SeiZleba iq, sadac saSualo
wliuri Semosavali aRemateba 5000 aSS dolars. zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT, rom
kulturis globalizacia _ es aris globaluri da adgilobrivi kulturebis
urTierTobis procesi. globalizaciis dros dasavleTidan moemarTeba kultura,
romelic uzrunvelyofilia politikuri da, pirvel rigSi, ekonomikuri saSualebebiT;
amitom globaluri kulturis gamowvevebze adekvaturi pasuxis gasacemad mxolod
kultura ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa am kulturis materialuri uzrunvelyofac.
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tavisi qveynis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, saubrobs safrangeTis
deputati evroparlamentSi katrin lalumieri. Tavis naSromSi `brZola kul-
turisaTvis~ is aRniSnavs, rom globalizaciis procesi iwvevs ideaTa standarti-
zaciasa da cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas, amerikuli modelis mixedviT. mis
gancxadebaSi sainteresoa erTi aRiareba: safrangeTs eSinia Tavisi enisa da kulturis
dakargvis. is xazs usvams globalizaciis gavlenas safrangeTze, gansakuTrebiT
kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoze. magaliTad mohyavs kinoindustria. kinos, romelic
pirvelad safrangeTSi gaCnda, frangebi miudgnen rogorc garTobisa da xelovnebis
sferos, da is meorexarisxovnad miiCnies. amis paralelurad, aSS-m Seqmna holivudi da
momavali giganturi audiovizualuri industriis safuZveli, saTanado gavrcelebis
sistemiT. lalumieri aRniSnavs, rom aSS, audiovizualuri industriiT, kino-
kulturiT, maskulturiT emuqreba safrangeTs. igi amas win unda aRudges Tavisi
kulturis Tanamedroveobis Sesaferisi organizaciaTa (gavrcelebis da popula-
rizaciis saSualebebiT) mxardaWeriT. sabolood lalumieri erT rCeva-rekomendacias
iZleva: kargad organizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes kulturul
Semoqmedebas da unda aZlevdes mas axal SesaZleblobebs ganviTarebisa da ayvave-
bisTvis.
rogorc davinaxeT, safrangeTma igrZno amerikuli kulturis moZaleba, rac
frangebma metad mtkivnulad aRiqves. dRes safrangeTi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania,
romelic mkacr uars acxadebs globalizaciaze da mas aRiqvams, rogorc
amerikanizacias. amis sapirispirod, safrangeTi miubrunda sakuTar kulturas da
daiwyo misi farTo masStabiT reklamireba, raTa gvian, magram mainc SeZlos sakuTari
originaluri da gansxvavebuli kulturis SenarCuneba. amis mixedviT, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis gareSe lokalizacia da sakuTari
kulturis SenarCuneba gamoricxulia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, survili saSualebas ver
daemTxveva da, SesaZloa, sazogadoeba aRmoCndes igive mdgomareobaSi, rogoric
f.m.manenjim afrikis magaliTze daxata.
rodesac vsaubrobT kulturis ekonomikur uzrunvelyofaze da mxolod am
SemTxvevaSi mis gadarCenaze, Cndeba kiTxva: dasavlur _ evropul da amerikul _
kulturas, aqedan gamomdinare, mis ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs Znelad Tu gauweven
konkurencias da winaaRmdegobas sxva sazogadoebebi; xom ar niSnavs es, rom
ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian kulturuli
gaerTgvarovnebisa da kulturuli imperializmis batonobisaTvis?! Cveni azriT,
kultura ganwirulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba sami-oTxi Taobis ganmavlobaSi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis nulovan niSnuls ver gascda; magram sainteresoa, rom
globalizacia Tavad sTavazobs sazogadoebebs `Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs~;
transnacionaluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da fondebi,
romelTac garkveuli miznebiT uwevT konkretul qveyanaSi moRvaweoba, garkveul
77
saSualebas iZlevian am mimarTulebiT. aviRoT faqti qarTuli sinamdvilidan:
qarTuli xalxuri cekvis ansambli `erisioni~ msoflioSi popularuli swored mas
Semdeg gaxda, rac frangulma organizaciam daafinansa. erToblivi proeqtis mizans
warmoadgenda msoflios Sou-biznesis bazarze siaxlis Setana da mogebis naxva.
erToblivi proeqtiT orive mxare mogebuli darCa biznesis TvalsazrisiT, xolo
qarTuli cekva ganviTarebis da warmatebis Semdeg safexurze avida1.
sxvadasxva kulturebis urTierTobis Sedegad kulturuli artefaqtis
transformacis TvalsazrisiT meore kargi magaliTia suxiSvilebis ansamblis mier
warmodgenili Sou `asa-farTi~. maT mier filarmoniaSi gamarTuli koncerti or
nawilad iyofa: pirveli klasikuri qarTuli xalxuri cekvebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo
meore ganyofileba absoluturad ucxoa, im gagebiT, rom nacionaluri baletis
mocekvaveebi scenaze tradiciuli qarTuli tansacmliT ar gamodian; qalebs Sarvlebi
acviaT da Tavze kacis, ufro zustad, yaraCoRelis qudebi axuravT, mamakacebi Sav
formebSi arian gamowyobilni, tanze `kapiSoniani~ maisurebiT; maTi moZraobebi,
marTalia, qarTuli cekvidan aris aRebuli, magram sruliad uCveuloa; qarTul
tradiciul dol-garmonTan erTad, ismis eleqtronuli musikis hangebi, gamoyenebulia
aratradiciuli dasartymeli instrumentebi. anu iliko suxiSvilma (umcrosma)
qarTul cekvebSi Seitana sxva kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Cveni interesis
sagans ar warmoadgens imis garkveva, Rirebulia Tu ara `asa-farTi~, rogorc
qoreografiuli xelovnebis nimuSi, ubralod, igi qarTuli da dasavluri kulturis
urTierTobis Sedegia.
gvinda kvlav `erisions~ davubrundeT; ansamblis gastrolebis win moxda Sous
reklamireba. sareklamo klipis Sinaarsis moyoliT Tavs ar SegawyenT, mxolod xazs
gavusvamT imas, rom is aris franguli sareklamo klipi, romelic damzadda qarTuli
cekvis popularizaciis mizniT. es klipi warmoadgens frangebisaTvis mosayol qarTul
miTs. arsebiTad Secvlili araferia. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom musikas da
tradiciul sacekvao ileTebs damatebuli aqvs Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT Seqmnili
efeqtebi; anu frangebis winaSe warsdga absoluturad qarTuli `genia rokviT
ganfenili~.
kidev erTi magaliTi: sul axlaxans erTi saintereso da sagulisxmo faqti moxda.
qarTuli teleseriali `mglebis xorumi~ iyida aSS erT-erTma satelevizio arxma.
marTalia, am filmis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri amerikulia,
magram igi qarTuli `boevikia~ da ara amerikuli. igi saintereso gaxda
amerikelebisaTvis, radgan filmis istoria moTxrobilia maTTvis ucxo qveynis Sesaxeb
da mTxrobelic am qveynis warmomadgenelia. amas emateba isic, rom msgavsi Janris
teleserialis gadaReba amerikaSi imaze gacilebiT Zviri dajdeboda, vidre `mglebis
xorumis~ Sesyidva, Targmna da reklamis gakeTeba.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom amerikeli da
frangi Sou-biznesmenebis interesis sferoSi moxvda qarTuli kulturis artefaqtebi,
anu masobrivi kulturis gavrceleba ar aris calmxrivi procesi; Tu saqarTvloSi
Semodis evropuli da amerikuli masobrivi kultura, aseve saqarTvelodanac
eqsportirdeba kaulturis garkveuli artefaqtebi, Tan iseT doneze, rom did
ovaciasac iwvevs (igive `erisioni~ da Tundac is, rom qarTul xalxur simRerebs
mRerian frangebi, iaponelebi, amerikelebi da sxva). anu konkretuli adgilobrivi
kulturebi Tavis TavSi atareben imis saSualebas, moaxerxeben Tu ara globalur
kulturasTan konfliqtis gareSe urTierToba-morigebas da sakuTari originalobis
1
qarTvelebis warmatebas, albaT imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom manamde “suxiSvilebis” ansambls msoflio
masStabiT hqonda aRiareba.
78
centralizebuli biourokratiuli imperiebis siZlierisa, romlebic ruseTis da
CineTis realobaSi arsebobda, iseve rogorc TurqeTis samflobeloebsa da sxva
aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi.
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. socialurma pluralizmma imTaviTve misca
dasabami kerZo sakuTrebas, parlaments da sxva institutebs, romlebSic warmodgenili
iyo aristokratiis, samRvdeloebis, vaWrebisa da sxva fenebis interesebi. am
organoebSi warmomadgenlobis formebi, modernizaciis kvaldakval, gardaiqmnen
Tanamedrove demokratiul institutebad. absolutizmis periodSi zogi maTgani
saerTod gaauqmes an mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. miuxedavad aseTi SemTxvevebisa, es
institutebi mTavar saSualebas warmodgenda politikur cxovrebaSi xalxis farTo
monawileobis uzrunvelsayofad. arc erT Tanamedrove civilizacias ar aqvs
warmoamdgenlobiTi organoebis arsebobis msgavsi aTaswlovani gamocdileba. jer
kidev IX saukunidan adgilobriv doneze, italiis qalaqebSi, daiwyo moZraoba
TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romelic Semdgom CrdiloeTiT gavrcelda, `aiZulebda ra
episkoposebs, adgilobriv baronebs da sxva warCinebulebs, burJuebisTvisac
gaeziarebinaT, da xSirad, bolos mTlianad daeTmoT Zalaufleba~. saxalxo
warmomadgenlobas nacionalur doneze SemdgomSi daemata avtonomiurobis xarisxi
adgilobriv doneze, rac arnaxuli movlenaa msoflios sxva regionebisaTvis.
individualizmi. dasavluri civilizaciis bevrma zemoT CamoTvlilma elementma
biZgi misca individualizmis, pirovnebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis ideas, rac
unikaluri movlenaa civilizebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. individualizmi ganviTarda
XIV-XV saukuneebSi; XVII saukuneSi dasavleTSi moxda Tavisufali arCevanis uflebis
aRiareba, rasac doiCi `romeo da julietas revolucias~ uwodebda. yvela
adamianisaTvis Tanabari uflebebi (`uRatakesi kacic inglisSi iseve imsaxurebs
sicocxles, rogorc umdidresi~), Tu sayovelTaod ar xorcieldeboda, xazi mainc
gansakuTrebiT esmeboda. individualizmi meoce saukuneSi arsebul civilizaciebs
Soris dasavleTis erT-erT gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebad rCeba. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebul erT-erTi gamokvleviT, romelSic 50 qveynis monacemebi iyo
warmodgenili, individualizmis umaRlesi indeqsis mqone qveyanaTa pirveli oceuli
moicavda yvela dasavlur qveyanas, portugaliis da aseve israelis gamoklebiT.
individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis meore kroskulturuli gamokvlevis avtorma
aseve xazi gausva dasavleTSi individualizmis dominirebas, danarCen msoflioSi
arsebuli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac ufro koleqtivizmi ikveTeba da aRniSna,
rom `Rirebulebani, romlebic dasavleTSi umniSvnelovanesia, danarCen msoflioSi
yvelaze naklebmniSvnelovania~. dasavlelebica da aradasavlelebic isev da isev
individualizms miiCneven dasavleTis mTavar ganmasxvavebel niSnad.
zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi ar warmoadgens dasavluri civilizaciis
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis amomwurav CamonaTvals. arc imis Tqma msurs, rom es
maxasiaTeblebi dasavlur sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis da yvelgan arsebobda. ra Tqma
unda, es ase ar yofila: dasavleTis istoriaSi araerTi despotia cnobili, romelic
ugulebelyofda kanonis uzenaesobas da auqmebda warmomadgenlobiT organoebs.
zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis miCneva dasavleTis maxasiaTeblebad aseve ar
niSnavs, rom isini sxva civilizaciebSi ar arsebobs. cxadia, arsebobs. magaliTad,
yurani da SariaTi warmoadgenen muslimuri sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo
bazaa; iaponias da indoeTs, dasavleTis msgavsad, aqvT klasobrivi sistema (da,
savaraudod, swored amis gamo arian isini oradori didi aradasavluri sazogadoeba,
romlebic demokratiul mTavrobas irCeven nebismieri vadiT). saTiTaod aRebuli, arc
erTi es niSan-Tviseba ar iyo unikaluri mxolod dasavleTisaTvis, mxolod maTi
43
Turqebis, mavrebis, bizantielebisa da sxvebisagan; swored RvTisa da oqros
gulisaTvis gavidnen dasavlelebi kontinentidan msoflios dasapyrobad XVI
saukuneSi. reformacia da kontrreformacia, dasavleT saqristianos gayofa
protestantul CrdiloeTad da kaTolikur samxreTad dasavleTis istoriis aseve
gansakuTrebuli Strixia, romelic sruliad ucxo iyo aRmosavluri
orTodoqsiisaTvis da saerTod ar arsebobda laTinuri amerikis sinamdvileSi.
evropuli enebi. ena, religiis Semdeg, rigiT meore, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
faqtoria, romelic erTi kulturis xalxs meorisgan ganasxvavebs. dasavleTi sxva
civilizaciaTa umravlesobisagan gamoirCeva enebis mravalricxovnebiT. hindi,
mandarini, rusuli da TviT arabuli TavTavianTi civilizaciebis ZiriTad enebad arian
miCneuli. dasavleTma memkvidreobiT laTinuri miiRo, magram erebis Camoyalibebis
kvalobaze warmoiSva erovnuli enebic, romlebic romanul da germanul enaTa vrcel
jgufebSi moeqcnen. XVI saukunisaTvis maT, ZiriTadad, miiRes TavianTi dRevandeli
saxe.
sasuliero da saero xelisuflebis gayofa. dasavleTis mTeli istoriis manZilze
eklesia, Semdeg ki eklesiebi, saxelmwifosagan gancalkevebiT idga. RmerTi da keisari,
eklesia da saxelmwifo, sasuliero avtoriteti da amqveyniuri Zalaufleba
gamokveTil dualizmad gvevlineba dasavlur kulturaSi. mxolod indur
civilizaciaSi Tu iyo religia da politika ase gamokveTilad gamijnuli
erTmaneTisagan. islamSi RmerTi keisaria, CineTsa da iaponiaSi keisari RmerTia;
marTlmadideblobaSi RmerTi keisris umcrosi partnioria. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
gamijvna da maTi perioduli dapirispireba, romelic esoden damaxasiaTebelia
dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis, sxva erTobebSi ar fiqsirdeba. Zalauflebebis aseTma
gamijvnam, udavod, didi biZgi misca dasavleTSi Tavisuflebis ideis ganviTarebas.
kanonis batonoba. civilizebul cxovrebaSi kanonis uzenaesoba romaelebisgan
miRebuli memkvidreobaa. Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebma SeimuSaves bunebiTi
samarTlis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, monarqebs eniWebodaT Zalauflebis
ganxorcielebis ufleba, risi Sedegicaa inglisSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis tradiciis
Camoyalibeba. XVI da XVII saukuneebSi, absolutizmis batonobisas, kanonis uzenaesoba
ufro irRveoda, vidre daculi iyo, magram idea xelisuflebis damorCilebisa gare
SezRudvebisadmi ZalaSi rCeboda: `Non sub homine sed sub Deo et lege~ (`ara kacis, aramed
RvTisa da kanonis qveSevrdomoba~). kanonis uzenaesobis tradiciam safuZveli Cauyara
konstitucionalizmsa da adamianis uflebebs, maT Soris, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas,
ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. sxva civilizaciaTa umravlesobaSi kanoni gacilebiT
nakleb rols TamaSobda cnobierebisa da qceves CamoyalibebaSi.
socialuri pluralizmi. tradiciulad, dasavluri sazogadoeba pluralisturi
iyo. rogorc doiCi SeniSnavda, dasavleTs gamoarCevs `sxvadasxva avtonomiuri jgufis
arseboba da simyare, romlebic ar arian damyarebuli sisxlismier naTesaobaze an
qorwinebaze~. VI da VII saukuneebidan dawyebuli, aseT jgufebs Tavdapirvelad
warmoadgendnen monastrebi, samonastro ordenebi, gildiebi, SemdgomSi evropis
araerT kuTxeSi maT moicves mravali sxvadasxva gaerTianeba da sazogadoeba.
gaerTianebaTa pluralizms SemdgomSi klasobrivi pluralizmi daemata. dasavleT
evropuli sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi arsebobda SedarebiT Zlieri da
damoukidebeli aristokratia, soliduri fena glexobis saxiT da mcirericxovani,
magram mniSvnelovani klasi vaWrebisa. evropul sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi
feodaluri arsitokratiis Zliereba mTavari mizezi iyo imisa, rom iq absolutizmis
fexis mokideba SeuZlebeli xdeboda. evropuli pluralizmis gageba diametrulad
sapirisporoa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saRaribis, aristokratiis sisustisa da
42
araTu SenarCunebas, aramed gavrcelebasac. magram iqidan Semosuli maskulturis
nimuSTa niaRvari masSi vrceldeba, Cveni kulturis nimuSebi ki mxolod Zalian viwro
momxmarebels miewodeba.
kulturaTa Soris urTierTobaSi did rols TamaSoben pirovnebebi, romelTa
biografias SesaZloa ewodos globaluri, radgan arseboben adamianebi, romlebic
ibadebian erT sazogadoebaSi, ganaTlebas iReben sxvagan, sxva qveyanaSi qmnian ojaxs da
ase Semdeg. maTi cxovreba, SeiZleba iTqvas, transnacionaluria. zemoT Cven ganvixileT
globaluri kulturis gavrcelebis saSualebebi. davosuri kultura da
inteleqtualTa saklubo kultura xels uwyobs pirovnebis biografiis globalizebas.
biznesmenebs, sagareo uwyebis TanamSromlebs, diplomatebs, saerTaSoriso safinanso
Tu samoqalaqo institutebis warmomadgenlebs xSirad uwevT cxovreba sxvadasaxva
adgilze. amis Sedegad pirovnebebi axerxeben, Rrmad gaicnon maTTvis ucxo kultura.
gacnobis Semdeg arsebobs ori SesaZlo Sedegi: pirovneba axdens kulturaTa
maxasiaTeblebis mkveTr gamijvns da meore, pirovnebisaTvis misaRebia kulturaTa
Serwyma; ufro TvalnaTeli rom gaxdes, SemogTavazebT ramdenime sxvadsxva kulturis
warmomadgeneli inteleqtualis Teorias. TiToeul am adamians SeiZleba ewodos
globalizebuli biografiis mqone.
sainteresoa warmoSobiT afrikeli, kerZod, senegaleli mecnieris leopold
sengoris biografia da Teoria senegali safrangeTis kolonia gaxldaT. l.sengori iyo
kaTolike, miiRo brwyinvele dasavluri ganaTleba, icoda Teologia, muSaobda
safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, iyo `zRvispira qveynebis~ deputati, muSaobda vice-
spikerad safrangeTis nacionalur krebaSi da bolos gaxda senegalis pirveli
prezidenti. es imitom movyeviT, rom xazi gagvesva imisaTvis, Tu ra axlo kavSiri
hqonda mas dasavlur civilizaciasTan, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom igi dasavluri
faseulobebiT cxovrobda. magram saintereso is aris, rom es kultura ar qceula mis
Sinagan kulturad, radgan sengorisaTvis dasavleTi ar iqca etalonad. amas mowmobs
is, rom cxovrebis ukansaknel wlebSi l.sengorma Seqmna Teoria zango-afrikuli
kulturis TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb. misi ocneba iyo sinTezireba dasavluri Rrma
konceptualizmisa da afrikuli naTeli warmosaxvisa. igi ocnebobda momaval evro-
afrikaze, romelic iqneboda winamorbedi kacobriobis erTian kulturaze
dayrdnobili msoflio civilizaciisa. l.sengori da misi momxreebi, imaze dayrdnobiT,
rom afrikuli civilizaciac civilizaciaa da, amasTan erTad, originaluri da
TviTmyofadi, ufro Sors wavidnen, maTi azriT, dasavluri, manqanis msgavsi
civilizacia aucileblad ganwirulia kraxisaTvis, Tu ar moxda misi organuli sinTezi
afrikul mgrZnobiare, uSualo adamianur sulTan. gaCnda iseTi cnebebi, rogoric aris
afrikeli evropeli, da evropeli afrikeli. afrikeli absoluturad sawinaaRmdegoa
evropelisa. am dapirispirebis ganviTarebam ganapiroba ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. afrikeli daupirispirda evropels. evropeli _ es aris
inJineri, pragmatikosi, romelic ganuwyvetel eqspluatacias uwevs bunebas, Tavis
Tavs da Tavis msgavsebs; mudam, rogorc manqana, isea, Tvlis fuls. samyaros Seicnobs
formuliT, mecnierebiT, gonebiT. afrikeli ki aris poeti, lirikosi; igi bunebas
aireklavs, gamoxatavs da masTan urTierTobas amyarebs cekviT, xelovnebiT, suliT,
grZnobiT. afrikaSi idiliuri damokidebulebaa bunebasTan, koleqtivizmi,
urTierTdaxmareba da urTierTTanagrZnoba, evropaSi ki _ socialuri antagonizmi,
konfliqtebi, agresia, adamianis mier adamianis diskriminacia.
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa aSS-Si moRvawe afrikeli mkvlevris ali mazruis
pozicia, romelic dasavlur da aRmosavlur Rirebulebebze msjelobs da cdilobs
daamtkicos, rom, erTis mxriv, pasuxi kiTxvaze _ arsebobis romel wess mivyavarT
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cxovrebis ufro maRal donemde, sruliad ar aris calsaxad dasavleTis sasargeblo,
meores mxriv ki, is Rirebulebebi, romliTac ase amayobs dasavleTi, sulac ar aris
dasavluri warmoSobis, an kidev aRmosavleTSi dasavleTze adre damkvidrda.
rogorc vxedavT, am ori avtorisaTvis cxovrebis mxolod dasavluri stili
misaRebi ar aris, isini upiratesobas afrikuls aniWeben, miuxedavad imisa, rom
cxovrebis ekonomikuri done dasavleTSi gacilebiT maRalia. swored es ganasxvavebs
kulturebs, msoflaRqmebs. TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva moments ayenebs win.
erT-erTi mosazreba SemogvTavaza pakistanelma mecnierma muhamed tahir-al-
qadrim statiaSi `kulturis globalizacia?~ al-qadri kulturuli integraciis
momxrea, xolo amosavali wertili aris is, rom arsebobs zogadsakacobrio faseulo-
bani, esenia: warmatebisa da miRwevebis standartebi, moqmedeba da muSaoba, materi-
aluri komforti, praqtikuloba da efeqturoba, mecniereba da teqnologia, Tavi-
sufleba da individualuri arCevani, individualuri iniciativa da sxva elementebi,
anu saSualeba kulturaTa Soris dialogis gamarTvisa, radgan al-qadris azriT,
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis miRweva maT Soris dialogis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tumca
amas esaWiroeba umravlesobis da umciresobis mxridan integraciisaTvis garemos
Seqmna. aq Tavdapirveli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba umravlesobas.
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis safuZvelia kulturuli Riaoba. Cven mzad unda
viyoT yvela kulturaSi arsebuli problemebis, prioritetebisa da moTxovnebis
mosmenisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, es kultura umravlesobis saxiTaa warmodgenili, Tu
romelime eTnikuri umciresobis kuTvnileba, acxadebs al-qadri.
amis Semdgom al-qadri saubrobs muslimuri da dasavluri sazogadoebis
msgavsebaze. avtonomia, ganaTleba, sicocxlisunarianoba, morali, sulieri kmayo-
fileba, samuSao eTika, socialuri harmonia, globaluri perspeqtivebi da ekologiuri
cvlilebebi _ es is ZiriTadi safuZvlebia, romlebzec, misi TqmiT, SeiZleba
multikulturalizmis damyareba. adamianTa uflebebi kidev erTi faqtoria, romelsac
kulturi globalizaciis procesi SeiZleba daefuZnos. islami aris fuZemdebeli da
saukeTeso mxardamWeri adamianTa uflebebisa da demokratiisa, acxadebs, al-qadri.
misi TqmiT, Zalzed mniSvnelovania kulturaTa Soris arsebul msgavsebebze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba, da, amave dros, gansxvavebebis realisturi da demokratiuli
Sefaseba. ar SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis xelovnurad miReba.
rogorc Cans, al-qadri ukmayofiloa islamisadmi dasavleTis damokidebulebiT.
dasavlur sazogadoebas ar aqvs islamis WeSmariti suraTi. is icnobs mxolod
dRevandel Sexedulebas, romelic misive mediiTaa miwodebuli. swored esaa imis
mizezi, rom nebismieri mcireodeni incindenti, romlisganac negatiuri daskvna
SeiZleba iyos gamotanili, gaSuqebulia da propagandirebulia mediiT da mis irgvliv
farTo debatebi imarTeba, maSin rodesac, aTasobiT pozitiuri faqtori uaryofilia
da amis Sedegad SeuZlebelia xidis gadeba kulturebs Soris.
am msjelobaze dayrdnobiT, al-qadri acxadebs, rom kulturuli mravalferov-
nebisa da realuri integraciis naklebobis asaxsnelad eTnocentrizmi ar gamodgeba.
eTnocentrizmi _ es aris sxva kulturis gansja sakuTari standartebiT. arc
unikulturalizmi gadawyvets am sakiTxs, ramdenadac is yvela eTnikur kulturas erT
mTlianobad aqcevs.
am problemis gadawyveta sami mimarTulebiTaa saZiebeli.
esenia:
1. multikulturalizmi;
2. pluralizmi;
3. globalizacia.
80
warmoudgenelia tradiciul samyaroSi. meore mizezi isaa, rom tradiciuli
sazogadoeba dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze, modernuli sazogadoeba ki
mrewvelobaze, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes meurneobis sistemas _ xelosnobidan
dawyebuli, klasikuri mZime mrewvelobis gavliT, rTul teqnologiebze damyarebuli
industriiT damTavrebuli. soflis meurneobis sistema da misi Tanamdevi socialuri
struqtura ufro damokidebulia bunebriv garemoze, vidre mrewvelobis sistema. igi
icvleba niadagisa da klimatis mixedviT da SeiZleba gamoiwvios miwis flobis,
sazogadoebrivi wyobisa da xelisuflebis sxvadasxva formis warmoSoba. vitfogelis
hidravlikuri civilizaciis Teoriis miuxedavad, soflis meurneoba, romelic
damokidebulia masStaburi sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobasa da funqciobaze, xels
uwyobs centralizebuli da biurokratiuli politikuri xelisuflebis warmoSobas.
sxvanairad ar xdeba. mdidari niadagi da kargi klimati xSirad xels uwyobs masiuri
saplantacio meurnebis gaCaRebas da misi Tanamdevi socialuri wyobis Camoyalibebas,
romelic moicavs mdidari miwaTmflobelebis mcirericxovan da plantaciaSi momuSave
glexebis, monebis Tu ymebis did fenas. masStaburi soflis meurneobis porobebSi
SeiZleba gaCndes damoukidebel glexTa sazogadoeba. mokled, sasoflo-sameurneo
sazogadoebebSi sazogadoebrivi wyoba ganpirobebulia bunebrivi garemoTi.
mrewveloba naklebadaa damokidebuli bunebriv garemoze. industriul organizaciaSi
arsebuli gansxvavebebi ki ufro kulturasa da socialur wyobaSi arsebuli sxvaobebiT
unda iyos gamowveuli, vidre geografiuli mizezebiT; aqedan pirveli SeiZleba
gardaiqmnas, magram ukanaskneli _ arasdros.
maSasadame, modernul sazogadoebebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo. magram arian ki isini
aucileblad erTgvarovanni? am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs mosaz-
rebidan, rom modernuli sazogadoeba unda daemsgavsos mxolod erT — dasavlur
models, rom modernuli civilizacia igive dasavluri civilizaciaa. Tumca, es
savsebiT mcdari msjelobaa. dasavluri civilizacia warmoiSva VIII-IX saukuneebSi da
Tavisi individualuri niSan-Tvisebebi Semdgom saukuneebSi SeiZina. misi modernizeba
moxda arauadres XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa. dasavleTi dasavleTs warmoadgenda
gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre igi modernuli gaxdeboda. dasavleTis mTavari niSan-
Tvisebebi, romlebic mas sxva civilizaciebisgan ganarCeven, win uswrebs dasavleTis
modernizacias.
ra niSan-Tvisebebi hqonda dasavlur sazogadoebas aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi,
sanam is modernizdeboda? sxvadasxva mecnierma sxvadasxvanairi pasuxi gasca am
kiTxvas, isini gansxvavdebian detalebSi, magram aRiareben ZiriTadi institutebis,
Cveulebebis da rwmena-warmodgenebis erTobliobas, romlebic savsebiT kanon-
zomierad SeiZleba miviCnioT dasavluri civilizaciis safuZvlad. esenia:
klasikuri memkvidreoba. rogorc mesame Taobis civilizaciam, dasavleTma bevri
ram SeiTvisa winamorbedi civilizaciebisgan, gansakuTrebiT ki, klasikuri
civilizaciisagan. klasikuri civilizaciis memkvidreoba mravalferovania: berZnuli
filosofia da racionalizmi, romauli samarTali, laTinuri ena da qristianoba.
muslimurma da marTlmadideblurma civilizaciebmac bevri ram aiTvises klasikuri
civilizaciisagan, magram Seudareblad naklebi, vidre dasavleTma.
kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi. dasavluri qristianoba _ Tavdapirvelad
kaTolicizmi, Semdeg kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi _ warmoadgenen dasavluri
civilizaciis istoriulad umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels. Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis
mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze is, rac dasavluri civilizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,
dasavleT saqristianod iwodeboda; arsebobda erTobis kargad ganviTarebuli grZnoba
dasavleTis qristian xalxebs Soris, romlis meSveobiT isini Tavs ganasxvavebdnen
41
Tema IV. modernizacia _ dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
erT-erTi etapi
am etapze dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT modernizaciis im gagebas, romlis mixedviT
modernizacia dasavluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli
etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelic
unda ganixilebodes zogadad, dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am
civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul formebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo kavSirSi.
aqve SevexebiT dasavleTSi modernuli sazogadoebis damkvidrebis istoriul
peripetiebs, visaubrebT winamorbedi istoriuli realobis Sesaxeb, modernizacias
ganvixilavT, rogorc dasavluri tradiciis gagrZelebas, dasavluri sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps.
dasavleTi da modernizacia
universaluri civilizaciis gaCenis SesaZleblobis mesame da yvelaze farTod
gavrcelebuli argumenti mdgomareobs wamodgenaSi, rom igi aris modernizaciis
yovlismomcveli procesis Sedegi, romelic jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi daiwyo.
modernizacia moicavs industrializacias, urbanizacias, wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa
mzard procents, ganaTlebas, simdidres da socialur mobilurobas, samuSao
adgilebis gamravalferovnebas da daxvewas. swored XVIII saukuneSi dawyebuli
samecniero da teqnologiuri codnis uzarmazari eqspansiis Sedegia is, rom dRes
SegviZlia vakontroloT da CamovayaliboT Cveni garemo sruliad axali saxiT.
modernizacia revoluciuri procesia, romelic mxolod sazogadoebebis
primitiulidan civilizebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas Tu SegviZlia SevadaroT, anu
calkeuli civilizaciebis gaCenas tigrosisa da evfratis auzebSi, nilosisa da indis
xeobebSi 5000 wlis win. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi, faseulobebi, codna
da kultura didad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan. dasavleTi pirveli
modernizda da modernuli kulturis aTvisebis avangardSia. vinaidan sxva
sazogadoebebi iTviseben ganaTlebis, muSaobis, simdidrisa da klasobrivi
organizaciis msgavs formebs, aqedan momdinareobs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom
dasavluri kultura universalur msoflio kulturad iqceva.
is, rom mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs modernul da tradiciul kulturebs
Soris kamaTs aRar iwvevs. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos modernuli
kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi erTmaneTs ufro hgvanan, vidre tradiciuli
kulturis matarebeli xalxebi. ra Tqma unda, samyaro, sadac zogierTi sazogadoeba
maRal doneze modernizebulia, xolo sxvebi _ kvlav tradiciuli, ufro naklebad
erTgvarovania, vidre samyaro, romlis yvela sazogadoeba SedarebiT Tanabrad
modernizebulia. magram raRa vuyoT im samyaros, sadac yvela sazogadoeba
tradiciuli iyo? aseTi samyaro xom ramdenime aseuli wlis win arsebobda. iyo igi
naklebad homogenuri, vidre, rogorc fiqroben, iqneba sayovelTaod modernizebuli
momavali msoflio? albaT, ara. `minis (dinastiis) CineTi... ueWvelad, ufro axlos iyo
valuas (danastiis) safrangeTTan~, ambobda brodeli, `vidre mao Ze dunis CineTi _
mexuTe respublikis safrangeTTan.~
da mainc, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc modernuli sazogadoebebi ufro SeiZleba
erTmaneTis msgavsni iyvnen, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. pirveli mizezia
intensiuri urTierTqmedeba modernul sazogadoebebs Soris, romelic, SeiZleba, ver
warmoSobs saerTo kulturas, magram aadvilebs mokle droSi teqnikis, gamogonebebis,
Cveulebebis gadacemas erTi sazogadoebidan meoreSi, Tanac im doniT, romliTac es
40
rogorc Cans, globalizacia al-qadrisaTvis warmoadgens multikulturuli
msoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis saSualebas, rac misTvis misaRebia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasavleTis mxridan gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mcire sazogadoebebisa da
kulturebis interesebic.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romelTaTvisac globali-
zaciis procesi kulturaTa Serevas niSnavs da es procesi maTTvis ar warmoadgens
raime saSiSroebas, piriqiT _ maTTvis globalizaciis gamowvevebi misaRebia;
eduard glisani _ martinikeli mwerali da filosofosi _ kulturis
`kreolizaciis~ Teoriis avtoria. kulturaTa da xalxTa urTierTSexvedrasa da
SeRwevaSi igi xedavs kacobriobis axal formas, damyarebuls sakuTar tradiciebsa da
fesvebze, oRond gamdidrebuls sxva xalxTa kulturuli tradiciebiT. misTvis
amosavalia `urTierTobis~ cneba, romelic upirispirdeba kulturul dominirebas an
multikulturas (es ukanaskneli kulturul mravalferovnebas enacvleba).
ramdenime wlis win gamoqveynda misi romani `sartoriusi~, romelic batatus toms
exeba. es aris Tanamedrove igavi aradominirebaze. Tumca batatus xalxis arseboba
drosa da sivrceSi mkafiodaa gansazRvruli (Zv.w. 500 weli, centraluri afrika),
magram batatu miTiuri tomia. msoflios sWirdeba aseTi miTi, radgan batatu im xalxis
gansaxierebaa, romelsac ar surs iyos nimuSi sxvebisaTvis da mimarTavs maT ara
dasamorCileblad, aramed TanaarsebobisaTvis.
`urTierToba~, ~kreolizacia~, ~universaloba~ _ es cnebebi urTierTSemavsebelia.
`universaloba~ _ esaa Tanamedrove msoflio mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT da qaosiT.
qaosi ubralod uwesrigoba ki ar aris, aramed movlenaTa gansazRvrisa da msoflios
gonivruli marTvis SeuZleblobaa. `urTierToba~ aRniSnavs, pirvel rigSi, movlenaTa
transversalur, da ara mizez-Sedegobriv Tanafardobas.
mwerali gadaWriT ilaSqrebs terminis `kreoluri kultura~ winaaRmdeg. misi
azriT, situacias msoflioSi gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba termini `kreolizacia~. es
aris mudmivi procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa da gansxvavebulis
warmoSobas. `kreoluri kultura~ ki is terminia, romelsac multilingvizmi da
multieTnikuri sawyisi dogmisa da nimuSis rangSi ayavs, amitom igi miuRebelia
avtorisaTvis, romelic yovelgvari nimuSis winaaRmdegia.
SekiTxvaze, xom ar niSnavs `msoflio qaosis~ pozitiuri mniSvnelobiT xmareba imis
daviwyebas, rom qaosi iwvevs urTierTobis gawyvetas da babilonis godolis Senebas,
mwerali pasuxobs: me vgulisxmob, rom Cven ar SegviZlia dagegmva da ganWvreta. Cvenma
Carevam samyaro ufro rTuli gaxada. amieridan Cven xeli unda aviRoT msoflios
marTvis ambiciur survilze. unda SeveguoT im azrsac, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan
Sexvedris Sedegad. amasTan, arc erTi da arc meore mxare ar dakargavs sakuTar bunebas
da ar gaiTqvifeba multikulturul magmaSi. es yvelaferi Znelad gaiazreba da kidev
ufro Znelad xorcieldeba, magram swored es udebs zRvars `msoflio qaoss~.
mwerlis azriT, karibis kunZulebi is regionia, sadac gamomuSavdeba da yalibdeba
urTierTobaTa Tanamedrove modelebi. aq arsebobs kulturaTa mravalferovnebisa da
erTobis mZlavri potenciali. karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva. Tumca
kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli danarCeni msoflioc. mwerali Tvlis, rom kacobriobis
arsebobis Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebic
winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben.
e.glisanis azriT, siaxle patara qveynebidan mova, romelTac ar aqvT arc
koloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebad
eSiniaT statusis gaqrobis an dakargvisa. Cven unda SeveCvioT azrs msoflios aseTi
81
organizaciis Sesaxeb, sadac sruliad gansxvavebuli urTierToba iqneba centrsa da
periferias Soris; yvela iqneba erTsa da imave dros centric da periferiac.
rogorc aqedan Cans, globalizacia misaRebia imisaTvis, visac ar gaaCnia sakuTari,
ukve mkacrad Camoyalibebuli, TviTmyofadi kultura. magram is, vinc amgvari
kulturis warmomadgenelia, ewinaaRmdegeba am process.
Cvens mier ganxiluli Teoriebis avtorebi aradasavluri samyaros
warmomadgenlebi arian. yoveli maTgani aRiarebs globaluri kulturis aRmavlobas;
aqedan gamomdinare, isini cdiloben, moZebnon Tanamedrove procesebTan Segueba-
morigebis saSualebebi. samive maTgani kargad icnobs dasvalur kulturas, amitom
maTTvis advili dasanaxia sakuTar da ucxo kulturas Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, Tu
msgavseba. Tumca, rig semTxvevebSi, maTi Sexedulebani ufro dasavleTis `gamowvevaze~
pasuxia, vidre realobis obieqturi Sefaseba.
rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturis roli ufro da ufro
izrdeba. unda iTqvas, rom Tavad kulturis xasiaTi ganapirobebs sazogadoebis
damokidebulebas globalizaciis mimarT. kerZod, zemoT moyvanili Teoriebis
mixedviT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli inteleqtualebi sxvadasxvagvar
saxels arqmeven kulturis globalizaciis process: globaluri kulturis
gavrceleba, makdonaldizacia, koka-kolonizacia, hamburgerizacia, fast-fudizacia,
vesternizacia, amerikanizacia, kreolizacia _ yvela es aris sxvadsxvagvari axsna,
gageba msoflioSi mimdinare erTi procesisa, romelsac yvelaze zogadad
globalizacia ewodeba globalizaciis process sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs, xolo is, Tu
ras daarqmevs mas sazogadoeba, gamoxatavs konkretuli sazogadoebis
damokidebulebas procesisadmi. glisanis mier SemoTavazebuli cneba `kreolizacia~
ar aRniSnavs mxolod karibis kunZulebze mimdinare process. es mxolod
damokidebulebaa mis mimarT: xalxi, visac ar gaaCnia Rrma istoriuli warsuli da
tradiciebi, umtkivneulod miiRebs globalur kulturas da moxdeba sazogadoebis
modernizeba. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili gansazRvreba Seiqmna da Camoyalibda
globalizaciis gamowvevebisa da masze gacemuli pasuxebis Sedegad.
rogorc vxedavT, globalizaciis gamowvevebma ganapiroba kulturebis mier
sakuTari `fesvebisaken~ mibruneba, lokalizeba kulturuli niSniT. sazogadoebaTa
Soris axlo da mudmivma urTierTobebma ufro naTelyo maT Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebi, ramac ganapiroba sakuTari kulturis maxasiaTebelTa sistematizacia
da mkveTrad gansazRvra, ise, rogorc es afrikuli kulturis magaliTze l.sengorma
gaakeTa. l.sengors axali araferi uTqvams, ubralod axleburad, sistemuri saxiT
warmoadgina afrikuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebi da misi gansxvaveba dasavluri
kulturisagan.
lokalizacia ganapirobebs kulturuli niSniT msoflios mravalpolusianobas.
msoflio sazogadoebaSi Tanaarseboben originaluri kulturebi. sazRvrebis
gafermkrTalebam, Sor manZilze mgzavrobis problemis moxsnam, mudmivi kontaqtis
saSualebebma ganapiroba is, rom adamiani sakuTar kulturul centrs aRar scildeba,
miuxedavad fizikuri daSorebisa, mas sakuTar saxlTan mudmivi da uwyveti kontaqti
aqvs; es ki adamianebs kulturuli asimilaciisgan icavs. magaliTad, amerikaSi, kerZod,
niu-iorkSi dasaxlebuli Cinelebis erTi nawili ise amTavrebs cxovrebas, rom
inglisuri enis swavlac ki ar sWirdeba, radgan Cinur samyaros ar scdeba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom SesaZloa mTeli amerika moiaros. globalizacia qmnis erT metad aqtualur
gamowvevas, es aris multikulturalizmi; anu sazogadoeba, qveyana warmodgenili
iqneba multikulturuli erTobiT. magaliTad, CineTi aris ara marto geografiul
sazRvrebSi moqceuli politikur-ekonomikuri erTeuli, aramed warmosaxviTi
82
Tanamedrove ganzomilebani scildeba erovnulobis CarCoebs, romlebis
1
winaaRmdegobis gawevas cdiloben .
mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebis mqone qveynebi da xalxebi ki
cdiloben, TavianTi misia sxvagvarad dainaxon da daasabuTon. Cexi mwerali m.kundera
aRniSnavs: `me vxedav patara xalxebis istoriul misias Tanamedrove msoflioSi,
romelic didi saxelmwifoebis anabaraa darCenili, es ukanasknelni ki cdiloben mis
`gamoWras~ sakuTar Targze. patara xalxebi, mudmivad eZieben ra sakuTar saxes da
ibrZvian TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis, xels uwyoben imas, rom msoflio win
aRudges saSinel unifikacias, SeinarCunos tradiciaTa siWrele da cxovrebis wesis
mravalferovneba, adamians ki gaaCndes samSoblos jadosnuri grZnoba~2.
amerikanizaciis formiT mimdinare globalizaciis process SeSfoTebiT adevneben
Tvals TviT dasavluri samyaros warmomadgenlebic. XX s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
aSS wamoayena kulturul RirebulebaTa Tavisufali gacvlis idea, rasac didi kamaTi
mohyva. safrangeTi da kanada SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom maT emuqreboda
amerikuli kulturuli produqciiT walekvisa da amerikuli cxovrebis wesis
moZalebis safrTxe. 1993 w. evrokavSirma, safrangeTis winadadebiT, uari Tqva
Tavisufal gacvlaze kulturis sferoSi.
`Cven globalizaciis atmosferoSi vcxovrobT, rac ganapirobebs ideaTa
standartizaciasa da cxovrebis wesis gaerTgvarovnebas — pirvel rigSi, amerikuli
modelis Sesabamisad.кшyvela, visTvisac Zvirfasia sakuTari istoria, tradiciebi, ena,
filosofia da religia, SeSfoTebulia aRniSnuli tendenciiT, _ werda
evroparlamentSi safrangeTis deputati katrin lalumieri3. msoflios
standartizaciis perspeqtivis sapirispirod, sul ufro mets laparakoben
kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.
mkvlevarTa azriT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pluralistur `samyaroTa samyaroSi~
iarsebebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime civilizaciur-kulturuli centri, romelTa
urTierTobaSi gaCndeba problema erTi, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli simboloTa
enidan sxva kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa somboloebis enebze Targmnisa. s.hanTin-
gtonis sityviT, Tvalsawier momavalSi ar Camoyalibdeba erTiani universaluri
civilizacia da TiToeul arsebul civilizacias mouwevs sxvebTan Tanaarseboba.
kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Tanaarsebobis perspeqtiva gansakuTrebiT
mtkivneul Temad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg, romlebic
Sefasebul iqna rogorc ori planetis Sejaxeba erT planetaze, civilizaciaTa adre
nawinaswarmetyvelevi Sejaxeba, modernis Sejaxeba aramodernTan da winaremodernTan,
romlis aRmsrulebelni TviT modernis iaraRebs iyenebdnen da maT modernisave
winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. dasavleli mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom es Tavzardamcemi
qmedeba biZgs miscems sxvagvari msoflios Seqmnas, romelSic sivrciTi da droiTi
kulturebi aRar moindomeben erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. es axali msoflio aRar iqneba
martooden droiTi kulturis sul ufro mzardi da mZlavri aRmavlobis imedze _ im
kulturisa, romelic gamanadgureblad moqmedebs sivrciT kulturebze4.
1
Культурная креолизация мира. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), № 38, январь, 2000, с.39.
2
ix.: Хольцер Я. Была или не была? (Существовала или нет центральная Европа: чешские споры о центральноевропейской
ментальности малого народа). – В журн.: Политическая наука, № 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы),
М., 2001, с.76.
3
Лялюмьер К. Борьба за культурное многообразие. – В журн.: Label France (Информационный журнал МИД Франции), №
38, январь, 2000, с.25.
4
Smidi v. dasax. naSr., gv.2.
39
marTlmadidebelTa _ ricxvi TandaTan Semcirdeba. erT-erT TavSi _ `amerikis
deqristianizacia~ _ biukenani dasavleTis qveynebis demografiuli krizisis mTavar
mizezad qristianuli sarwmunoebis daqveiTebas miiCnevs da acxadebs, rom ukve isaxeba
axali aTeisturi civilizacia, romelic safuZvels uryevs dasavlur kulturas.
globalistebi msoflios kulturul gaerTgvarovnebasa da inglisuri enis
sayovelTao gavrcelebas winaswarmetyveleben. `ori-sami Taobis Semdeg sazogadoebis
mxolod yvelaze gaunaTlebel wevrebs ar ecodinebaT inglisuri... Tqveni ena xdeba
raRac, razec ilaparakeben saxlSi, megobrebis wreSi, is, garkveulwilad, kulturuli
dialeqti iqneba da ara komunikaciis mTavari saSualeba~, _ ambobs inglisuri
literaturis amerikeli mkvlevari j.benseni1. am mtkicebis sapirispirod, isev
lingvistebi miuTiTeben, rom rac ufro meti sxvadasxva erovnebis adamiani miiRebs
monawileobas inglisuri enis funqcionirebaSi, miT meti leqsikuri erTeuli Seva masSi
sxva enebidan, gaCndeba gramatikuli inovaciebi, Seiqmneba inglisuri enis sxvadasxva
versia da maTze mosaubreebs sul ufro metad gauWirdebaT erTmaneTis gageba.
dasavlel mkvlevarTa nawili (e.gelneri da sxv.) aRniSnavs, rom samecniero da
teqnikuri codna SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos individTa mier yoveldRiur praqtikaSi,
ise, rom ar gamomdinareobdes misi kulturidan, ar warmoadgendes misi kulturis
nawils. Semecnebis xerxi ar emyareba religias, kulturas, civilizaciur
Rirebulebebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qimiuri formulebi an planetaTa ganlagebis
codna ar gvixsnis, rogor vicxovroT, rogor aRvzardoT bavSvebi, Tayvani vceT
RmerTebs. mravalma aradasavlurma kulturam SeiZleba aiTvisos mecnierebis
Tanamedrove Sexedulebani, Semecnebisa da marTvis racionaluri meTodebi, dasavlur
civilizaciad transformirebis gareSe2.
jer kidev a.toinbi miuTiTebda, rom erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT socialuri
cxovrebis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebi, romelTagan pirvel
ors Seexo unifikacia (da ara erToba), mesame ki, gacilebiT ufro Rrma da
fundamenturia, vidre pirveli ori.
globalistTa da kulturuli pluralizmis momxreTa kamaTSi gaCnda msoflios
kulturuli momavlis kidev erTi, ase vTqvaT, neitraluri versia — kulturis
kreolizaciis Teoria, romlis avtoria martinikeli frangulenovani mwerali,
mTargmneli da filosofosi eduard glisani. kulturaTa da xalxTa urTierT-
Sexvedrasa da SeRwevaSi igi xedavs kacobriobis arsebobis axal formas. msoflioSi
arsebul situacias igi aRniSnavs terminiT `kreolizacia~; misi azriT, es aris mudmivi
procesi, romelic ganapirobebs identurisa da gansxvavebulis warmoSobas. unda
SeveguoT im azrs, rom Cven SevicvlebiT sxvebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, amasTan, arc erTi
mxare ar dakargavs sakuTar bunebas da ar gaiTqvifeba kulturul magmaSi, _ wers
glisani. igi Tvlis, rom siaxle patara qveynebidan mova, romelTac ara aqvT arc
koloniuri warsuli, arc mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli tradiciebi. maT naklebad
eSiniaT `statusis~ gaqrobis an dakargvisa. erT-erT aseT regionad igi karibis
kunZulebs miiCnevs, sadac, misi azriT, gamomuSavdeba da yalibdeba urTierTobaTa
Tanamedrove modelebi, arsebobs kulturaTa mravalferovnebisa da erTobis mZlavri
potenciali. amdenad, karibis kunZulebi kreolizaciis nimuSad iqceva, Tumca
kreolizacias ganicdis mTeli danarCeni msoflioc. kacobriobis arsebobis
1
wiklauri m., edilaSvili m. dedamiwa arasodes iqneba nacrisferi. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba”, Tb., 2001, 16
(40), gv.3.
2
Левашова А.В. Современная международная система: глобализация или вестернизация. – В журн.: Социально-
гуманитарные знания, М., 2000, № 1, с.264.
38
sazogadoebaa, kulturuli niSniT erTiani da gansxvavebuli samyaro, romelic
ganfenilia dedamiwis sxvadasxva teritoriaze _ CineTi CineTSi, CineTi amerikaSi,
CineTi ruseTis teritoriaze. es gamowveva ufro did problemebs jerjerobiT
dasavleTis qveynebs uqmnis.
zemoT warmodgenili analizis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia garkveuli daskvnebis
gakeTeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinareobs globalizaciis procesi. misi proeqtireba
Tavdapirvelad moxda dasavleTSi. globalizacia ar warmoadgens dasavleTis,
konkretulad amerikis samoqmedo gegmas. igi bunebrivad warmoSobili procesia.
msoflioSi mimdinare modernizaciis procesma, romlis saTavec dasavleTi iyo,
ganviTarebis garkveul dones miaRwia. msoflio Zalzed mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels
daemsgavsa, sadac yovel mosaxles urTierTTan aqvs kontaqti. mWidro kontaqtma
gamoaaSkarava sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. daingra miTi dasavluri
modernizaciis, rogorc ganviTarebis erTaderTi aucilebeli pirobis Sesaxeb.
globalizacia araerTgvarovnad aRiqmeba sazogadoebaTa mier. igi yvela doneze
misaRebia iseTi kulturebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT warsuli, es is kulturebia,
romlebic axla yalibdebian, amitom maTTvis advilia yovelive axlis miReba.
globalizacia miuRebelia kulturebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT warsuli, is, rac
Seqmnilia maT mier, raSic warmodgenilia maTi suli, cnobiereba, mentaliteti. radgan
kulturebi, romelTac dRes globalur, viwro samyaroSi uwevT arseboba da aqvT
Zalzed mWidro kontaqtebi, odesRac erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad Camoyalibdnen.
maT TanamedroveobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierToba daiwyes maSin, rodesac
warmoadgendnen zrdasrul erTobebs. anu is, rac ganapirobebda maT qcevas,
Camoyalibda manamde, sanam erTmaneTs safuZvlianad gaicnobdnen. es pirveladoba
sayuradReboa, radgan erT kulturas ar SeuZlia raime cvlileba Seitanos meore
kulturis siRrmiseul, pirvelad SreSi. Tanamedrove etapze mWidro urTierTkavSiri
da Sexeba ki ar aaxlovebs kulturebs, aramed aRrmavebs maT Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebs.
globalizacia mravalmxrivi procesia. Tu Tavdapirvelad gamowvevebi mxolod
dasavleTidan momdinareobda, Tanamedrove etapze mas aradasavluri kulturebic
qmnian. da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, ukve saubaria aradasavluri kulturebis mier
ganxorcielebul kontrSetevebze.
saqarTvelo globalur procesebSi maSin Caeba, rodesac TiTqmis gamoxatuli iyo
konturebi, Tu sad gamoCndeboda globalizaciis ZiriTadi da mZlavri mowina-
aRmdegeebi. Cven SevecadeT, msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebisa da kulturebis
warmomadgenel inteleqtualTa mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriebisa da mosazrebebis
saSualebebiT garkveuli warmodgena Segveqmna globalizaciisadmi saerTo damoki-
debulebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, SesaZlebelia, gamovyoT zogadad ramdenime
mimarTuleba, romelTa CarCoebSic gavanawilebT kulturis globalizaciis mimarT
sazogadoebaTa damokidebulebebs:
1. globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa;
2. adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Secvla;
3. adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturis Tanaarseboba sagrZnobi da mkveTri Serevis
gareSe;
4. adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturebis TaviseburebaTa sinTezi.
Zalzed sainteresoa, Tu romeli maTgania saqarTvelosaTvs misaRebi. didi sja-
baasi imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia istoriuli wasuli, tradiciebi, saerTod
TviTmyofadi kultura, ar aris saWiro. warsulis mqone kulturebisaTvis globaluri
83
kulturiT sakuTaris Canacvleba miuRebeli da warmoudgenelia, radgan es niSnavs
sakuTaris, TviTmyofadisa da originaluris dakargvas. kultura imdenad aris
sazogadoebis sisxlSi gamjdari, rom misi revoluciuri Secvla drois mokle
monakveTSi SeuZlebelia. saqarTvelosaTvis sakuTari kulturis globaluri
kulturiT Canacvleba warmoudgenelia. es Cven kargad dagvanaxa Tundac kulinariaze
gakeTebulma kvlevam, sadac qarTulma xinkalma sagrZnoblad dasjabna hamburgeri. es,
ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas. zogadad rom vTqvaT,
globaluri kulturis sruli uaryofa SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi ki _
warmoudgeneli, radgan saqarTvelo cdilobs dasavlur sazogadoebaSi integracias,
rac modernizacis gareSe warmoudgenelia. politikisa da ekonomikis sferoSi
warmatebis miRweva da dasavlur yaidaze sazogadoebis mowyoba kulturis doneze
urTierTobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es urTierToba ki iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebaSi
garkveuli saxis cvlilebebs, sxva kulturasTan adptirebas da morigeba-Seguebas.
globaluri kulturis srul uaryofas saqarTvelo verc moaxerxebs da, Cveni azriT,
arc unda iyos aucilebeli da saWiro. modernizacia, f.fukuiams TqmiT, sazogadoebaSi
cvlilebebs oTx doneze iwvevs _ ideologia, institutebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
da kultura. saqarTvelom globaluri kuluturis talRa unda gamoiyenos moder-
nizacisaTvis, anu Tu saqarTveoloSi ise, rogorc msoflios sxvadasxva adgilze,
globaluri kulturis gavrceleba daemTxva modernizacias an gamoiwvia igi,
globalizacia saqarTveloSi dadebiT procesad unda CaiTvalos. globaluri
kultura, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, vrceldeba iseTi saSualebebiT, romelTac
s.hanTingtonma da p.bergerma ~daosuri kultura~ da ~inteleqtualTa~ saklubo
kultura uwodes.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi arsebobs biznesSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebis
sazogadoebaTa mTeli qseli, romlebic kargad saubroben inglisurad, Sesabamisad
icvamen da erTobian, aseve, SeiZleba iTqvas, azrovneben inglisurad. maT Soris
gamosayofia ori mimarTuleba: am axalgazrdebis nawili sruli kosmopolitia; meore
nawili ki cdilobs erTdroulad or samyaroSi icxovros: ar CamorCes globalur
saqmian kulturas, magram sakuTari piradi cxovreba orientirebuli aqvs gansxvavebul
kulturul faseulobebze.
globalur kulturaSi arsebobs kidev erTi elitaruli seqtori, romelic xSirad
erTvis saqmian kulturas, xSirad ki upirispirdeba mas. es aris dasavluri inte-
ligenciis globalizacia, romelsac bergerma uwoda inteleqtualTa saklubo
kultura (faculty club culture). misi gavrceleba xdeba saxvadasxva gziT:
akademiuri struqturebiT, fondebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT. igi qmnis
sakuTar bazars _ es aris ideebi, qcevis normebi, romlebic Seqmilia dasavleli,
kerZod, amerikeli inteleqtualebis mier, rogorebic arian adamianis uflebaTa
damcvelebi, specialistebi da sxvani.
`inteleqtualTa saklubo kultura~ da `daosuri kultura~ aris saqarTveloSi
sazogadobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi garanti da safuZvelia im cvlilebebisa, romelic
aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes institutebisa da samoqalaqo saozgadoebis doneze.
anu SesaZlebelia, saqarTveloSi globaluri kultura da modernizaciis procesi
erTmaneTs daemTxves. amdenad globaluri kulturis suli uaryofa, Cveni azriT, romc
SegveZlos, dadebiTi Sedegis momtani ar unda iyos.
arsebobs SiSi imisa, rom modernizaciis procesi uaryofs warsulidan SemorCenil
tradiciebs, spobs maT da adamians met Tavisuflebas sTavazobs. bevrisaTvis es
tradiciisgan gaTavisufleba kulturis originalobisa da TviTmyofadobis dakargvas
niSnavs. amitom xSirad modernizacia uaryofiTad fasdeba da sazogadoeba cdilobs
84
warmoSobis evropuli mwerloba, romlis filosofiur-mxatvrulma koncefciam
sruliad gadaasxvafera msoflios mTliani literaturuli procesebi~1. mecnierebi
miuTiTeben axali tipis mxatvruli azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze, romelic aRniSnulia
`metisurobis~, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi aRmosavleTis yofnis niSniT2. magaliTad,
inglisur literaturul premiebs xSirad iReben inglisurenovani ucxoeli mwerlebi,
frangul literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arabuli warmoSobis avtorebi.
erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTis mier evropuli literaturuli sivrceebis dapyrobis
tendencia zogadad mTeli Tanamedrove evropuli literaturis mkveTri
maxasiaTebelia. sul raRac erTi saukunis win ki gansxvaveba aRmosavlur da dasavlur
azrovnebas Soris imdenad didi iyo, rom pirveli Cineli da iaponeli mTargmnelebi ki
ar Targmnidnen, TiTqmis Tavidan werdnen evropul romanebs3.
aRniSnuli procesi mxolod literaturis sferos ar exeba.
TviT kulturuli konvergenciis Teoriis momxreebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom
mimdinareobs kulturis globaluri homogenizacia transnacionalur korporaciaTa
zegavleniT (`koka-kola~, `makdonaldsi~ da sxv.), aRniSnaven, rom `msoflio
produqciis~ mwarmoebel korporaciaTa saqmianoba warmatebulia imdenad, ramdenadac
isini adaptirdebian adgilobriv kulturasTan. `importior~ qveynebSi dasavluri
dawesebulebani Tu moxmarebis saSualebani sxva socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul
funqciebs asruleben, vidre samSobloSi. `sonis~ prezidentma akio moritam am
procesis aRsaniSnavad SemogvTavaza termini `glokalizacia~ (globalizacia+lo-
kalizacia), anu `orive mxares yureba~4.
mecnierebi saubroben kardinalur mijnaze, romelsac miadga kacobrioba da
romlis iqiT istoria, rogorc Cans, kalapots icvlis. `dominirebadma civilizaciam
Zlierebis piks miaRwia da globaluri gaxda, magram igi namdvil sulier katastrofas
ganicdis. qristianuli kultura — am supercivilizaciis macocxlebeli wyaro —
TandaTan adgils uTmobs axal realiebs, cnobierebis organizaciis sxva formebs,~ —
wers a.neklesa5.
2001 wlis miwuruls gamoqveynda ukiduresi memarjvene amerikeli politikosis
patrik biukenanis wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `dasavleTis sikvdili: rogor
emuqreba Cvens saxelmwifosa da civilizacias mosaxleobis kleba da imigrantTa
Semosevebi~ (Patrick J.Buchanan. The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant
Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization). sxvaTa Soris, am wignis publikacia 11
seqtembris teraqtebis gamo gadaido, Tumca igi jer kidev zafxulSi mzad iyo
gamosacemad. avtori dasavluri samyarosa da, kerZod, aSS-saTvis friad samwuxaro
samomavlo perspeqtivas xatavs: 2050 wlisaTvis aSS mesamexarisxovan qveynad
gadaiqceva, evropis TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisa da iaponelebis ricxvi katastrofulad
daiklebs, sabolood ki, isini sulac gaqrebian aziisa da afrikis muslimuri qveynebis
demografiuli Semotevis Sedegad. ganaxldeba islamis zewola evropis qveynebze, rac
ukve iyo istoriaSi, magram misi Sedegebi amjerad gacilebiT tragikuli iqneba
evropelTaTvis. arc ruseTis momavali esaxeba biukenans naTel ferebSi: CineTi
gandevnis mas cimbiridan da Soreuli aRmosavleTidan, muslimuri samyaro ki _
kavkasiidan da centraluri aziidan. qristianTa _ kaTolikeTa, protestantTa da
1
ebraliZe T. or kulturas Soris. — gaz. “Cveni mwerloba” (saliteraturo CanarTi gazeTisa “axali epoqa”),
23 (49), 8-15 ivnisi, 2001, gv.3.
2
Прожогина С.В. Литература магрибинцев во Франции: продолжение диалога культур Востока и Запада. – В кн.: Восток-
Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998, с.178.
3
ebraliZe T. dasax naSr., gv.3.
4
Питерсе Я.Н. Глобализация и культура.- В кн.: Этнос и политика. Автор-составитель А.А.Празаускас. М., 2000, с.322.
5
Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.74.
37
damoukidebeli sakuTrebis ufleba, rac, vTqvaT, britanelma qalebma mxolod 1870
wels miiRes. muslimuri samarTali aseve Tanabrad cnobda rogorc vaJebis, ise
qaliSvilebis memkvidreobiT uflebebs, bevr dasavlur qveyanaSi ki cota xnis win
qalebs aseTi ufleba ar hqondaT. did britaneTSi qalebma saarCevno ufleba 1928 wels
miiRes, aSS-Si — 1920 wels, safrangeTSi — 1971 wels; am droisaTvis bevr muslimur
qveyanaSi (irani, erayi, pakistani da sxv.) qalebi arCevnebSi monawileobdnen. ufro
metic — pakistanSi, bangladeSSi, TurqeTSi qalebi ikaveben premier-ministris postebs,
aSS-s ki arasdros hyolia qali-prezidentio, dasZens a.a.mazrui.
misi azriT, kulturebi/civilizaciebi unda fasdebodes ara mxolod umaRles
miRwevaTa mixedviT, aramed mankierebaTa da Seubraleblobis xarisxiT, romlisTvisac
isini swiraven sakuTar Tu sxva xalxebs. am TvalsazrisiT, islams ufro Zlieri
imuniteti aqvs nacionalizmis, komunizmis, rasizmis, genocidis winaaRmdeg. Tu
muslimur samyaroSi dasavlurze Zlieria politikuri Zalmomreoba, dasavleTSi
gacilebiT masStaburia quCis Zaladoba. dasavluri liberaluri demokratia
uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis maRalmwarmoeblurobas, mosaxleobis farTo monawileobas
marTvaSi, magram dasavlurma pluralizmma warmoSva rasizmi, faSizmi, genocidi.
dasavleTma mets miaRwia yovelive saukeTesos realizaciaSi, rac adamianis bunebaSia,
aRmosavleTma — adamianis bunebis yvelaze cudi mxareebis SezRudvaSi. zogierTi
adamianuri kriteriumiT (stabiluri ojaxi, socialuri Zalmomreobisagan dacva da
sxv.), muslimuri samyaro win uswrebs dasavleTs. yovelive amis gamo, a.a.mazruis
daskvniT, kacobriobam unda gamoiyenos ara mxolod dasavleTis, aramed aRmosavleTis,
kerZod, muslimuri samyaros gamocdilebac1.
aqve davZenT, rom am da zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSic Tavad sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba
ufro saintereso da mniSvnelovania rogorc `pasuxi~ dasavleTis `gamowvevaze~, vidre
motanili magaliTebis realobasTan Sesabamisoba.
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia
dasavleTisa da aradasavluri samyaros urTierTobaSi. erTis mxriv, dasavluri
Rirebulebebi, masobrivi kulturis saxiT, farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. am
movlenas `koka-kolonizaciisa~ da `hamburgerizaciis~ efeqtis saxeliT ixsenieben.
saqme ufro Sorsac midis. rogorc e.saidi aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro aSS-
s politikur da kulturul satelitad gvevlineba. mimdinareobs gemovnebis
farTomasStabiani standartizacia, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod tranzistorebiT,
jinsebiTa da koka-koliT, aramed aRmosavleTis kulturuli saxeebiT, romelTac
farTod avrcelebs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi da romlebic ukritikod
moixmareba masobrivi auditoriis mier. amis paradoqsuli Sedegi isaa, rom arabi
sakuTar Tavs holivudis mier SemoTavazebuli saxiT aRiqvams2. azieli studentebi (da
profesorebi) kvlav amjobineben, moikalaTon amerikel orientalistTa ferxTiT,
Semdeg ki adgilobriv msmenelebs gaumeoron kliSeebiT gajerebuli orientalisturi
dogmebi3.
meore mxriv, XX s-is 50-iani wlebidan saTaves iRebs aRmosavlur kulturebTan
dasavleTis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi movlena. Tu aqamde
dasavleTi Tavis msoflaRqmas amdidrebda aRmosavluridan nasesxebi esTetikuri Tu
dekoratiuli elementebiT, am droidan evropulenovani aRmosavleli mwerlebis
masobrivi SemoWris Sedegad `Seiqmna sruliad axali tipis literatura —
orbunebovani, orcnobierebiani, organzomilebiani... miviReT aRmosavluri
1
Mazrui A.A. Islamic and Western Value. – Foreign Affairs, N.Y., 1997, vol.76, 5, p.118-132.
2
Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.322.
3
iqve, gv.323-324.
36
mis Tavidan acilebas, ubrundeba sakuTar kulturas. TavisTavad sakuTari kultu-
risaken mibruneba kargicaa da aucilebelic, magram aman ar unda miiRos garemosagan
izolaciis saxe. izolacia gamoiwvevs karCaketilobas, rasac SesaZloa sazogadoebis
statikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvla moyves (magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia ori koreis da
uaxloes warsulSi ori germaniis Sedareba). rogorc Cans, rac ar unda didi da Zlieri
iyos kultura, gamoricxulia gare samyarosTan urTierTobisa da siaxleTa miRebis
gareSe misi ganviTareba. TviT iseTi didi kultura, rogoricaa CineTi, romelsac
Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos civilizacia, ver uaryofs amas. igi cdilobs garedan
Sesuli siaxleebi marTvadi gaxados, miiRos is, rac surs. amitom uwodes CineTis
magaliTs ~marTvadi globalzacia~.
axlis miReba ar niSnavs Zvelis uaryofas da modernizaciis procesi ar aris
tradiciebisgan gaTavisufleba. k.tompsoni miiCnevs, rom kulturuli memkvidreoba da
Tanamedrove adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba absoluturad daukavSirebelia
erTmaneTTan, CemTvis ufro misaRebia S.eizenStadtis mosazreba. misi TqmiT, rac ar
unda didi iyos kontrasti ~tradiciul~ da ~Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs Soris,
warmatebuli modernizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod tradiciuli elementebis
regulaciaze dayrdnobiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaa iaponiis magaliTi, romelzec
Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. msjelobis mizania damajerebeli gaxados daskvna, romlis
mixedviTac globaluri kultura da Tavad globalizacia ar warmoadgens iseT
saSiSroebas, rogoradac igi saqarTveloSi aRiqmeba, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi
idealuria da yuradRebis miqcevas ar saWiroebs.
globalur kulturasTan urTierToba saqarTvelos aucileblad mouwevs. am
kulturaTa urTierTobas unda moyves raime Sedegi. saqarTvelos mier globaluri
kulturis sruli uaryofa iseve miuReblad da uaryofiTad mimaCnia, rogorc
adgilobrivi kulturis globaluri kulturiT Canacvleba.
adgilobrivi da globaluri kulturis urTierTobas Teoeriulad, SeiZleba, is
Sedegebi mohyves, romelzedac Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. esenia: konfrontacia,
simbiozi, sinTezi. magram SesaZlebelia, kulturaTa urTierTqmedeba ar mivides
romelime am tipis realizaciamde da Semoifarglos mxolod kulturul Rirebu-
lebaTa urTierTgacvliT, romelic intesivobiTa da xarisxiT Camouvardeba
zemonaxseneb tipebs.
pasuxebi dasavleTs da modernizacia
dasavleTis eqspansiam aradasavluri sazogadoebebis modernizeba da vester-
nizireba gamoiwvia. am sazogadoebebis politikuri da inteleqtualuri liderebis
pasuxi dasavleTis Semotevaze samgvari iyo: 1) orives _ modernizaciisa da
vestrenizaciis _ uaryofa, 2) orives miReba, 3) erTis miReba da meoris uaryofa.
uaryofa. 1542 wlidan _ dasavleTTan pirveli kontaqtis damyarebidan _ XIX
saukunis Sua xanebamde iaponia dasavleTis mkveTri uaryofis gziT midioda. daSvebuli
iyo modernizaciis mxolod SezRuduli formebi, magaliTad, sabrZolo masalebis
SeZena, xolo dasavluri kulturis importi, maT Soris yvelaze gamorCeulad _
qristianobisa, sastikad ikrZaleboda. XVII saukuneSi dasavlelebi saerTod gamoaZeves
qveynidan. ukompromiso damokidebulebas bolo moeRo 1854 wels, rodesac kapitanma
perim ZaliT daarRvia iaponiis karCaketiloba, 1868 wels meiZis restavracias mohyva
aqtiuri mcdelobebi, gaeziarebinaT dasavleTis gamocdileba. ramdenime saukunis
manZilze CineTic cdilobda, xeli SeeSala modernizebisa da vesternizebis seriozuli
mcdelobebisaTvis. 1601 wels qveyanaSi SeuSves qristiani misionerebi, Tumca 1722
wlisaTvis isini saguldagulod gamoaZeves iqidan. iaponiisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis
85
karCaketilobis politika mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo Cinelebis
warmodgeniT sakuTar Tavze, rogorc msoflios centrze, agreTve yvela sxva xalxze
Cinuri kulturis upiratesobis mtkice rwmeniT. CineTis izolacia, iseve, rogorc
iaponiisa, dasavleTis iaraRis meSveobiT dasrulda, romelic 1839-1842 wlebis
opiumis omis dros gamoiyena inglisma. rogorc magaliTebidan vxedavT, XIX saukuneSi
dasavluri saxelmwifoebi Sanss ar utovebdnen aradasavlur sazogadoebebs,
ganexorcielebinaT absoluturad karCaketili politika.
meoce saukuneSi momxdarma winsvlam satransporto da sakomunikacio saSualebaTa
sferoSi, agreTve globalurma urTierTdamokidebulebam ganze dgoma did fufunebad
aqcia. modernizaciis, iseve rogorc vesternizaciis sruli uaryofa naklebad
realuria im msoflioSi, romelic dRiTidRe sul ufro Tanamedrove da urTierT-
dakavSirebuli xdeba. aseTi fufunebis ufleba mxolod patara, izolirebulma
sasoflo Temma Tu SeiZleba misces Tavs, romlis miswrafebebi saarsebo minimumis iqiT
ar midis. `mxolod yvelaze eqstremisti fundamentalistebi~, _ wers daniel faipsi
islamTan dakavSirebiT, `uaryofen rogorc modernizacias, ise vesternizacias. isini
mdinareSi yrian televizorebs, krZalaven majis saaTis tarebas, uars acxadeben
Sidawvis Zravis moxmarebaze. magram maTi samoqmedo gegmis ararealuroba msgavs
jgufebs mimzidvelobas ukargavs; zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki (magaliTad, ien izala
kanoSi, sadaTis mkvlelebi, meqas meCeTze Tavdamsxmelebi, dayvas zogierTi dajgufeba
malaiziaSi) — xelisuflebasTan sisxlian SetakebebSi gancdilma marcxma mogvianebiT
maTi TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba gamoiwvia.~ ukvalod gaqroba — aseTia sruli uaryofis
politikis zogadi perspeqtiva meoce saukunis miwuruls. fanatizmi, toinbis sityviT
rom vTqvaT, ubralod, arasicoclisunariani arCevania.
qemalizmi. meore SesaZlo pasuxi dasavleTisadmi aris toinbiseuli herodianizmi,
anu rogorc modernizaciis, ise vesternizaciis miReba. aseTi pasuxi gamomdinareobs
warmodgenidan, rom modernizacia sasurveli da aucilebelia, da rom adgilobrivi
kultura SeuTavsebelia modernizaciasTan, amitom masze uari unda iTqvas, an igi unda
ganadgurdes. sazogadoeba srulad unda vesternizdes, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
warmatebiT modernizeba. modernizacia da vesternizacia aZlierebs urTierTs da
isini Tanadroulad unda warimarTon. msgavsi damokidebuleba gamoxatulia
mecxramete saukunis dasasrulis zogierTi iaponeli da Cineli moazrovnis
msjelobebSi, romelTa mixedviT, modernizaciisaTvis saWiroa, rom maTma sazo-
gadoebebma daiviwyon TavianT istoriuli enebi da aRiaron inglisuri, rogorc
saxelmwifo ena. es Sexeduleba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ufro dasavlur wreebSi iyo
popularuli, vidre aradasavlur elitebSi. misi mTavari principia: `Tu ginda
warmatebas miaRwio, Cvennairi unda gaxde; es erTaderTi gamosavalia~. argumenti ki
isaa, rom `[aradasavlur] sazogadoebaTa religiuri Rirebulebebi, zneobrivi normebi
da sazogadoebrivi wyoba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ucxoa, Tu ara mtruli,
industrializmis Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebisadmi.~ aqedan gamomdinare, ekono-
mikuri ganviTareba moiTxovs cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis mkveTr da Zireul
reorganizacias, da, xSirad, Tavad am civilizaciis xalxis mier arsebobis saazrisis
xelaxla gaazrebas.~ igive azrs imeorebs faipsi islamze msjelobisas:`anomiis Tavidan
asarideblad, muslimebs mxolo erTi gza darCeniaT, radgan modernizacia vester-
nizacias gulisxmobs... islami ar gvTavazobs alternatiul gzas modernizebisaTvis...
sekularizmis daTmoba warmoudgenelia, Tanamedrove mecniereba da teqnologia
moiTxovs misi Tanamdevi saazrovno procesebis gaTavisebas; igive situaciaa
politikur institutebTan dakavSirebiTac. Sinaaarsic iseve unda iyos aTvisebuli,
rogorc garegnuli forma. dasavluri civilizaciis pirveloba imTaviTve unda iyos
86
momakvdinebeli aRmoCndes... islami CvenTvis mxolod religia ki ara, cxovrebis wesia.
Cven, saudelebs, gvsurs modernizeba, magram ar vsaWiroebT vesternizebas~1.
dasavlur samyarosTan muslimuri aRmosavleTis urTierTobis Sedegebisa da
perspeqtivebis SefasebaSi gacilebiT naklebradikaluria iraneli
literaturaTmcodne, doqtori abdulhusein zarinkubi, romelmac 1974 wels
gamoaqveyna wigni friad niSandoblivi saTauriT: `arc dasavluri, arc aRmosavluri _
adamianuri~. miuxedavad dasavleTisadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, igi
miiCnevs, rom SeuZlebelia iranuli kulturis dakonserveba, misi SenarCuneba Zveli
tradiciebis farglebSi. igi unda viTardebodes, iTvisebdes axals _ aucilebelsa da
sasargeblos. problemas qmnis ara dasavluris aTviseba _ es istoriuli
aucileblobaa, radgan kapitalistur ekonomikasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebaSi iWreba
garkveuli kulturuli faseulobani, _ aramed dasavleTis winaSe qedis moxra,
cxovrebis ucxo normebis Tavsmoxveva. sad aris gamosavali? mecnieris azriT,
gadamwyvet rols Seasrulebs iranuli kulturis istoriuli gamocdileba, romelmac
SesaZlebeli gaxada enis, literaturisa da kulturis SenarCuneba sxvadasxva saxis
zewolis pirobebSi. unda viamayoT imiT _ dasZens mkvlevari _ rom iranuli kultura
arc aRmosavluria, arc dasavluri, igi adamianuria2.
cxadia, daskvna, cota ar iyos, ucnauria, magram sakiTxis dasma sainteresoa: sxva
iraneli mkvlevrebi, maT Soris, zemoT naxsenebi d.Saiegani iranuli kulturis
aRmosavlurobas eWvqveS ar ayeneben. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic.
cnobili istorikosi da literaturaTmcodne, Teiranis universitetis profesori
islami noduSeni aRniSnavs, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic mudam
zemoqmedebda iranis istoriaze, aris misi mdebareoba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs
Soris. geografiam gansazRvra CvenTvis erTaderTi gza _ wonasworobis SenarCuneba,
anu sakuTar safuZvelze myarad dgomis unari, askvnis igi3.
vfiqrobT, ganxiluli poziciebi sainteresoa CvenTvisac: rogorc davinaxeT,
iranelebi xazs usvamen dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris TavianT yofnas (Cveni
Tvalsawieridan, iranuli kultura calsaxad aRmosavluria), Cveni mkvlevrebis nawili
ki daJinebiT cdilobs qarTuli kulturis an mxolod dasavluri, an mxolod
aRmosavluri maxasiaTeblebis moZiebas.
aradasavlel mkvlevarTaTvis, cxadia, miuRebelia mtkiceba, rom Tu ara
koloniuri eqspansia, aRmosavleTis yvela qveyana, iaponiis CaTvliT, dRes TiTqmis XV
saukunis doneze iqneboda. yvelaferi axali da Tanamedrove aRmosavleTSi
dasavleTidan movida, vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis procesis Sedegad, da
aRmosavleTi yovelive (an TiTqmis yovelive) amiT mSvenivrad sargeblobs. am
TvalsazrisiT, swored kolonializmma daaaxlova aRmosavleTi dasavleTTan4.
sapirispirod, aRmosavleli mkvlevrebi cdiloben daasabuTon, rom Rirebulebani
da miRwevebi, romlebiTac ase amayobs Tanamedrove dasavleTi, arc aRmosavluri, maT
Soris, muslimuri sazogadoebebisaTvisaa ucxo, zog SemTxvevaSi ki es ukanasknelni
winac uswreben dasavlelebs. magaliTad, a.a.mazrui aRniSnavs, rom Tumca qalTa
mdgomareoba muslimur qveynebSi dasavleTis mZafri kritikis sagania, magram,
dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, am qveynebSi qals yovelTvis gaaCnda qmrisgan
1
hanTingtoni s. dasavleTi — unikaluri, ara universaluri. — kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis
sakiTxebi, X, Tb., Tsu gamomc., 2001, gv.185.
2
Китаянов Д.С. Иран и Запад: история и современный диалог. – В кн.: Восток-Запад: Притяжение, отталкивание. М., 1998,
с.32-33. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iranis islamuri revoluciis ideologebi am lozungs daesesxnen
zarinkubs da igi Semdegnairad gadaakeTes: arc aRmosavluri, arc dasavluri _ islamuri.
3
iqve, gv.9.
4
Васильев Л.С. dasax. naSr., gv.107.
35
industria farTodaa gavrcelebuli iqac, sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xsenebac ki
ar aris.
afrikuli warmoSobis mkvlevarma a.a.mazruim yuradReba miaqcia dasavluri
kulturis mimzidvelobisa da misadmi agresiuli ganwyobis urTierTdaSrevebas
dasavleTTan aradasvluri samyaros urTierTobis procesSi: `mosuli (dasavluri —
n.C.) kultura iwvevs erTdroulad aRfrTovanebasa da zizRs, mibaZvis survilsa da
protestis grZnobas~1. sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeba aradasavlur civilizaciaTa
miswrafeba sakuTari saxis, sakuTari faseulobebis damkvidrebisaken. `Cven vcxovrobT
ara mxolod mTlian samyaroSi, aramed `samyaroebis samyaroSi~2, sadac mimdinareobs
pasuxis Zieba globalizaciis gamowvevaze.
iraneli mecnieris, Teiranis universitetis profesor d.Saieganis azriT, es
gamowveva principulad gansxvavdeba warsulSi kulturaTa urTierTqmedebisagan,
radgan saqme exeba socialuri da individualuri yofis organizaciis amosaval
principTa totalur SeuTavseblobas. dasavleTisaTvis esaa istoriuli evoluciis,
grZnobadi da zegrZnobadi samyarosgan gancalkevebuli sulis, nebis primatisa da
raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebze samyaros dayvanis principebi. iq damkvidrebuli
samyaros sekularizacia niSnavs mis despiritualizacias, bunebis ukidures
obieqtivacias, saidanac gamomdinareobs scientizmi da teqnicizmi. Zireulad
gansxvavebulia aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa principebi. istoria aq wmindaTawmindaa da
uSualod ukavSirdeba esqatologias. adamianuri instinqtebi da vnebani ar miiCneva
istoriis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad, _ rogorc islamSi, ise induizmSi maT
daqvemdebarebuli adgili mieCinebaT, an kidev isini aRiqmeba mZime tvirTad,
romlisganac gaTavisuflebaa saWiro.
d.Saiegani Tvlis, rom dasavluri civilizaciis, rogorc universaluris,
damkvidreba an angrevs sxva kulturaTa eTikur da esTetikur faseulobebs, an dayavs
isini `adgilobriv koloritamde~. kulturaTa sinTezi ucxo RirebulebaTa zewolis
pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, radgan motanili faseulobebi diametrulad sawinaaRmdegoa
adgilobrivisa. es moaswavebs dagrovil memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmas, damoukidebel
azrovnebaze, qcevasa da qmedebaze xelis aRebas, sabolood ki — uaris Tqmas sakuTar
Tavze. `Tu aRmosavlur samyaros ara aqvs sxva arCevani, garda `aSkara gamowvevis~,
`garduvali bedisweris~ miRebisa, rac dasavleTTan Segueba-morgebaSi gamoixateba,
maSin es iqneba aRmosavluri civilizaciebis tragikuli aRsasruli. esaa yofierebis
ori tipis mkacri Setakeba, romelTa Soris kompromisi SeuZlebelia~, — askvnis
mkvlevari3.
`Tanamedrove muslims ar SeuZlia, ar awarmoos mudmivi jixadi (wminda omi) ara
mxolod sakuTar TavTan, raTa SeinarCunos saRi goneba da sulieri sijansaRe, aramed
Tavis garemomcvel samyarosTanac, raTa daicvas winaparTa didebuli sulieri da
mxatvruli memkvidreoba da gadasces igi momaval Taobas~, _ wers s.nasri4.
niSandoblivia saudis arabeTis princis gancxadebac, romelic s.hanTingtons
mohyavs: `ucxouri importi mSvenieria lamazi nivTebis an maRalteqnikuri sagnebis
saxiT. magram socialuri da politikuri institutebis importi SeiZleba
1
Mazrui A. World Federation of Cultures: an African Perspective. N.Y., 1976, p.457.
2
Актуальные вопросы глобализации, с.42.
3
Shayegan D. The Challenges of Today and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Cultural Studies. Tokyo, 1977, 4, p.35-36.
4
Наср С.Х. О столкновении принципов западной и исламской цивилизаций. –В кн.: Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций.
Под ред. Б.С.Ерасова, с.481-482.
34
gaTavisebuli, raTa misgan iswavlo(n). evropuli enebi da dasavluri saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebi savaldebuloa, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanasknelni marTlac xels
uwyoben Tavisufal azrovnebasa da uzrunvelyofil cxovrebas. muslimebi mxolod
maSin miaRweven iseT mdgomareobas, roca SesaZlebeli iqneba teqnikuri siaxleebis
aTviseba da Semdgom ganviTareba, Tu isini upirobod miiReben dasavlur models~.
samoci wliT adre, vidre es sityvebi daiwereboda, mustafa qemal aTaTurqi msgavs
daskvnamde mivida da otomanTa imperiis nangrevebidan axali TurqeTi Seqmna, didi
Zalisxmeva gaswia rogorc misi vesternizebis, aseve modernizebisaTvis. am kursis
arCeviTa da muslimuri warsulis uaryofiT aTaTurqma TurqeTi `gaxleCil qveynad~
aqcia, romlis sazogadoeba muslimuri iyo Tavisi religiiT, memkvidreobiT,
CveulebebiT da institutebiT, magram hyavda mmarTveli elita, romelsac ganzraxuli
hqonda misi gaTanamedroveoba, dasavlur yaidaze mowyoba da dasavleTTan yofna. XX
saukunis bolosaTvis ramdenime qveyana adgas qemalistur gzas, isini cdiloben
Secvalon aradasavluri identuroba dasavluriT. maTi mcdelobebi gaanalizebulia
meeqvse TavSi.
reformizmi. uaryofa gulisxmobs sazogadoebis izolirebis uimedo mcdelobas
Tanamedrove cvalebad samyaroSi. qemalizmi niSnavs Znel da mtkivneul gzas
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli kulturis ngrevisa da misi Canacvlebisa sxva
civilizaciidan Semotanili (nasesxebi) kulturiT. mesame gza gulisxmobs
modernizaciis Sexamebas adgilobrivi kulturis umTavresi faseulobebTan,
CveulebebTan da institutebTan. rasakvirvelia, es mimarTuleba yvelaze ufro
popularuli iyo aradasavlur elitebs Soris. CineTSi cinis dinastiis mmarTvelobis
bolo xanebSi aqtualuri iyo devizi `ti-iongi~: Cinuri swavleba _ fundamenturi
principebisaTvis, dasavluri swavleba _ praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis.~ iaponiaSi es
iyo `vakon, iosei~ (iaponuri suli, dasavluri teqnika~). 1830-iani wlebis egvipteSi
muhamed alim scada `teqnikuri modernizaciis Catareba seriozuli kulturuli
vesternizaciis gareSe~. Tumca es mcdeloba kraxiT damTavrda; britaneTma aiZula igi,
uari eTqva mTel rig reformebze, romlebic modernizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli. amis
Sedegad, rogorc ali mazrui SeniSnavs, `egviptes ar ewera iaponiis bedi teqnikuri
modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis gareSe, arc aTaTurqiseuli bedi teqnikuri
modernizaciisa kulturis vesternizaciis saSualebiT~. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
jamal al-din al-avRanma, muhamed abdulam da sxva reformatorebma kvlav scades
islamisa da Tanamedroveobis urTierTmorgeba, amtkicebdnen ra `islamis Tavseba-
dobas Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan da dasavluri azrovnebis saukeTeso momentebTan~,
cdilobdnen muslimuri dasabuTeba moeZebnaT Tanamedrove ideebisa da institutebis
(iqneboda es samecniero, teqnikuri Tu politikuri _ konstitucionalizmi da
warmomadgenlobiTi mTavroba) misaRebad safuZvlis momzadebisaTvis.~ es ukve farTo
reformatoruli moZraoba iyo, romelic, midioda ra qemalizmis gziT, ara marto
moderniziaciisken iswarfvoda, aramed zogierTi dasavluri institutis aTvisebis-
Tvisac iyo mzad. aseTi saxis reformizmi muslimuri elitebis mxridan dasavleTisadmi
yvelaze gavrcelebuli pasuxi iyo ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1870-iani wlebidan
1920-ian wlebamde, sanam igi ar waawyda gamowveveas jer qemalizmis, xolo mogvianebiT
_ fundamentalisturi formis ufro daxvewili reformizmis mxridan.
uaryofis politika, qemalizmi da reformizmi efuZneba sxvadasxva warmodgenas
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris SesaZlebeli da ra _ sasurveli. uaryofis politikisaTvis
orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ arasasurvelia da SesaZlebelia orives
uaryofa. qemalizmisaTvis orive _ modernizaciac da vesternizaciac _ sasurvelia,
87
ukanaskneli mniSvnelovania, gamomdinare iqidan, rom mis gareSe pirvelis
ganxorcieleba ararealuria, da orive SesaZlebelia. reformizmisaTvis modernizacia
sasurveli da SesaZlebelia yovelgvari Zireuli vesternizebis gareSe, romelic,
amavdroulad, arasasurvelicaa. maSasadame, uTanxmoebaa uaryofis politikasa da
qemalizms Soris modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis sasurvelobis Taobaze, aseve
qemalizmsa da reformizms Soris imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad realuria modernizacia
vesternizaciis gareSe.
cxrili 3.1 swored am mimarTulebebs gamosaxavs. `uarmyofeli~ A wertilze
darCeba; qemalisti diagonals mihyveba B wertilamde; reformatori horizontals
gauyveba C wertilamde. ra gziT wavidnen sinamdvileSi sazogadoebebi? ra Tqma unda,
yovel aradasavlur sazogadoebas ganviTarebis sakuTari gza aqvs, romelic, SesaZloa,
SesamCnevad gansxvavdebodes mocemuli sami prototipuli marSrutisagan. mazrui
imasac amtkicebda, rom egvipte da afrika D wertilis mimarTulebiT wavida: es iyo
`kulturis vesternizaciis mtkivneuli procesi teqnikuri modernizaciis gareSe.~ Tu
modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis nebismier ZiriTad formas ganvixilavT, rogorc
aradasavluri sazogadoebebis pasuxs dasavleTisadmi, maSin gamogviva mrudi -
Tavdapirvelad vesternizacia da modernizacia erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia:
aradasavluri sazogadoeba iTvisebs dasavluri kulturis TiTqmis yvela elements,
amave dros, SeimCneva modernizaciis neli procesi. Tumca, rogorc ki modernizacia
daCqardeba, vesternizaciis intensivoba klebulobs da iwyeba adgilobrivi kulturis
aRorZineba. Semdgomi modernizacia ukve cvlis civilizaciur balanss dasavlur da
aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa Soris da aZlierebs sakuTar kulturaze mijaWvulobas.
maSasadame, cvlilebaTa adreul stadiaze modernizacia vesternizaciis
saSualebiT xorcieldeba. Semdgom etapebze modernizacia devesternizaciis gziT
midis da ganapirobebs adgilobrivi kulturebis gamococxlebas ori saxiT:
sazogadoebriv doneze, modernizacia aviTarebs ekonomikas, jars, axdens
sazogadoebis politikur konsolidacias, aniWebs am sazogadoebis wevrebs TavianTi
kulturisadmi rwmenasa da TviTdajerebulobas. individualur doneze, moder-
nizacias Tan axlavs gaucxoebisa da anomiis grZnoba, radgan irRveva tradiciuli
kavSirebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis normebi, rasac pirovneba mihyavs
identurobis krizisamde, romelzec pasuxs religia iZleva.
es zogadi hipoTezuri modeli iTvaliswinebs rogorc socialur mecnierebaTa
Teoriebs, ise istoriul gamocdilebasac. dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs ra `ucvlelobis
Teorias~, rainer baumi askvnis, rom `adamianis mier idealuri mmarTvelobisa da
idealuri pirovnuli avtonomiis mudmivi Zieba sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba cakleul
kulturebSi. am mxriv multikulturuli da homogenuri msofliosaken swrafva ar
ikveTeba. piriqiT, rogorc Cans, is sistemebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen ganviTarebis
istoriul da adre-modernul safexurebze, kvlav ucvleladaa SenarCunebuli.
sesxebis Teoria, SemuSavebuli frobeniusis, Spenglerisa da bouzmanis mier, xazs
usvams sazRvrebs, romelTa farglebSi civilizacia-recipientebi SerCeviTad
iTviseben sxva civilizaciebis elementebs, axdenen maT adaptirebas, gardaqmnasa da
asimilacias da amiT uzrunvelyofen TavianTi kulturebis umTavresi Rirebulebebis
_ `paideumi~ _ gadarCenas. msoflios TiTqmis yvela aradasavluri civilizacia
arsebobda, sul cota, erTi, zogi ki ramdenime aTasi weli. arsebobs araerTi magaliTi
sxva civilizaciaTagan sesxebisa, sakuTari arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. mkvlevrebi
aRniSnaven, rom CineTis mier indoeTisgan budizmis aTvisebas ar gamouwvevia CineTis
`induizacia~. Cinelebma igi TavianT miznebsa da saWiroebebs Seusabames, Cinuri
kultura ki Cinuri darCa. Cinelebs SeuZliaT Seadginon qronologiuri CamonaTvali
88
islamistebis gaaqtiureba, romlebic Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis gziT fiqroben
dasavluri faseulobebiT `mowamluli~ sazogadoebis reislamizacias, amave dros,
mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis gamoyenebas da Tanamedrove
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Casmas islamis konceptualur CarCoebSi. maTi
damokidebuleba dasavleTisadmi sam ZiriTad punqtad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1.
nostalgia (swored islamma Seitana dasavleTSi civilizacia); 2. dasavleTis
RirebulebaTa mankierebisa da `ormagi standartebis~ mxileba (zneobrivi principebis
dacvas igi mxolod sxvebisagan moiTxovs); 3. islamis apologia1.
globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia dasavluri cxovrebis wesis,
maskulturisa da azrovnebis tipis eqspansiasTan. kulturis globalizacia
vesternizaciis, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — amerikanizaciis formas iRebs, rasac
saTanado reaqcia mohyveba nacionalizmis sxvadasxva formis gaZlierebis saxiT.
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kulturebi warmoadgenen adamianis yofis,
RirebulebaTa da normaTa ierarqiis, TviTSegnebis safuZvels. adamians aSinebs
kulturuli fesvebis dakargvisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, anomiis anu fsiqologiuri
dezorientaciis safrTxe. xSirad es nayofier niadags qmnis fundamentalizmisaTvis.
vesternizaciis process Tan sdevs eTnikuri miTebis, mogonebebisa da tradiciebis
gamococxleba. maT pirispir ki, dgas globaluri, kosmopolituri kultura, romelic,
konkretul istoriul identurobasTan dakavSirebuli eTnikuri kulturisagan
gansxvavebiT, moklebulia `mexsierebas~.
vfiqrobT, globalizaciis Tanamedrove interpretaciebSi gadaWarbebiT fasdeba
integraciuli procesebis mniSvneloba. magram naTelia, rom Soreul perspeqtivaSic ki
msoflios mravalferovneba ar waiSleba. rogorc i.krasini aRniSnavs, `msoflio mudam
mravalferovani iyo, magram yovelTvis iTvleboda, rom SeiZleba misi
gaerTmniSvnelianeba. iqmneboda nairnairi sqemebi, da Tumca bevri realoba maTSi ar
`jdeboda~, igulisxmeboda, rom integraciisa da konvergenciis Sedegad msoflio
homogenuri gaxdeboda, da es dasavluri civilizaciis farglebSi moxdeboda~2.
magram suraTi gacilebiT rTulia. cxadia, miswrafeba dasavluri nimuSebisa da
standartebisaken dResac didia da mas zurgs umagrebs dasavleTis teqnologiuri
upiratesoba. Cvens Tvalwin garegnuli ieri icvala mravalma aratradiciulma
sazogadoebam, Tumca maT ar uRalatiaT TavianTi Zireuli principebisaTvis,
romlebic SeuTavsebelia dasavlur individualizmTan. afrikul tomTa beladebi
prezidentebad iqcnen, indoneziaSi gaCnda parlamenti, ganviTarebadi qveynebis
umravlesobaSi deklarirebulia xelisuflebis dayofis principi. mkvlevarTa nawili
amas ubralo mimkriad miiCnevs da misi axsnisaTvis Semdeg martiv mizezs gvTavazobs:
dasavluri kreditebisa da investiciebis mopovebis umTavres pirobas warmoadgens
demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaken svlis formaluri niSnebis arseboba.
tradiciul sazogadoebaTa liderebi dasavluri principebis Sesabamisad iqcevian
mxolod dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi, saSinao sakiTxebis
gadawyvetisas ki tradiciul stereotipebs emyarebian3.
erTi sityviT, saubaria globaluri (dasavlur Targze aWrili) kulturis mxolod
formebis kopirebaze, rac SedarebiT iolad xdeba. magram am formebis safuZvlebi
saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda. dRes dasavluri moda, moxmarebis sagnebi, garTobis
1
sanikiZe g. islamizmi, fundamentalizmi, integrizmi, tradicionalizmi — cnebaTa ganmartebisaTvis. —
sag.saq.saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa da analizis centris biuleteni, 7 (16), Tb., 1999, gv.42-43.
2
Актуальные вопросы глобализации (Круглый стол «МЭ и МО»). – В журн.: Мировая экономика и международные
отношения, М., 1999, № 5, с.42.
3
Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в., c.135.
33
 XX saukunis manZilze iyo mcdelobebi _ SeeerTebinaT `dasavluri teqnika da
aRmosavluri morali~, `muSaoba da locva~, mecniereba da adamianuri faseulobani,
racionalizmi da humanizmi. mwvave problemam — SesaZlebelia Tu ara sxva civilizaciam
aiTvisos dasavluri teqnologia da moaxerxos misi transformireba sakuTar
RirebulebaTa Sesabamisad — cnobil amerikel mkvlevar m.melkosTan Semdegi
interpretacia SeiZina: `Tu CineTma SesZlo induri budizmis transformireba ise, rom
igi ufro daosizms daemsgavsa, ratom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom XXI saukuneSi igi
moaxerxebs dasavluri teqnologiebisa da politikuri ideebis transformirebas ise,
rom isini Cinur kulturas Seesatyvisebodnen?~1
mkvlevarTa nawili saubrobs `ekleqtikuri msoflios~ Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb,
romelic moicavs dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciebs da romlis
dasaxasiaTeblad xSirad mimarTaven `msxvilad daWrili salaTis~ an `nakuwebisagan
Sekerili sabnis~ metaforas. es metaforebi Caenacvla `sadnobi Rumelis~ saxeliT
cnobil Teoriul winamorbeds, romliTac aRiniSneboda amerikuli kulturis xasiaTi,
Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciis gadamuSavebisa da
urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. axali saxeliT monaTluli fenomeni ki gulisxmobs ara
mTlian, erTian kulturas, aramed eTnikur kulturul elementTa narevs.
`ekleqtikuri msoflios~ liderad jer kidev rCeba dasavleTi, magram aziur-
wynarokeanuri regioni zustad reagirebs civilizacia-lideris nebismier
warumateblobaze da cdilobs mis gamoyenebas Tavis sasargeblod. swored igi SeiZleba
mogvevlinos liberaluri dasavleTis principebis mTavar metoqed2.
meore nawili ar iziarebs amgvar xedvas. magaliTad, a.dirliki miiCnevs, rom aziur-
wynarokeanuri regioni warmoadgens geoekonomikur sistemas, romlis saTaveebTan
idgnen aRmosavleT aziaSi SeWrili evropelebi da amerikelebi. misive azriT, dRes am
sistemis farglebSi mimdinare procesebi dakavSirebulia ukve aRmosavleT azielebis
mier iniciativis xelSi aRebasTan, rasac mosdevs `kvazikonfuciuri menejeruli
kapitalizmis~ mier aSS da kanadaSi sakuTari niSebis Seqmna. amis Sedegad civilizacia-
lideri kargavs sakuTari sistemis funqcionirebis mniSvnelovan rgolebze kontrols,
romelic dasavleTis samyaroSi CarTul ucxo kulturul erTobaTa warmomadgenlebis
xelSi gadadis3.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs kidev erTi garemoeba: Tu XIX saukunesa da
XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi aradasavluri warmomavlobis imigrantebi, xvdebodnen ra
dasavluri kulturis `sadnob RumelSi~, iRebdnen da iTvisebdnen samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis kulturas, axla isini arc cdiloben Camoyalibebul socialur garemoSi
adaptirebas, aramed qmnian diasporebs, tradiciul Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul, met-
naklebad daxSul lokalur erTobebs, romlebic cxovroben pirvel rigSi sakuTari da
mxolod Semdeg _ maspinZeli qveynis normebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, isini, rogorc wesi,
iReben dasavleTis qveSevrdomobas da gardaqmnian (cvlian) dasavleTis qveynebis
socialur garemos4.
CineTisa da, saerTod, aRmosavleT aziis garda, dasavleTis civilizaciur
oponentad xSirad ganixilaven muslimur samyaros. xSirad saubroben bipolarizmis
axali formis — dasavleTisa da islamis samyaros dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. dasavleTis
gamowvevis pasuxad muslimuri samyaros gamococxlebis erT-erT formad gvevlineba
1
Melko M. World Systems Theory: Faustian Delusion. – Comparative Civilizations Review, 1994, 30, p.11-12.
2
Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? (С Ламанским, Шпенглером и Тойнби над глобусом ХХ1 века. – В журн.: т.5, № 3
(Россия и ее южные соседи). М.., 2001, с.186.
3
Цымбурский В. Сколько цивилизаций? ..., с.186.
4
Иноземцев В.Л., Кузнецова Е.С. Глобальный конфликт XXI в. Размышления об истоках и перспективах
межцивилизационных противоречий. – В журн.: Политические исследования. М., 2001, № 6, с.137.
32
dasavleTis warumatebeli mcdelobebisa, qristianul rjulze moeqciaT isini. Tu
Cinelebi rodesme isesxeben raimes qristianobidan, albaT, Secvlian mas ise, rom igi
Tavsebadi gaxdes Cinuri kulturis ZiriTad elementebTan. analogiurad, muslimma
arabebma aiTvises, daafases da gamoiyenes `elinuri memkvidreoba ukiduresad
utilitaruli miznebisaTvis. iyvnen ra ZiriTadad dainteresebulni garkveuli
garegnuli formebis an teqnikuri mxareebis aTvisebiT, maT icodnen, Tu rogor
ugulebeleyoT berZnuli filosofiuri azris nebismieri elementi, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeboda yuranis fundamenturi normebiTa da swavlebiT dadgenil
`WeSmaritebas~. iaponiamac msgavsi gza gaiara. VII saukuneSi man ganaxorciela Cinuri
kulturis importi da sakuTari nebiT, `yovelgvari ekonomikuri da politikuri
zewolis gareSe, gardaqmna igi~ ufro maRal civilizaciad. `momdevno saukuneebSi
erTmaneTs enacvleboda kontinenturi gavlenisagan SedarebiTi izolaciisa (roca
xdeboda adrindel nasesxeb elementTa gadarCeva da sasargeblos SeTviseba) da
kontaqtisa Tu kulturuli sesxebis periodebi~. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi iaponurma
kulturam SeinarCuna TviTmyofadi saxe.
qemalistTa mozomili msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom aradasavluri sazogadoebebi
SeiZleba modernizdnen vesternizebis gziT, ar mtkicdeba. ukiduresi qemalistebis
warmodgena, TiTqos aradasavluri sazogadoebebi unda vesternizrdnen, raTa
SemdgomSi modernizdnen, ar gamodgeba sayovelTao `receptad~. Cndeba kiTxva:
arseboben Tu ara iseTi aradasavluri sazogadoebebi, sadac lokaluri kultura ise
aferxebs modernizaciis process, rom es kultura Zireulad unda amoiZirkvos da
Seicvalos dasavluri kulturiT? Teoriulad, es ufro SesaZlebelia dasrulebul,
vidre instrumentul kulturebSi. instrumentuli kulturebi `xasiaTdeba saboloo
miznebisagan gancalkevebuli da damoukidebeli Sualeduri miznebis vrceli arealis
arsebobiT. es sistemebi advilad ganaxldeba, afarebs ra cvlilebas tradiciis safars.
aseT sistemebs ZaluZT ganaxleba ise, rom arc gamoamJRavnon Zireuli cvlilebebi
TavianT socialur institutebSi. piriqiT, siaxle Zvelis daviwyebas emsaxureba~.
dasrulebuli sistemebi, piriqiT, `xasiaTdeba mWidro kavSiriT Sualedur da saboloo
miznebs Soris... sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, xelisufleba da a.S. warmoadgenen
saguldagulod SekavSirebul, kargad Sekrul sistemas, romelic gamsWvalulia
religiiT, rogorc Semecnebis saxelmZRvanelo proncipiT. aseTi sistemebi yovelTvis
mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni siaxlisadmi~. apteri iyenebs am kategoriebs afrikul
tomebSi momxdari cvlilebebis analizisaTvis. aizenStadtma SedarebiTi meTodis
gamoyenebiT gaaanaliza aziis didi civilizaciebi da msgavs daskvnebamde mivida.
Sinagan cvlilebebs `mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs socialuri, kulturuli da
politikuri institutebis avtonomia~. am mizeziT, SedarebiT ufro instrumentuli
xasiaTis iaponuri da induri sazogadoebebi ufro advilad da adre daadgnen
modernizaciis gzas, vidre konfuciuri da muslimuri sazogadoebebi. maT ufro meti
unari gaaCndaT Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa sesxebisa da maTi gamoyenebisa sakuTari
kulturis ganmtkicebisaTvis. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Cinurma da muslimurma
sazogadoebebma an uari Tqvan rogorc modernizaciaze, ise vesternizaciazec, an
orive miiRon? arCevani arc ase SezRudulia. iaponiasTan erTad, singapuri, taivani,
saudis arabeTi da, naklebad, iranic Tanamedrove (modernul) sazogadoebebad
gardaiqmnen yovelgvari vesternizaciis gareSe. sainteresoa, rom Sahis mcdelobebma,
qemalistur kurss gahyoloda da ganexorcielebina orive _ modernizaciaca da
vesternizaciac, mZafri antidasavluri, magram ara antimodernuli reaqcia gamoiwvia.
CineTic aSkara reformistul gzas daadga.
89
 muslimur sazogadoebebs garkveuli siZneleebi SexvdaT modernizaciis gzaze,
amitom faipsi, im Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad, rom vesternizacia modernizaciis
aucilebeli pirobaa, miuTiTebs winaaRmdegobaze islamsa da Tanamedroveobas Soris
ekonomikur sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa kapitaldabandeba, memkvidreobis kanoni da qalis
Sromis ufleba. magram igi mainc eTanxmeba maqsin rodinsons imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
`ar arsebobs araviTari damajerebeli argumenti imisa, rom muslimurma religiam xeli
SeuSala muslimur samyaros Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gziT ganviTarebaSi~. faipsi
amtkicebs, rom islami da modernizacia arc sxva sakiTxebSi ewinaRmdegebian
erTmaneTs. morwmune muslimebs ZaluZT ganaviTaron mecniereba, nayofierad imuSaon
qarxnebSi an gamoiyenon daxvewili iaraRi. modernizacia ar moiTxovs aranair
politikur ideologias an iseT institutebs, rogoricaa arCevnebi, saxelmwifo
sazRvrebi, samoqalaqo organizaciebi. arc dasavluri cxovrebis sxva damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebia aucilebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. rogorc mrwamsi, islami
akmayofilebs menejmentis konsultantsac da glexsac. SariaTi arafers ambobs
modernizaciis Tanamdev iseT cvlilebebze rogorica gadasvla soflis meurneobidan
mrewvelobaze, moZraoba soflidan qalaqisken Tu socialuri uZraobis socialuri
mobilurobiT Secvla. igi ar exeba arc iseT sakiTxebs rogoricaa sayovelTao
ganaTleba, komunikaciis daCqarebuli saSualebebi, transportis axali saxeobebi Tu
jandacva.
yvelaze radikali antivesternistebi da adgilobrivi kulturebis aRorZinebis
momxreebic ki uyoymanod iyeneben Tanamedrove teqnikas _ eleqtronul fostas,
kasetebs Tu televizias — sakuTari ideebis propagandisaTvis.
erTi sityviT, modernizacia aucileblad ar niSnavs vesternizacias. aradasavlur
sazogadoebebs SeuZliaT da SeZles kidec modernizeba sakuTari kulturis uaryofisa
da yvela dasavluri Rirebulebis, institutisa Tu Cveulebis aTvisebis gareSe. es
ukanaskneli, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa: ra dabrkolebebic ar unda Seuqmnan
aradasavlurma kulturebma modernizacias, isini verc ki Seedreba im sirTuleebs,
romlebic vesternizaciis process eRobeba. bavSvuri gulubryviloba iqneboda
gvefiqra, aRniSnavs brodeli, rom modernizacia, anu `erTi civilizaciis triumfi~,
SeiZleba, sawindari gaxdes istoriuli kulturebis mravalricxovnebis mospobisa,
romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xorcs isxamdnen msoflios did civilizaciebSi.
amis nacvlad, modernizacia aZlierebs am kulturebs da amcirebs dasavleTis Zalas.
msoflio xdeba sul ufro da ufro modernuli da naklebad dasavluri.
Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ da modernizaciis problema.
qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi
rodesac mcire kulturebis modernizaciis sakiTxs vexebiT, dgeba tradiciis
kategoriis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, radgan, umetes SemTxvevaSi mcire kulturebis
modernizacia ganixileba rogorc am kulturaTa tradiciis dakninebis xarjze
ganxorcielebuli procesi, rac am kulturaTa TavisTavadoebis dakargvas utoldeba.
modernizaciam `antitradiciuli~ xasiaTi, albaT, aradasavluri kulturebis
modernizaciis gaanalizebis Sedegad miiRo, radgan am sazogadoebaTa moder-
nizacia, umetesad adgilobrivi tradiciebis daTrgunvis xarjze xdeboda.
dasavlur sazogadoebis konsteqstSi ki modernizacia sworedac dasavluri
tradiciis gagrZelebasa da ganviTarebas niSnavs.
rac ar unda didi iyos kontrasti `tradiciulsa~ da `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebebs
Soris, warmatebuli modernizacia SeiZleba moxdes tradiciuli regulaciis zogierT
90
aucileblobaze1. e.saidma saWirod miiCnia istoriuli azrovnebis — orientalizmis
filosofiur-istoriuli safuZvlis — binaruli opoziciebidan (`voluntarizmi _
determinizmi~, `dasavluri sazogadoeba — aziuri sazogadoeba~ da a.S.) polimorfuli
obieqtebisa da ganviTarebis nairgvari variantebis mravalganzomilebian analizze
gadasvla, evropocentristuli universalizmis Secvla mravalganzomilebiani
midgomiT, evropuli istorizmis Sesatyvisad dalagebuli masalis `daSla~ da
xelaxali dalageba2. a.abdel-maleki ki aRniSnavda, rom aRmosavleTis xalxTa zewolam
da socialur mecnierebebSi momxdarma Zvrebma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula
orientalizmis gardaqmnaSi Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad3.
tradiciuli orientalizmis kritikosebs momxreebi TviT dasavlelTa Sorisac
gamouCndnen (j.stidmani, j.gudi da sxv.).
XX s-is bolo meoTxedSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori tendencia: erTi mxriv,
kulturis globalizaciis perspeqtiva, meore mxriv, aradasavluri samyaros
gaaqtiureba da msoflios e.w. `fragmentacia~. Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erT
ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca globalizaciisa da partikularizmis tendenciaTa
urTierTqmedeba, rig SemTxvevebSi ki _ dapirispireba4. bipolaruli msoflios
demontaJma, rac Sedegad mohyva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da da `civi omis~
dasrulebas, dRis wesrigSi daayena axali msoflios saxis sakiTxi, kerZod, misi erTi
Tu mravalpolusianobis perspeqtiva. es problema, politikurTan erTad, kulturis
sferosac moicavs.
dasavleli mecnierebi sul ufro mets laparakoben msoflios aradasavluri
centrebis Camoyalibebis, islamuri fundamentalizmis safrTxis, konfuciuri
samyaros eqspansiis Sesaxeb. dasavluri samyaros kulturul-civilizaciuri
oponentis rolSi aqtiurad gamodis yofili `mesame samyaro~5, romlis sivrceze
mniSvnelovani procesebi mimdinareobs. igi ramdenime struqturul zonad daiSala,
Camouyalibda sakuTari CrdiloeTi da samxreTi.
`vin icis, iqneb XXI saukuneSi orientalizaciis procesma, rogorc gabatonebulma
tendenciam, Secvalos modernizaciis procesi? wynari okeanis auzSi formirebadi
samyaro pretenzias acxadebs alternatiuli civilizaciuri centris rolis
Sesrulebaze axal, postmodernul msoflioSi~, _ kiTxulobs a.neklesa6.
`wynari okeanis auzSi formirebadi samyaros~ mzard perspeqtivas Seexo
s.hanTingtonic Tavis cnobil naSromSi. man aRniSna dasavluri civilizaciis rolis
gaoreba aradasavlur civilizaciebTan mimarTebaSi: erTis mxriv, dasavleTi
politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro Zlierebis mwvervalzea da, Sesabamisad,
warmatebiT axerxebs sakuTar kulturul faseulobaTa gavrceleba-danergvas
danarCen msoflioSi; meore mxriv ki, igi sul ufro mzard winaaRmdegobas awydeba
aradasavluri civilizaciebis mxriv, romlebSic aSkarad SeimCneva `sakuTari
kulturuli fesvebisaken mibrunebis~ procesi7. erTni cdiloben modernizacias
vesternizaciis gareSe, meoreni ver axerxeben am ukanasknelis Tavidan acilebas,
mesameni ki konfrontaciul gzas irCeven.
1
ix.: Abdel-Malek A. Orientalism in Crisis. – Abdel-Malek A. Civilizations and Social Theory. Albany, 1981, p.73-96; Said E.
Orientalism. L., 1978 da sxv.
2
Said E. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.127-128.
3
Abdel-Malek A., dasax. naSr., gv.88.
4
Празаускас А.А. Этнонационализм, многонациональное государство и процессы глобализации. – В журн.: Политические
исследования. М., 1997, № 2, с.42.
5
termini “mesame samyaro” 1952 w. daamkvidra frangma mkvlevarma alfred sovim “mesame wodebis” analogiiT
— im wodebisa, romelmac Tavis droze daamxo arsebuli msoflwesrigi. sovis azriT, ignorirebul
“mesame samyaros” momavalSi SeeZlo sul sxva adgilis damkvidreba msoflioSi.
6
Неклесса А. Конец цивилизации..., с.78.
7
hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? gv. 10-11.
31
skolebis damsaxurebaa Zveli civilizaciebis Seswavla, evropis biblioTekebSi Zveli
xelnawerebis Tavmoyra da maTi katalogebis gamocema, kvlevis meTodikis SemuSaveba,
aRmosavleTis qveynebSi sakuTari warsulisadmi interesis gaRviveba. amave dros,
orientalizmi, rogorc samecniero mimarTuleba, asaxavs evropelTa damokidebulebas
aRmosavleTis rogorc pasiuri `obieqtisadmi~, romlis miRwevebi Soreul warsulSi
darCa. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmi gacilebiT mets gveubneba TviT dasavleTze,
vidre aRmosavleTze1.
XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX s-is dasawyisSi, evropuli civilizaciiT inteleqtualTa
nawilis imedgacruebam gaacxovela interesi aRmosavleTis, rogorc mdidari
kulturis mxaris mimarT, romlisganac dasavleTs bevri ram unda eswavla, Tu surda
Tavi daeRwia momakvdinebeli meqanicizmisa da materializmisaTvis; aqac interesis
sagnad gvevlineboda ara aRmosavleTi TavisTavad, aramed dasavleTisaTvis misi
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
orientalizmi ganasaxierebda aRmosavleTisadmi evropelTa aqtiur
damokidebulebas. e.saidis sityviT, orientalizmma `Seqmna~ iseTi aRmosavleTi,
romelic mTlianad gansxvavdeboda dasavleTisagan da xasiaTdeboda myari niSnebiT _
religiuriT, enobriviT, kulturuliT. uzogadesi gansazRvrebiT, aRmosavleTi _ es
iyo aRmosavleli adamianis saxli, sadac is cxovrobda aRmosavlur komfortSi,
aRmosavluri despotizmis pirobebSi, aRmosavluri fatalizmis grZnobiT2.
kolonializmis epoqis dasasrulTan erTad, dasavleTi axali realobis winaSe
aRmoCnda, waawyda ra politikurad gaaqtiurebuli da mebrZoli aRmosavleTis
gamowvevas.
dasavlur orientalizmze reaqciis saxiT gvevlineba aradasavlel xalxTa
mcdeloba, gaiazron sakuTari kulturis originaluroba, xazi gausvan socialuri da
kulturuli arsebobis sakuTari wesis ara mxolod Tanasworobas, aramed
upiratesobas evropulTan SedarebiT. aTwleulebis manZilze yalibdeba met-naklebi
mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone araerTi koncefcia, magaliTad, leopold sengoris
saxelTan dakavSirebuli negritiudi — moZRvreba negro-afrikuli civilizaciis
TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb, romlis sulierebasTan, grZnobadobasTan, uSualobasTan
organuli kavSiris gareSe dasavleTis meqanikuri cxovrebis wess gardauvali daRupva
emuqreba. ganviTarebis sakuTari gzis dasabuTebas, progresis dasavluri modelis
alternativis Seqmnas cdiloben laTinoamerikeli mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT,
`gaTavisuflebis filosofiis~ mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic TavianT
miznad acxadeben kontinentis evropocentristuli istoriis daZlevas. isini
aRniSnaven, rom XV saukunidan TandaTan damkvidrda evropuli civilizaciis
universalurobis idea, romelic dRes kulturuli imperializmis saxiT vlindeba. amas
mosdevs laTinuri amerikis qveynebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis amerikanizacia. mzardi
erTgvarovnebis logikas `gaTavisuflebis filosofia~ upirispirebs universalizmis
axal models, romelic kulturaTa mravalferovnebis ideas emyareba3.
zemoT saubari gvqonda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqca kulturis fenomeni
mecnieruli da politikuri dapirispirebis obieqtad. dasavleTSi
ganaTlebamiRebulma da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iq momuSave aRmosavlelma mkvlevrebma
laparaki daiwyes dasavluri orientalizmis krizissa da misi principebis gadasinjvis
1 ukanasknel wlebSi kulturuli identurobis problemis kvlevaSi, humanitarebTan
Said E. Orientalizm, p.118.
2
Said E. Orientalizm, p.104.
3
Петякшева Н.И. Трактовка феномена конкисты в латиноамериканской «философии освобождения». – В сб.: Iberica
Americans. Культуры Нового и Старого Света XVI-XVIII вв. в их взаимодействии. СПб., 1991, с.49-54; Деменчонок
Э.В. Историко-культурная драма прошлого и проблема «Латинская Америка-Запад» в современной
латиноамериканской философии. – Там же, с.54-59.
30
elementze dayrdnobiT. es imas niSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove~ sazogadoebis warmatebuli
funqcionireba didad aris damokidebuli Sesabamisi tradiciuli winapirobebis
arsebobaze, Tanamedrove sistemaSi maT CarTvaze da gamoyenebaze.
amitom aucilebelia:
1. gadaixedos tradiciisa da cvalebadobis Tanafardoba, Catardes mocemuli
tradiciuli sazogadoebis im ZalTa/faqtorebis analizi, romlebic xels uwyoben
cvlilebebis process da imaTic, romlebic abrkoleben mas. Sesabamisad unda
gaanalizdes am faqtorTa adgili regulaciis zogad struqturul da kulturul
sistemaSi;
2. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic axasiaTebs/Tan axlavs
Tavad tradiciul wesrigs da romlebic scildebian am farglebs da iwveven
sazogadoebis ganaxlebas;
3. gamovlindes gansxvaveba im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebic xels uwyoben
sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebas da romlebic am unars Zirs uTxrian;
4. gamovlindes tradiciul sistemaze Tanamedrove cvlilebebis zemoqmedebis
zogadi xasiaTi;
5. ganisazRvros, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoebas gamoimuSaos Tavis sakuTar
memkvidreobaSi unari gadaWras es problemebi; an miaRwios amas axal pirobebTan
adaptaciiT Tavisi centraluri institutebisa da faseulobiT-azrobriv sferoSi
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe (an maTi transformaciiT) (S.N. Eisenshtadt).
qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi
am leqciebze SevecdebiT kursis manZilze miRebuli informaciisa da codnis
safuZvelze movaxdinoT qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri (tradiciuli Tu
inovaciuri, individualisturi Tu koleqtivisturi) raobis gansazRvra; aseve
qarTuli kulturis konteqstSi Tavs movuyriT miRebul codnas kulturaSi
tradiciisa da modernizaciis urTierTqmedebis/proporciis Sesaxeb; moderni-
zaciasTan mimarTebaSi qarTuli kulturis Taviseburebebis gaanalizebas wina (VIII)
TemaSi motanili xuTi punqtis safuZvelze. vecdebiT gavarkvioT qarTuli
sazogadoebis modernizebulobis xarisxi. amisaTvis, kursis interesebidan gamom-
dinare, mimovixilavT ukanaskneli ori saukunis saqarTvelos istorias; visaubrebT
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis fonze qarTul kulturaSi momxdar (an
mosalodnel) cvlilebebze. aqedan gamomdinare, davsaxavTT qarTuli kulturis
ganviTarebis SesaZlo variantebs.
qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobisa da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis
kvlevis zogierTi Tanamedrove mimarTuleba
eTnologTa mier mopovebuli masalebiT didi xania cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva xalxi
biologiur aqtebsac ki (Jestebi, Tavis daWeris manera, sakvebis miReba, moZraoba,
avadmyofoba, sikvdili da a.S.) sxvadasxvagvarad ganaxorcielebs, da am gansxvavebaTa
safuZveli kulturaa.
arsebobs kulturaTa nairgvari klasifikacia, sxvadasxva kriteriumze dayrdnobiT
SemoTavazebulia kulturaTa sxvadasxva tipologiuri modeli. Cveulebriv, kultu-
ris raobaze msjeloben iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa gaxsniloba—
karCaketiloba, originaluroba—imitaciuroba, tradiciuloba—inovaciuroba da a.S.
erTad, aqtiurad CaerTnen fiziologebi, fsiqologebi, geografebi da neiro-
biologebi.
91
 fiziologebis mier SemoTavazebulia Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri
lateralizaciisa da misgan gamomdinare sivrciTi orientaciis gaTvaliswineba
kulturuli identurobis sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis1. hemisferoTa funqciuri
lateralizacia niSnavs adamianis fsiqikuri procesebis organizaciaSi tvinis
naxevarsferoTa gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT monawileoba. rogorc aRmoCnda, Tavis
tvinis funqciur lateralizacias, sqesobriv da asakobriv TaviseburebebTan erTad,
eTnikuri Taviseburebebic gaaCnia, romlebic urTierTqmedeben garemosTan,
damokidebuli arian socialur-kulturul faqtorebze da, Tavis mxriv, zegavlenas
axdenen sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze2.
hemisferoTa funqciuri lateralizacia nawilobriv kulturulad determinire-
bulia. sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba Tavis
tvinis funqciur asimetriaSi, sivrceSi orientaciis procesis organizaciis
TvalsazrisiT3.
zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiTa da fiziologTa mier SemoTavazebuli
meTodis gamoyenebiT qarTuli kulturis raobis kvlevis pirveli Sedegebi friad
sayuradReboa, Tumca isini jerjerobiT gamoqveynebuli ar aris da amitom maTze
sityvas ar gavagrZelebT.
2000 wlis seqtemberSi neirobiologi, profesori volf zingeri moxsenebiT
warsdga germanel istorikosTa dReze aaxenSi, romelic 43-jer Catarda. man miuTiTa
aRqmisa da mogonebaTa procesebze, rogorc kvlevis erTnairad saintereso saganze
neirobiologebisa da istorikosebisaTvis. pirvelni mas ikvleven rogorc tvinis
funqcionirebis erT-erT sferos, magram, v.zingeris azriT, am kvlevaTa Sedegebi
mniSvnelovania istorikosebisTvisac: isini warsulis rekonstruqciisaTvis iyeneben
teqstur da grafikul wyaroebs, romelTa umravlesoba swored aRqmis,
interpretaciisa da mogonebebis Sedegia. mecnieris azriT, wyaroTa sandoobis
xarisxze msjelobisas istorikosebs marTebT tvinis funqcionirebis kvlevis SedegTa
gaTvaliswineba, kerZod, maT mxedvelobaSi unda hqondeT, rom adamianis cnobiereba
garesamyarodan Semomavali signalebis farTo speqtridan arCevs mxolod imaT,
romelTac is elis, romlebic gamosadegia am rTul samyaroSi gadarCenisaTvis. swored
am mciredidan iqmneba Semdeg msoflios suraTi4.
fsiqologebisa da geografebis mier damuSavda e.w. mentaluri rukis koncefcia,
romelic geograf r.m. dounzisa da fsiqolog d.sTeas saxelebs ukavSirdeba.
mentaluri ruka ganimarteba rogorc adamianis subieqturi Sinagani warmodgena
garemomcveli sivrcis nawilze, am nawilis adamianis mier Seqmnili gamosaxuleba.
mentaluri rukis cneba mniSvnelovania saistorio mecnierebisTvisac, radgan
adamianTa jgufebi Tu erTobebi aseve qmnian istoriuli da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT
specifikur warmodgenebs garemomcveli samyaros sivrciT struqturaze. kultu-
rologiisaTvis sayuradReboa ama Tu im sazogadoebis (kulturis) warmodgena
sivrceze, gamoxatuli teqsturad Tu gamosaxulebaTa saxiT — magaliTad, werilobiT
wyaroebSi, rukebsa da naxatebze5.
1
mayaSvili m., samadaSvili i., azmaifaraSvili T., SaianTan Sai a.T. Tavis tvinis funqciuri lateralizaciis
eTnikuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. _ Jurn.: axali paradigmebi, 1, Tb., 1998, gv.155; mayaSvili m. Tavis
tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetria adamianis sivrciT orientaciaSi. disertacia biologiur
mecn. doqtoris samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998.
2 2
mayaSvili m. dasax. naSr., gv.6.
3 1996, с.406.
iqve, gv.130.
4
Шенк Ф.Б. Ментальные карты: Конструирование географического пространтсва в Европе. – В журн.: Политическая наука,
№ 4 (Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы), М., 2001, с.6.
5 5
iqve, gv.8.
92
tipologizeba diqotomiuri sqemebis mixedviT Znelad xerxdeba, miT umetes, Tu isini
civilizaciaTa kontaqtis zonaSi mdebareoben.
isic unda iTqvas, rom Znelia diqotomiuri sqemis `SenarCuneba~ erTi kultu-
ris/civilizaciis mTeli istoriis manZilze, amitom saWiro xdeba damatebiTi deter-
minantebis Semotana1.
dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi TviTidentifikacias erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi axdenen.
swored civilizaciaTa urTierTobis procesSi gamoikveTeba TiToeuli kulturis
identuroba. am procesSi xdeba faseulobaTa gadarCeva _ dromoWmulis mniSvnelobis
dakargva da drois Sesabamis faseulobaTa aqtualizacia2.
rogorc amerikeli mkvlevari j.stidmani aRniSnavs, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi
mudmivad urTierTqmedeben, iTviseben erTmaneTis faseulobebs, amdidreben
erTmaneTs. aRmosavleTTan urTierTobam didi gavlena iqonia evropuli civilizaciis
Camoyalibebaze3.
d.Saieganis azriT, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis didi kulturebis Seqmna
warsulSi arsebul civilizaciaTa nayofieri dialogis Sedegi iyo4.
a.pirenis sityviT, evropelTa Sexebam islamTan es ukanaskneli maTTvis `ucxos~
WeSmarit gansaxierebad aqcia, romlis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Sua saukuneebidan
moyolebuli, SemarTuli iyo mTeli evropuli civilizacia. pireni miuTiTebs
muslimuri aRmosavleTis rolze evropuli civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi: VII
saukuneSi, islamis Semotevis Sedegad, daiwyo evropuli kulturis centris
gadanacvleba xmelTaSuazRvispireTidan (romelic arabul provinciad iqca)
CrdiloeTisaken. dasrulda romauli tradicia da saTave daedo TviTmyofad
romanul-germanul civilizacias. evropa iqca did qristianul Tanamegobrobad,
aRmosavleTi ki — misTvis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ucxo, `sxva~ samyarod5.
erTi sityviT, aRmosavleTi iyo is `sxva~, romelic daexmara dasavleTs (evropas)
sakuTari raobis gansazRvraSi. aRmosavleTis daxasiaTebis, misi gansazRvris fonze
dasavleTma, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kritikuli TviTrefleqsia,
SeimuSava sakuTari maxasiaTeblebic, gansazRvra sakuTari saxe.
da mainc, zemoT CamoTvlili opoziciuri wyvilebi, iseve rogorc dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis nebismieri maxasiaTebeli, ZiriTadad, asaxavs dasavlelTa warmodgenas
sakuTar Tavsa da aRmosavlelebad wodebul aradasavlelebze. es damokidebuleba
samecniero literaturaSi orientalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. miCneulia, rom mas
safuZveli 1312 wels Caeyara, roca venis saeklesio krebam daadgina arabuli,
berZnuli, Zvelebrauli da siriuli enebis kaTedraTa Seqmna parizis, oqsfordis,
boloniis, avinionisa da salamankas universitetebSi.
XIX s-is Sua xanebisaTvis evropaSi soliduri codna dagrovda aRmosavleTis
Sesaxeb, magram igi, ZiriTadad, Zveli periodiT Semoifargleboda. Seiswavleboda
Zveli wignebi, xelnawerebi, materialuri kulturis Zeglebi. Sesaswavl qveyanaSi
Casul evropel mkvlevars eWvi ar epareboda Tavis `wignismier~ codnaSi, magram
realoba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda warmodgenisagan, adgilobrivi mkvidrni —
literaturuli saxeebisagan. faqts axsna Wirdeboda da isic moiZebna: aborigenTa
gadagvareba da odesRac didebuli kulturis daknineba. dasavleTis orientalisturi
1
Ерасов Б.С. О статусе культурно-цивилизационных исследований. – В сб.: цивилизации и культуры. Вып.1. Россия и
Восток: цивилизационные отношения. М., 1994, с.15.
Василенко Н.А. Источники и механизмы согласия в межкультурном диалоге. – В сб.: Цивилизации и культуры. Вып.3. М.,
3
Steadman J.M. The Myth of Azia. N.Y., 1969, p.26-27.
4
Shayegan D. The Challenges of Today and Cultural Identity. – East Asian Ciltural Studies. V-VI, 4, Tokyo, 1977, p.36-37.
cit.naSromidan: Said E.W. Orientalism. L., 1978, p.71.
29
civilizaciaTa istoriebad, SemdgomSi, swored evropis mier inicirebulma
transformaciebma erTiani sakacobrio istoria Teoriulidan praqtikul sferoSi
gadaitana.
mkvlevarTa azriT, es roli ganpirobebuli iyo evropuli civilizaciis unikaluri
Sinagani TaviseburebebiT, romelTac gansazRvres misi sicocxlisunarianoba da
eqspansia, socialur-kulturul niSebSi Canergvisa da ucxo kulturul garemoSi
gadarCenis unari. mecnierTa nawili ZiriTad Taviseburebad miiCnevs antikur epoqaSi
Camoyalibebul polisis struqturas, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis struqturul-tipologiur gansxvavebas. polisi orientirebuli iyo
moqalaqis kerZo sakuTrebasa da Tavisufali bazris institutebze, rac principulad
ucnobi iyo aRmosavleTis nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis1. mas daefuZna evropuli
feodalizmi avtonomiuri qalaq-komunebiT, romlebic politikur brZolaSi
damoukidebel subieqtebad gamodiodnen, rac agreTve ucnobi iyo sxva
civilizaciebisaTvis. Camoyalibda erTiani mwkrivi antikuri polisidan — Sua
saukuneebis saqalaqo komunebis gavliT — industriuli da postindustriuli
sazogadoebisaken2.
dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciaTa urTierTobis problema
Tanamedrove etapze
XX s-is bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze didi yuradReba eqceva civilizaciaTa da
kulturaTa urTierTobis problemaTa Seswavlas. am sakiTxebs sxvadasxva kuTxiT
ikvlevs kulturologia, sociologia, saistorio mecniereba. am mimarTulebiT
mimdinare kvlevaTa da miRweuli Sedegebis popularizaciaSi makoordinirebel
funqcias asrulebs `kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis kvlevisa da swavlebis
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ (SIETAR International), romelic yovelwliurad marTavs
konferenciebs, gamoscems specialur Jurnals.
cnobili germaneli mecnieris karl iaspersis Teoriis mixedviT, msoflios
dayofas dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad safuZveli e.w. `RerZul droSi~ Caeyara,
saidanac saTaves iRebs, agreTve erTiani, globaluri msoflio, rogorc im droisaTvis
Soreuli perspeqtiva. swored maSin yalibdeba is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis saxe gansazRvres. rogorc wesi, samecniero
literaturaSi es maxasiaTeblebi Semdeg opoziciur wyvilebad jgufdeba: indivi-
dualizmi-koleqtivizmi, inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba, racionaloba-intuiciuroba,
Tavisufleba-wesrigi, neba-fatalizmi, anTropocentrizmi-Teocentrizmi, materiali-
zmi-suliereba, pragmatizmi-idealizmi, obieqtivizmi-subieqtivizmi, dinamizmi-stati-
kuroba, istorizmi-aistorizmi da sxv. aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi urTierTSeRwevadni
gaxdnen, pirvel rigSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis arealSi, sadac aRmocenda didi
civilizaciebi, maT Soris evropulic.
rac Seexeba maxasiaTebelTa dajgufebas opoziciur wyvilebad, Tavis droze,
p.sorokini miuTiTebda, rom aseTi diqotomiuri sqemebis gardauval nakls warmo-
adgens erTi tipis farglebSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli
socialur-kulturuli warmonaqmnebis Tavmoyra, agreTve did Tu mcire erTobaTa
specifikis gamokveTis sirTule. Cveni azriT, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis swored mcire
kulturebze, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba qarTuli kultura da romelTa
1
Васильев Л.С. Восток и Запад в истории (Основные параметры проблематики). – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к
цивилизации, с.104.
2
Драгунский Д.В., Цымбурский В.Л. Генотип европейской цивилизации. – В журн.: Политические исследования, М., 1991,
№ 1, с.7-8.
28
im determinantTagan, romlebze dayrdnobiT axdenen kulturaTa tipologizebas,
erT-erTi sainteresoa fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. SevexebiT zogierT maTgans,
romelTa gaanalizebisa da maT konteqstSi qarTuli kulturis raobis gaazrebis
sayuradRebo mcdelobani samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba.
fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa erToblioba Cvens saistorio wyaroebsa da
literaturaSi xSirad aRiniSneba sityviT `xasiaTi~. qarTvelTa xasiaTis pirvel
yvelaze srul aRweras vaxuSti bagrationTan vxvdebiT. mis mier aRniSnul
fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan zogierTi momdevno xanis mecnierTa ganxilva-
analizis sagnad iqca, amitom srulad movitanT vaxuStiseul daxasiaTebas: `xolo
kacni amis queynisani arian... mxneni muSakni, WirTa momTmenni, cxensa zeda da
mxedrobasa Sina kadnierni, mkvircxlni, mswraflni; salaSqroTa Sina axovanni,
saWurvelT moyuareni, amayni, laRni, saxelis meZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa
saxelTaTvis ara rideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissa, stumarTa da ucxoT moyuareni;
mxiarulni, ukeTu orni anu samni arian, ararai SeiWirvian; uxuni, arca Tvissa da arca
sxvisas krZalaven; saunjeTa ara mmesvelni; gonierni, mswrafl-mimxdomni, mCemebelni,
swavlis moyuareni. urTierTis mimyolni, sikeTis damswavlelni da mimgebelni,
sircxvilis mdevarni, keTil-borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyuareni,
Tualmgebni da moTakileni~1.
qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvris mcdelobas vxvdebiT
k.kapanelis naSromSi `qarTuli kulturis suli~, Tumca avtori operirebs ara
kulturis, aramed temperamentisa da sulis cnebebiT: `Cveni temperamenti qaluri da
isteriulia: tragedias qarTuli suli ar icnobs; rac unda cudad mimdinareobdes
cxovreba Cvens garSemo, Cven mainc ocnebebsa da imedebSi varT~. `qarTuli suli
isteriuli da paTetiuria, arasistematuri~. `qarTveli fsiqologiurad akrobati da
Jonglioria~2.
araracionalizmi, romelsac k.kapaneli qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs
(erTTavad ocnebebsa da imedebSi yofna) tipuri aradasavluri niSania. rogorc Tavad
k.kapaneli ambobs, `aRmosavleTi grZnobis qveyanaa: sisxlis intensiuri moZraoba
gulis saSualebiT gonebas ebrZvis~3. es savsebiT Seesabameba imave avtoris mier
qarTuli kulturis Sefasebas sxva niSnebis mixedviTac. kerZod, sxva naSromSi
k.kapaneli aRniSnavs, rom `Soreuli warsulidan saqarTvelo ganicdida aRmosavleTis
gavlenas. qarTuli literatura da xalxuri metyveleba erTnairad atarebs daRs
muslimanur-arabuli kulturis gavlenis. `vefxistyaosani~ aTargulia muslimanur-
arabuli kulturis ideologiur dazgaze. droTa viTarebaSi qarTuli suli Caiketa
aziuri cxovrebis degradaciis pirobebSi. saqarTvelo istoriulma aucileblobam
daayena muslimanur qveynebTan erTad degeneraciis gzaze~4. mxolod XIX saukunis
dasawyisidan Semodis `qarTuli kulturis aRmosavleTur wyobaSi dasavleTuri
kultura~, romelic mxolod Soreuli naSTis saxiTRa SemorCeniliyo5.
qarTvelTa kulturuli raobis sakiTxze msjelobisas k.kapaneli aRniSnavda:
`qarTul ZarRvebSi moZraobs sisxli Cqari, ryevadi TiTqmis yvela aRmosavluri rasis
da tomis: gadmodiodnen ra aRmosavleTidan saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze azielebi,
1
batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. — qarTlis cxovreba, IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1973, gv. 45.
2
kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv. 328-330.
3
kapaneli k. qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi. _ iqve, gv. 108.
4
iqve, gv.98-99.
5
iqve, gv.108.
93
tovebdnen rogorc TavianT zne-Cveulebebs da stils, agreTve fiziologiur
elementebs, ujredebs, sisxls~1.
sainteresoa, ratom mxolod azielebi (Tumca, cxadia, maTi ricxvi meti iyo da
maTTan kontaqti _ xangrZlivi)?
zogi mkvlevris azriT, mfarvelis Zieba qarTuli kulturis aradasavlurobis erT-
erTi mkafio niSania. `araferia ufro araevropuli, an aradasavluri, vidre kargi
`patronis~ Tu `mfarvelis~ Zieba, romlis kalTasac amoefarebi, _ wers g.nodia. _
`dasavlurobis~ TviT ideisTvis ganmsazRvrelia adamianis Tavisufleba, misi
pasuxismgebloba, misi arCevani, da Semdeg misi aqtivoba, Sroma, mimarTuli am arCevanis
gansaxorcieleblad. es aqtivoba, Sroma, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs Zalisxmevas
sakuTari cxovrebis mosawyobad da sakuTari Tavis Sesaqmnelad~2.
vfiqrobT, g.nodias daskvna metismetad kategoriulia. niSnavs Tu ara mfarvelis
Zieba pasuxismgeblobis sxvisTvis gadabarebas? iqneb, es swored sakuTar Tavze
pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa (moZebnili `mfarvelis~ gamo), is arCevania, romlis ufleba
adamianis TavisuflebaSi Sedis da romlis ganxorcielebas sworedac zemoT naxsenebi
`Sroma da aqtivoba~ sWirdeba?
sad ganTavsdeba qarTuli kultura fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTa mixedviT?
qarTuli kulturis fsiqologiuri raobis gansazRvrisaTvis g.gaCeCilaZe
gvTavazobs resentimentis _ mexsierebaSi motivtive `mtanjvel mogonebaTa~ _
maxasiaTebels, romelsac garkveuli funqcia ekisreba kulturis sistemaSi. am
sistemaSi, aRniSnavs g.gaCeCilaZe, resentimenti aris toinbiseuli `gamowvevisa da
pasuxis~ analogi. masze dayrdnobiT ganasxvaveben `sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~
kulturebs. pirveli tipis kultura pirovnebaze socialuri kontrolis orientirad
sircxvilis kategorias iyenebs (ra azris arian Cems Sesaxeb sxvebi), meore _ sindisisa
(rogor gamoviyurebi Cemi TviTSefasebis samsjavroze)3.
am ori tipis gamijvna Znelia, radgan maT Soris sazRvrebi gamWvirvale ufroa,
vidre Seuvali. da mainc, garkveuli pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnierebi iyeneben
am maxasiaTebels kulturaTa tipologizaciasTvis: aRmosavluri kulturebi
(iaponuri, Cinuri, arabuli) sircxvilis kulturebad miiCneva, dasavluri (evropuli,
amerikuli) _ danaSaulisa4.
rogorc g.gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavs, bunebrivia, rom aRmosavlur-dasavlur kultu-
raTa gzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTveloSi, rogorc sarkeSi, ise irekleba
`sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~ kulturaTa tipologia5. danaSaulis kulturis
klasikur nimuSad miaCnia mkvlevars `galobani sinanulisani~, amave kulturidan
gamoxmobil gmirebad _ vaJas joyola, aluda da mindia. amave dros, qarTul
kulturaSi adamiani fasdeba movaleobasTan anu rolebriv funqciasTan misi
Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze, movaleobaTa arsis matarebeli ki sircxvilis kulturaa. am
tipis kulturis, rogorc erTi medlis, or mxared miaCnia g.gaCeCilaZes adre Sua
saukuneebis `SuSanikis wameba~ da renesansuli `vefxistyaosani~, igive tipis
1
kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, iqve,
gv.330.
2
nodia g. winaTqma krebulisaTvis “Wkua vaisagan”, Tb., 1994, gv.IV.
3
gaCeCilaZe g. Ressentiment-is (“mtanjvel mogonebaTa”) erTi gamoZaxilis Sesaxeb da gamo. _ gaz. “axali 7
dRe”, Tb., 2001, 13-19 aprili, gv.14-15.
4 1
ix. Jurn. “ogoniokidan” gadmobeWdili Jurnalist a.nikonovis interviu fsiqologiis mecn. doqt.
t.stepanenkosTan: aRmosavleTi _ dasavleTi: sircxvilis kultura mtyuanobis winaaRmdeg. _ gaz.
“saqarTvelos respublika”, 17-18. 10. 2001.
5 3
gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr.
94
koleqtivis urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT Sromisadmi; damokidebulebiT
samarTlis rogorc socialur urTierTobaTa regulatorisadmi; amqveyniurisa da
imqveyniuris urTierTmimarTebiT; damokidebulebiT sikvdilisadmi; religiurobis
formebiT; istoriis aRqmiTa da misi mimarTulebis gaazrebiT (progresi, wrebrunva,
regresi); damokidebulebiT mSoblebsa da Svilebs, Taobebs, saerTod, socialuri
mTelis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris da sxv.
dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs kidev mravali
maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris _ ierarqiuli urTierTobebi, informaciis gacvlis
sxvadasxva wesi, araverbaluri komunikaciis sxvadasxva forma. es yvelaferi naTlad
vlindeba ara mxolod filosofiuri Tu socialuri moZRvrebebis, an istoriuli
warsulis aRqmis analizisas, aramed yofiT da saqmian urTierTobebSic. magaliTad,
dasavluri kulturebi zustad gansazRvraven dros da dagvianeba danaSaulad Tu ara,
araseriozul saqcielad iTvleba, aziis rig qveynebSi dagvianebiT veravis gaakvirveb,
aq aCqareba saWiro ar aris. arabebi yavis smasa da saubars saqmis keTebad miiCneven,
amerikelebi ki mas drois fuW flangvad Tvlian. Cinelebi da iaponelebi udides pativs
scemen ierarqiul urTierTobebs, amerikelebi ki Tanasworobis xazgasmas cdiloben.
amerikuli instruqciebi imasac ki iTvaliswinebs, rom aziis warmomadgenlebTan
fotografirebis dros sasurvelia jdoma, raTa TvalSisacemi ar iyos simaRleSi
sxvaoba. iaponelebs principulad ar SeuZliaT `ara~-s Tqma, radgan es maT kulturaSi
uzrdelobad iTvleba, amitom molaparakebis dros isini aTasgvari zrdilobiani
formiT cdiloben uaris Tqmis Tavidan acilebas, rasac xSirad SecdomaSi Seyavs maTi
dasavleli partniorebi1.
cxadia, rom nebismieri zemoT CamoTvlili niSniT romelime kulturis
tipologiuri gansazRvra friad Znelia. kidev ufro rTuli warmosadgenia, rom esa Tu
is kultura zustad `Cajdes~ maxasiaTebelTa mTel CamonaTvalSi. Cven mxolod
romelime tipisadmi misi zogadi kuTvnilebis gansazRvra SegviZlia, isic pirobiTad.
magaliTad, Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac aSkaraa, rom qarTul kulturas zog
SemTxvevaSi dasavluri maxasiaTeblebi miesadageba, zogSi — aRmosavluri, xan ki arc
erTi da arc meore. es bunebrivicaa, radgan dasavleT-aRmosavleTis mijnaze
mdebareobisa da xan erTis, xan meoris orbitaSi moqcevis gamo, Cvens kulturaSi
`daileqa~ rogorc erTis, ise meoris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da gamomuSavda kidev
mesame — orivesgan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi.
unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavlur da dasavlur civilizaciaTa tipologiuri gamijvnis
sakiTxi sabolood garkveuli ar aris. i.pavlenko aRniSnavs, rom Tu aRmosavlur
sazogadoebaTa buneba, ase Tu ise, gamoikveTa bolo aTwleulebis gamokvlevaTa
Sedegad, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iqca dasavleTi dasavleTad, jer kidev elis
Seswavlas2. albaT, pavlenko sabWoTa da rus mkvlevarTa ukanaskneli aTwleulis
naSromebs gulisxbobs, Torem kiTxvaze, Tu ratom iqca dasavleTi dasavleTad, Zalian
saintereso pasuxi aqvs gacemuli maqs vebers3.
evropeli da rusi mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom evropulma (dasavlurma)
civilizaciam gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelic ar
icnobs sxva civilizacias esoden masStaburi, msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreli
gavleniT. Tu XIX saukunemde, Spenglerisa da toinbis kvaldakval, kidev SeiZleba
msoflio istoriis danawevreba calkeul, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel
Почепцов Г.Г. Теории коммуникации. М.-Киев, 2001, с.600-603.
2
Павленко Ю.В. Происхождение цивилизаций: Альтернативные пути. – В кн.: Альтернативные пути к цивилизации.
Коллект. монография, под ред. Н.Н.Крадина, А.В.Коротаева, Д.М.Бондаренко, В.А.Лынши. М., 2000, с.127.
Вебер М. Протестантская этика и дух капитализма. – Избранные произведения. М., 1990, с. 61-344.
27
 kulturul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi gamovlinebas xedavs XVII-XVIII ss. qarTul kulturaSi da askvnis, rom `am inerciis
dasavleTi aRmosavleTi cxovelmyofeloba ar ganelebula XIX-XX saukunebSic~1.
materializmi suliereba amgvarad, g.gaCeCilaZis mixedviTac, qarTuli kulturis adgili kvlav aRmosavlur
sekularizacia religiuroba
realizmi/pragmatizmi idealizmi kulturaTa Soris iZebneba, Tumca Tavad mkvlevari daskvnisagan Tavs ikavebs, mxolod
obieqtivizmi subieqtivizmi savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom `kulturis am meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebis
pluralizmi monizmi gareSe impresionizmis doneze rCeba qarTuli kulturisa da mentalobis analizis
racionaloba intuiciuroba yvelaze warmatebuli cdebi rogorc literaturis istoriaSi, ise kulturis
bunebis damorCileba bunebasTan adaptacia filosofiaSi~2.
dinamizmi statikuroba
samarTali morali g.niJaraZem qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra sxva maxasi-
mecnieruli codna sakraluri codna aTebliT scada, kerZod, mimarTa germaneli fsiqiatris kreCmeris mier SemoTavazebul
Tavisufleba wesrigi pirovnebaTa `fsiqiatriul~ klasifikacias, romelic Semdgom gadatanil iqna
neba fatalizmi kulturebzec. miCneul iqna, rom yoveli kultura ganamtkicebs garkveuli tipis
anTropocentrizmi Teocentrizmi ganwyobebsa da qcevebs da xels uSlis sxvaTa damkvidrebas. yovel kulturaSi
miRebuli normebisa da faseulobebis kompleqsi midrekilia ama Tu im `fsiqiatriuli~
ra Tqma unda, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom es maxasiaTeblebi araTu mTel mimarTulebiT _ paranoiduli, katatoniuri Tu isteroiduli. magaliTad, amerikul
civilizacias, aramed erT konkretul kulturasac ki idealurad `miesadagos, magram (aSS) kulturas paranoidul tips miakuTvneben, laTinuramerikul kulturebs _
Tu romelime kultura met-naklebad pasuxobs erT an meore `moTxovnebs~, mainc katatoniurs da a.S. g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli kultura isteroidul tips
gveZleva misi tipologiurad gansazRvris saSualeba. ganekuTvneba. misi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania emociis ufro intensiuri
radgan kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena kulturaTa klasifikaciis erT- gamoxatva, vidre gancdis siRrmes Seesabameba. qarTuli kulturis isteroiduli
erTi ZiriTadi safuZvelia, amitom unda SevexoT sakiTxs, romelic kulturuli xasiaTis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebad mkvlevari miiCnevs Cveni kulturis `bazur~
maxasiaTeblis raobasa da mis kulturasTan urTierTmimarTebas exeba. ritualebs _ panaSvidsa da sufras3. masve mocemuli aqvs am ukanaskneli ritualis
kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im friad saintereso analizi. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia qarTuli sufris (rogorc misi
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic am mimdinareobis, aseve menius) ritualuri xasiaTi.
sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa da azrovnebis formaSi ritualizebisaken midrekileba aseve aRmosavlur kulturaTa maxasiaTeblad
vlindeba da dakavSirebulia koleqtiuri fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsi iTvleba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom g.gaCeCilaZis azriT, qarTuli kulturis
droSi met-naklebad ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia da midrekileba yofiTobis ritualizebisaken mkafio gamovlinebaa movaleobasTan
mas `erovnul~ an `kulturul xasiaTs~ uwodeben. a.baroninis ganmartebiT, erovnuli mimarTebaSi adamianis Sefasebis tradiciisa (sircxvilis kultura), xolo dakrZalvis
xasiaTi naciis fsiqikuri wyobis komponentia, romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc ceremoniali da Wama-smis rituali amis TvalsaCino dasturia. Tumca kulturaTa
realobis sxvadasxva gamovlinebisadmi konkretuli eTnikuri erTobis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze yofnis faqti aqac mJRavndeba: `Tamada qarTul sufraze da
(damokidebulebis) sistema, gamovlenili azrovnebis myar stereotipebSi, emociur sadRegrZelos poetika Tavidan bolomde nasazrdoebia `sircxvilisa~ da `danaSaulis~
reagirebasa da zogadad qcevaSi1. rogor xdeba kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis poetikidan gamoxmobili aqsesuarebiT~4.
formireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT, ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs, movaleobisadmi damokidebulebis niSniT sxvagvarad afasebs qarTul kulturas
romlebic dakavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan, k.kapaneli, romlis azriT, `Cvens ers ufro afeqtebi amoZravebs, vidre movaleoba~,
aseve gare faqtorebis (geografiuli da socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad, maT saidanac gamomdinareobs, cota ar iyos, ucnauri daskvna imis Taobaze, rom `qarTul
urTierTzemoqmedebasTan. kulturas axrCobs, originalobas umcirebs da nebisyofas usustebs `uCemoT vin
kulturul maxasiaTeblebs daaxloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleven imRereToba~... Cveni kulturis provincializmi damTavrda logikurad personalizmiT.
eTnofsiqologebi da kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba sxvadasxva socialuri, koleqtiuri arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqti CvenSi ar moqmedebs;
terminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli xasiaTi, kulturuli qarTveli piradi interesebis TvalsazrisiT uyurebs yovlgvar sazogado saqmes,
(eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba, mentaloba da a.S. magram unda iTqvas, yovelgvar istoriul moZraobas~5.
rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc `mouxelTebelia~, bolomde axsnili ar aris da, individualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,
SesaZloa, arc eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba romlebze dayrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras da mis
zustad aixsnas, aseve (da miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri xasiaTis tipologizebas.
erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra. koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTan
dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian samyaros xedviTa da SedarebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTadad motivirebulia im
masSi adamianis adgilis gansazRvriT; bunebis aRqmiTa da masze zemoqmedebis (misi 1
gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr.
Semecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv.; individisa da 2
iqve.
3
niJaraZe g. qarTuli sufra kulturul konteqstSi. _ gaz. “ganaxlebuli iveria”, Tb., 2000, 8-9, gv.12.
4
gaCeCilaZe g. dasax. naSr.
1 5
Баронин А.С. Этническая психология. Киев, 2000. с.254. kapaneli k. qarTuli kulturis suli. _ wignSi: kapaneli k. qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi, gv.327-328.

26 95
jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevroba
tradiciulia da ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,
religiuri erToba da sxv.) da SedarebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnob-
megobarTa wre da sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)
da `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili Tvalsazrisi
qarTvelTa personalizmisa da individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mier
SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~
koleqtivistur kulturas~, sadac ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,
samegobro, nacnobTa wre da yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSi
arsebuli normebi1. sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilze
yalibdeboda, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) damoukidebeli ar iyo da
qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydeboda. calkeuli
individis azrovnebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT dasaxelebuli jgufebiT
Semoifargleboda (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) da TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda ufro did
socialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze da, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtul
normaze, rogoricaa kanoni2.
vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa da, Tanac,
konkretuli maxasiaTeblis dadgenis mcdeloba wingadadgmuli nabijia Cveni
kulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxolod
dReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tundac kanonTan damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuli
Camoyalibebis asaxsnelad.
cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa da sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,
magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,
mkafiod ganisazRvros, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)
maxasiaTebliad da ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misi
moqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver davaRwevT aRrevasa da bundovanebas,
romelsac arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,
g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa da yofis erTmaneTisagan daSoreba qarTuli kulturis erT-
erTi maxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad da
Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTuli
sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis
(kanonis) da yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri daSorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi3).
Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa da kulturis maxasiaTebelTa
gansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Cveni Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod, albaT, isic metyvelebs, rom g.niJaraZes
saSualeba aqvs imsjelos zemoT dasaxelebuli maxasiaTeblis funqciobasa da rolze
qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi, an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ganixilos igi istoriul
WrilSi. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs am maxasiaTeblis moqmedebis adaptaciur Rirebulebaze
damoukideblobis arqonis pirobebSi: es iyo erT-erTi faqtori, romlis meSveobiT Cven
SevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba, ena, kulturuli faseulobebi4. es sistema morgebuli
1
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7.
2
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.
3
jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8.
4 1
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.
96
SeiZleba migviyvanos aRmosavleT-dasavleTis diqotomiamde. ramdenad Seesabameba
realobas am diqotomiis arseboba, ramdenad marTebulia aRmosavleT/dasavleTis
sazogadoebaTa klasificireba rogorc aramodernuli, koleqtivisturi, tradiciuli
da modernuli, individualisturi, inovaciurisa, es diskusiis msjelobis sagani
iqneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs kulturs tradiciisa da modernizaciis
urTierTqmedebis gaazrebas.
aRmosavleTi-dasavleTi _ kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis fenomenze yuradRebis gamaxvileba saWirod
CavTvaleT, pirvel rigSi, imdenad, ramdenadac pirdapir kavSirSia tradiciulobisa da
modernulobis gagebis erT-erT interpretaciasTan.
dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi _ kacobriobis cnobierebaSi arsebuli mudmivi
opozicia _ warmogvidgeba ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli sivrcis saxiT. TavisTavad
es dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar warmoadgens eTnikuri
(da, Sesabamisad, kulturuli) TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan sivrces. metic, isini
swored erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi yalibdebian met-naklebad mkafiod gamokveTil
mTlianobad. am ori samyaros tipologia da mecnieruli Seswavla mTlianad dasavluri
samyaros iniciativaa. aman bevri ram gansazRvra maTze Sexedulebis formirebis
TvalsazrisiT, rac xSirad ar Tanxvdeboda arsebul sinamdviles (es gasakuTrebiT
aRmosavleTze iTqmis). unda aRvniSnoT, rom dasavleTi, aRmosavleTisagan
gansxvavebiT, ufro advilad aRiqmeba TavisTavad erTobad, radgan integrirebuli
dasavleTis tradicias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. aRmosavleTis erTgvarovan sivrced
ganxilva ki samarTlianad eqvemdebareba kritikas. aRmosavleTi moicavs muslimur,
konfuciur, budistur da sxva erTobebs j.stidmani sruliad uaryofs dasavleT-
aRmosavleTis diqotomias. misi azriT, aRmosavleTze, aziaze ar SeiZleba saubari,
rogorc raimegvar erTobaze, radgan igi Sedgeba `subkontinenturi civili-
zaciebisagan~: SoreulaRmosavluri, induri da islamuri1.
miuxedavad amisa, mainc xdeba Zalian pirobiTi maxasiaTeblebis SerCeva,
romlebiTac ganasxvaveben dasavlur an aRmosavlur kulturebs:
socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi
dasavleTi aRmosavleTi
ganviTarebuli, urbanistuli CamorCenili, sasoflo
industriuli agraruli
warmoeba rogorc bazisi ganawileba rogorc bazisi
politikuri maxasiaTeblebi
dasavleTi aRmosavleTi
samoqalaqo, demokratiuli patriarqaluri, avtoritaruli,
despoturi
istoriuli maxasiaTeblebi
dasavleTi aRmosavleTi
istorizmi aistorizmi
xazovani dro cikluri dro
Стидман Дж. Миф об Азии. // Сравнительное изучение цивилизаций. Хрестоматия. М., 1998. c. 261.
25
koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~1. amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli sazo-
gadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT ev-
ropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas. dasavleT
evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas gamoar-
Ceven.
saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq indivi-
dualisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi
aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis
aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata da mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur
kulturad Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT
gvqonda saubari.
sivrcisa da drois kulturebi
samecniero literaturaSi gvxvdeba `drois kulturisa~ da `sivrcis kulturis~
cnebebi. am klasifikaciiT, Tanamedrove dasavleTi, moderni _ drois kulturaa; misi
mTavari maxasiaTebelia dinamikuroba, mudmivi cvalebadoba, romelic ukeTesisaken
gamudmebul svlad gaiazreba. Sesabamisad, arsebobs mniSvnelobaTa mobiluri
struqturebi da cvalebadi formebi. CveulebaTa azri mudmivad kiTxvis qveS dgeba da,
saqmis interesebidan gamomdinare, icvleba. aradasavleTi, premoderni an aramoderni
_ sivrcis kulturaa, romelic aRbeWdilia TavianT adgilsamyofelze adamianTa da
saganTa mijaWvulobis niSniT. es aris mSvidi, statikuri inercia, romelic adamianebs
simyudrovis, usafrTxoebisa da movlenaTa prognozirebadobis gancdas aniWebs.
drois kategoria am kulturisaTvis ucxo ar aris, magram igi, iseve rogorc masTan
dakavSirebuli cvalebadoba, did rols ar TamaSobs. drois kulturis sworxazovani,
swrafwarmavali droisagan gansxvavebiT, es cikluri droa, romelic wrebrunvas
asrulebs gaCenas, aRsasrulsa da kvlav gaCenas Soris. sivrcis kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia myari sazogadoebrivi jgufebis arseboba, romlebic gansazRvraven
calkeul individTa cxovrebas dabadebidan sikvdilamde da romlebTanac es
individebi mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli. sivrcis kultura aRbeWdilia myari
ritualebiT, wes-Cveulebebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunviT. es wes-Cveulebebi am saxiT
mxolod am kulturaSi _ am sivrceSi, am niadagze arseboben, simyudrovisa da
Sinaurulobis ganwyobas uqmnian im adamianebs, vis Cveulebebsac isini warmoadgenen2.
saqmis gamartiveba iqneboda daSveba, rom droisa da sivrcis niSniT dasavluri da
aRmosavluri kulturebi mkafiod emijnebian erTmaneTs. v.Smidis azriT, sivrcis
kultura arsebobs planetis oTx mexuTedze, TviT aRmosavleT evropis CaTvliT.
ufro metic _ daZabuloba drosa da sivrces Soris Tavs iCens ara mxolod
erTmaneTisagan geografiulad gamijnul regionebSi, aramed erTi kulturis SigniTac:
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi faSisturi dajgufeba gamodis modernis
winaaRmdeg da piriqiT, iranSi XXI saukunis damdegs mravali axalgazrda uwevs
winaaRmdegobas aramodernul, xist mmarTvelobas3.
sabolood kulturaTa aseTi saxis dajgufebam:
individualisturi koleqtivisturi
inovaciuri tradiciuli
drois sivrcis
1
muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.
2 4
Smidi v. omi sivrcesa da dros Soris (leqcia, wakiTxuli 2001 wlis 15 oqtombers, iv.javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi). _ gaz.: “Cveni mwerloba” 49 (75), Tb., 7-14 dekemberi, 2001, gv.2.
3
Smidi v. dasax. naSr., gv.2.
24
iyo viTarebas, roca `qveynis umniSvnelovanes problemebs gansazRvravda da agvarebda
(cudad Tu kargad) viRac, gareSe Zala, morCilebisa da loialobis safasurad~1.
marTlac, Cvens istoriaSi friad xangrZlivia periodi, roca gareSe Zala ganagebda
qveynis beds, Tanac, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, ara erTi Zala da ara mTliani
qveynisa, aramed sxvadasxva Zala _ calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebisa. aseT
viTarebaSi, albaT, marTebulia saubari ara `movaleobis grZnobisa~ da `koleqtiuri
arsebobisa da TviTSenaxvis instinqtis~ ararsebobaze (k.kapaneli), aramed swored
mcirejgufovani koleqtivis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaze, anu movaleobisa da
pasuxismgeblobis sivrcis siviwroveze. aqedanve gamomdinareobs g.niJaraZis mier
aRniSnuli gawafuloba pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaSi, individualur
urTierTobaTa damyarebis, partnioris gulis mogebis Cvevebi da, amave dros, sajaro
qcevis CvevaTa deficiti.
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi zemoT dasaxelebuli
adaptaciuri meqanizmi, cxadia, veRar imuSavebs, amitom qarTuli kulturis winaSe
axal viTarebasTan Seguebis amocana dgas.
axla davubrundeT individualizmi-koleqtivizmis niSniT kulturaTa
(sazogadoebaTa) dasavluroba-aRmosavlurobis gansazRvris problemas. Cveulebriv,
individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeblad miiCneven.
aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs Semdegi
garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis koleqtivisturi orientacia
da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia,
vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas
da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi2. XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic
mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi
3
tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs .
`Sua saukuneebis dasavleTi iseTive `aradasavluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli danarCeni
msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa da reformaciis
procesebma, romlebic daupirispirda `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa da
koleqtivizmis brZolac vuwodoT~4. amitom xSirad saubroben winaindustriuli
sazogadoebebis koleqtivistur xasiaTze, dRes ki koleqtivisturad miiCneven samxreT
evropis, laTinuri amerikis, aziuri da afrikuli kulturebis umravlesobas.
dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT espanur kulturas
gamoarCeven.
saqarTvelos ar hqonia urTierToba evropasTan mas Semdeg, rac iq individu-
alisturi sazogadoeba mkafiod Camoyalibda. Cveni kultura, koleqtivisturi
aRmosavluri (muslimuri) kulturebis garemocvaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ruseTis
aseve koleqtivisturi kultura daemata, mcirejgufovan koleqtivistur kulturad
Camoyalibda. amas xeli Seuwyo im mizezebma, romlebzec cota zemoT gvqonda saubari.
holandieli fsiqologis g.hofstedes mier SemoTavazebulia kidev erTi
maxasiaTebeli kulturis saxis gansasazRvrad, anu, rogorc Tavad mecnieri uwodebs,
`kulturuli ganzomileba~; esaa maskulinoba-feminobis maxasiaTebeli5. maskulinuri
1
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.
2
surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli
kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.
3
Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.
muzaSvili n. “orientaciebis” Sesaxeb. _ Jurn. “omega”, Tb., 2000, 7, gv.4.
5
ix.: surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 84-86; niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura: qaluri, mamakacuri, bavSvuri. _
Jurn.: dro mSvidobisa, Tb., 2001, 2, gv.79-82.
97
(mamakacuri) kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mamakacisa da qalis socialuri
rolebis mkveTri gamijnva; normirebulia mamakacuri da qaluri profesiebi da
saqmianobis sferoebi; qalis cxovreba ufro mkacradaa reglamentirebuli, vidre
mamakacis, da wesis darRvevisaTvis mas mamakacze ufro mZime sasjeli elis;
sazogadoebas msWvalavs mamakacuri faseulobani, fasobs yvelaferi didi, masStaburi
da Zlieri; warmatebis demonstrireba karg tonad miiCneva; azrovneba raciona-
lurobisaken iswrafvis. feminur kulturebSi pirveladia is faseulobani, romlebic,
tradiciulad, qalis rols ukavSirdeba: Tavmdabloba; komforti da daculoba;
sxvebze _ gansakuTrebiT, sustebze _ zrunva; orientacia urTierTobebze da ara
saqmeze; lamazad miiCneva ara `yvelaze didi~, aramed patara da koxta; mniSvnelovania
romelime jgufisadmi kuTvnileba; azrovneba intuitiurisaken ixreba. g.hofstedes
mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT, Tanamedrove ganviTarebul kulturebSi maskuli-
nobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva iaponia, romelsac mosdevs germanulenovani
kulturebi. feminurobis maCvenebliT pirveloben skandinaviis qveynebi da holandia1.
Tumca miCneulia, rom maskulinoba-feminurobis done kulturaSi met-naklebad myaria,
igi mainc SeiZleba Seicvalos konkretuli socialur-politikuri garemoebebis
zegavleniT. magaliTad, omebi, politikuri krizisebi da msgavsi movlenebi gmirebis
moTxovnilebas badebs da maskulinobis Rirebulebas zrdis2, magram Zneli saTqmelia,
ramdenad myaria aseTi koniunqturiT gamowveuli cvlileba da, saerTod, cvlis Tu ara
igi kulturis maskulinur Tu feminur xasiaTs.
maskulinuri da feminuri kulturebis garda, arsebobs Sereuli tipis kulturebi.
g.niJaraZis azriT, qarTuli kultura swored am ukanasknelTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba.
masSi Tanaarseboben maskulinuri da feminuri niSnebi, romelTa ucnaur kombinacias
ganapirobebs Cveni kulturis erTgvari infantilizmi.
fsiqologTa interesis sferos scildeba imis kvleva, ganviTarebis romeli
etapidan iCens Tavs es infantilizmi, bavSvuroba, survili _ davrCeT bavSvad, ro-
melsac mudmivad sWirdeba deda. saerTod, es (da sxva) kulturuli ganzomilebebi
istoriul WrilSi aravis ukvlevia. aseTi samuSaos Catarebas, albaT, istorikosTa da
fsiqologTa erToblivi Sroma dasWirdeba, romelTagan pirvelebis mier moZiebul
faqtebsa Tu movlenebs (miRebuls ara mxolod istoriul xdomilebaTa qronologiuri
rigis gaxsenebiT, aramed saistorio wyaroTa analizis da sxva monacemebis Sejerebis
gziTac) meoreni kulturis fsiqologiuri kvlevis meTodebis momarjvebiT
gaiazreben.
jerjerobiT ki, fsiqologTa mier mxolod is aRiniSneba, rom `sazogadoeba an
maskulinuri unda iyos, an feminuri; infantilur sazogadoebas mxolod daqvemde-
barebuli qveynis statusiT SeuZlia arseboba~, aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom
Cveni sazogadoeba am TvalsazrisiTac unda Camoyalibdes, anu gansazRvros sakuTari
saxe. magram aq Ria rCeba sakiTxi: ramdenad cnobieria kulturuli ganzomilebebis
Camoyalibebis procesi, ramdenad SesaZlebelia am procesebis mizanmimarTuli marTva?
rac Seexeba individualizmi-koleqtivizmisa da maskulinoba-feminurobis
maxasiaTebelTa urTierTmimarTebas, literaturaSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis
sapirispirod, g.hofstede aRniSnavda maskulinobis individualizmTan, xolo femi-
1 2
g.niJaraZe saintereso garemoebaze miuTiTebs: skandinaviis qveynebis mosaxleobis didi nawili,
ZiriTadad, mrisxane vikingebis STamomavlebi arian (ix.: niJaraZe g. qarTuli kultura..., gv. 80).
rogorc Cans, maskulinoba-feminobis xarisxi pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris cxovrebis wesTan, an kidev
simyariT ar xasiaTdeba da SedarebiT advilad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas.
2 5
surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv. 85.
98
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Zalze gavrcelebulia zemoT motanili Tvalsazrisi
qarTvelTa personalizmisa da individualistobis Sesaxeb, magram, fsiqologTa mier
SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciiT, `saqarTvelo warmoadgens klasikur `mcirejgufovan~
koleqtivistur kulturas~, sadac ZiriTad socialur erTeuls Seadgens naTesaoba,
samegobro, nacnobTa wre da yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs swored am jufebSi
arsebuli normebi1. sazogadoebis wevrTa aseTi normebi saukuneTa manZilze
yalibdeboda, roca saqarTvelo (misi calkeuli nawilebi) damoukidebeli ar iyo da
qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi mis farglebs gareT wydeboda. calkeuli
individis azrovnebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sivrce zemoT dasaxelebuli jgufebiT
Semoifargleboda (anu sakmaod viwro iyo) da TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda ufro did
socialur erTobaze _ saxelmwifoze an erze da, miT umetes, iseT abstraqtul
normaze, rogoricaa kanoni2.
vfiqrobT, g.niJaraZis mier aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli sayuradReboa da, Tanac,
konkretuli maxasiaTeblis dadgenis mcdeloba wingadadgmuli nabijia Cveni
kulturis xasiaTis gansazRvris rTul gzaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens mxolod
dReisaTvis aSkara faqtis konstatacias (Tundac kanonTan damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT), aramed iZleva erTgvar gasaRebsac am maxasiaTeblis istoriuli
Camoyalibebis asaxsnelad.
cxadia, ar vapirebT fsiqologTa da sociologTa kompetenciis farglebSi SeWras,
magram Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamovTqvaT azri, rom aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,
mkafiod ganisazRvros, ara SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis (sazogadoebis)
maxasiaTebliad da ra _ am maxasiaTeblis praqtikul gamovlinebad, realizaciad, misi
moqmedebis Sedegad. sxvagvarad Tavs ver davaRwevT aRrevasa da bundovanebas,
romelic arc Tu iSviTia qarTuli kulturis xasiaTze msjelobis dros. magaliTad,
g.niJaraZesTan kanonisa da yofis erTmaneTisagan daSoreba qarTuli kulturis erT-
erTi maxasiaTeblis _ mcirejgufovan-koleqtivisturi xasiaTis _ gamovlinebad da
Sedegad warmogvidgeba, e.jgerenaiasTan ki _ Tavad ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad (`qarTuli
sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani werilobiT mocemuli normebis
(kanonis) da yofis erTmaneTisagan maqsimaluri daSorebulobaa~, _ aRniSnavs igi3).
Cveni azriT, pirveli midgoma ufro mkafioa da kulturis maxasiaTebelTa
gansazRvrisaTvis ukeTes SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Cveulebriv, individualizms dasavlur, koleqtivizms ki aRmosavlur maxasiaTeb-
lad miiCneven. aseTi dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. garda amisa, yuradRebas
imsaxurebs Semdegi garemoeba. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis
koleqtivisturi orientacia da, saerTod, cxovrebis wesi, kacobriobisaTvis
gacilebiT ufro reprezentatiulia, vidre individualizmi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis
ufro xangrZliv droiT perspeqtivas da sivrciT ganfenilobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi4.
XVI saukunemde dasavluri kulturebic mkafio koleqtivisturi orientaciiT
xasiaTdebodnen, individualisturi tendenciebi mxolod amis Semdeg iCens Tavs5.
`Sua saukuneebis dasavleTi iseTive `aradasavluri~ iyo, rogorc mTeli danarCeni
msoflio~, _ wers n.muzaSvili. Semdeg misi saxe Secvala renesansisa da reformaciis
procesebma, romlebic daupirispirda `Suasaukuneobrivi koleqtivizmis citadels _
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis simbiozs. am Widils SeiZleba individualizmisa da
1
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi. _ Jurn.: epoqa (sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi). Tb., 2001, 1, gv.7.
niJaraZe g. politikuri qceva saqarTveloSi, gv.7.
3
jgerenaia e. qarTuli sufris sociofilosofia da zogierTi sxva ram. _ gaz.: “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 27, gv.8.
4
surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli
kvlevebi). Tb., 2001, gv.7.
Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М., 1984.
23
korporaciisadmi misi mikuTvnebis Sedegad da, umravles SemTxvevaSi, igi mkacrad aris
mimagrebuli ama Tu im socialur jgufTan.
inovaciuri kulturebis qveS, romelsac `modernistuls~ da `teqnogenursac~
uwodeben, gulisxmoben sazogadoebebs, romelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mecnierul-
teqnikuri progresi, Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstituciuri saparlamento
dawesebulebebi da piradi Tavisufleba. es yovelive ki damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove
dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis. zemoT aRniSnul elementebs SeiZleba funqciuri
datvirTva hqondeT romelime aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi, ris gamoc is, agreTve
modernistul sazogadoebad miiCneva. inovaciuri Tu modernistuli sazo-
gadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia diferenciaciis, urbanizaciis, ganaTlebis maRali
done da informaciis sayovelTaoba. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, modernistuli
sazogadoeba emyareba masebis farTo monawileobas, romelic ar Rebulobs
legitimurobis tradiciul principebs da xelisuflebas akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas
efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. inovaciur sazogadoebas, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT,
axasiaTebs kulturuli dinamika da orientacia cvalebadobebsa da novaciebze. misi
Tavisebureba da ZiriTadi faseulobaa individualizmi, rac gulisxmobs pirovnebis
Tavisuflebebisa da uflebebis pativiscemas, agreTve individualuri pasuxismgeb-
lobis princips. pirovneba ganixileba yovelgvari erTobisagan damoukideblad.
Cvenis azriT, kulturaTa tradiciuloba an inovaciuroba ZiriTadad
ganisazRvreba kulturaTa xasiaTis TaviseburebiT: erTi mxriv, misi midrekilebiT
tradiciaTa SenarCunebisaken, warsulisaken, meore mxriv, miswrafebiT siaxlisaken,
cvlilebebisaken. kulturaTa es maxasiaTeblebi (iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni)
yalibdeba rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani Tviseba, romelic mxolod nawilobriv
eqvemdebareba da araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTlianad ar aris gansazRvruli droiTi da
sivrciTi faqtorebiT. amitom, albaT, ar iqneba swori, Tu vityviT, rom ama Tu im
sazogadoebis geografiulad aRmosavluri mdebareoba da qronologiurad
premodernul xanaSi arseboba ukve sakmarisi argumentia misi tradiciulobis
dasamtkiceblad. modernistuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba dasavleTSi SesaZlebeli
gaxda aq manamde inovaciuri sazogadoebis arsebobis gamo, dasavleTSi sazogadoeba
inovaciuri iyo kapitalizmamdel xanaSic. amdenad, albaT, ar aris saWiro istoriis
dayofa tradiciuli da inovaciuri kulturebis xanad. isini SeiZleba droSi
Tanaarsebobdnen. garda amisa, unda ganvasxvaoT cneba `modernistuli~ (romelic
gulisxmobs Tanamedrove etapze dasavlur samyaroSi wamoqmnil kulturul tips),
`inovaciuri~ kulturebisagan, rac aris kulturis Tviseba _ iyos orientirebuli
siaxleze. aqedan gamomdinare, xSirad tradiciul sazogadoebebis modernizacia udris
vesternizacias inovaciurobis gareSe.
koleqtivisturi da individulisturi sazogadoebebi
individualizmi-koleqtivizmi erT-erTia im fsiqologiur maxasiaTebelTagan,
romlebze dayrdnobiT fsiqologebi cdiloben kulturis saxis gansazRvras da mis
tipologizebas.
koleqtivizmi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis prioritets pirovnulTan
SedarebiT. koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi individi ZiriTadad motivirebulia im
jgufis Tu jgufebis interesebiT, romelTa wevricaa igi. am jgufebis wevroba
tradiciulia da ara nebayoflobiTi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos didi (eri, saxelmwifo,
religiuri erToba da sxv.) da SedarebiT mcire (naTesaoba, samezoblo, nacnob-
megobarTa wre da sxv.). Sesabamisad, ganarCeven e.w. `didjgufovan~ (magaliTad, ruseTi)
da `mcirejgufovan~ koleqtivistur kulturebs.
22
nurobis koleqtivizmTan gaigivebis umarTebulobas da imas, rom koleqtivisturi
sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos maskulinuri da piriqiT1.
civilizaciisa da kulturis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTeblad miCneulia
lingvisturi tradicia _ gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba sityva-logosisadmi2,
romelic jer kidev Zvel samyaroSi Camoyalibda da mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra
gansxvaveba uZveles civilizaciaTa da kulturaTa Soris. induri, Cinuri Tu antikuri
(berZnul-laTinuri) civilizaciebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen sityvisadmi
damokidebulebis niSniT.
evropuli lingvisturi tradicia istoriulad saTaves iRebs berZnul-laTinu-
risagan. igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs or gansxvavebul Stos: dasavleTevropuls,
romelic dakavSirebulia, pirvel rigSi, romanul-germanul samyarosTan, da aRmo-
savleTevropuls, romelic berZnul-bizantiur samyaros ukavSirdeba. dasavleT-
evropuli lingvisturi tradicia laTinurenovani da, Sesabamisad, erTiani iyo mTeli
romanul-germanul-kelturi evropisaTvis XV-XVI saukuneebamde, ris Semdeg daiywo
mxolod dasavleT evropisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saintereso cvlilebebi3. aRmosav-
leTevropul tradicias ki adreuli etapidanve axasiaTebs ganStoebis tendencia
adgilobrivi enebisa da kulturebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, qarTuli da somxuri
lingvisturi tradiciebi TiTqmis warmoSobisTanave daSordnen berZnul-bizantiur
wyaros ara mxolod damwerlobis saxiT, aramed enis bunebasTan da literaturul-
werilobiT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT damokidebulebiTac.
savaraudoa, rom am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli lingvisturi tradiciis Seswavla
sayuradRebo Sedegebs mogvcems misi tipologiuri raobisa da civilizaciuri
kuTvnilebis gansazRvris kuTxiT.
civilizaciaTa tipologiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens misi komunikaciurobis
xarisxi. igi gansazRvravs civilizaciis dinamikurobas an adinamikurobas4. isic unda
iTqvas, rom es maxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva drosa da regionSi sxvadasxvagvarad
moqmedebs. erTi da igive civilizacia (da kultura) SeiZleba sxvadasxva periodSi
komunikaciisTvis mzaobas (Riaobas) an daxSulobas amJRavnebdes. es rig faqtorebzea
damokidebuli. aseve, civilizacia (kultura) erTsa da imave periodSi SeiZleba
SerCeviTad komunikaciuri iyos, anu Ria _ romeliRac kulturasTan urTier-
TobisaTvis da daxSuli _ sxvebisaTvis. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodebi da,
mTlianad, es istoria am TvalsazrisiTac Sesaswavlia.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi parametri, romlis mixedviTac civilizaciaTa Teoriebis
umravlesobaSi civilizaciebi erTmaneTisagan imijneba, religiaa. swored am niSniTa
da masze dafuZnebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebiT ganasxvaveben dasavlur, qristianul-
marTlmadideblur, muslimur, konfuciur da sxv. civilizaciebs. amave parametrs
efuZneba saqarTvelos aRiareba dasavluri (evropuli) an aRmosavleT qristianuli
civilizaciebis nawilad, razec zemoT gvqonda saubari.
rogorc cnobilia, qristianul-marTlmadideblurma sarwmunoebam didi roli
Seasrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas daefuZna qarTuli kultura, romlis saxis
CamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi
damkvidrebul normebs. rigi mizezebis gamo, romelTa Soris umTavresi iyo
saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli da civilizaciuri garemo, marTlmadidebloba
erovnulobasTan gaigivda da misi dacva qveynis `gamoxsna-aRdgomis~ problemas
1
surmaniZe l. dasax. naSr., gv.86.
2
ix.: Алпатов В.М. Культурные фреалф и лингвистические традициию – В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.128-133;
Бокадарова Н.Ю. Европейская цивилизация: национальные культуры и языковые нормы. – iqve, gv. 133-140.
3
Бокадарова Н.Ю. dasax.naSr., gv.134.
4
Сванидзе А.А. К проблеме преемственности и взаимосвязи цивилизаций.- В сб.: Цивилизации. Вып.3. М., 1995, с.199.
99
daukavSirda. erTmorwmune mokavSiris, Semdeg ki mfarvelis Zieba saukuneTa manZilze
saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. politikuri
orientaciis sakiTxi CvenSi kulturuli orientaciis problemad transformirda,
islamur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani dapirispirebis pirobebSi ki am arCevanma
miiRo, agreTve religiur-kulturuli arCevanis saxe1.
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is faqti, rom qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi Cveni
mahmadiani mezoblebi umTavresad sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis matarebeli saxelebiT
ixseniebian: `musulmanni~ (`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~), `musurmanni~ (basili
ezosmoZRvari), `mohmadianni~ (iqve), `islemTa eri~ (iqve), `islemni~ (`istoriani da
azmani...`), `sarkinozni~ (iqve), Tumca gvxvdeba eTnikuri saxelebic2.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, niSandoblivia saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis cnobili moRvawis gr.lorTqifaniZis Tvalsazrisi. `saqarTvelos
kulturuli da civilizaciuri orientacia mtkiced iyo mimarTuli evropisaken. es
politika qarTveli xalxis tradiciul-istoriuli swrafvaa, _ aRniSnavda igi. _
aziaSi SeWrili saqarTvelo Tavis saqristiano kulturiT mudam ufro evropis nawils
warmoadgenda, vidre aziisas. saqarTvelos Segnebuli hqonda da aqvs, rom jerjerobiT
yovel SemTxvevaSi yvelaze uaresi evropa saukeTeso azias sjobia~3.
magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTia politikuri da, Tundac, sarwmunoebrivi
orientacia, meore ki _ ama Tu im civilizaciisadmi kuTvnileba, romelic, politikur
da ekonomikur interesebze damyarebuli kavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, xangrZlivi
drois manZilze yalibdeba da warmoadgens mravali sxvadasxva garemoebis (zogjer _
SemTxveviTisac) Sedegs. ingliseli mecnieri a.smiti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri
identuroba SeiZleba aZlierebdes sxva, maT Soris civilizaciur, identurobebs, da
SeiZleba asustebdes maT4.
s.semionovis azriT, religiuri parametris miCneva civilizaciis ZiriTad
msazRvrelad, rac farTodaa gavrcelebuli istoriul-filosofiur literaturaSi,
dakavSirebulia meTodologiur reduqcionizmTan da saTaves evropocentrizmidan
iRebs: ukanaskneli saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli aRiarebulia yvela civilizaciis umTavres determinantad5. magram es
maxasiaTebeli Znelad Tu gamodgeba sasazRvro civilizaciebisa Tu kulturebisaTvis,
romlebic warmoadgenen dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis
samyaroTa aTaswlovani urTierTqmedebis Sedegs.
mkvlevari aRniSnavs CvenTvis sayuradRebo kidev erT garemoebas: konfesiurad
Wrel regionebSi araiSviaTad yalibdeba kulturuli erTobebi, romlebic mravali
saukunis manZilze arsebobs. kulturuli memkvidreobiToba aq mJRavndeba ara
religiur sferoSi, aramed kulturis esTetikur da eTikur aspeqtebSi, miTologiaSi,
fsiqologiasa da xasiaTSi6.
kulturisa da civilizaciis mTavar determinantad religiis aRiarebis kritikiT
XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, gamovida amerikeli kulturologi
f.begbi, romelic xazgasmiT miuTiTebda, rom religia zecivilizaciuri fenomeni ki
ara, misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad. amitom savsebiT
1
kacitaZe k. orientirebi, gv.4.
2
dondua v. “vefxistyaosani” da qarTveli istorikosebi. _ wignSi: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi
(rusTavelis 800 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli). Tb., 1968, gv.239.
3
lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,
Tsu gamomc., 1995, gv.156-157.
4
Смит А. Национальная идентичность и идея европейского единства. – В сб.: Актуальные проблемы Европы: экономика,
политика, идеология, М.: ИНИОН, 1993, вып.1, с.120.
5
Семенов С.И. Компаративные лонгитюдные исследования..., с.35.
6 1
iqve.
100
Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia modernuli da aramodernuli
kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze.
tipologizaciis problema kulturis mecnierebebSi
kulturaTa kvlevebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovansi mimarTuleba kulturaTa iden-
tifikacia, maTi tipis gansazRvra da klasifikaciaa. amitom bunebrivia im TeoriaTa
simravle, romlebic kulturaTa tipilogizaciis bevr sxvadasxva models gvTavazoben.
gamoyofen, magaliTad, kulturis barbarosul da civilizebul, aRmosavlur da
dasavlur, tradiciul da inovaciur, pirvelyofilamdel, pirvelyofil, samxedro,
religiur, mecnierul, racionalur, werilobiT, udamwerlobo da sxva uamrav tips.
kulturaTa tipologiis meTodologiuri safuZvelia kulturuli procesis
sxvadasxva koncefcia: evoluciuri, cikluri, kulturul-istoriuli versiebi da sxv.
arsebobs tipologiuri Teoriebi, romlebSic ama Tu im tipis kulturis struqturul
safuZvlad miiCneva adamianis kulturulad determinirebuli qceva, geografiuli,
qronologiuri, erovnuli da sxva principebi1.
kulturaTa tipologiuri kvleva dReisaTvis kulturologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
da yvelaze aqtualuri problemis _ civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis (identurobis) _
gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva. es problema scildeba wminda samecniero interesebs
da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebriv da politikur interesebTan.
civilizaciuri identurobis gansazRvra xSirad ganixileba im krizisidan Tavis
daRwevis saSualebad, romelsac ganicdian Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi
saxelmwifoebi. mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven im garemoebasac, rom dasaxelebuli problema
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria e.w. mcire erebisaTvis.
inovaciuroba-tradiciuloba rogorc kulturaTa tipologizaciis erT-erTi
determinanti
kulturaTa tipologiuri raobis gansazRvris erTi saintereso niSni maTi
tradiciulobisa da inovaciurobis TvalsazrisiT gamijvnaa. rogorc iTqva,
tradiciis qveS igulisxmeba socialuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebi,
romlebic ara mxolod gadaecemian Taobidan Taobas, aramed narCundebian xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara
marto imas, ra gadaices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor gadaices igi. es
termini gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) da rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis
TiTqmis identur formebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad. inovaciis qveS
ki, igulisxmeba axali teqnologiebisa da qcevis axali modelis formirebis meqanizmi.
inovaciebi qmnian winapirobas socialur-kulturuli cvlilebebisaTvis.
ganasxvaveben ra kulturaTa am or tips, mecnierebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
pirvelis qveS gulisxmoben arqaul sazogadoebebs an Zvel civilizaciebs rogorc
dasavlur, ise aRmosavlur kulturebs ganviTarebis kapitalizmamdel etapze.
Cveulebriv, tradiciul sazogadoebebs gansazRvraven rogorc statikurs,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia diferenciaciisa da specializaciis, agreTve
urbanizaciis naklebi xarisxi. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, tradiciul sazogadoebebs
aRweren rogorc damyarebuls `tradiciuli~ elitis Zalauflebaze, romelic marTavs
ama Tu im `zeciuri mandatis~ safuZvelze. tradiciuli sazogadoeba SezRudulia
kulturuli horizontebiT, romelsac tradicia amyarebs. amgvarad, termini
`tradiciuli~ gamoiyeneba im sazogadoebebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic SedarebiT nela
gardaiqmneba, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saqmianobis legitimacia warsulze
dayrdnobiT. pirovneba tradiciul kulturebSi realizdeba mxolod romelime
kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). gv.56.
21
 magram maSinac ki, rodesac es pozicia ufro advilad misaRebi gaxda, Cven, sakuTari
poziciis erTgulebis gamo, mis ignorirebas vaxdenT. es nawilobriv gamowveulia imiT,
rom SefasebiTi axsna ufro damakmayofilebelia. Cven gvinda an ganvadidoT
modernuloba, an gavTaTxoT is. es nawilobriv gamowveulia SiSiTac, rom kulturul
Teoria SefasebiT midgomas SeuZlebels gaxdis. ukanaskneli azri, albaT, mcdaria,
magram asea Tu ise aq es garkveul rols TamaSobs.
sxva faqtori, romelic biZgs aZlevs akulturul Teorias, aris materialisturi
midgoma, romelic popularuli iyo socialur mecnierebebsa da istoriaSi. am
konteqstSi me vgulisxmob im interpretaciebs, romlebic ugulebelyofdnen moralur
da sulier faqtorebs ufro `miwieri~ kategoriebis sasargeblod. amgvarad, zemoT
CamoTvlili movlenebi _ mecnierebis ganviTareba, individualizmi, negatiuri
Tavisufleba, instrumentuli azrovneba da modernuli kulturis sxva mniSvnelovani
Taviseburebani _ xSirad ganixileboda rogorc socialuri cvlilebebis, industria-
lizaciis, udidesi mobilurobis an urbanizaciis Sedegi. aq, ra Tqma unda, mniSvne-
lovania mizezobrivi kavSirebis Tvalis midevneba, magram isini ugulebelyofilia,
iseve rogorc problema, ganapirobebs Tu ara es cvlilebebi Tavad kulturaSi raime
cvlilebas zneobriv idealTa TvalsazrisiT. pasuxi xSirad uaryofiTia.
ra Tqma unda, socialuri cvlilebebi, romlebmac, savaraudod, ganapiroba axali
msoflmxedvelobis Casaxva, Tavad unda iyos axsnili, es moiTxovs zogierTi adamianuri
motivaciis gaTvaliswinebas. Tu Cven ar vivaraudebT, rom industrializacia da
qalaqebis sayovelTao zrda ugonurebis Semotevisas moxda. Cven gvWirdeba garkveuli
codna imisa, Tu ratom iltvoda xalxi mkacrad erTi mimarTulebiT, magaliTad,
warmoebaSi teqnologiis gamoyenebis zrdisaken, an mosaxleobis didi koncen-
traciisaken. magram xSirad Cndeba aramoraluri motivaciebi. amaSi me vgulismob
motivaciebs, romlebsac SeuZlia xalxis aqtivizeba romelime moralur/sulier
idelaTan kavSiris gareSe, rogorc adre aRvniSne. rogorc Sedegi, es socialuri
cvlilebebi xSirad axsnilia rogorc miswrafeba simdidrisa da Zalauflebisaken,
gadarCenis an sxvaTa kontrolisaken. ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es SeiZleba erwymodes
moralur idealebs, magram maTi arseboba saWiro araa. da amgvarad, es aramoraluri
kategoriebi interpretacia ganixileba rogorc sakmaod mZimed da metismetad
mecnierulad miiCneva.
maSinac ki, roca individualuri Tavisufleba instrumentuli azrovnebis
gavrcelebad ganixileba rogorc ideebi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaT
socialuri cvlilebebis axsna, isini xSirad aramoraluri kategoriebiT arian
gagebuli. am ideaTa mniSvneloba/siZliere xSirad gaiazreba ara maTi
moraluri/azrobrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed rogorc im upiratesobaTa erToblioba,
romelic xalxs eboZa maTi moraluri msoflmxedvelobis miuxedavad, miuxedavad
imisa, hqondaT Tu ara maT aseTi msoflmedveloba saerTod. Tavisufleba
SesaZleblobas gaZlevs, gaakeTo is, rac ginda, instrumentuli azrovnebis farTo
gamoyeneba nebismieri survilebis umetesobas gikmayofilebs.
cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi aseTi saxis interpretacia kulturulad
dominirebuli xdeba. modernulobis sulieri sawyisebis kvlevis motivacia Zalian
sustia. namdvilad, am sawyisebis Tundac zogierTi momentis Secnobis SesaZlebloba
nuls utoldeba. da es kulturul Teoriebs dRis wesrigidan xsnis.
20
bunebrivia, rom qristianuli samyaros (ara civilizaciis) ori nawili arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da aRmosavleTqristianuli civilizacia met msgavsebas
amJRavnebs aRmosavlur (muslimur) civilizaciasTan, vidre dasavlurqristianulTan
(evropulTan)1.
amdenad, religiuri parametri ver CaiTvleba umTavres ganmsazRvrelad
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis dadgenis gzaze. amis naTelsayofi magaliTebi sxva
adgilas ukve movitaneT (ix. TaviIV, $ 1) da axla sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.
rac Seexeba dasavluri (evropuli) civilizaciisadmi Cvens kuTvnilebas, unda
aRiniSnos, rom TviT evropaSi Tanaarsebobs identurobis ramdenime Sre _ evropuli,
dasavleTevropuli, aRmosavleTevropuli; erovnuli; religiuri. germaneli
politologis v.vaidenfeldis sityviT, evropis istoria _ esaa diferenciaciisa da
unifikaciis istoria2. arsebuli mravalferovnebis gacnobiereba evropuli kulturis
erT-erTi safuZvelia. evropisadmi kuTvnilebis Segneba emyareba evropeli xalxebis
erToblivi kulturuli ganviTarebis gamocdilebas, interess saerToevropuli
istoriisadmi, saerTo tradiciebisa (politikuri da samarTlebrivi) da saerTo
memkvidreobis (religiuri da kulturuli) arsebobas. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc
mecnierebi aRniSnaven, evropuli integracia aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevda, rom ara
evropel inteleqtualTa Taobebis Zalisxmeva, romelTac SeZles saerTo warsulis,
awmyosa da momavlis Rrma Teoriuli gaazreba da, misi demonstrirebiT, evropel
xalxTa orientireba erTiani evropisadmi kuTvnilebaze3. swored inteleqtualTa
ZalisxmeviT `Seikera~ evropel xalxTa kulturebis `nakuwebisagan~ kulturaTa
evropuli ojaxis `erTiani sabani~.
ramdenad monawileobdnen qarTvelebi am muSaobaSi? sakmarisi aRmoCnda Tu ara
qarTvel inteleqtualTa erTi nawilis ramdenimesaukunovani mcdeloba imisaTvis, rom
qarTveli iseve myarad axerxebdes evropasTan TviTidentificirebas, rogorc,
magaliTad, skandinavieli an italieli? vfiqrobT, gagviWirdeba am kiTxvebze dadebiTi
pasuxebis gasacemad saWiro argumentebis moZieba.
saqarTvelos civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis problemisaTvis erT-erT sayuradRebo
sakiTxs warmoadgens socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis dinamikis Seswavla da
maTi tipologiuri raobis gansazRvra dasavlur, bizantiur da aRmosavlur
sistemebTan mimarTebaSi. am mxriv dRevandel mkvlevar-istorikoss soliduri
memkvidreoba xvdeba winamorbedTa Sromebis saxiT, romlebSic, mdidari faqtobrivi
masalis analizis safuZvelze, friad sayuradRebo daskvnebia Camoyalibebuli.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iv.javaxiSvilis, s.janaSias, n.berZeniSvilis gamokvlevebi,
romelTac safuZveli Cauyares Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis socialur-
ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavlas, rac Semdgom maTma mowafeebma ganagrZes. mkvlevarTa
daskvniT, feodalizmis aRmocenebidan XIII saukunemde saqarTveloSi arsebuli
socialuri da ekonomikuri institutebi (miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ sruliad
ucnobi aRmosavluri samyarosaTvis, SeuvalobiT daculi didi feodaluri
samflobeloebis arseboba, socialuri struqtura da sxv.), mTlianad feodaluri
sistema did tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavnebs evropulTan, kerZod, frangulTan
(`paraleluri ganviTareba~). SemdgomSi es msgavseba TandaTan gaqra, Tumca ar
Camoyalibebula tipologiuri msgavseba aRmosavluri (islamuri) samyaros socialur-
1
Bagby Ph. Culture and History, p.176.
2
cit. naSromidan: Зотова О.М. Идея европейского единства и национальная идентичность. – Вестник Московского ун-
та, сер.18. Социология и политология. М., 1999, № 3, с.154.
3
Зотова О.М. dasax. naSr., gv. 162.
101
ekonomikur sistemebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba dasavleTisadmi saqarTvelos
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis Teziss umagrebs safuZvels.
qarTuli feodalizmis evropulTan msgavsebis gaqroba, rasac safuZveli XIII
saukuneSi Caeyara, fasdeba rogorc `qarTuli istoriis drama da specifika~1.
batonymobis qcevam qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis umTavres safuZvlad,
socialuri infrastruqturis umniSvnelovanesi elementis _ vaWar-xelosnuri
qalaqisa da mesame wodebis _ ganadgurebam da politikuri sistemidan misma
gauCinarebam ganapiroba dasavleTTan msgavsebis moSla da aRmosavluri politikuri
RirebulebiTi orientaciis mimarTulebiT gadaxra2.
a.joxaZem yuradReba miaqcia friad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: Cveni politikuri
elitis suliskveTeba TandaTan aRmosavluri gaxda, magram goneba Tavs mainc
dasavleTis (qristianuli samyaros) nawilad moiazrebda. gvian SuasaukuneebSi
`aRmosavluri suliskveTebis qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas qveSecneulad aRmosav-
leTTan integracia surda, integraciis es procesi karga Sorsac iyo wasuli, magram
religiuri sxvaoba aRmosavleTTan kanonieri qorwinebis sanqcias ar iZleoda~3.
swored es daedo safuZvlad ruseTisaken swrafvas, rac gaazrebuli iyo rogorc
evropasTan daaxloeba. `rusi Cinovnikis da jariskacis mundirma qarTul zepur
sazogadoebas qristianuli dasavleTis nairsaxeobis iluzia Seuqmna. gajiutebulma
cnobierebam ver SeniSna, rom rusuli saxelmwifo monRolur administraciul
sistemaze dayrdnobili despotia iyo, romelsac bizantiuri ornamentebi da
dasavluri aqsesuarebi amkobda~4.
daaxloebiT igives werda Tavis droze gr.lorTqifaniZe: `aziuri saqarTvelos
evropuli suli mudam dasavleTisken iswrafvoda. am swrafvaSi XVIII saukunis bolos
erekles saqarTvelom TiTqos evropis surogati ruseTSi pova~5.
SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi friad sainteresoa, magram gveCveneba, rom igi
Tavisaufali ar aris calmxrivobisa da sakiTxis gamartivebisagan. mxolod religiuri
sxvaoba aSorebda saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan? arsebobda raime safuZveli, rac
aRmosavleTTan `kanonier qorwinebas~ SesaZlebels gaxdida?
an kidev, sainteresoa, mainc ram ganapiroba `cnobierebis gajiuteba~? iqneb,
bizantiasTan xangrZlivi da mWidro kontaqtis gamocdilebam, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTaTvis dasavleTad moiazreboda (muslimur aRmosavleTTan
mimarTebaSi) da romlis memkvidred SemdgomSi Tavi ruseTma gamoacxada? Tavad
bizantia ki mxolod elinizmisa da laTinizmis memkvidre ar iyo. misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo naxevradaRmosavluri _ ZiriTadad, sasanuri sparseTisagan
nasesxebi _ politikuri institutebi, monarqis xelisuflebis centralizaciis,
zekanonierebisa da sakralizaciis CaTvliT. yovelive aman didi gavlena iqonia
bizantiasTan kontaqtSi myofi yvela xalxis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris, cxadia, Cveni
politikuri sistemis formirebazec. swored bizantias umadlian es xalxebi
saxelmwifoebriobis formaso, aRniSnavda r.landa6.
Tavis droze niko nikolaZe miuTiTebda Cveni saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis bizantiur
xasiaTze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aziuri despotiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali
1
joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01.
2
iqve.
3
joxaZe a. sikvdili bizantiurad. _ gaz. “rezonansi”, Tb., 2001, 23-24.01.
4
iqve.
5
lorTqifaniZe gr. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. _ wignSi: lorTqifaniZe gr. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb.,
1995, gv.156.
6
Ланда Р. Межцивилизационные связи и историческое взаимодействие народов Черноморья. – В журн.: Центральная Азия
и Кавказ, М., 2000, № 1 (7), с.205-206.
102
akulturuli Teoriebi midrekilni arian axsnan modernulobis tranzicia
gadasvla, rogorc tradiciuli rwmenebisa da maTdami erTgulebis dakargva. es
danakargi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc instituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegi.
magaliTad, mobiluroba da urbanizacia ganixilulia rogorc mizezi, romelic
asustebs statikuri sasoflo sazogadoebis rwmena-warmodgenebsa da safuZvlebs. am
danakargs/cvlilebebs, SesaZloa, safuZvlad edos Tanamedrove samecniero azris
ganviTareba. cvlilebebi SeiZleba dadebiTad iyos Sefasebuli; an piriqiT,
uaryofiTad _ imaT mier, visTvisac tradicia ufro faseulia da visac mecnieruli
azrovneba SezRudulad miaCnia. magram yvela es Teoria Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs erT
garkveul aspeqtSi: Zveli Sexedulebebi da maTdami erTguleba Sesustebulia. Zveli
horizontebi, nicSeseuli warmodgeniT, gaqra.
ra Cndeba am danakargis Semdeg. codnis miRebis empiriul-mecnieruli midgomis
gabatoneba amkvidrebs individualizms, negatiur Tavisuflebas da instrumentul
racionalobas. isini wina planze gamodian, maT adamianebi ~normalurad~ afaseben,
radgan kacobrioba aRar aris Seferxebuli Tu dabrmavebuli yalbi crurwmenebiT da
cxovrebis arafrismomcemi wesiT, romelsac es rwmenebi ganapirobebda. erTxelac miTi
da Secdoma gaqra. mxolod empiriuli midgomaa efeqturi codnis misaRebad. da es
maSinve cxadi gaxdeba rogorc ki, gavTavisufldebiT metafizikis monobisagan. mzardi
instrumentuli racionaloba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs maqsimalurad davikmayofiloT
survilebi, Cven yovelTvis mxolod gvafrTxobdnen usafuZvlo direqtiviT _
SegvezRuda sakuTari Tavi. individualizmi aris normaluri/bunebrivi Sedegi ada-
mianis mier sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebisa/TviTpativiscemisa, RmerTis iluzoruli
moTxovnebis, yofierebis borkilebisa da wminda/RvTiuri sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
gareSe.
sxvagvari Sefaseba, romelic avsebs gamorCenil niuansebs, aris imis SesaZleblobis
daSveba, rom dasavluri modernuloba SeiZleba emyarebodes Tavis sakuTar,
originalur sulier sawyisebs da ar iyos gagebuli warmoSobili martivad da
gardauvlad _ rogorc ganviTarebis Sedegi.
akulturuli Teoriis batonobis mizezebi gasagebi xdeba, rodesac vacnobierebT,
rom dasavlelebi saukuneebis manZilze cxovrobdnen modernulobisaken gardamaval
periodSi, im civilizaciis gareT, romelsac qristianul samyaros vuwodebT. rTulia
icxovro cvlilebaTa periodSi da ar iyo tendenciuri. am suliskveTebiT Cven, sakmaod
xSirad, SefasebiT axsnas vaxdenT xolme, romelime mxaris sasargeblod. cvlilebebi
uproblemod aixsneba imiT, rom Cven `SevZeliT~ siyalbis danaxva, an daviviwyeT
mniSvnelovani WeSmaritebani. kulturuli xedvis farglebSi aseTi damajerebeli
daskvnebis gamotanisaTvis, saWiro iqneboda modernulobis kompleqsuri SedarebiTi
Sefaseba, imis sapirispirod, rom mas ganapirobebda qristianoba. aseT mkafio
daskvnamde misvla friad rTuli (Tu SeuZlebeli ara) amocanaa.
kulturuli Teoriis TvalTaxedviT, Cven sakuTar kulturas ganvixilavT, rogorc
erT-erTs sxvaTa Soris, da es Cveni civilizaciis axali monapovaria, amitom gasakviri
araa, rom revoluciuri cvlilebebis pirveli Sefaseba akulturuli iyo. Cveni
winaprebis umravlesoba sxva civilizaciebs ganixilavda rogorc barbarosuls,
warmarTuls an velurs. absurduli iqneboda molodini, rom safrangeTis revoluciis
Tanamedroveebs, orive politikuri mxaris warmomadgenlebs, am politikur
gadatrialebaSi kulturuli cvlilebebi daenaxaT. im periodSi kulturuli
pluralizmis idea mxolod isaxeboda. magaliTad, iohan gotfrid herderis
TxzulebebSi.
19
rom racionaluri azrovneba efeqturia, rom instrumentuli racionalizmi amarTlebs
sakuTar Tavs, rom religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi iwvevs gauTvaliswinebel
naxtomebs, rom faqti da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva ramaa. am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba
zogierTma RirebulebiTma da msoflmxedvelobiTma sistemam SesaZloa gaadvilos,
zogierTma ki _ Seaferxos. isini (e.i. RirebulebiTi sistemebi da cvlilebaTa procesi)
ar aris erTmaneTze ganuyrelad gadajaWvuli. ufro metad, isini gansazRvrulia imiT,
rac, Cveni azriT, moicavs RirebulebaTa da gagebaTa gavrcelebis mTel konteqsts.
albaT, cxadia, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze gabatonebuli modernulobis
Teoriebi akulturuli xasiaTisaa. bevrma modernulobis ganviTareba, nawilobriv
mainc, axsna imiT, rom Cven davinaxeT zemoT moxseniebul savaraudo WeSmaritebaTa
mTeli wyeba. sxvagvarad, cvlilebebi nawilobriv axsnil iqna kulturulad
neitraluri (kulturisagan ganyenebuli) socialuri ganviTarebis movlenebiT
rogoricaa e.durkheimiseuli moZraoba socialuri erTobis meqanikuri formebidan
diferencirebuli, organuli formebisaken. an aleqsis de tokvilis varaudi, `mcocavi
demokratiis~ Sesaxeb (romelSic igi gulisxmobda moZraobas Tanasworobisaken). maqs
veberis interpretaciiT, racionalizacia myari procesia, romelsac droTa
ganmavlobaSi yvela kultura gaivlis.
magram yvelaze popularulia modernulobis mizezobrivi ganmartebebi. mxolod
socialur axsnas mivyavarT mizezamde: socialuri cvlilebebi, iseTebi rogoricaa
mobiluroba da industrializacia, ganapirobeben inteleqtualur da sulier
cvlilebs, radgan isini ubiZgeben xalxs, daTmon Zveli Cvevebi da rwmenebi _ religia
an tradiciuli morali _ romlebic miuRebeli xdebian, kargaven ra damoukidebel
racionalur safuZvels, rac gaaCnia modernulobis iseT warmodgenebs rogoricaa
individualizmi da instrumentuli azrovneba.
magram SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva _ ra vuyoT modernulobis farTod gavrcelebul
da popularul negatiur Teorias, romelic modernizaciis process ganixilavs ara
rogorc zrdas, aramed rogorc daqveiTebas da dakninebas? sainteresoa, rom isinic
Taviseburad akulturistebi arian. amis warmosaCenad, Cven unda ganvavrcoT zemoT
motanili ganmarteba. imis nacvlad, rom cvlilebebi ganixilos rogorc SesaZ-
leblobaTa realizacia, negatiuri Teoria modernulobas xSirad mxolod safrTxis
Semcvelad miiCnevs. magram xSirad is konkretuli kulturisagan damoukideblad
ganixileba. modernulobas axasiaTeben rogorc perspeqtivadakargul, safuZvelga-
moclil (fesvebdakargul) movlenas, romelic qedmaRlobis gamo uaryofs adamianuri
SesaZleblobebis SezRudulobas, Cvens damokidebulebas istoriaze an RmerTze. is
ganusazRvrel ndobas ucxadebs aramdgrad/cvalebad adamianur gonebas; akninebs
TviTSemwynareblobas, romelic Sorsaa cxovrebis heroikuli ganzomilebisagan.
modernulobis ganmartebebis udidesi nawili pozitiur da negatiur inter-
pretaciaze modis. isini akulturulobisaken arian midrekilni. kulturuli
interpretaciebi Zlieria, magram maTi ricxvi naklebia. magaliTad, fridrix nicSe
Tanamedrove samecniero kulturas axasiaTebda rogorc ganpirobebuls faseulobaTa
specifikuri mTlianobiT. veberma, garda imisa, rom SemogvTavaza racionalizaciis
rogorc myari, kulturulad damoukidebeli Zalis Teoria, protestantuli eTika
gaiazra rogorc religiur-moralur SexedulebebaTa gansakuTrebuli erToba,
romelmac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmi.
amgvarad, akulturuli Teoriebi gabatonebuli arian. es cudia. imisaTvis, rom
avxsnaT, Tu ratom, ufro cxadad unda vaCvenoT, ras aniWeben es Teoriebi
upiratesobas, ra gamoaqvT wina planze da ras ar aqceven yuradRebas.
18
niSniT iyo aRbeWdili: `Cveni qveyana ... bizantiis wes-wyobilebiT imarTeboda. Cven
yvelani erTob axlo videqiT aziasTan, erTob vemonebodiT mis magaliTs, mis xasiaTs.
es xasiaTi erTianad, upiratesad, despotis pirad SexedulebebSi, pirad survilSi,
nebaSi, TviT-mnebelobaSi mdgomareobda. despots bizantiaSi imperatori erqva, CvenSi
_ mefe, sxvagan _ mTavari, magram saqmiT, SinaarsiT yovelgan erTi da igive Tviseba
hqonda: is iyo marto, da meti ara iyo-ra~1.
rac Seexeba bizantiis SedarebiT neli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da, Semdgom,
misi dacemis mizezebs, aseTebad xSirad saxeldeba bizantiuri saxelisuflebo da
samarTlebrivi institutebis specifika, ganviTarebuli biurokratiuli aparati,
saxelmwifo marTvis ukiduresi centralizacia, dasavluri (`klasikurad~ miCneuli)
feodaluri institutebis neli ganviTareba da sxv.2 magram bizantinologTa nawili
amgvar axsnas arasworad miiCnevs da umTavres mniSvnelobas sagareo faqtors aniWebs.
m.i.siuziumovi, g.g.litavrini da sxvebi aRniSnavdnen, rom bizantiis imperia
permanentul omSi iyo Cabmuli, romelic yovelwliurad nTqavda uzarmazar adamianur
da materialur resursebs. aseT pirobebSi imperiis xelisufalni iZulebulni iyvnen,
nebismieri saSualebiT SeenarCunebinaT stabiluroba, moexdinaT arsebuli wyobilebis
konservireba. did socialur reformebs SeeZlo daerRvia socialuri wonasworoba.
sagareo faqtori hipertrofirebul rols iZenda da saSinao faqtorad iqceoda3.
Tavis mxriv, bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebis damkvidreba
CvenSi xels uwyobda ufro mWidro integracias bizantiur civilizaciasTan,
ramdenadac bizantiuri (aRmosavlurqristianuli) civilizaciis miRwevaTa aTvisebis
procesi ufro swrafi da efeqturi iyo im qveynebSi, sadac arsebobda an yalibdeboda
mmarTvelobis centralizebuli forma4.
roca qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemis mizezTa Ziebisas CvenSi bizantiuri
modelis arsebobasa da mis uaryofiT rolze vmsjelobT, iqneb, marTebuli iyos meti
yuradRebis miqceva igive sagareo faqtoris mniSvnelobaze. iqneb, civilizaciaTa
mijnaze yofnam CvenTanac ganapiroba am faqtoris hipertrofirebuli roli da misi
saSinao faqtorad transformacia, rogorc es bizantis SemTxvevaSi moxda?
sxva saqmea, rom bizantiis dacemis Semdeg CvenSi bizantiuri yaidis
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri institutebi SenarCunda, romlebSic sul ufro
Zlierdeboda aRmosavluri elementebi. mogvianebiT ki maT kargad moergo `bizantiuri
ornamentebiTa da dasavluri aqsesuarebiT damSvenebuli~ rusuli mmarTvelobis wesi.
ase yalibdeba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo aparatis funqciobis zemoT naxsenebi
aziuri stili, romelic Cveni aradasavlurobis erT-erT yvelaze mkafio
gamoxatulebad saxeldeba5.
dRes saqarTvelo aRiqmeba gaurkvevli mikuTvnebulobis saxelmwifod, romelic
imyofeba TviTgamorkvevis procesSi da ganicdis zemoqmedebas: 1) dasavluri
civilizaciis mxridan; 2) dasavlursa da slavur-marTlmadideblur civilizaciebs
Soris gaxleCili ruseTis mxridan; 3) dasavlursa da islamur civilizaciebs Soris
gaxleCili TurqeTis mxridan. Cveni sazogadoebis erTi nawili iRebs ama Tu im
civilizaciis gavlenas, anu dasayrdeni da gamtaria misTvis, xolo meore nawili,
1
nikolaZe n. bulgaria. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t.14, Tb., 1997, gv. 222-223.
2
ix.: Сюзюмов М.Я. Некоторые проблемы исторического развития Византии и Запада. – В сб.: Византийский временник,
т.35, М., 1973, с.4.
3
Сюзюмов М.Я. Историческая роль Византии и ее место во всемирной истории. – В сб.: Византийский временник, № 29,
М., 1968, с.44; Литаврин Г.Г. Геополитическое положение Византии в средневековом мире в VII-XII вв. – В кн.:
Византия между Западом и Востоком. Опыт исторической характеристики. СПб., 1995, с. 16.
4
Оболенский Д. Византийское содружество наций. М., 1998, с.299.
5
niJaraZe g. Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba politikuri qcevis aspeqtSi. _ gaz.: “ganaxlebuli
iveria”, Tb., 2000, 1-2, gv.11.
103
piriqiT, ewinaaRmdegeba mas da Tavis mxriv eqceva sxva civilizaciis Tu kulturis
gavlenis qveS1.
Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba cifrebsa da sttistikur monacemebSi
arsebobs mosazreba, rom globalizaciis procesi qmnis iseT gamowvevebs, romelic
ukavSirdeba ojaxuri tradiciebis cvlilebas, Sobadobis Semcirebas; es problemebi,
rogorc Cans, modernizaciis procesis Tanmdevia.
f.fukuiamas TqmiT, modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia `didi SeSfoTeba~, rac 60-
ian wlebSi ganviTarebul industriul qveyanaTa safuZvels, sayrdens Seexo.
socialuri SeSfoTeba gamowveuli iyo ori saxis teqnologiuri gardaqmniT. erTi
mxriv, moxda gadasvla industriuli sazogadoebidan informatikis samyaroSi, sadac
fizikuri Sroma Secvala gonebrivma. meore mxriv, gamoCnda biomedicinis artefaqtebi
(laT. artefaqtum _ xelovnurad Seqmnili), magaliTad, preparatebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia sqesobrivi kavSiris gareSe cocxali organizmebis Seqmna.
am garemoebam Secvala damokidebuleba mamakacsa da qals Soris da qalis socaluri
aqtivoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi gazarda. man didi zegavlena moaxdina ojaxur
Rirebulebebze, aRzrdaze. am procesis Sedegebs, f.fukuiamas azriT, `Cven mxolod
axla vxvdebiT da vatyobT. SesaZloa, SeSfoTebis talRam sxvadasxva sazogadoebs
sxvadasxva dros gadauara, magram Sedegebi yvelgan saerToa~2.
aRniSnulma talRam didi gavlena moaxdina, agreTve Sobadobaze. ganviTarebul
qveynebSi Sobadobam iklo. safrangeTSi daregistrirebulia yvelaze TvalSisacemi
cifrebi Sobadobis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba weliwadSi 1% Seadgens, rac erTi Taobis
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi 30%-mde adis. es ki sakmaod didi cifria. rac Seexeba saSualo
asaks, igi ganagrZobs zrdas. XXI saukunis Sua wlebSi evropis macxovrebelTa saSualo
asaki miaRwevs 60 wels. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac biologiurad aqtiur
macxovrebelTa umravlesoba warmodgenilia an Zalze axalgazrdebiT, an Zalze
xanSiSesulebiT. iaponia da evropa aRmoCndebian iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynebis
garemocvaSi, sadac saSualo asaki gansazRvrulia istoriuli normis mixedviT da
biologiurad aqtiuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilis asaki 20 weli iqneba, Tavad ki am
zRvars didad gascdebian. aseTma demografiulma cvlilebam politikuri Sedegebic
gamoiRo da ganviTarebul qveynebS imigrantTa roli gaizarda. imigrantebi ki
warmodgenili arian yvelaze Raribi da kulturulad gansxvavebuli qveynebidan.
f.fukuiama saubrobs safrangeTsa da aSS Soris arsebul politikur
dapirispirebaze da miiCnevs, rom diplomatiuri krizisis safuZveli safrangeTis
globalizaciis gamowvevebisadmi damokidebulebaSia saZiebeli. f.fukuiama askvnis,
rom globalizacia, romelic frangebma Seafases rogorc maTi kulturuli
Rirebulebebis arealSi amerikis Carevis, SeRwevis mcdeloba, faqtobrivad, aris
modernizaciis universaluri procesis niSani. SesaZloa, amerikelebi am procesSi, sxva
qveynebTan SedarebiT, adre Caebnen, magram sxva danarCenebic male aRmoCndebian igive
procesis zemoqmedebis qveS3. ganviTarebis am xaziT, postindustriuli qveynebis
ganviTarebis saerTotraeqtoria mimarTulia multikulturuli sazogadoebebis
Semnisaken. es ki ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvis, romlebsac sakuTari
istoriuli Rirebulebebi aqvT, sakmaod Zneli misaRebia. aSS kulturuli
gansxvavebuloba, romelic evropelTa mxridan mudmivi kritikis sagania, Zalian male
1
aSkareli n. saqarTvelo cvalebad samyaroSi. _ gaz. “meridiani”, Tb., 2001, 7-9 noemberi, 9-12 noemberi.
2 pirobebs ralizaciisaTvis. garkveuli pirobebSi adamianebi mividnen im daskvnamde,
Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.
3
Фукуяма Ф. Париж-Вашингтон: общая судьбаю .. ИноСМИ.ru.
104
rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis dasasruli da modernis dasawyisi. am gabato-
nebuli TvalTaxedviT, procesebi friad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba.
modernulobis gagebis pirvel variants pirobiTad kulturuls uwodeben, xolo
meores _ akulturuls. arsebobs kulturaTa simravle, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs
ena da gamocdileba, romlebic gansazRvraven pirovnulobis, socialuri urTierT-
obebis, cudisa da kargis, saTnoebisa/zneobisa da uzneobis da a.S. specifikur gagebas.
es modeli _ modernulobis kulturuli Teoria _ Tanamedrove dasavleTSi
momxdar cvlilebebs axali kulturis warmoSobis safuZvelze xsnis. Tanamedrove
atlantikuri samyaro aris kultura (an erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli kul-
turaTa jgufi), romelsac aqvs, magaliTad, pirovnebis, bunebis, kargisa da cudis sa-
kuTari, specifikuri gageba, es kultura SeiZleba davupirispiroT sxva danarCenebs,
Tavisi winamorbedi civilizaciebis CaTvliT (romelTanac, cxadia, uamravi saerTo
aqvs).
amis sapirispirod, akulturuli Teoria am transformacias kulturisagan ganye-
nebulad xsnis. am TvalsazrisiT, es cvlilebebi ar ganixileba rogorc konkretul
kulturaSi mimdinare procesi, aramed miiCneva movlenad, romelic SeiZleboda
Sexeboda nebismier tradiciul kulturas. magaliTad, akulturuli Teoria
modernulobas ganixilavs, rogorc mravali sxvadasxva mizezis Sedegs: vTqvaT,
mecnieruli cnobierebis zrdis, sekularuli TvalTaxedvis ganviTarebis, efeqtu-
ri/instrumentuli racionalizmis aRzevebis, faqtsa da mis Sefasebas Soris absolu-
turad cxadi sxvaobis da sxv. sxvagvarad, modernuloba SeiZleba davukavSiroT
rogorc socialur, aseve inteleqtualur cvlilebebs: trasformaciebi, inte-
leqtualuris CaTvliT, ganixileba rogorc daCqarebuli mobilurobis/cvlilebebis,
populaciis koncentraciis, industrializaciis da a.S. Sedegi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi
modernuloba transformaciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic TiToeul kulturas SeuZlia
ganicados da, savaraudod, iZulebuli iqneba ganicados.
es cvlilebebi ar aris gansazRvruli am kulturebis mdgomareobiT da, magaliTad,
pirovnebis, sazogadoebis an sikeTis specifikuri gagebiT; ufro metad, esaa
cvlilebebi, romelsac yoveli kultura, principSi, msxverplad ewireba. magaliTad,
TiToeul kulturas SeiZleba Seexos mecnieruli cnobierebis zrda, yovel religias
_ sekularizacia, instrumentuli azrovnebis zrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios saboloo
aRsasruli, warmodgena metafizikurze SeiZleba Zireulad Seicvalos faqtsa da mis
Sefasebas Soris gaCenili dapirispirebis gamo.
modernuloba, am Teoriis mixedviT, gagebulia rogorc konkretuli kulturisagan
ganyenebuli racionaluri an socialuri procesebis Sedegi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom es
Teoria ugulebelyofs im istoriul mizezebs, ris gamoc es cvlilebebi Tavda-
pirvelad warmoSva swored am, da ara sxva civilizaciaSi, an ris gamoc am cvlilebebs
erTni ufro advilad eqvemdebarebian, sxvani ki _ Znelad. saqme ufro isaa, rom es
procesi ganisazRvreba ara rogorc kulturuli specifika, aramed rogorc zogadi
funqcia, romelic kulturul specifikas msxverplad iwiravs.
Tu am sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT, es procesebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc
erTi specifikuri, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli gagebis an RirebulebaTa sistemis
arCevanis asaxva. socialuri ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
iseT istoriul movlenebs, rogoricaa industralizacia, romelic gavlenas axdens
Rirebulebebze; magram amgvari movlenebi xSirad ar aris miCneuli konkretul
sferoSi specifikuri arCevanis gamoxatulebad. rodesac saqme exeba racionalur
axsnas, is miiCneva zogadi SesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebad, romelic eloda Sesabamis
17
faqtors. ufro adekvaturi Teoriis ZiebaSi uari iTqva iseT terminebze, rogoricaa
`evropeizacia~ da `vesternizacia~, romlebic gulisxmobs yovelmxriv gaigivebas
dasavleTTan, xolo terminma `amerikanizacia~ kritikuli da negatiuri datvirTva
SeiZina.
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis adreuli modelebis kritika, pirvel
rigSi, mimarTuli iyo ~tradicia-modernizaciis~ diqotomiis winaaRmdeg. es kritika
emyareboda ganviTarebis, rogorc evoluciuri procesis gansazRvrebas, romelic
gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mowyobis adrindeli socialur-kulturuli principebis
gandevnasa da Canacvlebas. kritikis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti gaxda kulturuli
memkvidreobisa da urTierTobaTa socialur-kulturuli sistemis rolis gamov-
lineba. progresistuli koncefciebis sawinaaRmdegod, kulturuli memkvidreoba
ganixileboda rogorc stabilurobis SenarCunebis winapiroba, romelic uzrun-
velyofs sazogadoebis funqciobas. xolo tradicia ganixileboda rogorc socialur-
kulturuli kavSirebis aucilebeli birTvi, romelic uzrunvelyofs individis
socializaciis arsebiT formebs, jgufTaSoris urTierTobis organizaciasa da
sazogadoebis erTobas.
nebismier damuSavebul variantSi modernizaciis Teoria aRiarebs ori sferos
urTierTqmedebas _ sazogadoebis integraciasa da diferencias, Sesabamisad, misi
damoukideblobisa da SenarCunebaSi, rac politikuri TvalsazrisiT gamoixateba
suverenitetis principSi, xolo kulturuli TvalsazrisiT _ TviTmyofadobis,
identurobis principSi. am daskvnebma msoflio samecniero literaturaSi gamoiwvia
modernizaciis procesis arsis gadaxedva. aseTi gaazrebis erTgvar kategoriuli
formulirebaa s.hanTingtons ekuTvnis: `modernizacia aucileblad ar niSnavs
vesternizacias. aradasavluri sazogadoebebma SesaZloa ganicadon modernizacia ise,
rom uari ar Tqvan sakuTar kulturaze, ar miiRon dasavluri Rirebulebebi,
institutebi da qcevis formebi. sinamdvileSi modernizacia aZlierebs am kulturebs
da iwvevs dasavleTis SedarebiT dasustebas. SiZleba iTqvas, rom samyaro sul ufro da
ufro modernizebuli da naklebad dasavluri xdeba~.
rogorc ukve iTqva, didi xnis manZilze sxvadasxva saxis kulturul faqtorebs
SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda. modernizaciis subieqtebad upirveles
yovlisa saxelmwifoebi miiCneodnen, ufro sworesd ki politikuri reJimebi.
Sesabamisad, politikis sfero ganmsazRvrelad iTvleboda ekonomikasTan da
politikasTan SedarebiT. magram gardaqmnebma rac ufro farTod moicves socialuri
regulaciis sxvadasxva sfero, miT ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa sakuTriv kulturuli
kanonzomierebebisa da socialuri regulaciis specifikis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba. unda aRiniSnos, rom es specifika mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli
kulturuli velis doneze.
bolo sami aTwleulis manZilze modernizaciis procesSi nacionaluri da
civilizaciuri TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis principi sabolood damkvidrda
samecniero literaturaSi.
sazogadod, modernulobis warmoSobis ori Teoria arsebobs. isini warmoadgenen
or gansxvavebul gagebas imisa, Tu riT gansxvavdeba Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
Tavisi winamorbedisagan. erTi gagebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebasa da,
magaliTad, Sua saukunebis evropas Soris iseTive gansxvaveba arsebobs, rogoric Sua
saukuneebis evropasa da amave periodis CineTsa Tu indoeTs Soris. sxva sityvebiT, Cven
SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba civilizaciebs Soris, romelTagan
TiToeuls Tavis sakuTari kultura aqvs. meore gagebiT, adreuli saukuneebidan
dRemde arsebuli cvlilebebi Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT raRac `ganviTarebis~ msgavsiT _
16
iCens Tavs postindustriuli ganviTarebis qveynebSi. 50 wlis win TeTri saxlis
maspinZlebi Riad saubrobdnen amerikaze, rogorc `qristianul qveyanaze~; dRes Tavad
buSic ki, moerideba Riad aseT fomulirebas.
rogorc aRvniSneT, multikulturalizmi, pirvel rigSi, dasavlur samyaros
emuqreba, amis mizezi ki ganviTarebis maRali donea. sxva kultturis warmomadgenlebi
dasavleTSi swored finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT Cadian. kulturul
problemebTan erTad, emigracia politikur-ekonomikur problemebsac qmnis; Raribi
qveynebidan Casuli xalxi iafi muSaxelia; amis gamo dasavleTis qveynebSi
adgilobrivebs, SesaZloa, garkveuli problemebi SeeqmnaT samsaxuris Sovnis mxriv.
magram yvelze mTavari sul sxvaa, rac bolo periodSi xSirad iCens xolme Tavs.
magaliTad, safrangeTma miiRo kanoni, romelmac akrZala Cadris tareba safrangeTSi;
demokratiuli proncipebidan gamomdinare, safrangeTSi mcxovrebma muslimebma didi
winaaRmdegoba gauwies am kanons. maT aiZules safrangeTis mTavroba da sakuTar
qveyanaSi miaRebines kanoni, romelic, pirvel rigSi, kulturul-religiuri niSniT
gansxvavebulobas usvams xazs. am nabijiT muslimurma samyarom safrangeTSi frangebi
aiZula eRiarebinaT islamis Zala. anu multikulturalizmis Sedegad frangulma
sazogadoeam kanonmdeblobis dros unda gaiTvaliswonos arafranguli, araevropuli
da aradasavluri samyaros warmomadgenelTa moTxovnebi. msgavsi problemebi
saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar exeba, radgan saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs iseTi
ekonomikuri done, romelic did imigraciul procesebs ganapirobebda.
aucilebelia, yuradReba mieqces imas, rom modernizaciis xarisxis zrda
ganapirobebs zemoT ganxiluli problemebis zrdasac. f.fukuiama acxadebs, rom
uaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi aSS da safrangeTs kvlav emuqreba imigrantTa miReba.
bevri iqneba damokidebuli am qveynebze, kerZod, Tu rogor moaxerxeben isini
imigrantTa integracias sakuTar istoriul kulturaSi.
globalizacia namdvilad aris Sinagani procesi, romelic gagrZeldeba uaxloesi
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, XXI saukunis postindustriul qveynebs da
sazogadoebebs mouwevT Sejaxeba amerikuli kulturis im elementebTan, romelTac
dRes evropelebi miuReblad miiCneven, askvnis igi.
modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis process ori _ rogorc pozitiuri, aseve
negatiuri mxare aqvs. qalis socialuri aqtivobis gazrdam gamoiwvia Sobadobis kleba.
yvelaze metad daberebis procesi Tavs iCens ganviTarebul qveynebSi, aqtiuri
mosaxleobis Sevseba ki xdeba sxva kulturis qveynebidan mosuli imigrantebiT.
arsebobs problemebi, romelic mosdevs modernizaciis dadebiT process; amitom
sainteresoa, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. suraTis kargad
warmoCenisaTvis mizanSewonilad miviCnevT warmogidginoT statistikuri monacemebi.
saqarTvelo
mmarTvelobis forma saprezidento respublika
mdebareoba aRmosavleTis grZedis 40’ da 47’
CrdioloeT ganedis 41’ da 44’
teritoriis farTobi 69 700 km/kv
mosaxleoba (2002 wlis 4 602 aTasi kaci
aRweris mixedviT)
mosaxleobis simWidrove 66 adamiani km/kv-ze
105
 dedaqalaqi Tbilisi asakobrivi rolebis TanamedroveobisaTvis araadekvaturi diferenciacia. komunika-
saxelmwifo ena qarTuli ciuri barierTa ricxvs miakuTvneben mSobliur enasTan, wes-CveulebasTan, tradiciul
etiketTan da mijaWvulobas. kulturul-fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, motoruli
religiuri aRmsarebloba marTlmadidebloba
nimuSebi da sxeulis Cveuli poziciebi aseve miiCneva rogorc winaaRmdegoba axlis
sxva religiuri jgufebi mahmadianebi, somxuri monofizitebi, ebraelebi, aTvisebaSi.
kaTolikebi, baptistebi da iezidebi tradiciis rogorc modernizaciis damabrkolebeli garemoebis aseT anTro-
erovnuli umciresobebi afxazebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, rusebi, somxebi
pologiuri diskreditacias Tan erTvoda civilizaciuric. es pirvel rigSi religias
gaeroSi Sesvlis TariRi 1992w. 31 ivlisi exeboda. m.veberis koncefciis Tanaxmad, aradasavluri religiebi ar miiCnevian
modernizaciuli potenciis matareblad.
erovnuli valuta lari
amgvarad, Tanamedroveoba am konteqstSi upirispirdeba tradiciuls. socialur-
mTliani Sida produqti 1626 lari kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, am Tanamedroveobis matareblad miiCneva individi
(erT sulze 2002w.) rogorc pirovneba, romelmac Tavi daaRwia askriptiul kavSirebs da romelic sakmaod
lari/aSS dolaris 1.8 lari Tavisufalia qcevasa da azrovnebaSi. es aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebaa, romelic
ar aris SeboWili koleqtiuri avtoritetebiT. mis maxasiaTeblebad miiCneva mzadyofna
gacvliTi kursi (2002 w)
gardaqmnebisaTvis da maTSi aqtiuri monawileoba. es pirovneba racionaluri gegmis
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mamakaci 68 weli mixedviT moqmedebs.
dabadebisas (2002 w.) qali 75 weli
XX saukunis udidesi nawili manZilze tradiciisa da diskreditacia da
modernizaciis apologia Tanaarsebobda kolonializmis kritikisa da aradasavluri
am monacemebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli suraTis daxatva: saqarTvelo sazogadoebebis TviTmyofadobis dacvasTan erTad. sazogadoebrivi azris mier
warmoadgens mcirericxovan, patara teritoriaze gansaxlebul qveyanas; miuxedavad vesternizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis gacnobiereba koloniur periodSi xdeboda, imiT
laris kursis ganmtkicebisa (2004 wlis noembris monacemebiT, igi aSS dolarTan iyo gamowveuli, rom sul ufro da ufro naTeli xdeboda aradasavlur
Seadgenda 1,80), igi sakmaod Raribia, Tumca sicocxlis xangrZlivoba arcTu ise sazogadoebebze dasavluri kulturis gavlenis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. dasavluri
dabalia; qveyanaSi cxovroben sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobisa da erovnebis kulturis SeTvisebis periods mohyva brZola dekolonizaciisa da aziis, afrikisa da
warmomadgenlebi; warmovadgenTT maTi raodenobis procentul maCvenebels. laTinoamerikuli qveynebis TviTmyofadobisa da damoukideblobisaTvis.
1960-iani wlebis bolomde samecniero literaturaSi Warbobda Sromebi, romlebic
მოსახლეობის ეროვნული შემადგენლობა tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda da romlebSic
(მოსახლეობის აღწერების მონაცემებით) aradasavluri sazogadoebebis Zveli memkvidreoba ganixileboda rogorc udavo
dabrkoleba modernizaciis gzaze. Sesabamisad, msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT
ათასი კაცი პროცენტობით მთელ upiratesoba eniWeba utilitarizmis, sekularizmisa da racionalizmis Rirebulebebs.
მოსახლეობასთან magram 1970-iani wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi arsebulma mravalricxovanma sirTulem,
1979 1989 2002 1979 1989 2002 warumatebelma modernizaciam da revoluciurma Zvrebma mkvlevrebi aiZula Zveli
მთელი მოსახლეობა universaluri modelebis gadaexedva da ganviTarebis procesebis axali, SedarebiTi
4993,2 5400,8 4371,5 100 100 100
kvlevis wamowyeba.
ქართველი 3433,0 3787,4 3661,2 68,8 70,1 83,8 dasavlur socialur mecnierebaSi 1970-80-iani wlebis manZilze warmoebulma
აფხაზი 85,3 95,9 3,5 1,7 1,8 0,1 kvlevam gamoiwvia Sexedulebis cvlileba tradiciis arssa da mis xasiaTTan
ოსი 160,5 164,1 38,0 3,2 3,0 0,9 dakavSirebiT. `tradiciuli~ kulturebis ufro seriozulma Seswavlam gamoavlina,
რუსი 371,6 341,2 67,7 7,4 6,3 1,5 rom maTi maxasiaTeblebi da damokidebuleba TanamedroveobasTan mniSvnelovan
უკრაინელი 45,0 52,4 7,0 0,9 1,0 0,2 araerTgvarovnebas amJRavnebs. aRmoCnda, rom askriptiuli kavSirebi _ ojaxuri,
აზერბაიჯანელი 255,7 307,6 284,8 5,1 5,7 6,5 naTesauri, klanuri _ xSirad xdebodnen axali sawarmoo urTierTobebis matareblebi.
სომეხი 448,0 437,2 248,9 9,0 8,1 5,7 es ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre kavSirebis individualizacia, rasac xSirad,
ებრაელი 28,3 24,8 3,6 0,6 0,5 0,1 sazogadoebis rRveva da misi kriminalizacia sdevda Tan.
ბერძენი 95,1 100,3 15,2 1,9 1,9 0,3 diqotomuri Teoriebi da koncefciebi araefeqturi aRmoCnda aexsna moderni-
ქურთი 25,7 33,3 20,8 0,5 0,6 0,5 zaciuli procesebis xSiri Cavardnebi, gardamavali sazogadoebebis mravalferovneba,
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani dinamika da aseve Tanamedrove diferencirebuli
rogorc vxedavT, wlebis manZilze qarTvelebis procentuli maCvenebeli izrdeba; es, politikuri da ekonomikuri kompleqsebis damoukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba.
pirvel rigSi, sxva erovnebis xalxTa migraciis Sedegad moxda, da ara Tavad qarTvelTa amitom didi yuradReba mieqca am qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rogorc politikuri,
raodenobis zrdis xarjze; aqve unda iTqvas, rom 1989 wels mudmivi mosaxleobis aseve socialur-kulturuli sistemebis Sedarebas, upirveles yovlisa es exeboda
raodenoba iyo 5 401 aTasi, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT igi Semcirda 4 372 aTasamde. milionze religiasa da kulturul memkvidreobas rogorc am sistemebis Camomyalibebel

106 15
da kulturuli formebis gavlenis Sedegi, rogorc maTi `difuzia~. sociokulturul meti adamianis danaklisi arcTu mcirea. sainteresoa, Tu ram gamoiwvia kleba _
WrilSi modernizacia unda warmarTuliyo rogorc moZraoba `avtoritetulobidan sikvdilianobis zrdam da Sobadobis Semcirebam, Tu migraciulma procesebma.
Tavisuflebisaken~, rogorc dromoWmuli tradiciebis gardaqmna da gadalaxva, pirvel rigSi, davakvirdeT mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maCvenebels:
teqnikur efeqturobaSi ganxorcielebuli racionalobis damkvidreba da saparla-
mento demokratiis gafarToebaze damyarebuli axali politikuri kulturis aTviseba. შობადობა, მოკვდაობა და მოსახლეობის ბუნებრივი მატება
sazogadoebaTa dayofa `dasavleT-aRmosavleTis~ diqotomiis safuZvelze
gulisxmobda maT dayofas `ganviTarebis unaris mqone~, `mowinave~ da `CamorCenil~ სულ, ათასი მოსახლეობის 1000 კაცზე
sazogadoebebad. am ukanasknelTaTivis ki gardauvali iyo saerTo gzisaTvis gverdis წლები დაიბადა გარდაიც- ბუნებრივი მა- დაიბადა გარდაიც- ბუნებრივი
avla. am process Tan axlavs dasavluri faseulobebis, normebis da qcevis ვალა ტება, კლება(-) ვალა მატება,
კლება(-)
stereotipebs aucilebeli sesxeba. xSirad, modernizacia gaigeba rogorc avtori-
tarizmisa da despotizmis gadalaxva, qcevisa da sazogadoebis regulaciis tra- 1980 89,4 43,3 46,1 17,6 8,5 9,1
diciuli formebis TandaTanobiTi gandevna da maTi axali, gonivrulobisa da mecni- 1985 97,7 46,1 51,6 18,5 8,7 9,8
erul principebze dayrebuli formebiT Canacvleba. ucvleli da dromoWmuli
1990 92,8 50,7 42,1 17,1 9,3 7,8
wesrigidan sazogadoeba gadadis mudmivi cvlilebebisa da srulyofis procesisaken.
aseTi principebi sxvadasxva variaciebiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes liberalur, refor- 1991 89,1 52,4 36,7 16,3 9,6 6,7
matorul an socialistur mimarTulebebSi. aradasavluri kulturuli memkvidreobis 1992 72,6 54,9 17,7 13,4 10,2 3,2
Seswavla Seesabameboda `istorizmis~ im ganwyobas, romlis mixedviT warsulis
1993 61,6 57,5 4,1 12,0 11,2 0,8
istoriam `Caiara~ da amitom unda Seicvalos axali, Tanamedrove sazogadoebiT.
naSromebi, romlebic aRmosavluri kulturebis Zveli da klasikuri periodis 1994 57,3 50,3 7,0 11,8 10,4 1,4
istoriisa da aradasavluri sazogadoebebis struqturisa da funqciobis kvlevas 1995 56,3 49,1 7,2 11,9 10,4 1,5
eZRvneboda mxolod erTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleoden _ am 1996 55,0 48,0 7,0 11,9 10,4 1,5
sazogadoebaTa tipis cvlileba gardauvali iyo reformebis an revoluciis gziT.
1997 54,0 47,6 6,4 11,9 10,5 1,4
civilizaciuri TvalTaxedviT, modernizaciis Teoria Tavdapirvelad `Zveli~
civilizaciebis `gadalaxvasa~ da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis progresis universaluri 1998 51,5 47,3 4,2 11,5 10,5 1,0
gzis dasaxvaSi mdgomareobda. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis Teoria 1999 48,7 47,2 1,5 10,9 10,6 0,3
socialurobis, rogorc tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis, CamorCenilobisa da
2000 48,8 47,4 1,4 11,0 10,7 0,3
ganviTarebulobis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis diqotomiur aRqmas emyareboda.
aseTi midgomis farglebSi tradicia aRiqmeboda rogorc Semaferxebeli Zala, romlis 2001 47,6 46,2 1,4 10,8 10,5 0,3
Sesusteba da gadalaxva uzrunvelyofda Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli sistemis 2002 46,6 46,4 0,2 10,7 10,7 0,0
damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas.
rogorc vxedavT, Sefardeba mokvdaobasa da Sobadobas Soris wlebis manZilze
arsebobda tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli im `naklovani
uaryofiTi Sedegisaken iklebs. Cvens xelT arsebuli ukanaskneli oficialuri
Taviseburebebis~ CamonaTvali, romelic xels uSlida da aferxebda imitaciur
monacemi 2002 wlisaa, romlis mixedviTac Sefardeba nulis tolia.
modernizacias. am CamonaTvalSi Sedioda socialuri struqturis Semdegi Tavise-
sruli suraTis dasaxatad davakvirdeT Sobadobis klebis gamomwvev mizezebs.
burebani: askriptiuli kavSirebi: urTierTvaldebulebebi ojaxisa da naTesaobis
mizezi SesaZlebelia iyos qorwinebis raodenobis kleba, abortebis mateba, Cvil
farglebSi, megobruli da klanuri kavSirebi, mcire jgufebi, sazogadoebrivi azri; am
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis zrda:
kavSirebidan gamomdinare, koleqtiuri warmodgenebis upiratesoba da individis
jgufisagan ganuyofeloba; lokalur erTeulebsa da teritoriebze mijaWvuloba; ქორწინება
kasturi da klasobrivi barierebi; mkacri msoflmxedvelobrivi kontroli, orien- 1995 2000 2002
tirebuli saboloo da maradiul Rirebulebebze sawinaaRmdegod instrumentuli
ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი ქალი კაცი
faseulobebisa, romlebic yoveldRiur praqtikul qcevas aregulireben. gardaqmnebis
დაქორწინებულია, სულ 21481 21481 12870 12870 12535 12535
damabrkolebel kulturul winaaRmdegobebad miCneuli iyo Semdegi Rirebulebebi:
`samuSao~ drois ignorireba, yoveldRiuri da Seupavari Sromis unaris arqona, ganqorwineba
fatalizmi, eTnocentrizmi, siamayisa da Rirsebis gamZafrebuli gancda, moride- 1989 7,4 aTasi
2000 1.9 aTasi
bulobis konservatiuli normebi, adgilobrivi politikuri avtoritetebis pativis-
2001 2,0 aTasi
cema da `sakuTar~ miwasTan mijaWvuloba, Cuqebis rogorc gacvlis formisadmi 2002 1,8 aTasi
pozitiuri damokidebuleba da a.S. kulturis struqturaSi aRiniSneba gaxleCa maRal
moralur orientaciebsa da adamianuri yofis realuri pirobebis ugulvebelyofas
Soris, problemebis realuri gadaWris Tavidan arideba, statusis, genderuli da

14 107
 კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება axasiaTebs komunitarul struqturebs da romlebic gaformebulia sakralizebuli
normebiT, moraluri orientaciebiTa simbolikiT, kargaven adrindel mniSvnelobas
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002
da ejaxebian imperativebs, romlebsac sabazro kavSirebis funqcionaluri samyaro
კონტრაცეპტივების გავრცელება, ერთეული 6353 5181 7865 8755 8143 karnaxobs. askriptiuli socialurobis adrindeli totaluri sistemebi, romelSic
TiToeul individs Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili hqonda mikuTvnebuli, kargaven
აბორტები adrindel mniSvnelobas, ixliCebian sxvadasxva nawilebad, amasTan mzardi
mniSvneloba eniWeba axal, funqciur da miRweviT kriteriumebze damyrebul
1995 2000 2001 2002
sistemebs. unda iTqvas, rom miRweviTi orientaciebi met-naklebad arsebobs
აბორტების რაოდენობა სულ, ათასი 34.9 9.5 9.7 8.8 nebismier `tradiciul~ garemoSi, magram iq isini askriptiul sazogadoebisaTvis
მინი-აბორტი 8.6 5.4 5.3 5.1 damaxasiaTebel ierarqiul sistemaSi iyo CarTuli. axal pirobebSi miRweviT
orientaciebma, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos rogorc urTierTobaTa individua-
lizacias, aseve sazogadoebis danawevrebas sxvadasxva jgufebad da erTobebad.
ჩვილ ბავშვთა სიკვდილიანობა
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002
modernizaciis Teoriebi
გოგო 813 645 444 451 449
dasavluri kulturaSi modernizaciis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis sxvadasxvagvari
ბიჭი 1097 955 656 647 653
axsna arsebobs. veberiseuli xedva upiratesobas im faseulobaTa xasiaTSi xedavs,
სულ 1910 1600 1100 1098 1102 romelic materialuri sikeTis dagrovebasa da gafarTebazea orientirebuli. meore
mimarTuleba upiratesobas socialur-politikur struqturas (upirveles yovlisa,
rogorc vxedavT, droTa ganmavlobaSi iklebs qorwineba, aseve ganqorwineba.
sofelTan SedarebiT qalaqis siWarbes) aniWebda (f.brodeli, igive m.veberi). mesame
sabednierod, moiklo Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobamac, amasTan erTad, iklebs
mimarTuleba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas Zalauflebis ganawilebis principsa da am
abortebis raodenobac, rac, albaT, kontraceptivebis moxmarebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli principis institutebSi gamyarebas aniWebda (S. eizenStadti).
da TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa, magram mTlianobaSi mokvdavobisa da Sobadobis saukunenaxevris manZilze modernizaciis Teoriis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani
Sefardeba uaryofiTisaken ixreba. es procesi aqtualuria imdenad, ramdenadac iyo Sexeduleba msoflio istoriis Tanamedrove etapeze TiToeuli sazogadoebis
pirdapir kavSirSia aqtiuri mosaxleobis procentul maCvenebelTan. aqtiuri sworxazovani ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es miuTiTebda yoveli sazogadoebis im sistemaSi
mosaxleobis raodenoba ki, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, mniSvnelovania rogorc
Sesvlis aucileblobaze, romelic dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si Camoyalibda da,
ganviTarebadi, aseve ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvisac. Sesabamisad, maT `centralur~ civilizaciasTan `mierTebaze~. zustad es iyo prog-
davakvirdeT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebas wlebis resis, rogorc procesisa da miznis arsi. socialuri regulaciis yvela adrindeli
ganmavlobaSi: varianti, miRwevebi da Rirebulebebi gadaisinja dasavleTis mier Seqmnili
1989 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 TanamoedroveobaSi Sesasvlelad. amitom yvela aradasavluri kultura, upirveles
შრომისუნარიანზე უმცროსი 1423,0 1059,5 1037,7 1015,7 996,3 987,5 959,3 yovlisa, axal realobaSi SesvlisaTvis vargisianobis TvalsazrisiT ganixileboda.
შრომისუნარიანი 3039,3 2767,4 2743,9 2721,2 2697,3 2678,9 2685,1 yvela saxis istoriuli da adgilobrivi da istoriuli Tavisebureba ganixileboda
შრომისუნარიანზე უფროსი 938,5 678,0 688,2 698,3 707,8 705,1 698,2 mxolod rogorc sawyisi fazis specifika, romelic swraf transformaciasa da
gaqrobas eqvemdebareboda. XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis garkveuli periodis manZilze
15 წლის და მეტი ასაკის მოსახლეობის განაწილება ganviTarebis Taviseburebis problematika faqtobrivad im mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
ეკონომიკური აქტიურობის მიხედვით 2002 წელს miRma darCa, romlebic aradasavluri qveynebis ganviTarebis gzebsa da SesaZ-
ქალები კაცები leblobebze saubrobdnen. metic, Tu adre aqcenti keTdeboda dasavluri
sazogadoebisa da misi ganviTarebis specifikaze, SemdgomSi damkvidrda dasavluri
modelis universalurobis idea mTeli msofliosaTvis.
70-iani wlebis dasawyisamde modernizaciis Teoria `vesternizaciis~ koncefciis
bazaze viTardeboda, romelic dasavluri liberalizmis universalobas amtkicebda.
vesternizaciis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom gaTanamedrovebis procesi
rogorc istoriulad, ise logikurad gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi, meurneobis
warmarTvis kapitalisturi meTodis miRebas, aseve dasavleTis, rogorc `msoflio
civilizaciis~ eqspansia. problema mxolod `sastarto pirobebisa~ da `winaaR-
mdegobebis~ gamovlenaSi, aseve sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa universaluri xasiaTis mqone
ეკონომიკურად აქტიური მოსახლეობა modernizaciis indeqsis mixedviT SefasebaSi mdgomareobda.
koloniuri sistemis daSlasa da suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas, rasac
ეკონომიკურად არააქტიური მოსახლეობა Tan sdevda kulturuli TviTmyofadobis ideologiuri mtkiceba, ar gamouwvevia
sworxazovani koncefciis gadaxedva. dekolonizaciis procesi dasavlur isto-
riografiaSi ganixileboda, rogorc dasavluri ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri

108 13
aRiarebas iRebs `miRwevis~ kriteriumi moRvaweobis axal, upirveles yovlisa,
sameurneo, finansur da saqmian sferoSi.
politikis sferoSi _ centralizebuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis Camoyali-
beba, romlis farglebSi yalibdeba sakuTari interesebisaTvis mebrZoli sxva-
dasxvagvari socialur-politikuri moZraobebi, elitebi da jgufebi; dinastiuri
reJimebis legitimurobis tradiciuli formebis Sesusteba da demokratiis zogierTi
elementis Semotana; cvlileba centrsa da periferias Soris urTiermimarTebaSi, rac
gamoixateba imiT, rom periferiisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba xelisufleba centrSi.
kulturul sferoSi _ RirebulebiTi orientaciebis diferenciacia, sazoga-
doebrivi codnisa da ganaTlebis sekularizacia da pluralizacia, ideologiuri
mimarTulebebis mravalferovneba, masmediis ganviTareba. upiratesoba eniWeba da
aRiarebuli xdeba qcevis sul ufro meti individualizacia da pirovnebis TviT-
gamorkveva. sulier sferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebad miiCneva sekularizmis gavr-
celeba risi safuZvelic aris meurneobisa da politikis avtonomiurobis zrda,
moRvaweobis praqtikuli da racionaluri formebis gafarToeba, sadac ganmsazRvreli
kriteriumebi ara moraluri, sulieri an estTetikuri mosazrebebia, aramed
efeqturoba da praqtikuli sargebeli. am cvlilebebis (romelTa xarisxis gansazRvra
empiriuladac aris SesaZlebeli) arsebiTi parametrebi mosaxleobis mobilurobis,
socialur da politikur marTvaSi misi monawileobis da, aseve sxvadasxva socialur
jgufis Tanamedrove kulturaSi CarTulobis xarisxia. modernizacia moicavs
mosaxleobis sul ufro farTo fenebs, aTavisuflebs ra maT yofisa da warmoebis
uZravi formebisagan. magram modernizaciis procesis struqturaSi yovelTvis xdeba
mewarmeTa fenis gaZliereba da daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebis zrda.
instituciuri TvalsazrisiT _ modernizacia gamoixateba institutebis
diferenciaciis zrdaSi, romlebic sakuTar Tavze iReben moRvaweobis axali formebis
regulacias. cxovrebis yvela sfero, religiuris CaTvliT, ufro mravalferovani
xdeba.
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, modernizaciis mamoZravebli Zala, umeteswilad, is
aqtiuri fenebia, romlebsac Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT adre arsebul ZiriTad
socialur fenebTan mimarTebaSi.
xSirad modernizaciis iniciatorebad gamodian ucxo kulturuli elementebi, sxva
konfesiuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi. maT axasiaTebT gazrdili
mobiluroba da aqtiuroba savaWro-sawarmoo sferoSi.
amgvarad, modernistuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi niSnebia:
industrializacia, urbanizaciis maRali xarisxi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi,
Tavisufali sabazro warmoeba, konstitucionalizmi, liberaluri demokratia,
individualizmi, sekularizmi, racionaluri azrovneba.
modernizaciis winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi
modernizaciis Teoriis kritikis Sedegad, gamovlinda is mravalferovani wina-
aRmdegobrivi Sedegebi, romlebic Tan sdeven sazogadoebis modernizaciis process. es
winaaRmdegobani yvela SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT.
1. ~tradiciisa~ da `Tanamedroveobis~ Sejaxeba, rac iwvevs gaxleCas socialurobis
tipebsa da kulturul sferoebs Soris, aseve aviwroebs adre arsebuli kulturis
moqmedebis sferosa da moRvaweobis axal sferoebSi misi statusis damcrobas
ganapirobebs. axal pirobebSi xdeba askriptiul kavSirebze damyarebuli socia-
lurobis adrindeli principebisa da im Tanamedrove orientaciebis dapirispireba,
romlebic mimarTulia warmatebebze komerciuli saqmianobaSi, profesionalizmsa
da praqtikul codnaSi da a.S. urTierToba da urTierTqmedebis sistema, romlebic
12
mosaxleobis Semcireba, pirvel rigSi, migraciis Sedegia, radgan Sobadobisa da
mokvdavobis Sefardeba jerjerobiT ar aris im doneze gauaresebuli, rom msgavsi
Sedegi gamoeRo.
davakvirdeT mosaxleobis gare migracias:
მოსახლეობის გარე მიგრაციის სალდო
(ათასი კაცი)
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
-140,9 -142,6 -127,2 -123,1 -123,1 -39,2 -36,3 -35,2 -31,2 -29,1
rogorc vxedavT, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari, migraciis
mxriv, Zalzed arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba. es ki, Cveni azriT, pirdapir kavSirSia
socialur problemebTan. samwuxaroa is faqti, rom imigrantTa TiTqmis absolutur
umravlesobas swored aqtiuri mosaxleoba warmoadgens. 1998 wlidan migraciis
procentuli maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, Tumca, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, am
procesebma gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis milioniT Semcireba, rac
saqarTvelos msgavsi qveynisaTvis sakmaod didi cifria.
statistikuri monacemebi kargi saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
danaxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba,
mosaxleobis migracia da sxva pirdapir kavSirSia globalizaciidan momdinare
gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic modernizacias ganicdis, mimdinareobs
garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi. modernizacia iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis
socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT
dadebiT process Tan axlavs uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba
iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zrdas, Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas
daberebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis
pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze. emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas.
globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas, rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa
adgilobriv kulturasTan asimiliacia, isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro
metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da
aRiarebas.
saqarTvelo, SesaZloa, am mxriv katastrofis winaSe ar imyofebodes, magram
yurdRebamisaqcevia is, rom ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis gamo, romelic
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoiSva, iklebs yvelanairi maCvenebeli _
qorwineba, Sobadoba minusebisken mieqaneba. saqarTvelodan migraciis gamomwvevi
mizezic swored ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebia da ara, vTqvaT ganaTlebis
miReba an biznesi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is problemebi, rac ganivaTarebul qveynebSi
modernizaciis procesma gamoiwvia, saqarTveloSi mxolod ekonomikuri da socialuri
siduxWiris gamo Seiqmna. qorwinebisa da demografiuli sakiTxis daRmasvla
gamowveulia ara qalis socialuri rolis gazrdiT (sabWoTa kavSiris dros ufro meti
qali iyo dasaqmebuli saqarTveloSi, vidre axla, es ki imis bralia, rom Semcirda
samuSao adgilebi), aramed imiT, rom saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo Tu teritoriuli
mTlianobis dasacavad warmoebulma omma, aseve Seqmnilma kriminogenulma situaciam
Seiwira swored is Taoba, romlis saSualebiTac unda momxdariyo genofondis zrda.
amas emateba ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi da saxeze gvaqvs qorwinebisa da
Sobadobis kleba, mosaxleobis Semcireba.
saqarTvelo warmoadgens multieTnikur saxelmwifos. multikulturaze saubari,
Cveni azriT, gamoricxulia, radgan aq mcxovreb erovnebebaTa umravlesobas, didi xnis
109
Tanacxovrebis gamo, yofier doneze saerTo Tvisebebi CamouyalibdaT, msgavsi iyo
Cacma-daxurvis stili, stumar-maspinZlobis, pirovnebis Rirsebis Sefasebis, is, rasac
vaJa-fSavela ‘’kai ymas’’ uwodebda msgavsia qarTvelebis, afxazebis, osebis, somxebisa
da azerbaijanelebisaTvis. geografiulma mezoblobam am mxriv didi roli iTamaSa.
saqarTveloSi mWidrod dasaxlebulni ar arian istoriulad ucxo kulturis
warmomadgenlebi da, jerjerobiT, sazRvrebis gaxsnas ar moyolia emigraciis talRis
zrda, rac aseve ekonomikur sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. statistikuri monacemebi kargi
saSualebaa sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis danaxvisaTvis. rogorc Cans, iseTi
sakiTxebi rogoricaa qorwineba, Sobadoba, mosaxleobis migracia da sxva pirdapir
kavSirSia globalizaciidan momdinare gamowvevebTan. sazogadoebaSi, romelic
modernizacias ganicdis, mimdinareobs garkveuli socialuri cvlilebebi.
modernizacia iTvaliswinebs, magaliTad, qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiurebas, rac
dadebiTad xasiaTdeba, magram erTis SexedviT dadebiT process Tan axlavs
uaryofiTic _ qalis socialuri rolis gaaqtiureba iwvevs qorwinebis asakis zrdas,
Sobadobis klebas. es ukanaskneli ki sazogadoebas daberebiT emuqreba. sazogadoebaSi
aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sevseba globalizaciis pirobebSi xdeba emigrantTa xarjze.
emigracia ki niSnavs ucxo kulturis Semosvlas. globalizacia qmnis imis saSualebas,
rom ar moxdes ucxo kulturis matarebelTa adgilobriv kulturasTan asimiliacia,
isini inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas, ufro metic cdiloben sakuTari kulturuli
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasa da aRiarebas.
110
aqvs umciresobis kulturis ama Tu im xarisxiT transformacias dominirebadi
eTnikuri jgufis kulturis zegavleniT. amasTan, xSirad umciresobis kulturis
ukuzegavlenac friad Zlieria.
dRes mkvlevarTa umravlesoba garkveul sifrTxiles iCens termin `asimilaciis~
mimarT, misi politikuri Seferilobis gamo.
Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi
modernizacia
modernizacia, farTo azriT, gulisxmobs zogadsakacobrio evuluciis Tanmdevi,
axali saazrovno formebisa da teqnologiebis damkvidrebis permanentuli process.
aseTi gagebiT, modernizacia uwyveti da usasrulo procesia da misi Sedegi ar aris
erTjeradi monapovari.
viwro azriT, am terminiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven tradiciuli, sasoflo,
agraruli sazogadoebidan sekularuli, industriuli, urbanistuli sazogadoebad
transformacias.
modernizaciis procesi dReisaTvis ar Semoifargleba erTi calkeuli qveynis
Sinagani ganviTarebiT. is unda ganixilebodes globaluri masStabiT, radgan
modernizacia gavrcelda Tavisi warmoSobis adgilidan _ dasavleTidan _ da mTeli
samyaro moicva.
modernizacia kursis farglebSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc:
1. dasavluri sazogadoebis (civilizaciis) ganviTarebis konkretuli etapisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic unda
ganixilebodes zogadad, dasavluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, am
civilizaciis winamorbed kulturul formebis TaviseburebebTan uSualo
kavSirSi.
2. socialur-kulturuli niSnebis erToblioba, romelic msoflio sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapis specifikam sxva, aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa
(kulturaTa, civilizaciaTa) maxasiaTeblad aqcia. am aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa
modernizaciis procesSi gamokveTili axali kulturuli procesebis aRweras
kursSi ramdenime saleqcio Tema eTmoba.
modernizaciis pirveli gageba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT dasavluri sazogadoebis
istoriuli da Tanamedrove ganviTarebaze msjelobisas, xolo meore _ Tanamedrove
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawerad.
modernizaciis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebad miCneulia:
ekonomikaSi _ axali teqnologiebisa da kapitalis gamoyenebis gazrda, bunebrivi
resursebis farTo aTviseba, meurneobis meoradi da mesameuli seqtorebis
gafarToeba, kapitalis, Sromisa da sasaqonlo bazris ganviTareba.
socialur sferoSi _ socialurobis adrindeli, winaswargansazRvruli (askrip-
tiuli) tipebisa da socialuri kuTvnilebis zogadi tipebis Sesusteba, adrindeli,
pirvel rigSi, religiuri, saerTo askriptiuli kavSirebis fragmentacia da axali,
sabazro an profesiul kriteriumebze damyarebuli racionaluri kavSirebis sferos
gafarToeba. am ukanasknels Tan sdevs socialuri da profesiuli diferenciaciis
zrda, gansakuTrebiT klasobrivi, qonebrivi da funqciuri, warmoebis, politikuri da
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa, urbanizaciis zrda da soflis
CarTva sabazro urTierTobebSi. statusis adrindeli, memkvidreobiT miRebuli da
jgufisadmi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvrul askriptiuli simboloTa nacvlad mzard
11
sawarmoSi momuSave indoeli da Turqi muSebi, romlebic samuSaoze xelmZRvaneloben
Tanamedrove da industiruli Sromis wesebiT, xolo saxlSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi
ixelmZRvaneleben TavianTi tradiciebiTa da wes-CveulebebiT.
kolonizacia. pirvelmosulebi daiwyeben yvelanair propagandas, Tavsmoxvevas
cxovrebaSi Tavisi sakuTari yofaqcevis modelebis, daupirispiron isini imas, rac
tradiciuli kulturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelSic isini aRmoCndenen. es
xdeba rogorc saomari, aseve mSvidobiani dapyrobis dros, aseve modernizaciis
procesSi. termin `kolonizacias~ am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs SefasebiTi mniSvneloba, es
faseulobiTi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri cnebaa. saqme exeba kulturul
koloniozacias; politikuri kolonizacia kulturuli kolonizaciis mxolod kerZo,
Tavisi SedegbiT arc ise radikaluri SemTxvevaa.
kulturuli Soki, farTo azriT, rogorc filosofiur-kulturuli an filo-
sofiur-istoriuli kategoria, kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa CamoyalibebisaTvis
TiTqmis gadamwyveti kategoria aRmoCnda. XII-XVII ss. mogzaurTa gadmocemebma,
romlebic aRwerdnen axali qveynebisa da xalxebis usasrulo raodenobas, evropaSi
kulturuli Soki gamoiwvia, rac safuZvlad daedo kulturis fenomenis rogorc
Seswavlis obieqtis Camoyalibebas. am kulturulma Sokma evropelTa gonebaSi
gadatrialeba moaxdina, romelsac SeiZleba anTropologiuri revolucia vuwodoT.
misi arsi isaa, rom Seirya evropelTa warmodgena sakuTar gansakuTrebulobaze;
aRmoCnda, rom kacobrioba Sedgeba mravali kulturisagan. Tuki kopernikiseulma
revoluciam mospo samyaros centris yofnis iluzia, anTropologiurma revoluciam
mospo evropis iluzia ekumenis centrSi yofnisa.
mTlianad kulturuli Soki TamaSobs kulturaSi dadebiT rols, vianidan xels
uwyobs kulturaTa urTierTqmedebasa da urTierTgamdidrebs, tradicul kulturaSi
sxva kulturul elementTa integracias, kulturaTa Riaobis zrdas.
asimilacia
procesi, romlis Sedegad erTi eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi kargaven TavianT
Tavdapirvel kulturas da iTviseben im eTnikuri jgufis kulturas, romelTanac
uSuali kontaqti aqvT. es procesi SeiZleba spontanurad mimdinareobdes _ aseT
SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba ganixilebodes akulturaciis erT-erT tipad, akulturaciis
procesis Sedegad.
cneba `asimilacia~ XIX s-is bolodan damkvidrda amerikul kulturanTro-
pologiaSi, Tavdapirvelad — termin `amerikanizaciis~ sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT. misi
pirveli gansazRverba r.parksa da e.berjess ekuTvniT: `asimilacia urTierTSeRwevisa
da Serevis procesia, romlis ganmavlobaSi individebi an jgufebi iZenen sxva
individebis istoriul mexsierebas da iziareben ra maT gamocdilebas, CarTuli
aRmoCndebian saerTo kulturul cxovrebaSi~. XX s-is Sua wlebamde es termini
gamoiyeneboda aSS TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis dominirebad kulturaSi indielTa
tomebis inkorporaciis mniSvnelobiT. amerikuli sazogadoeba ganixileboda
uzarmazar `SemoqmedebiT laboratoriad~, sadac sxvadasxva kulturuli tradicia
erTmaneTs ereva da `gadaidnoba~ sinTezur mTlianobad. XX s-is meore naxevarSi j. van
der zandenma ganasxvava calmxrivi asimilacia, roca umciresobis kultura mTlianad
gamoidevneba dominirebadi kulturis mier, da kulturaTa Sereva, romlis drosac
daqvemdebarebuli da gabatonebuli jgufebis elementebi erTmaneTs ereva, qmnis
mdgrad kombinaciebs da safuZvels uyris axal kulturas.
m.gordonma daamkvidra asimilaciis xarisxobrivi ganxilvis tradicia. dRes
miCneulia, rom sruli asimilaciis SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTia; Cveulebriv, adgili
10
Ivane Tsereteli
Ketevan Kakitelashvili
CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION
Summary
TOPIC 1. BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS
The first topic aims to interpret the basic concepts and terms, which will be used in the
framework of the course. These terms deal with the problems and description of developments,
which are connected with the process of modernization in different regions, thus in different cultural
spaces. The problems of intercultural contacts and its various forms (assimilation, confrontation,
symbiosis, synthesis, cultural conflict, cultural shock, diffusion), the role and place of tradition in the
process of modernization, problems of interconnection of tradition and modernization, the question
of identity in non-Western cultures in the light of significant changes accompanied with
modernization shall be discussed through the course.
As the process of modernization has arisen and developed on two levels, that are culture and
civilization, it is necessary to define these two phenomena. The study and analysis of these
processes should be based on these concepts.
As the phenomenon of culture is concerned, its two aspects must be mentioned:
1. Culture, as an universal determinant of humanity;
2. Culture, as the basis of differences and borders between distinct societies.
According to the first approach, culture is a result of an unique ability of Homo Sapiens –
biological and social being. This factor differs humans from other biological kinds.
Man is genetically (biologically) determined to create, reproduce and transmit culture.
Realization of these unique abilities is possible only during the social practice, in connection with
experience of preceding generations, together with the process of socialization.
Apart from this, culture is represented as a complex of values, patterns of behavior and
standards, which regulate people’s interrelations and their attitudes towards the nature and society.
Thus, culture is a complex of social heritage, providing the succession of social experience.
The second aspect of culture implies that man’s ability to create and to pass culture is realized
differently in particular societies. These differences are caused by specific conditions of
development and the history of the concrete social group. Hence, we can speak about the peculiar
models of the world, each created by separate culture.
Culture is the main characteristic, by means of which the representatives of diverse societies
differentiate themselves from others.
Thus, culture can be defined as:
• Determinant of social behavior;
• Determinant of individual knowledge and interpretations;
• Mechanism of self-identification;
• Regulator of social life;
• Translator of social experience;
• Adaptation mechanism.
111
 In the framework of this course the concept of “society” will be used as a synonym of culture,
as we interpret the cultural and social levels of human activity as the equal spheres of human life.
Definition of the concept of civilization is based on its local-historical interpretation. According to
this viewpoint, civilization is a cultural super system, embodying cultures, which are similar by
certain characteristics. Civilization is the widest level of cultural identity. The cultures, which are the
members of the concrete civilization, are different, but the degree of their difference from cultures
of other civilizations is deeper.
In the first chapter, concepts of identity (cultural and civilizational), tradition, cultural conflict,
cultural shock, diffusion of cultures and other forms of cultural interaction (confrontation, symbiosis,
synthesis) are discussed.
TOPIC 2. THE CONCEPT OF MODERNIZATION. THEORY OF MODERNIZATION
Modernization, in a broad sense, implies the permanent process of establishment of a new
forms of thinking and technologies. In this sense, modernization is a continuous and open-ended
process and it is not a once-and-for-all-time achievement. In a narrow sense, in sociology this term
is used to mark the transformation of traditional, rural and agrarian society into secular, industrial
and urban one.
Nowadays, the process of modernization is not confined to the internal development of
individual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from its
original Western base to take in the whole world.
The modernization within the framework of this course is considered as:
1. One of the stages in the development of western community. At this stage we'll discuss in detail
the conception of modernization, according to which modernization is a complex of
sociocultural signs characteristic to a specific phase of the western community (civilization)
development. This complex should be discussed in general, in the context of the western
society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural forms preceeding
this civilization.
2. The unity of social and cultural signs which, due to the modern stage’s specific development of
world societies, became the characteristic of other non-Western cultures and civilizations.
Several chapters of this course are devoted to the contemporary cultural processes, derived by
the modernization of non-Western societies.
In the same chapter are discussed the most important factors of modernization in social,
cultural, political, economic and institutional spheres, as well as the controversial and contradictory
results of world’s modernization processes.
The evolution of the theory of modernization since M. Weber up to date is analyzed. The
cultural, acultural and negative theories of modernization are examined.
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gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic ar gulisxmobs aucileblad migraciul procesebs.
kulturuli difuziis saSualebebad miiCneva turizmi, misionerTa moRvaweoba,
savaWro urTierTobani, omi, samecniero konferenciebi, gamofenebi, studentebisa Tu
specialistebis gacvliTi programebi da a.S. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi moRvawe
evropeli misionerebi aq ara marto TavianT religiur kodeqss amkvidrebdnen, isini
sxva samyaros `kulturis elCebi~ iyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi (maTgan aiTvises qarTvelebma
qaris wisqvili, funTuSeulobis cxoba da sxva).
kulturis difuzia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ara marto xalxebsa da qveynebs,
aramed jgufebs da klasebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, ganarCeven or mimarTulebas:
1) kulturis difuzia eTnosebs, garkeuli statusis mqone individebis jgufebs
Soris (mag., policielebis mier qurduli samyaros leqsikis aqtiuri xmareba);
2) kulturuli elementebis vertikaluri gavrceleba araTanabari statusis mqone
subieqtebs Soris. aseT process uwodeben statifikatorul kulturul difuziasac,
romelic SeiZleba ori _ aRmavali da daRmavali _ formiT ganviTardes (mag.,
aristokratiis mier mdabiuri saubris stilis elementebis gadmoReba an fufunebis
sagnebis sayovelaod qceva).
kulturuli Soki
Tavdapirveli reaqcia individualuri an jgufuri cnobierebis SejaxebasTan
individebis an jgufebis ucxo kulturul realobasTan. kulturuli Sokis situacia
_ esaa konfliqtis situacia idnividebis Cveul Rirebulebebs, normebs, enas,
yoveldRiur praqtikas Soris. damaxasiaTebelia im garemosi, romelic man datova da im
axali garemosTvis, romelSic is aRmoCnda. kulturul Soks met-naklebad ganicdis
yvela, vinc moxvdeba pirvelad ucxo kulturul garemoSi (turistebi, emigrantebi da
a.S.). Sokuri reaqciis Zala ganisazRvreba Rrma gansxvavebiT yofil da axal kulturebs
Soris. fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba pirovnebis, orientaciuli SesaZlebloba,
rigidulobis xarisxi an plastiuroba, arsebuli an Zveli kulturuli elementebis
arqona. magaliTad, ojaxi, megobrebi, romlebsac individi gadmoitans TavisTan axal
kulturul konteqstSi. xarisxi Riaobis an daxurulobis warmomadgeneli axali
kulturisa, romelTanc kontaqtSia individi. kulturul Soks aseve SeiZleba hqondes
adgili jgufuri Semecnebis doneze, rodesac ucxo kulturul garemoSi ereva mTeli
jgufi (mag., masobrivi emigraciis SemTxvevaSi) anda rodesac intensiuri kulturuli
difuziis Sedegad warmoiSoba konfrontaciis situacia Zvel da axal Rirebulebebis,
normebis, yofaqcevis modelebs Soris. ukanaskneli xSirad xdeba sazogadoebrivi
tradiciis modernizaciis msvlelobis dros.
gamoiyofa oTxi SesaZlebloba konfliqtis daZlevis: nayofi kulturis Sokis
getoizaciaa. mosulebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben SigniT axals maTi
kulturisaTvis izolirebul anklavebs (geto), sadac inaxaven da inarCuneben
tradiciebs TavianTi kulturuli yofaqcevis modelebs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba
gamodges dasavleTis TiTqmis yvela msxvili qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `Caina
Tauni~ (China Town) da braiTon biCi (kvartlebi) niu-iorkSi.
asimilacia. mosulebi cdiloben mTlianad Seeguon axals maTi kulturisaTvis,
SeeTvison mis normebs, Rirebulebebi, qcevi modelebs da mTlianad uaryofen im
kulturul memkvidreobas, romelic datoves.
urTierTmoqmedeba. mcdeloba moZebnon raRac saSualo xazi, gaaerTianon axali da
Zveli kulturis elemetnebi. isini Seecdebian SeaTavson orive kulturis yofaqcevis
normebi, cdiloben moawesrigon kulturaTa Soris komunikacia, gaamdidron rogorc
sakuTari kultura, agreTve is, romliTac isini amJamad sargeblobdnen. amis magaliTia
9
 gamoiyofa kulturaTa/civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: TOPIC 3. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURES ON A BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN
1. konfrontacia, 2. simbiozi, 3. sinTezi. AND NON-MODERN CULTURES.
pirveli tipi emyareba ucxo realobis srul uaryofas, sulieri gamocdilebis sxva,
In this chapter some models of cultures’ typology are considered from the viewpoint of their
`sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli~ formebis totalur miuReblobas. es gamocdileba
attitude to modernity and nоn-modernity. These models are: a collectivistic or individualistic,
ganixileba rogorc `ucxo~, `mtruli~, romelic calsaxad unda ganidevnos.
traditional or innovative types of culture, the cultures of space and time. Characteristics of such
meore tipi gulisxmobs viTarebas, roca TiToeuli urTierTmoqmedi mxare
cultures are examined as well.
inarCunebs sakuTar saxes, ar warmoiSoba axali kulturuli Tvisebrioba, magram
Eventually, such grouping of cultures may lead us to East-West dichotomy. Does the existence
kontaqtSi myof kulturul realobaTa Soris Cndeba sistemuri kavSiri. `gareSe~
of such dichotomy correspond to the reality? is the classification of East/West societies as
kulturuli realoba kontaqtis monawileTa mier bunebrivad aRiqmeba; aseTi
nonmodern, collectivistic, traditional and modern, individualistic, innovational, reasonable? – these
arsebobis winaaRmdegobrioba ar gaiazreba. simbiozisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
will be a subject of discussion.
urTierTmizidvisa da urTierTganzidvis winaaRmdegobrivi Serwyma. pirvelis Zala
sakmaod didia imisTvis, rom Seiqmnas sistemuri kavSiri kontaqtis monawileebs Soris,
amasTan, TiToeuli mxare meores aRiqvams rogorc `ucxos~. am ukanasknelis ganzidvis,
TOPIC 4. MODERNIZATION – ONE OF THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
moSorebis xarisxi ki sakmaod didia, raTa Seiqmnas mkacri zRvari gansxvavebul
WESTERN COMMUNITY.
kulturul elementTa daaxloebis, Serwymisa axal, kontaqtSi myofTagan gansxvavebul
Tvisebriobad CamoyalibebisaTvis.. We shall try to discuss the notion of modernization in details, according to which modernization
simbiozSi myof eTnokulturul elementTa Tanafardoba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari is a sum of sociocultural signs, which characterizes a specific phase of the Western community
iyos: dawyebuli situaciiT, roca upiratesoba aqvs avtoqtonur sawyiss, xolo (civilization) development. This complex should be considered in general, in the context of the
`mosuli~ kulturis elementebi arseboben cnobierebis periferiaze, damTavrebuli Western society development, in direct relations with the peculiarities of the cultural forms
mdgomareobiT, roca msoflmxedvelobis RerZad faseulobaTa `motanili~ sistema preceeding this civilization.
gvevlineba. Besides, the roots of modernization in Western civilization and distinctive features of the
mesame tipze _ sinTezze _ saubari SeiZleba maSin, Tu kontaqtis zonaSi Cndeba Western society, due to which the appearance of modern society became possible, are discussed.
Tvisebrivad axali, kontaqtSi myof kulturul samyaroTagan gansxvavebuli We also argue historical peripheries of establishing a modern society in the west, we’ll talk of
kulturuli realoba. modernization as a continuation of the western tradition, − one of the phases in the Western
society’s development.
kulturuli konfliqti
kulturuli konfliqti — pirovnebebs, jgufebs, pirovnebasa da jgufs,
pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas, jgufsa da sazogadoebas, sxvadasxva jgufsa da TOPIC 5. GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION.
koalicias Soris RirebulebaTa, orientaciaTa, poziciaTa winaaRmdegobis kritikuli
It is necessary to argue the problem of arising of the concept of globalization and its
stadia. kulturuli konfliqti ganpirobebulia monawile mxareTa socialuri
definitions. The globalization as a process must also be analyzed. It should be mentioned that the
gamocdilebis gansxvavebulobiT.
process determined by economic factors have spread in all levels of life (generally there are three
yvela konfliqti dinamikuria da moicavs winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis molapa-
levels: economics, politics and culture). Globalization of culture leads up to the contrast processes
rakebaTa gziT maTi gadaWris, mtruli moqmedebebis mxareTa Soris axali kontaqtebis
in the different societies. For the number of societies the process of modernization is closely
damyarebisa da konpromisis monaxvis stadiebs. arsebobs konfliqtis sxvagvari
connected with the spread of the global culture, modernization is possible only in the atmosphere
gamosavalic: brZola saboloo gamarjvebamde an konfliqtis mogvarebis gadadeba
of globalization.
momavlisaTvis.
kulturuli konfliqtis tipur magaliTebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT jvarosnuli
laSqrobebi, religiuri, samoqalaqo, revoluciuri, erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli
omebi, saeklesio inkviziciis moqmedeba, ama Tu im sarwmunoebaze iZulebiTi moqceva, TOPIC 6. CONTEMPORARY MODERNIZED WORLD SOCIETY AND THE CHALLENGES OF
genocidi da a.S. GLOBALIZATION.
kulturuli konfliqti dakavSirebulia tolerantobisa da sxva kulturis mimarT In the process of globalization studies we collide with the paradox: before we start to explore
interesis problemebTan. kulturuli konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli tipia Semoqme- this phenomenon, it seems that we are aware of it; however during the study it’s essence becomes
debiTi konfliqti mimarTulebebs, skolebs, jgufebs an ama Tu im dargis calkeul vague.
warmomadgenlebs Soris. Taking into the consideration a vast number of scientific papers, articles and theories about
kulturis difuzia globalization, we think it will be helpful to set a framework for future researches.
This framework was developed in 1999-2002, as a result of the research which had been
kulturis difuzia aris ori an meti sazogadoebis kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis
carried out by the Boston University and Institute of Study of Economic Culture (ISEC). The
uerTierTSeRweva da urTierTgamdidreba. esaa kulturis gavrceleba-moZraobis
research was conducted under the supervision of Pitter L. Berger (sociologist, director ISEC) and

8 113
Samuel P. Huntington (professor of the Harward University). The dynamics of globalization of
culture were observed by the groups of scientists in several countries. As a result of researches,
Pitter L. Berger outlined four directions of global culture’s extension:
• Davos culture, or international business - culture;
• “Mc-global” culture, or mass consumed culture;
• International faculty club culture;
• New religious movements.
The growing global culture is distributed both at elite, and at wide layers. Probably, the main
way of culture’s distribution at an elite level is the one, named by Huntington as Davos culture. The
international culture of leading business and political groups is defined by this term. The driving
force of this culture, like economic and technological globalization is international business. The
representatives of this culture are not only the people who visit Davos quiet often, but the ones,
who aim to be the member of this community, but yet are not those.
In global culture there is one more elite sector, which often accompanies business culture, or
opposes it. This sector is the globalization of the Western intellectuals, which was named by
Berger as the Faculty Club Culture. Its distribution occurs by various ways: by means of academic
structures, funds, non-governmental organizations, etc. It creates its own market – consisting of
ideas, norms of behavior created by Western, namely, American intellectuals, such as experts,
human rights watchers, etc.
The Protestantism plays an important role in distribution of global culture. This subject has
been explored for a long time by David Martin, English sociologist. He estimated that the number of
followers of this religion is 250.000. The practice of this religion is followed by certain changes in
family structure, education and especially in attitude to business, wich has definite effects on the
economics as a whole.
The global culture aims to allocate man from it’s community and traditions and contributes to
their individualization. Traditions and collective spirit is destroyed by modernization, thus the
individual becomes more self-sufficient. This leads up to the individual independence. The new
global culture has much in common with the process of modernization. Today in many parts of the
world these two processes coincide with each other.
At an early stage of modernization people are excited by the new opportunities and the feeling
of freedom. Therefore, the new global culture is attractive to those who appreciates personal
freedom and aims to realize it.
TOPIC 7. MODERNIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION: THE INTERRELATION OF CONCEPTS.
One of the main problems is the interrelation of two concepts, that are modernization and
globalization. Generally, ther exist two viewpoints:
According to the first one, globalization is the wider process than westernization. In addition,
globalization is equal to modernization. This viewpoint is supported by A. Giddens, R. Robertson,
M. Elbrow and U. Konol. On example of the countries of Eastern Asia it became obvious that
modernization is possible without westernization.
According to the second approach, globalization is only a global diffusion of the Western
modernism. It aims to expanse westernization – e.g. Western capitalism and institutes. This
viewpoint is shared by A. Amin and L. Benton. R. Gilpin considers that world’s internalization is a
product of the distribution of the American world influence. A. Kilinikos and some other scientists
114
tradicia
tradicia _ wina Taobebidan arawerilobiTi gziT memkvidreobiT miRebuli da
damkvidrebuli Cveuli azrovnebisa da qcevis standartebis erToblioba, informacia
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis adrindeli gamocdilebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, socia-
luri poziciisa da institutebis Sesaxeb.
tradicia moicavs socialuri da kulturuli gamocdilebis didi erTobliobis
mxolod im komponentebs, romlebic sazogadoebis winaSe periodulad wamoWrili
problemebis gadaWris yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iqca da romelic SenarCunda
istoriuli, struqturuli da organizaciuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. tradicia
kulturis TviTmyofadobis erT-erTi gamomxatvelia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrun-
velyofs am TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas.
tradicia moicavs socialuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebs, romlebic
ara mxolod gadaecema Taobidan Taobas, aramed narCundeba xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi, mravali Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. tradicia gansazRvravs ara marto
imas, ra gadaices memkvidreobiT, aramed imasac, Tu rogor gadaices igi. es termini
gamoiyeneba qcevis wesebisa (stuqturis) da rwmena-warmodgenebis xasiaTis TiTqmis
identur formebSi ganmeorebadobis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad.
kulturaTa urTierTqmedeba
ase ewodeba uSualo kavSirurTierTobis saxes, romelic yalibdeba, sul mcire, or
kulturas Soris, agreTve am urTierTobaTa Sedegad warmoSobil gavlenebsa da
ormxriv cvlilebebs. kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvne-
loba aqvs faseulobaTa, TvisebaTa, kulturuli aqtivobis formebis Secvlas, axali
orientirebis gaCenas, rac garedan momdinare impulsebis gavleniT xdeba. kulturaTa
urTierTqmedeba, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi procesia (aranakleb ramdenime aTeuli
wlisa).
gamoyofen kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis sxvadasxva dones: 1) eTnikuri done _
urTierToba eTnosebs, istoriul-eTnografiul, eTnokonfesiur da sxva jgufebs
Soris. 2) erovnuli done, sadac regulaciur funqcias mniSvnelovanwilad saxel-
mwifo-politikuri struqturebi asruleben. 3) civilizaciuri done.
kulturaTa urTierTqmedebis procesSi ganarCeven kultura-donors da kultu-
ra-recipients. pirveli mets gascems, vidre iRebs, meore _ piriqiT. istoriuli
periodis manZilze es rolebi SeiZleba icvlebodes.
cnobilia urTierTqmedebis rogorc mSvidobiani, nebayoflobiTi (Tanaswor-
uflebiani TanamSromloba), ise aramSvidobiani, ZaldatanebiTi (koloniuri, samxedro
dapyrobebi) formebi.
kulturuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegebi araerTgvarovania, maTi Sefasebis krite-
riumebis moZebna Znelia. Sesabamisad, Znelia saubari calsaxad dadebiT an uaryofiT
Sedegebze, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca erTi kultura iwyebs aSkara daqveiTebas,
meoreSi gaTqvefas an ukvalod qreba. aseTi Sdegis Tvalis midevneba yvelaze ukeT
SeiZleba reliqturi an arqauli kulturebis magaliTze, romlebic TavianTi istoriis
romeliRac periodSi Tanamedrove tipis kulturebs Seejaxnen da mzad ar aRmoCndnen,
aeTvisebinaT maT mier SeTavazebuli kulturuli formebi.
ufro rTulia msjeloba im kulturaTa urTierTqmedebaze, romlebic Zireulad ar
gansxvavdebian tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT.
yovel kulturas aqvs dacviTi meqanizmebis mTeli sistema, romelic icavs mas sxva
kulturaTa gansakuTrebiT intensiuri zemoqmedebisagan.
7
niSnebsa da Taviseburebebs; periferia, romelic periodulad farTovdeba da
viwrovdeba da, romelic SeiZleba mezobeli civilizaciis niSnebs atarebdes da
mezobel civilizaciebTan momijnave teritoriebi~1.
civilizacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc socialuri da kulturuli super-
sistema, romelic ar emTxveva arc ers, arc saxelmwifos da, arc romelime socialur
jgufs. igi scildeba konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs. civilizaciur maxasiaTeb-
lebad miCneulia droisa da sivrcis aRqma; samyaros xedva da masSi adamianis adgilis
gansazRvra; bunebis aRqma, masze zemoqmedebisa da misi Semecnebis xerxebi da a.S.
identuroba (kulturuli, civilizaciuri)
identuroba (Identitit, Identitas – laT. `igive da igive~, erTi da igive) — adamianis
fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar `me~-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul realobasa
da individualobaze, romlis meSveobiT pirovneba sakuTar Tavs aigivebs (nawilobriv
gacnobierebulad da zog SemTxvevebSi qvecnobieradac) ama Tu im tipologiur
kategoriebTan (rogoricaa socialuri statusi, sqesi, asaki, jgufi, kultura).
socialur mecnierebebSi gamoyofen socialur identurobas, kulturul identu-
robas, eTnikur identurobas, jgufur identurobas...
identuroba (misi SegrZneba) yalibdeba adamianis individualuri ganviTarebis
kvaldakval da socializaciis, identifikaciis, pirovnuli integraciis Sedegia.
individis mier socialur-kulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, Rirebulebebis aTviseba da
gaziareba, sakuTari Tavis, adgilis mikuTvneba ara aris erTgvarovani procesi da
xasiaTdeba garkveuli cvlilebebiTac; ZiriTadad es procesi axalgazrdobis dros
sruldeba.
mecnierebi aseve gamoyofen identurobis dakargvis, Selaxvis SesaZleblobasac,
romelic ZiriTadad individis asakobrivi, fsiqologiuri krizisis an socialur-
kulturuli garemos mkveTrad Secvlis SemTxvevaSi realizdeba. maSasadame, iden-
turobis dakargva Tanamdevia iseTi movlenebisa rogoricaa gaucxoeba, deperso-
nalizacia, anomia, pirovnuli disorientacia, socialuri izolireba, gaoreba
(marginalizacia), fsiqologiuri paTologia. socialur-kulturuli kulturuli
cvlilebebis dros identurobis krizisma SeiZleba farTo, sayovelTao masStabebi
miiRos, Tumca mas zogjer dadebiT rezultatamdec mivyavarT (rogoricaa
cvlilebebisadmi adaptacia, struqturuli cvlilebebi da sxv.).
identurobis meqamizmi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs socialuri struqturisa da
kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebis, gadacemis procesSi.
mravali mecnieri upiratesobas aniWebs termins `identifikacia~, vidre `identu-
roba~. pirveli Tavad processac gulisxmobs da ara marto movlenas. termini pirvelad
xmarebaSi fsiqoanalizmis fuZemdebelma zigmund froidma SemoiRo. misi skola
identifikacias `mes~ TviTganviTarebis mTavar, centralur meqanizmad moiazrebs.
identifikaciis cnebas aseve aqtiurad iyeneben sociologebi da socialuri
fsiqologiis mkvlevrebi rogorc socializaciis, socialuri rolebis, adaptaciis,
miRebis, socialur-kulturuli modelebis aTvisebis mTavar elements.
kulturuli identuroba aris ama Tu im istoriuli erTobis wevr individTa am
erTobis kulturis wevrad TviTmoazreba.
civilizaciuri identuroba aris ama Tu im kulturis matarebelTa (TviT)gaazreba
romelime civilizaciuri erTobis wevrad.
1
kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). gv. 39.
6 115
consider that modern stage of development is a new phase of western imperialism, where national
governments have played the role of monopolitical capital’s agents. According to an American
theorist H. Gleizer, globalization is a spread of the Western information and entertainment sources,
which affects on the countries of the non-Western world.
TOPIC 8. THE MODERN WORLD ACCORDING TO WESTERN AND NON-WESTERN WORLD.
The interrelations of global and local cultures lead up to the certain results. Each concrete
society has it’s specific relations with unfamiliar and new culture. Therefore, the answers of
Western and non-Western societies to the challenges of globalization are interesting for us. In this
chapter the theories of Western and non-Western intellectuals are discussed.
In our opinion, there are two answers to the challenges of globalization or result of it’s
development, namely - localization and multiculturalism. Within the framework of localization, the
phenomenon, called glocalization, is discussed. The concept "global" means “simultaneously in
many places”, or “translocally”.
The global culture is supported by the strong society, which aims to strengthen the certain
rules all over the world. The global culture is backed by the strong economic system. This is the
most important factor. For example, due to the lack of finances, the family traditions are destroyed
in Africa, it actually leads up to the transformation of the whole culture, based on the family
tradition. This case is quiet interesting due to the fact, that according to this viewpoint, original
culture is influenced by economics and transnational corporations, and global culture does not take
part in it. Certainly, it does not mean to ignore well advertised global culture’s influence. We can
conclude that the process of the Western globalization is an united system, consisting of three
parts: economics, politics and culture; All these parts are connected with each other. The rule of
the management of politics and economics is determined by culture. On the other hand, they affect
th
greatly on culture. Japan’s culture of the 20 century is Japanese, however due to the political and
th
economic influences, nowadays it differs greatly from the Japanese culture of the 18 century. As a
result of external influence it has gone through a great transformation. According to Fukyiama’s
methodology, Japan has gone through modernization and democratization from up to down; thus,
Japan had believed in democratic values on the first stage, and, as a result of it, civil society and
other institutions were formed. As this was the determinant factor in transformation and
development, the Japanese culture has not been changed. The Japanese culture is a traditional
culture, but it is not a closed one. Shintoism enables to be a Shintoist and the Christian
simultaneously, or either Buddhist and the Muslim. The Japanese culture is able to receive
external influences and transform them. However, Japan subordinates them to the own culture.
This had an effect on Japanese kitchen: The business-culture of Davos is followed by the “Fast-
Foodization” as “time is money”; this is caused by the total “McDonaldization”. However, “Fast-
Foodization” in Japan has accepted a local character. The market of “fast feed” is full of
hamburgers and the Japanese and Chinese dishes as well. The appearance of hamburgers on
Japan’s market have given stimulus to the development of local products and dishes, representing
Japanese culture. Thus, Japan has managed to localize in this sphere.
According to the widespread opinion, we are able to deal with the process of globalization,
when the average revenue exceeds 5000 USD. We have already mentioned, that globalization of
culture is a process of mutual relations between global and local cultures. In the process of
globalization the Western culture is backed by political and, first of all, with economic factors.
Therefore, only culture itself is insufficient to deal with the global culture; financial support and
material maintenance of this culture is also necessary.
Due to the experience of his country, Katrin Lalumier the representative of France in European
Parliament, states in the article “The War for Culture”: The process of globalization is followed by
the standardization of ideas and unification of the way of life by the American standard.
France has realized, that the French people have painfully felt the approach of the American
culture. Nowadays, France is one of the countries, which rejects globalization, perceiving it as
Americanization. France has turned back to the roots of own culture and has begun to advertise it
on a large scale. Thus, France aims to save it’s original culture. We can conclude, that without
economic maintenance, localization and preservation of own culture is impossible.
It is interesting, that "facilitating circumstances" are offered to the societies by globalization;
transnational corporations, international organizations and various funds, carrying out activities in
the concrete country, usually offer several opportunities in this direction. To clarify this
phenomenon, we can take example from the Georgian reality: the national Georgian dance group
“Erisioni” became popular all over the world after it was financed by the French organization; The
purpose of the project was an offering something new to the world business, leading up to the
profit. From the point of view of business, the joint project has appeared to be successful for both
sides. Besides this, the Georgian dances have achieved new success.
As the answer to the challenges of globalization, Leopold Sengor’s (well-known African
scientist), theory about the originality of the Negroid-African culture is quite interesting. He
dreamed about synthesis of the Western conceptualism and African imagination. He dreamed of
future Euro-Africa, which would become the predecessor of the world civilization, based on united
culture of mankind. He considered that African civilization is an unique civilization. Leopold Sengor
and his supporters concluded without organic synthesis with sensible, human African spirit, the
Western civilization is doomed to failure. There have appeared concepts like “the African-
European” and “European-African”. The African opposes to the European. The European is an
engineer, pragmatist, who continuously exploits nature, himself and beings like him. Through all his
life he works as a machine, counting money. He perceives world by means of formula, i.e.
consciousness. But the African is a poet; the nature is displayed and expressed by him. The
attitude towards the nature is idealistic. There is a reign of collective soul, mutual aid and
interconsistency; apart from Europe – where social antagonism, conflicts, aggression and
discrimination of the man by the man are taking place.
The Pakistan scientist Muhammad Tahir-Al-Qadri has offered his viewpoint in the article
“Globalization of Culture?”. Al-Qadri is the supporter of cultural integration, thus he is the follower
of the idea about universal values, namely: the standards of success and achievement, activities
and occupation, material comfort, practicality and efficiency, science and technology, freedom and
individual choice, individual initiative and other elements. All these are sources to carry out a
dialogue between cultures. According to Al-Qadri’s opinion, the cultural interaction is impossible
without dialogue. It is necessary to integrate majority and minority, in order to conduct a dialogue,
but special resources are required for this. In this case, the main responsibility is assigned to the
majority. Al-Qadri is dissatisfied with West’s attitude towards Islam. The western society does not
have the right image of Islam. It is familiar with Islam through contemporary viewpoints, created
and provided by it’s own media sources.
Al-Qadri declares, that for an explanation of cultural diversity and for real integration,
ethnocentrism is incompatible. Ethnocentrism is a judgment about other culture by means of own
standards. Uni-culturalizm is also unable to solve this problem, as it transforms all ethnic cultures
into one whole.
It is necessary to search for the decision of this problem in three directions:
116
maSasadame, farTo azriT, kulturis cneba `xazs usvams adamianis gansxvavebas yvela
sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. kulturaSi igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi
aqti, aramed Semoqmedeba rogorc adamianis universaluri damokidebuleba sam-
yarosadmi, romlis meSveobiT igi qmnis `axal samyaros~ da sakuTar Tavs~1. kultura
aris yovelive is, rac socialuri memkvidreobis Sedegia da rac uzrunvelyofs
socialuri gamocdilebis memkvidreobiTobas.
kulturis meore aspeqti ki gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianis rogorc kulturis
Semoqmedis, matareblisa da gadamcemis unari sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxva-
vebulad realizdeba, ama Tu im socialuri jgufis arsebobis specifikuri pirobebisa
da ganvlili istoriuli procesebis mixedviT. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT
kulturebze, romlebic qmnian samyaros unikalur, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebel
models. sxvadasxva kulturaSi adamianebi gansakuTrebulad aRiqvamen samyaros,
sazogadoebas da adamians maTTan mimarTebaSi. yovel kulturas aqvs RirebulebaTa da
normaTa gansxvavebuli sistema, qcevis wesebi, idealebi da yovelive is, razec
e.tailori miuTiTebda. kultura, aseT SemTxvevaSi, xdeba identifikaciis safuZveli,
is, riTac adamiani gansazRvravs `Tavisiansa~ da `ucxos~. `kultura, yvelaze farTo
mniSvnelobiT, aris is, ris gamoc Sen ucxod iqcevi, rogorc ki Sens saxls datoveb~2.
amdenad, kultura aris is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, ris safuZvelzec emijnebian
erTmaneTs sxvadasxva sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, riTac isini Tavs ganarCeven
sxvebisagan da riTac sxvebi ganarCeven maT danarCenebisagan.
amgvarad, kultura SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc:
1. socialuri qcevis determinanti;
2. subieqturi codnisa da interpretaciebis determinanti;
3. TviTidentifikaciis meqanizmi;
4. socialuri cxovrebis regulatori;
5. socialuri gamocdilebis translatori;
6. saadaptacio meqanizmi.
kulturis sinonimad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT termini `sazogadoeba~, radgan
adamianis moRvaweobis kulturul da sazogadoebriv dones kursis farglebSi
TanabarmniSvnelovnad moviazrebT.
civilizaciis cnebis aseve mravalgvar interpretacias Soris sami ZiriTadi
midgoma ikveTeba:
1. lokalur-istoriuli (n.danilevski, o.Spengleri, a.j.toinbi, s.hanTingtoni);
2. istoriul-stadiuri, romelic ama Tu im kriteriumze dayrdnobiT ganarCevs
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis civilizacias;
3. msoflio-istoriuli, romlis farglebSi civilizacia ganixileba rogorc
kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis safexuri.
kursis farglebSi Cven veyrdnobiT civilizaciis lokalur-istoriul
interpretacias, romelic civilizacias ganixilavs rogorc kulturul zesistemas
(p.sorokini), romelic aerTianebs garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs kulturebs.
civilizacia _ esaa kulturuli identurobis yvelaze farTo done, romlis
farglebSi arsebuli kulturebi mravalferovania, Tumca erTmaneTisagan maTi
gansxvavebulobis xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre sxva civilizaciebis Semadgeneli
kulturebi. i.v. iakoveci aRniSnavs, rom `TiToeul civilizacias aqvs sakuTari
centri-birTvi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs mocemuli civilizaciis
1
iqve, gv.21.
2
Culture Sshock. A Reader in Modern Culture Anthropology. Ed. by Ph.K.Bock. N.Y., 1970. p.74.
5
Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi
pirveli Tema eTmoba im ZiriTadi cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebs, romlebic
kursis manZilze iqneba gamoyenebuli. am terminebiT operireba aucilebelia iseT
sakiTxebze msjelobisas da im procesebis aRsawerad, romelic gardauvalia sxvadasxva
regionsa da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kulturul sivrceSi modernizaciis procesis
mimdinareobisas. es aris kulturaTa Soris kontaqtis problema _ misi sxvadsxvagvari
gamovlineba (asimilacia, kulturuli Soki, konfrontacia, simbiozi, sinTezi, kul-
turuli konfliqti, kulturuli difuzia), tradiciis roli da adgili modernizaciis
procesSi, tradiciisa da modernizaciis urTierTmimarTebis problema; identurobis
problema aradasavlur kulturebSi mimdinare modernizaciuli gardaqmnebis
pirobebSi da a.S.
pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretaciis
gadmocema, ramdenadac modernizaciuli procesebis warmoSoba da mimdinareoba or
ZiriTad _ kulturul da civilizaciur _ doneze xdeba da am procesebis Seswavla da
analizi am ori fenomenis farglebSi da maT safuZvelze unda mimdinareobdes.
kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa interpretacia.
kulturis fenomenze saubrisas yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mis or aspeqtze:
1. kultura _ rogorc kacobriobis universaluri maxasiaTebeli;
2. kultura _ rogorc calkeul sazogadoebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa
da mijnebis ZiriTadi safuZveli.
pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs, rom kultura aris Homo sapiens-is, rogorc
biologiuri saxeobisa da socialuri arsebis unikaluri unaris Sedegi. swored am
niSniT gansxvavdeba es saxeoba yvela sxva biologiuri arsebisagan. adamianSi
genetikuradaa (biologiuradaa) determinirebuli potencia _ iyos kulturis
Semoqmedi, kvlavmwarmoebeli da gadamcemi, magram am potenciis realizeba mxolod
socialur garemoSia SesaZlebeli, rac aucilebel pirobad iTxovs kavSirs wina
Taobebidan gadmocemuli socialuri cxovrebis gamocdilebasTan da mTlianad
damokidebulia socializaciis procesze. rogorc r.benediqti aRniSnavda, `kultura
ar eZleva adamians dabadebidan, ar aris Cadebuli Canasaxovan ujredebSi rogorc
krazanebTan an WianWvelebTan, aramed aTvisebuli unda iqnes yoveli axali Taobis mier
ufrosTagan Seswavlis gziT~1. anTropolog e.hiobelis gansazRvrebiT, kultura aris
`integrirebuli sistema qcevis Seswavlili modelebisa, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia
sazogadoebis wevrTaTvis da romlebic ar warmoadgenen biologiuri memkvidreobis
Sedegs~2.
e.tailori, romelic kulturis cnebis pirveli mecnieruli gansazRvrebis
avtoradaa miCneuli, xazs usvams kulturis socialur bunebas. misi sityvebiT,
`kultura Sedgeba codnis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, xelovnebis, zneobis, kanonebis, zne-
Cveulebebisa da zogi sxva unar-Cvevisgan, romlebic SeZenilia adamianis rogorc
sazogadoebis wevris mier~3.
kultura SeiZleba miviCnioT aseve RirebulebaTa, qcevis normaTa da standartTa
erTobliobad, romelic aregulirebs adamianTa urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan, sazo-
gadoebasa da bunebasTan.
1
kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). Tb., 2003. gv. 24.
2
3
iqve, gv.22.
iqve.
4 117
1. Multiculturalizm;
2. Pluralizm;
3. Globalization
It is clear, that globalization, described by Al-Qadri, is a source of multicultural is a source of
creation of multicultural world (global) society. This viewpoint is supported by him, unless the
interests of small societies and cultures will be considered by the West.
Several years ago was published Glisan’s novel, called “Sartorius”, which tells about the tribe
of Batatu. It is the modern fable about non-domination. Though the existence of nationality, called
Batatu, is clearly determined in time and space (500 AD, Central Africa), is still mythical tribe. Such
myth is necessary for the world, as Batatu is embodiment of those people, who does not wish to be
a sample for others and addresses to them not with the purpose of subjection, but for coexistence.
The concepts like “relation", "creolization", "universality" - fill each other. "Universality" is a
modern world with its diversity and chaos. The chaos is not simply disorder, but it is impossibility of
events’ definition and the lack of the world’s reasonable management. "Relations" call for
transversality, instead of causal-investigatory of events.
According to Glisan’s opinion the novelty will come from the small countries, which have
neither colonial past, nor strongly expressed national traditions. They are not afraid of
disappearance or loss of the status. We should get accustomed to the new structure of the world,
where the relations between centre and periphery will be absolutely different from the present.
Everything at the same time will be both centre, and periphery.
According to the abovementioned factors, globalization is tolerated by people who don’t have
their own, original culture. The representatives of the last one are against of this process.
The authors of these theories are the representatives of non-Western world. Each of them
recognize successive development of global culture. Therefore, they try to find means of
adaptation to the modern conditions. All of them are aware of the Western culture, therefore it is
easy for them to perceive differences and similarities between their and other cultures. However,
there are number of cases, which can be perceived as their responses to the "challenges" of the
West, rather than as objective estimation of reality.
As we have mentioned above, the turn of cultures to their own roots and the localization
according to cultural characteristics were caused by the challenges of globalization. The close and
constant relations between societies have revealed several existing differences between them,
which called forth definition and systematization of own culture’s characteristic features. L.Sengor
has made it on an example of the African culture. He has presented the characteristics of the
African culture and it’s differences from the Western one.
Localization leads up to the multiple world. In global community original cultures are coexisting
with one another. Due to the transparency of borders, the solve of various problems, connected
with travel, the facilities of constant connection have call forth the fact, that nowadays one does not
leave the frameworks of their own culture, despite of physical distance, they have constant and
continuous contact with their houses. This factor protects them from cultural assimilation. For
example, in the USA, namely in New York, some Chinese are able to pass around whole their life
successfully without English, as they do not tear away from the Chinese world, while traveling
around the whole USA. Multiculturalism is the main challenge of globalization. Thus, society or the
country will be presented as a multicultural unity. For example, China is not only political and
economical unity, in determined geographical borders, but it is also an imaginary society, with it’s
cultural sings, which is scattered in various territories of globe. Thus we can talk about China in
China, China in America, China in Russia. These challenges led to the various problems for the
Western countries.
TOPIC 9. “MINOR CULTURES” AND THE PROBLEM OF MODERNIZATION.
GEORGIAN CULTURE AND THE PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION.
In the case of minor cultures’ modernization, we should mention several categories, especially
tradition, as in numerous cases, modernization of minor cultures are discussed as a process,
conducted at the expense of disparaging the traditions of these cultures, equal to losing their own sarCevi
peculiarity.
Nowadays, modernization bares an “anti-traditional” character, especially in case of analyzing
the nonwestern cultures’ modernization, as the modernization of these communities was
conducted at the expense of suppressing local traditions. Within the context of the western Tema I. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi 3
community, modernization means extension of western traditions and its development.
However there is a great contrast between “traditional” and “modern” communities, successful
Tema II. modernizaciis cneba. modernizaciis Teoriebi 10
modernization can take place, if it is based on some elements of traditional regulation. Thus
successful functioning of the “modern” community depends on the existence of relevant traditional
preconditions, their introduction and use into the modern system. Tema III. kulturaTa tipologia modernuli da
That’s why it is necessary: aramodernuli kulturebis maxasiaTebelTa safuZvelze 20

1. To review correlation of tradition and variability, to conduct analysis of the present traditional
community forces, which facilitate the process of changes and of those, which impede it. Tema IV. modernizacia _ dasavluri
Correspondingly, the place of these factors should be analyzed in the general structural and sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi etapi 39
cultural system of regulation.
2. To reveal difference among the changes, which accompany to the traditional order and Tema V. modernizacia da globalizacia 52
which leave these limits and cause renewal of the community.
3. To disclose the differences between the changes, which promote further development of the Tema VI. Tanamedrove modernizebuli msoflio
community and which undermine this ability. 115 sazogadoeba globalizaciis gamowvevebis winaSe 61

4. To reveal a general character of impact of modern changes on the traditional system.

Tavi VII. vesternizaciisa da modernizaciis
5. To determine how community can work out within its own heritage and it has an ability to cnebaTa urTierTmimarTebisTvis 68
solve these problems; or to reach this through the adaptation to new conditions of its central
institutions and without important changes in the sphere of values and ideas (or their
Tema VIII. dasavlur da aradasavlur kulturaTa
transformation). (S.N.Eisenshtadt). warmomadgenlebis TvaliT danaxuli samomavlo perspeqtiva 68
On the basis of discussed information, we have tried to determine typological (traditional or
innovational, individualistic or collectivistic) essence of Georgian culture; to analyze correlation of
Tema IX. `mcire kulturebi~ da modernizaciis problema.
tradition and modernization, peculiarities of the Georgian culture, to find out the degree of qarTuli kultura modernizaciis problemasTan mimarTebaSi 89
modernization of the Georgian society. We have overviewed the history of Georgia during the last
two centuries; changes, that have influenced Georgian culture on the background of ongoing
processes in the modern world. Thus, we have outlined the possible variants of the development of CULTURE AND MODERNIZATION (Summary) 111
Georgian culture.
It is necessary to admit, that during the Soviet period Georgia was excluded from the world
processes. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has appeared face to face with the
problems of globalization. Therefore it is interesting to work out the best way for Georgia to deal
with the processes of globalization and which nuances should have been underlined. On the
background of the ideas of the western and non-western thinkers, we have tried to examine the
Georgian reality.
There is no national way out the challenges of globalization, there is only the transnational way
out. Regionalism – this is a creation of transnational, supranational unities. The creation of
transnational and supranational unities are caused by economical and political factors and such
unities are based on cultural similarities. Nowadays, only the European countries are united in

118 3
socialur mecnierebaTa seria supranational structures. Democracy is the basis for the European union. The members of the
European union are the countries, which aspire to the growth and strengthening of democracy.
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili European union is the result of modernization, as the modernization is the development of a
society with attributes of democracy. Georgia tries to find out the answer on the challenge of
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
globalization through the integration in European Union.
Modernization and westernization are inevitable processes for the societies aiming to integrate
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi in the Western unity The geopolitical position of Georgia enables it to join global processes;
Georgia has it’s own function in a number of economic and political projects. Hence, Georgia will
face the global culture.
Above mentioned processes of localization has been developed in Georgia as well as in other
parts of the world. Even the process of “McDonaldization” has gone through the certain localization
in Georgia. This is just the process, which was defined as glocalization: in many places but in a
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 different kind. The purpose of is a fast food; in the West one usually spends 7-9 minutes in this
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 restaurant; in non western countries McDonald’s has changed it’s profile; in Georgia it is not only a
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10 place for fast feed, but also it is used for entertainment; schoolchildren, students, grandmothers
and grandfathers together with their grandchildren go there for amusement. The process of
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
“McDonaldization” was accompanied by the appearance of the national “fast-food” units. There are
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge number of national dishes useful for fast food objects. Thus, the occurrence of western
hamburgers has stimulated transformation of local cookery, its adaptation to the contemporary
situation and creation of new Georgian dishes.
In this case the Georgian culture has managed to preserve its original character. Cookery is
not a decisive factor, but it is one of the important artifact of the Georgian culture
It is difficult to image the replacement of the national culture by the global one. But it certainly
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, does not mean complete denying of the global culture. The way of integration into the Western
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis society lays through the modernization, thus rejecting of the global culture is impossible for
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT Georgia. And it is not necessary either.
Georgia will not be able to get rid of the global culture.
The statistical data are given, in which the changes taking place in the Georgian society for
last years are fixed.

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 7 - 7

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