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    Louise Fawcett - International Relations of Middle East-Oxford University Press (2016) PDF

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    16a TURMA DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS

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    international Relations of the Middle East FOURTH EDITION Edited by Louise Fawcett OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD ‘Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, ‘Valted Kingdom (Oxford University Presse department ofthe University of Oxford. furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, ‘and education by publishing weldwide. Oxford isa registered trade mark of ‘Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other counties (© Oxford Unlvesty ress 2016 “The moral rights ofthe author have been asserted intedition 2005 Second edition 2009, “Third edition 2013 Impression: ‘llrightsreserved. No pat ofthis plication may be reproduce, stored in ‘retrieval system o trensatted, In any form or By any means, without the ar person in wnt Oxford Un Pre, oat xen peed bylaw by licence or under terms agreed with the sppropriats repo hts organization Enquire concerning reproduction uti the eope ofthe ‘above should be seat othe Rights Department, Oxford University Press, etthe ‘addrest above ‘You mast not circulate this work in any thee form ‘nd you must impose this same condition on any sequiter Published inthe United Stats of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York NY 10016, United States of America ‘Beitish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ata available Library of Congress Control Number: 2015955520 ISBN 978-0-19-870874-2, Printed In Taly by L.E.G.O.S pA. Links to third party websites sre provided by Oxford in good futh and for information only. Oxford disclaims ny responsiblity forthe materiale ‘contained in tn third party website referenced in this Work, Preface to the fourth edition In the few years that have passed since the third edition was published, the Middle East has con- tinued to experience momentous changes. Most notable ofthese, are the consequences of the ‘Arab ‘Spring’ uprisings, which started late in 2010, but continue to heve enormous impact across the region and the wider world, In revising their chapters for this edition, the different authors have fully taken ‘on bosrd the possible impact ofthese, as well as other, recent developments on the international rela- tions ofthe region. In addition, there is one new chapter which looks specifically atthe impact of the ‘Arab Spring on the International Relations of the region. The online resources that accompany the book have been revised and brought up to dst to offer students continuing additional support. ‘As with the previous editions, a numberof people have been involved in assisting the smooth pro- ‘gress of thie manuscript. As in the past I have benefited from the expert aststance of the OUP edi- ‘torial and production teams and I would lke to thank them for their effcency and support. am particularly grateful to Francesca Mitchell for her careful editing and many suggestions for improve- ‘ment. And, as before, Iam enormously grateful to all ofthe authors who have been generous and {forthcoming with idess and suggestions for this revised volume, Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support of the Middle East Centre, St Antony’s College, Oxford. Louise Faweett Oxford ‘April 2016 Guided tour of the Online Resource Centre www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/orc/fawicettde/ ‘The Online Resource Centre that accompanies this book provides students and registered instructors with additional teaching and learning resources. EEEEEEE Fawcett: international Relations of the Middle East 4e Set resonces ty ter ic eae ‘Ao nerve map prog lt abot easutes inthe Mise Ea Showin hey evenisin aby the Me East Interactive map ‘An interactive map of the Middle East provides key information about each state, helping you to expand your knowledge ofthe region. auipep Tour oF Faweott: International Relat} Tinwlne thay oe ag etn te ne a ONLINE RESOURCE CENTRE vil Timeline ‘An interactive timeline outines the key events in the Middle East using the chronologies in the book. Web links Web links direct you to useful sources ofinterest and information, enabling you to take your learning further. Chapter exercises Web-based questions that are directly related teach chapter ofthe book help you to extend your knowiedge and test your understanding, Links to news sites Links to news sites direct you to sources of ‘up-to-date information on cutrent events inthe Middle Eas. PowerPoint® slides “These fully adaptable slides complement each chapter of the book and are a useful resource for preparing lecture presentations o class handouts Guided tour of textbook features This textis enriched with a range of learning tools to help you navigate the text material and reinforce your knowledge of international relations of the le East. This guided tour shows you how to get the most out of your textbook. thie epee meen gin et ‘Sonepat a pac ‘etna law oa tis ty ‘Nor cme cnr sarge ‘npr erp rs ‘Surette en Epson ‘ignores none ape isrnyatons {ete appre ton emt pew Inieungvn toc narnasngoe mb aaarnue Be Rantseramnghernae caters mira ‘Questions | 2. What spec ofthe secarty lens bathe pte np} ‘tintin Mil at . 2 Contract appetobea etl ay to epain ten ‘Esser nrmillions bao an contract ena ue th reson sand sep (ethane Ref Dee nine te pind ‘sine lors Dace costes egy of on ut ‘rm ofte Tana Prolptionfth Oem Coston Further reading eon. (1986 trata Ptis a the Middl (Princeton, NE Picton Unverty Pes) ‘rece ty tres elton fe th nbuaiegemathe teri cry rom D. DA Poe Bad Paes Overview |The Overview outines themes and issues within the chapter and indicates the scope ofits coverage. Boxes Interspersed throughout the chapters, boxes provide futher insights into specific topics and issues, End-of-chapter questions Questions are provided atthe end of each chapter to help you check your understanding and critically reflect on your learning. Key events (Chronological lists draw out key Middle Eastern ‘events to strengthen your understanding of ‘egional histor, Further reading Reading lists are provided to help you find out more about the topics covered in the chapter by itecting you tothe key acadeic literature in the fil. Contents Note on contributors New to this edition Introduction: The Middle East and international Relations Louise Fewest ‘The bookand the ile ‘Studying the international relations ofthe Middle East Organization ofthe volume Chapter outlines ‘The international relations ofthe Middle East and the future PART 1 Theoretical and Historical Gverview 1 International Relations Theory and the Middle East Fred H. Lawson Introduction ‘Structural realism, neoliberal institutional, and relational contracting International society political culture, and historical sociology Constructivism, post-sructualsm, and post-modernism key findings from quantitative research Power transitions and the power cycle Contributions from regional specialists ‘The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System Eugene. Rogan Introduction: the Arab entry to international relations ‘Otcoman diplomacy ‘An Ottoman legacy of satehood ‘Wartime plans forthe pation ofthe Middle East. ‘The post-war settlement, 1919-22 ‘The colonial framework ‘The Arab states and the Palestine crisis ‘The Cold War in the Middle East Peter Slugett Introduction ‘The immediate origins ofthe Cold War u 16 a a 2B D 32 35 36 40 4 2 “4 6 5 3 2 conTENTS Cl inthe Middle East a Acash oFideologies @ Elements ofa case study ra, the Soviet Union and the United States, 1945-90 n 4) The Middle East since the Cold War: the Multi-Layered (insecurity Dilemma n Bahgat Koray Introduction 0 Decoding the Middle Eas intermestcs 3 ila mined blessing? a Tadtional (insecurity: the geopolitical context % Socio-politcal threats and confit: the new high poles 8 The primacy of change over Arab exceptionalism 3 PART 2 Themesin international Relations and International Political Economy 5 Oiland Political Economy in the International Relations ofthe Middle East. 105 Giacomo Luciani Invoducton 105 (il and the consolidation ofthe Middle Eastern state system 108 Gil and te international relations ofthe Middle East 13 Cll and domestic politics the renter sate paradigm ne Gil and interArabcelations we ‘The regional and intemational environments and the political orderin the Middle East 124 6 The Puzzle of Political Reform in the Middle East Bt ‘Augustus Richard Norton Introduction 1a Explaining the democracy deficit 134 ‘Muslims and the question of political reform 1 ‘The Arab uprisings of 2011 3 7 The Politics of Identity in Middle East International Relations 155 Raymond Hinnebusch Introduction 155 ‘The challenge of nation-building from empire to states stern 156 Inredentism and interstate confct 161 Identity and foreign policy 163 InterArab poitics amidst supra-sate identity: the rise, decline, and evolution of pan-Arabism 168 The instrumentalization of identity in the post-Arab uprising regional power struggle 171 contents 8 _Islamand International Relations in the Middle East: From Umma to Nation State W6 Peter Mandavile Introduction wm Islam and intemational relations: history and key concepts wm Pan-lslam, colonialism, and the modern state 180 “The politcal economy of islamic revival 184 Islam and geopolitics 186 Thinking about lam and foreign policy 188 Islam, globalization and the Arab Spring’ 190 9 Alliances and Regionatism in the Middle East 196 Louse Facet Introduction 197 International relations theory and the case ofthe Mile East 198 Regions, regionalism, and understanding cooperation m2 Middle Eas regionalism: a review 204 Beyond the Arab uprisings new regionalism? 2 10 Middle East Security: Conflict and Securitization of Identities 28 ‘Marna Caleuliwitn Mao Lepr Introdvetion 219 Security inthe Middle East: conceprs and practices 220 Securitization of dents 2 | Monarchs vs republics the traditional svucture of security in the Arab Middle East 2B Arab monarchies and republics afer the uprisings 25 Strategic competition andthe Sunni-Shia it 226 “Tre narrative ofthe"Shia crescent’ and itsimpact rom 2003 tothe atrmath ofthe 2011 uprisings 27 ‘Anew vary: proponents and opponents ofthe Muslim Brotherhood 2 PART Hey Issues and Actors 11__ Foreign Policymaking in the Middle East: Complex Realism 238 Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehtshari Introduction: complex realism 29 Framework of analysis 240 Comparative foreign policy in the 2000s: explaining foreign policy variation 25 conTeNTs B “ 6 16 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Charles Smith Invoduction From the cestion fae tthe 1967 War The 1967 war, Arb atonal ai, and the e-erexgence ofthe Palestinian factor From the 1967 wart the Eyptin-naeh peace reaty From Camp Davi to Oso Palestina: 2000-15 The Rise and Fall ofthe Oslo Peace Process sain troduction The lo peace process The Oslo accord stoi amp David The International Politics ofthe Gulf Matteo Lgrena and Gregory Guise troduction fei secur potcal dent and ai War edsions fli securty, elon balancing and Saul Arabian allance deckons US poly inthe Gl Tresiniicance of the +1 negotiations with an and he Sain wary prony ‘The Arab Spring: The ‘People’ in International Relations Labi sad Inroducton: rave ofthe Arb Spring (mental challenged People-civen international lations ‘ab Spin: moment of peoplchood! Cente vs periphery: botom-up change The Amb Spring: progenitor of democratiation? “Treinterational lations ofthe rb oxng ‘The United States in the Middle East Michael. Hudson Inroducton Theroets ofS vehement Polcymaking stucures and process ‘region in x Us responses to wets century callenges 260 264 268 m 26 285, aS 286 289 238 or 305 207 30) 3M 319 324 325 331 335 38 31 2a 346 356 356 307 368 366 370 contents xiil 17 Europein the Middle East 380 Rosemary Hollis Invoduction 380 Phase |: the imperial era and is legacy 383 Phase imperial retreat and Cold Wer rivalries 385 Phase Ill the European Union and regional security 357 War sanctions, and trade 387 “The Mediterranean neighbourhood 389 Europe and the Middle East peace process 392 Phase IV: Europe, the Arab uprisings and the refugee crisis. 394 Bibliography 400 Index 431 Note on contributors ‘Marina Calculli is Fulbright Fellow at the George Washington University, Eliott School of Interna- {onal Affairs—Insitutefor Middle Eastern Stus, Her publications focus on Middle East security ‘and civil-millary relations in Arab sates, ‘Anoushiravan Ehtoshami is Nosser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Chalr in International Relations and Director ofthe HH, Shelkh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Programmein International Relations, Regional Politics, and Security, a the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham ‘University. His latest book is Dynamics of Change inthe Persian Gulf Political Economy, War and Revolution (New York: Routledge, 2013). Louise Fawcett is Professor of International Relations and Wilfrid Knapp Fellow and Lecturer in Politics at St Catherine's College, Oxford University. She is the author of ran and the Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). F. Gregory Gause Il is Professor, holder of the John H. Lindsey “44 Chir and head of the Inter- national Affers Department atthe Bush School of Government, Texas A&M University. He isthe author of The International Relations ofthe Persian Gulf (Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity Press, 2010). Raymond Hinnebusch is Professor of International Relations and Middle East Polis at the Uni versity of St Andrews, Scotland, He isthe author of International Politics of the Middle East 2nd edition (Manchester: Manchester University Pres, 2015). Rosemary Hollis is Professor of Middle Fast Policy Studies and Director of the Olive Tree Israeli~ Palestinian Scholarship Programme at City University London. She is author of Britain and the ‘Middle Bas in the 9/11 Bra (Chichester: Wiley-Blackell, 2010). Michael. Hudson Seif Ghobash Professor Emeritus of Arab Studies ané International Relations at Georgetown University and Nonresident Senlor Fellow atthe Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affsirs a the American University of Beleut, His latest publication is "The Crisis. ‘of the Arab State: Study Group Report (Harvard University Belfer Center for Science and Interna tional Affairs Middle East Initiative, 2015) Bahgat Korany is Professor of International Relations and Politicel Economy atthe American Uni- versity in Cairo (AUC), Founding-Director of the AUC Forum and Fellow ofthe Royal Saciety of (Canada, He Is the lead-author ofthe UNDP tenth-anniversary special volume Arab Human Devel- ‘opment inthe 21st Century (2014) and winner ofthe Global South Scholar Avrard fr life achieve- ‘ments, International Studies Association, 2015, Fred H, Lawson is Professor of Government at Mills College. He's the author of Constructing Inter ‘national Relations inthe Arab World Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006) ‘Matteo Legrenzi is Associate Professor of International Relations atthe School of International Re- lations, Cs! Foscari University of Venice and President ofthe Italian Association for Middle Eastern ‘Studies. His latest book is Tae GCC ana the International Relations ofthe Gul: Diplomacy, Security ‘and Economic Goortnation in a Changing Middle East, 2nd edition (London: I. B.Tausis, 2015). OTE ON CONTRIBUTORS Giacomo Luciani teaches atthe Paris School of International Afairs (SciencesPo) and atthe Gradu- ate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. His latest book is Political Econ- ‘omy of Energy Reform: The Clean-Energy-FossilFual Balance inthe Gulf (Gerlach Press, 2014), Peter Mandaville is Professor of International Affirs in the School of Policy, Government & Intemational Affairs at George Mason University. He isthe author of Islam and Polites (London: Routledge, 2014). ‘Augustus Richard Norton is Professor of Anthropology and International Relations, Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University, and Sultan of Brunel Fellow, Oxford Cente for Islamic Studies Hismostrecentbookis Hezbolla A Shot History, 3réedtion (Princeton, Nj:Princeton University Press,2014). Eugene L. Rogan is Professor of Modern Middle Eastern History atthe University of Oxford anda Fellow of St Antony's College His most ecent bookis The Fall fthe Ottomans: The Great War in the ‘Middle Bast, 1914-1920 (New York: Basic Books/London: Allen Lane, 2015). Larbi Sadite teaches international affairs at Qatar University He i editor of the Routledge Handbook ofthe Arab Spring (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015), ‘Avi Shlaim is Emeritus Fellow of St Antony’s College and Fmeritus Professor of International Rela tions atthe University of Oxford, His books inchude The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arabs (expanded and updated edition, 2014), Peter Sluglett is Director ofthe Middle Eas Institute, National University of Singapore. He is co- author (with Marion Farouk-Sluglet) of iraq since 158 From Revolution to Dictatorship, 3c edi- tion (London: 1. B. Tauris, 2001), Charles Smith is Professor Emeritus of Middle Bast History, School of Middle East and North African Studies, Univesity of Arizona. Heisthe author of Palestine and the Arab-Isael Confit, 8th ‘edition (Boston, MA: Bedford/St Martins Press, 2012; th edition forthcoming in 2016). New to this edition ‘Annew chapter on the Arab Spring and its impact. Fully updated to include coverage ofthe so-called Islami State or ISIS group. End-of-chapter questions designed to encourage critical reflection, ‘An increased numberof case studies to link theory to real-life situations. Introduction: The Middle East and International Relations LOUISE FAWCETT ‘Thebookand thetitle 1 Studying the international relations ofthe Middle East Organization ofthe volume Chapter outlines " ‘The international relations ofthe Middle East andthe future 6 Further reading ” The book and the title ‘This book aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive, up-to-date, and accessible guide to understanding the international relations of the modern Middle East. Few parts ofthe ‘world have been quite so buffeted by conflict and war; few parts of the world have been 50 ‘much written about and debated in recent times, while remaining subject to misunderstand ing and stereotype. As one scholar, reflecting onthe legacy of fifty years of academic study of the region, claimed: ‘Middle Eastern political processes defy observation, discourage gener- alization and resist explanation’ (Bill 1996: 503) This observation has been borne out by the unpredictable series of events since the start of this century, including 9/11 and subsequent terrorist ttackss the Iraq War of 2003; the 2011 Arab uprisings and thelr consequences, in- cluding the rise of so-called Islamic State (IS)" and a refugee crisis of enormous proportions. ‘These have deeply unsetted the region, bringing about the fall of long-established regimes and causing a ‘deep structural transformation’ (Lynch 2012). ‘The two major disciplines of international relations (IR) and Middle East studies with ‘which this book is mainly concerned are highly interdependent, as any cursory survey of _ajor works shows, No book on the contemporary politics ofthe Middle East can possibly ignore the way in which external forces have shaped and continue to shape the development of te region’ politics, economics, and societies. Ifthe former colonial powers were involved in the very creation of states, post-colonial powers have maintzined extraordinarily high levels of interest and involvement in their politics, economics, and security, for reasons re~ lating to resources, geographical location, and culture (Milton Edwards 2011). Similarly, no international relations text can ignore the rich cases that the Middle East has supplied, and how they illuminate different theories and concepts of the discipline (Binder 1958), whether Louise FaweetT in respect of patterns of war and peace or international political economy. Many works have been published on either side of the Middle East studies-international relations divide, but ‘until recently there were rather fewer titles that took on the challenge of integrating the two Aisciplines. There has been a rather standoffs attitude between political scientists and area studies scholars, which has held back joint enterprises. Area studies specialists criticize IR and social science methods for ignorance or selective use of fats to suit their theoretical purposes, IR specialists criticize area studies scholars for being unscientific, too descriptive and empirical, and ‘methods light: This sate of affirs contributed to what scholars have called a ‘risis! in Middle East studies, in pat the product of such disciplinary divides, but also because academic research on the Middle East has mostly filed to provide a good tem- plate for policymakers (Kramer 2001; Gause 201 1a; Lynch 2014). ‘Notwithstanding such criticisms, this situation has changed in recent years, witha growth. in efforts to integrate political science and Middle East studies. Ths is evident in the area of comparative government (for example, Anderson 1987; Tessle etal. 1999; Bellin 2004; Posusney and Angrist 2005). As regards the international relations ofthe region, there have ‘been, since the 1980s, some significant worksincludingL.C, Brown, International Politiesand the Midale East (1984), TY. Ismael, International Relations ofthe Contemporary Middle East (1986), F Halliday, The Middle Bast in international Relations (2005), end R. Hinnebusch, ‘The International Politics ofthe Middle East (2015b). Together, these books have made impor- tant contributions to the subject, offering different approaches and perspectives informed by contemporary international relations debates. Yet itis probably fair to say that, despite such advances, theres still something ofa gap in the literature, which suggests that work remains to be done in bringing the subject areas together, to close an imaginary fault line that has for a long time held them apart (Valbjorn 2004). Further, and to state the obvious, there is enormous contemporary interest ina subject and a region that poses some ofthe central security challenges ofthe frst half of the twenty-first century. These include the destabilizing ‘regional and international effects of the Iraq War (Fawcett 2013), the Arab Spring (Gerges 2014), Iran's foreign policy orientation and nuclear programme, and the still unresolved PPalestine-Israel conflict. This volume is therefore a direct response to this interest and to continuing demand for further scholarly engagement between the two disciplines, in order tohelp us better understand the international politics ofthe region. In moving beyond the international relations-area studies divide, it seeks also to challenge arguments of ‘exceptionalism’ that have been applied to the Middle East. Such arguments, ‘which are addressed in Edward Said classic text Orientalism (1978), find in it unique qual- ties—such as its Arab and Islamic character—that make it different, explaining, for exam- pele, the stubbornness of authoritarian rule—even beyond the Arab Spring (Kedourie 1992; Springborg 2011). Rejecting such approaches it seeks to offer a nuanced and integrated ap- ‘proach in which key ideas and conceptsin international elation, and key themes and develop- ‘ments in Middle East Studies, are brought together and discussed ina systematic way, In this new edition it responds to a call from those who engage in ‘Global International Relations}? ‘which incorporates more critical and expansive approaches to international society. Global IR

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