Herbology

WRITTEN BY LAWERENCE DESANTIS, C.H.C, ND

Primitius International, All Rights Reserved, 2016

Table of Contents
History of Herbalism ............................................................................................................................... 2
Classification of Herbs ........................................................................................................................... 4
Herbal Combinations ............................................................................................................................. 6
Herbal Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 7
Herbal Preparation ................................................................................................................................. 8
Preparations for internal use............................................................................................................... 8
Tablets or capsules ......................................................................................................................... 8
Teas: infusions and decoctions ....................................................................................................... 8
Tincture/Herbal Extracts.................................................................................................................. 9
Suppositories ................................................................................................................................ 10
Preparations for external use............................................................................................................ 10
Make a wash................................................................................................................................. 10
Compresses.................................................................................................................................. 10
Hand and foot baths...................................................................................................................... 11
Herbal baths ................................................................................................................................. 11
Liniments ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Oils ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Poultices ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Whole Herbs vs. Standardized Herbal Extracts .................................................................................... 12
Essential Oils ....................................................................................................................................... 13
List of essential oils .......................................................................................................................... 15
Essential Oils/Aromatherapy ............................................................................................................ 17
Herbal Functions A-Z ........................................................................................................................... 26
Aloe Vera ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Astragalus (Astragalus Membranaceus) ........................................................................................... 27
Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) ........................................................................................................... 28
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) ............................................................................................... 30
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) .......................................................................................................... 34
Calendula (Calendula officinalis) ...................................................................................................... 36
Cascara Sagrada (Frangula purshiana) ............................................................................................ 36
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) .................................................................................................................... 37
Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) ....................................................................................................... 37
Cayenne (Capsicum annuum) .......................................................................................................... 39
Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) .................................................................................................... 41
Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) .................................................................................................... 42
Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) ..................................................................................... 43
Echinacea (Echinacea purpura) ....................................................................................................... 45
Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) ........................................................................................... 49
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) ..................................................................................................... 49
Eyebright (Euphrasia Officinalis) ...................................................................................................... 50
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) ............................................................................................................ 51
 Garlic (Allium sativum)...................................................................................................................... 52
Gentian (Gentiana lutea) .................................................................................................................. 56
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) ............................................................................................................... 57
Ginkgo (Ginkgo Biloba) .................................................................................................................... 61
Golden Seal (Hydrastis Canadensis) ................................................................................................ 65
Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) ....................................................................................................... 67
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) ...................................................................................... 69
Kava (Piper methysticum) ................................................................................................................ 69
Kelp (Laminaria digitata)................................................................................................................... 69
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) ............................................................................................................. 70
Pau D’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) ................................................................................................ 72
Peppermint (Mentha X Piperita) ....................................................................................................... 74
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) ........................................................................................................ 74
Rhodiola (Rhodiola Rosea) .............................................................................................................. 76
Reishi and other Medicinal mushrooms ............................................................................................ 79
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) ....................................................................................................... 83
Schisandra (Schisandra Chinensis) .................................................................................................. 85
St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) ............................................................................................ 86
Stinging Nettles (Urtica dioica) ......................................................................................................... 88
Tumeric (Curcuma longa) ................................................................................................................. 89
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) ............................................................................................................ 91
Yellow Dock (Rumex Crispus) .......................................................................................................... 92
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) ........................................................................................................ 93
Herbal Sources .................................................................................................................................... 98
Herbal Glossary ................................................................................................................................... 99
References ........................................................................................................................................ 103

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History of Herbalism
Since the ancient times of India, China, Egypt, and Assyria, people have always turned to plants
for help — for food, shelter, clothing, weapons, healing, and many other uses. This dates back
as far back as the year 2700 BCE and is a result of the struggle to achieve mastery over the
forces of nature.

Herbs in Ancient Egypt

Surviving Egyptian papyri dating back to around 1700 BCE record that many common herbs,
such as garlic and juniper, have been used medicinally for around 4,000 years. In the days of
Ramses III, hemp was used for eye problems just as it may be prescribed for glaucoma today,
while poppy extracts were used to quiet crying children.

Herbs in Ancient Greece

By the time of Hippocrates (468-377 BCE), European herbal tradition had already absorbed
ideas from Assyria, and India, with Eastern herbs such as basil and ginger among the most
highly prized. The complex theory of humor and essential body fluids had begun to be
formulated by this time.

Hippocrates categorized all foods and herbs by fundamental quality — hot, cold, dry or damp
— and good health was maintained by keeping them in balance, as well as observing a
regiment of plenty of exercises and fresh air.

Pedanius Dioscorides wrote his classic text De Materia Medica in around 60 CE, and this
remained the standard textbook for 1,500 years. Dioscorides was reputed to have been either
the physician to Anthony and Cleopatra or, more likely, an army surgeon during the reign of
Emperor Nero. Many of the actions Dioscorides describes are familiar today: parsley as a
diuretic, fennel to promote milk flow, white horehound mixed with honey as an expectorant.

Roman Contributions to Herbology

The Greek theories of medicine reached Rome around 100 BCE. As time passed, they became
more mechanistic, presenting a view of the body as a machine to be actively repaired, rather
than following the Hippocratic dictum of allowing most diseases to cure themselves. Medicine
became a lucrative business with complex, highly-priced herbal preparations.

Opposing this practice was Claudius Galenus (131-199 CE), who was born in Pergamon in Asia
Minor and was a court physician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Galen reworked many of the old
Hippocratic ideas and formalized the theories of humor. His books soon became the standard
medical texts, not only of Rome, but also of later Arab and medieval physicians, and his
theories still survive in Unani medicine today.

Islamic Influences on Herbal Medicine

With the fall of Rome in the fifth century, the center of Classical learning shifted east and the
study of Galenical medicine was focused in Constantinople and Persia. Galenism was adopted
with enthusiasm by the Arabs and merged with both folk beliefs and surviving Egyptian
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learning. It was this mixture of herbal ideas, practice, and traditions that were re-imported into
Europe with the invading Arab armies.

Probably the most important work of the time was the Kitab al-Qanun, or Canon of Medicine,
by Avicenna. This was based firmly on Galenical principles and by the 12th century, had been
translated into Latin and imported back to the west to become one of the leading textbooks in
Western medical schools.

Monastery Influences on Herbal Medicine

The Christian monks of the sixth century enlarged the medicinal use of herbs and even created
many tools for the use of herbs. They became really the first homeopathic specialists and each
monastery had a special herb garden from which plants were exchanged and traded between
orders, thereby developing and improving the herbs. Some of today's great medical centers are
direct descendants of these monastery gardens.

Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and
plant extracts. Herbalism is also known as botanical medicine, medical herbalism, herbal
medicine, herbology, and Phytotherapy. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended
to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.

Many plants synthesize substances that are useful to the maintenance of health in humans and
other animals. These include aromatic substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygen-
substituted derivatives such as tannins. Many are secondary metabolites, of which at least
12,000 have been isolated — a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total. In many
cases, these substances (particularly the alkaloids) serve as plant defense mechanisms against
predation by microorganisms, insects, and herbivores. Many of the herbs and spices used by
humans to season food yield useful medicinal compounds.

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Classification of Herbs
All herbs belong to one or more classification or groups. There are 11 groups we will list and
discuss.

Alterative Group

These herbs clear the body of toxins. They tend to correct conditions. They are used to change
existing nutritive and excretory processes to regulate body functions.

Red Clover, Plantain leaves, Nettles, Golden Seal Root and leaves, Burdock root, Yellow dock
root, and Oregon grape root are some.

Astringent Group

An herb that draws together or constricts body tissues and is effective in stopping the flow of
blood or other secretions. Witch hazel, Red Raspberry leaves, white ash bark, White Oak bark,
and Mountain Ash bark are some examples.

Demulcent Group

These herbs coat and soothe irritated mucous membranes. They are used in the common cold
and coughs. Marshmallow root, Slippery elm, Coltsfoot, Iceland moss, Mullein Leaves, and
Plantain leaves are a few.

Diaphoretic Group

These herbs cause perspiration but are not as visible or intensely felt as the Sudorific herbs.
They are Hyssop, Horehound, Pleurisy root, Sage leaves, Bergamot leaves, Blessed thistle,
Lemon Balm, Burdock Root, Tansy, Elder Flower, Anise seed, Yarrow, Pennyroyal herb,
Chamomile.

Sudorific Group

These promote heavy perspiration by stimulating the sudorific glands. These herbs are Jamaica
Ginger, Boneset, Bayberry bark, Yarrow stems and leaves, Sage leaves.

Diuretic Group

An herb that increases the flow of urine. Horsetail, Chickweed, Juniper berries, Plantain leaves,
Fennel seed, Comfrey root are diuretic.

Expectorant Group

Expectorants are herbs that aid to decrease and expel excessive accumulations of mucous in
common colds, coughs, throat and bronchi irritations. They are Wild Cherry bark, Solomon Seal,
Pleurisy root, Nettle leaves, White Pine Bark, Balm of Gilead buds, and Pine buds.

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Laxatives

These herbs stimulate secretions of intestinal glands, and excite a moderate Peristalsis, creating
a mild evacuation of stools while softening them. Senna leaves, and Cascara Sagrada bark are
some.

Anthelmintic Group

An herb that destroys and/or expels parasites from the body. Some are Wormwood seed or
flowers, Peach leaves, Black Walnut leaves, Pumpkinseed, garlic, clove, Malefern root, Oregano
oil.

Nervines

Herb that acts as a tonic to the nerves. Such are; Valerian root, Chamomile, Catnip, hops
flowers, and Vervain.

Tonic Group

An herb that invigorates and stimulates tone and energy to the body. Some of these herbs are
Raspberry leaves, Strawberry leaves and Nettles for women. Ginseng, Saw palmetto berries,
and Sarsaparilla for men.

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Herbal Combinations
It is very advantageous to use several herbs together because there is a synergism that can
make the effect greater than a single herb. When doing so, remember the rules:

• Try to not use more than one herb that has the same virtue and strength.
• Use three parts of primary herb(s) that have the effect or property desired.
• Use one part aromatic and/or one part demulcent and/or tonic to enhance,
complement the effects, as well as, improve the taste of the formula.

Alterative Groups

Infusion: ½ oz Red clover blossoms, ½ oz Nettle leaves, ½ oz Plantain leaves, ½ oz Peppermint,

½ oz Mullein leaves

Astringent Group

Decoction: ½ oz White Oak Bark, ½ oz Witch Hazel, ½ oz White Ash bark, ½ oz Fennel seed

Demulcent Group

Decoction: ½ oz Marshmallow root, ½ oz Slippery Elm, ½ oz Mullein leaves, ½ oz Catnip

Diaphoretic Group

Use three primary herbs, one demulcent, and one laxative.

Decoction: ½ oz Yarrow, ½ oz Elder Flowers, ½ oz Bergamot leaves, ½ oz Mullein leaves, ½ oz

Dandelion root

Sudorific Group

Decoction: ½ oz Yarrow stems and leaves, ½ oz Bayberry bark, ½ oz Sage leaves, ½ oz

Peppermint

Diuretic Group

Decoction: ½ oz Horsetail, ½ oz Chickweed, ½ Juniper berries, ½ oz Plantain leaves, ½ oz Fennel

seed

Expectorant Group

Decoction: ½ oz Wild Cherry bark, ½ oz Balm of Gilead buds, ½ oz Licorice root, ½ oz Mullein
leaves ½ oz Angelica root

Laxative Group

Decoction: ½ oz Senna leaves, ½ oz Cascara Bark, ½ oz Dandelion root, ½ oz Slippery Elm, ½ oz

Anise root

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Anthelmintic Group

Decoction: 1 part Wormwood, 1 part Walnut tree leaves, 1 part Peach leaves, 1 part Malefern
root, 1 part Pumpkin seeds

Nervine Group

Decoction: ½ oz Valerian root, ½ oz Hops flowers, ½ oz Catnip, ½ oz Peppermint

Tonic Group

Decoction: ½ oz Sarsaparilla, ½ oz Ginseng root, ½ oz Cinnamon bark, ½ oz Licorice Root, ½ oz

Corn Silk

Herbal Assessment
When selecting an herb for a given individual many are a possibility. The problem remains:
Which herb(s) will best address their need? The selection process can be summarized as
follows:

➢ With the aid of a Natural Health Questionaire and/or some competent assessment
procedure that has been done, identify what to address first and in what way. Address
the most obvious imbalances and complaints.
➢ Select herbs that will address the physiological and pathophysiological processes
identified through assessment or diagnosis.
➢ Select relevant herbs based on their range of primary and secondary actions, thus
ensuring the best fit for the need of the individual.

It may be challenging at first but with practice, it becomes straight forward when it comes to
selecting the proper herbs to use. The following steps will be helpful:

➢ List the signs and symptoms of each problem.

➢ Interpret the processes behind the symptoms and the underlying pathology, and
identify appropriate herbal actions to address them.
➢ Find herbs that are helpful based on their primary and secondary actions.
➢ Identify body systems that would benefit from the use of tonic herbs and choose the
best tonics.
➢ Are there any biochemical considerations concerning certain plants or maybe
contraindications?
➢ Put together a plan based on the above considerations.
➢ Identify other natural health modalities and lifestyle issues that might support the
function of the herbs.

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Herbal Preparation
There are many ways we can use herbs in order for them to exert their beneficial influence. The
easiest way to take herb is to simply eat them. Most of us do this every day, for example with
parsley in salads, mint or rosemary with roast lamb or garlic with just about everything. The
herbs are absorbed in the digestive tract and enter the bloodstream and circulate around the
body.

Preparations for internal use

Apart from culinary use herbs can be taken internally as teas, tinctures or in tablet form.

Tablets or capsules
This method is the easiest way to take herbs. Simply ingest a tablet or capsule and follow with a
glass of water. They may also be dissolved in hot water for tea. The tablets and capsules can be
purchased, and you can keep them on hand for when they may be needed. You can also make
them at home using gelatin capsules filled with powdered mixtures of the herbs you require.
The process is made easier by using a capsule maker.

There are two sizes - 0 and 00. Size 0 holds about 0.35 g of powder so that three capsules
should be taken three times daily to achieve the standard dose. Size 00 holds about 0.5 g of
powder, requiring two capsules to be taken three times per day for the standard dose.

Teas: infusions and decoctions

Teas come in two forms - infusions and decoctions. Which one you make depends on the part
of the herb that you want to use. Infusions are for the soft parts of the plant and decoctions are
for the bark and woody parts.

Infusions

These are made the same way as making a cup of tea, using the soft parts of the plant (the
leaves, stems, and flowers). The standard dose is 1oz (25g) of dried herb, or 2 oz or (50 g) of
fresh herb to 1 pint (600 ml) of boiling water. This can be varied according to taste. It is
important that they be palatable so that you can drink them regularly when you need to.
Sometimes a little honey makes the tea more palatable.

Put the herb in a warmed pot and pour on the boiling water, leave covered to infuse for 10
minutes and then strain. A cupful is generally taken three times a day for chronic conditions
and six times daily for acute illnesses. An infusion will keep up to two days in the refrigerator.

Combine different herbs with similar properties to improve the healing and alter the flavor.

Decoctions

These are similar to infusions except that they are made from hard materials, such as bark,
roots, wood chips, seeds, and nuts. They may require more heat than an infusion.

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Break or hammer the pieces first with a pestle and mortar or chop them if fresh. Porcelain or
glass vessels should be used in preparing infusions and decoctions. The full benefit of the herb
is attained by keeping the material covered while being processed. Simmer the material in a
glass or enamel vessel with some water, for at least 10 minutes before straining. Use a little
over a pint (600 ml) of water per ounce (25g) of herb, to make up for any water lost during the
simmering. The dosage is the same as for infusions.

Using infusions and decoctions

You can use infusions and decoctions in eyebaths, gargles, mouthwashes, and lotions. Such
treatments are given about two to three times per day for chronic problems and every two
hours for acute situations. Note: milk is not usually added to a herbal infusion or decoctions.

Syrups
These are often preferred for children. Give two teaspoons (double for adults) three or four
times per day for chronic problems and twice as much for an acute illness. After preparing the
herb as if to make a tea, bring it to a boil for five to ten minutes. Mix in 12oz (325g) sugar or
honey into a pint (600ml) of the liquid and heat until the sugar dissolves. Store the syrup in the
refrigerator.

Alternatively, you can weigh your infusion or decoction and add a 1/4 of its weight of honey to
it. Heat this slowly and stir it as it starts to thicken, skim off the scum that forms on the surface.

Another method is to pour a pint (600ml) of boiling water over 21/2lb (1.25kg) of soft brown
sugar and stir over low heat until the sugar is dissolved and the solution starts to boil. Remove
from the heat. Add one part of herbal tincture (see below) to three parts syrup. This will keep
very well.

Tincture/Herbal Extracts
These are concentrated extracts of herbs, usually using a mixture of water and alcohol (Duke
2000, uses the cheapest vodka - its 40% alcohol). Use it to extract the constituents of the
remedy. It also acts as a preservative. The ratio of alcohol to water varies from one remedy to
another. 25% of alcohol is needed for glycosides and tannins. Resins and gums need 90%
alcohol.

To make the tincture use:

• Dried herbs at the ratio of one-part herb to five parts of liquid

• Fresh herb at the ratio of one-part herb to two parts of liquid

Place the herb in a large jar and pour in the alcohol and water mixture. Close the lid of the jar
and leave in a cool dark place for 2 to 3 weeks, shaking it daily. When this process is complete,
separate the herb and the liquid (by straining) and place the liquid into a dropper bottle
(Tinctures are often taken by dropper measures). Store the tincture away from heat and light.

An easy way to make an extract is to mix 4 ounces of finely chopped or ground herb (can use a
coffee grinder) into a container that can be tightly closed (If the herb is fresh, use twice the
amount). Pour 1 pint of vodka into the container of the herbs and seal tightly. Keep the
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container in a dark, room temperature place for 2 weeks and shake it once or twice daily. After
this time, strain the mixture and put into dark bottles with a cap or eyedropper fix. Use a
dropper or two of the liquid extract 2 to 3 times daily.

Tinctures generally keep well for about two years.

Tinctures can also be used to make mouthwashes, gargles, lotions, and douches. Use about 1/2
to 1 teaspoon in a cupful of water 2 to 3 times per day in chronic conditions and every two
hours in acute conditions.

Glycerites are frequently used as a substitute for alcohol in tinctures, as a solvent that will
create a therapeutic herbal extraction. Glycerin is less extractive and is approximately 30% less
able to be absorbed by the body due to processing in the liver. Fluid extract manufacturers
often extract herbs in hot water before adding glycerin to make glycerites to increase
extraction.

Glycerin will not extract the same constituents from plants that alcohol will. From "Herbal
Preparations and Natural Therapies" by Debra St. Claire:

• Glycerin will extract the following - sugars, enzymes (dilute), glucosides, bitter
compounds, saponins (dilute), and tannins.
• Absolute alcohol will extract the following - alkaloids (some), glycosides, volatile oils,
waxes, resins, fats, some tannins, balsam, sugars, and vitamins.

Suppositories
Local and systemic conditions can be treated with this method. Suppositories bypass the
intestines and are absorbed through the mucosa of the rectum.

To make suppositories add finely powdered dried herbs to a base of melted cocoa butter. Pour
this into molds, made in the required shape from aluminum foil and allowed to cool.

Preparations for external use

The skin is very absorbent and substances that are applied to the skin will be carried by the
blood vessels around the body.

Make a wash
A wash is a warm infusion, decoction or diluted tincture (10 ml tincture to 250 ml warm water)
that is spread over the skin with a clean cloth or cotton ball. A wash is good for wounds, cuts
and grazes as well as rashes and ulcers.

Compresses
To make a compress take a clean cloth or towel and soak it in either a hot or cold herbal
infusion or a decoction or into water into which a few drops of essential oil have been added.
Then wring it out and apply it to the affected area - such as the site of a headache, period pain,
backache, inflamed joints. Repeat several times for good effect.
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Hand and foot baths
The hands and feet are sensitive areas with many nerve endings. Despite thickening of the skin
in some areas, herbal constituents pass readily from these areas into the bloodstream.

Mustard foot baths are an old remedy for the afflictions of the cold and damp, from colds and
flu to arthritis. The hands and feet are excellent ways to treat children and babies.

Herbal baths
A fragrant warm bath is a relaxing way to take a herbal remedy and an easy way to treat babies
and children.

• You can hang a muslin bag filled with fresh or dried herbs directly under the hot tap.
• Alternatively, you can add a strong herbal infusion to the bathwater. Soak in the water
for 15 to 30 minutes.
• You can add a few drops of essential oil to the bathwater.

Dilute the oils first for babies and children or if you have sensitive skin.

Liniments
Liniments are rubbing oils used in massage to relax or stimulate or soothe away pain from
inflammation or injury. They consist of extracts of herbs in oil or alcohol base or a mix of herbal
oils and alcohol tinctures of your chosen herbs. They are intended to be absorbed quickly
through the skin of the affected part and for this reason they often contain cayenne or
stimulating oils to increase circulation.

Oils
Essential oils are extracted from aromatic plants by a process of steam distillation, so these are
unable to be prepared at home. However, you can make herbal oils by infusing finely chopped
herbs in pure vegetable oils, such as almond, sunflower or olive, for about two weeks.

Place the oil in a jar with a tight-fitting lid. Place the jar on a warm windowsill and shake it daily.
Gradually the oil will take up the constituents of the herbs used. After two or more weeks filter
the oil and press the remainder out of the herb through a muslin bag.

Store the oil in an airtight dark bottle.

Oils can be used for a massage. A few drops of the essential oil can be diluted in the base oil.
You can also put 5 to 10 drops into a bowl of hot water for inhalation.

Poultices
A poultice is a soft damp mixture that is added to part of the body. You can use fresh or dried
herbs as a poultice, placed between two pieces of gauze. Make the herbal mixture into a paste
(crush the fresh herbs or add some water to the dry herbs) to spread over the gauze. Then bind
the gauze poultice to the affected area using a light cotton bandage.
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Whole Herbs vs. Standardized Herbal
Extracts
The mainstream use of herbal medicines is becoming increasingly popular, and there are many
herbal products to choose from. With so many choices, it is easy to get confused about which
forms of herbs are right for you. One important decision is whether to use whole herbs or
standardized herbal extracts. This can be tricky because even the experts are split on this
issue. Therefore, it is best to know the facts about the difference between the two so that you
can make an informed decision.

A whole herb is just what it says: the whole herb, usually dried and encapsulated or processed
and preserved in alcohol or another solvent. Whole herbs contain all of the constituents of the
plant and have been used for hundreds of years by many cultures. In fact, modern medicine
originated with the use of whole herbs. The medicinal properties of herbs have been learned
through empirical observation and the information has been passed down through successive
generations of healers. Although the effects of herbs have not always been formally and
scientifically researched, whole herbs have a long track record validating their safety and
efficacy.

The chemical makeup of an herb can vary slightly, however, depending on a variety of
factors. First, the environment in which the plant has been grown has an effect on the
constituents of the herb. The time of year it is harvested, the soil in which it is grown, and the
weather all influence the overall quality of the final product. Second, methodology plays a
role. For example, the age of the plant at harvest, the exact part of the plant being used, and
processing techniques can all make a difference. Finally, each plant or population of plants has
its own individual genetics, thus adding another source of end-product variation.

A standardized herbal extract is an herb extract that has one or more components present in a
specific, guaranteed amount, usually expressed as a percentage. The intention behind the
standardization of herbs is to guarantee that the consumer is getting a product in which the
chemistry is consistent from batch to batch. This practice has developed out of the drug model
of herbal medicine, in which modern scientists have attempted to identify the
components of a plant that have definite pharmacological activity in the body. Unfortunately,
while scientists can isolate many constituents from an herb and discover how particular
chemicals may act in the body, they inadvertently remove or overlook components that may
contribute to the activity of the whole herb. Consequently, standardization may concentrate
one constituent at the expense of other potentially important ones, while changing the natural
balance of the herb’s components.

Standardization, therefore, is based on the idea that isolated compounds are responsible for
the action of an herb. Almost no medicinal herbs, however, are known for just a single
function. In fact, plants contain a complex blend of phytochemicals, and as naturally
concentrated foods have the unique ability to address a multiplicity of problems
simultaneously. The full medicinal value of herbs is most likely due to their internal complexity
and to the interactions of the different components within the body rather than to one of its
specific components. Furthermore, many of the constituents within an herb are as yet
unknown and internal chemical interactions within and among herbs are even more poorly
understood. Therefore, it is doubtful that this type of standardized herbal extract can exhibit

12
the same full spectrum of use as the whole herb. However, science has proven the efficacy of
some of these concentrated extracts regarding specific biological actions, so they can be very
useful even if they don’t work exactly like the whole herbs.

The second form of standardization uses key components only as markers of identity while
trying to maintain the same full spectrum of components as the whole herb. These
standardized extracts are not necessarily more concentrated than the whole herbs, but they do
maintain a minimum potency of these markers. The markers may or may not be active
constituents of the plant, but a spectrum analysis of this kind of extract should be visually
similar to that of the whole herb, assuring that no major component has been removed in the
extraction process. This process guarantees that the herbs will have a minimum level of
potency every time without sacrificing any components.

Essential Oils
Essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from
plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile or ethereal oils, or simply as the "oil of" the
plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is "essential" in the sense that
it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not as a group need to
have any specific chemical properties in common, beyond conveying characteristic fragrances.
They are not to be confused with essential fatty acids.

Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation. Other processes include expression or
solvent extraction. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, and bath products, for flavoring food
and drink, and for scenting incense and household cleaning products.

Various essential oils have been used medicinally at different periods in history. The medical
application proposed by those who sell medicinal oils range from skin treatments to remedies
for cancer and are often based on historical use of these oils for these purposes. Such claims
are now subject to regulation in most countries and have grown vaguer to stay within these
regulations.

Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades with the popularity of aromatherapy, a
branch of alternative medicine which claims that the specific aromas carried by essential oils
have curative effects. Oils are volatilized or diluted in a carrier oil and used in massage, diffused
in the air by a nebulizer or by heating over a candle flame, or burned as incense, for example.

Distillation

Most common essential oils, such as lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus, are distilled. Raw
plant material, consisting of the flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, seeds, or peel, is put into an
alembic (distillation apparatus) over water.

As the water is heated the steam passes through the plant material, vaporizing the volatile
compounds. The vapors flow through a coil where they condense back to liquid, which is then
collected in the receiving vessel.

Most oils are distilled in a single process. One exception is Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata),
which takes 22 hours to complete through fractional distillation.
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The recondensed water is referred to as a hydrosol, hydrolat, herbal distillate or plant water
essence, which may be sold as another fragrant product. Popular hydrosols include rose water,
lavender water, lemon balm, clary sage, and orange blossom water. The use of herbal distillates
in cosmetics is increasing. Some plant hydrosols have unpleasant smells and are therefore not
sold.

Expression

Most citrus peel oils are expressed mechanically, or cold-pressed. Due to the relatively large
quantities of oil in citrus peel and low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrus-fruit
oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils that are obtained as
by-products of the citrus industry are even cheaper.

Prior to the discovery of distillation, all essential oils were extracted by pressing.

Solvent extraction

Most flowers contain too little volatile oil to undergo expression and their chemical
components are too delicate and easily denatured by the high heat used in steam distillation.
Instead, a solvent such as hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract the oils.
Extracts from hexane and other hydrophobic solvent are called concretes, which is a mixture of
essential oil, waxes, resins, and other lipophilic (oil soluble) plant material.

Although highly fragrant, concretes contain large quantities of non-fragrant waxes and resins.
As such another solvent, often ethyl alcohol, which only dissolves the fragrant low-molecular-
weight compounds, is used to extract the fragrant oil from the concrete. The alcohol is
removed by a second distillation, leaving behind the absolute.

Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent in supercritical fluid extraction. This method
has many benefits, including avoiding petrochemical residues in the product and the loss of
some "top notes" when steam distillation is used. It does not yield an absolute directly. The
supercritical carbon dioxide will extract both the waxes and the essential oils that make up the
concrete. Subsequent processing with liquid carbon dioxide, achieved in the same extractor by
merely lowering the extraction temperature, will separate the waxes from the essential oils.
This lower temperature process prevents the decomposition and denaturing of compounds.
When the extraction is complete, the pressure is reduced to ambient and the carbon dioxide
reverts to a gas, leaving no residue. An animated presentation describing the process is
available for viewing.

Supercritical carbon dioxide is also used for making decaffeinated coffee. However, although it
uses the same basic principles it is a different process because of the difference in scale.

Use in aromatherapy

Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine, in which healing effects are ascribed to the
aromatic compounds in essential oils and other plant extracts. Many common essential oils
have medicinal properties that have been applied in folk medicine since ancient times and are
still widely used today. For example, many essential oils have antiseptic properties. Many are
also claimed to have an uplifting effect on the mind. The claims are supported in some studies
and unconfirmed in others.

14
Dilution

Essential oils are usually lipophilic (literally: "oil-loving") compounds that usually are not
miscible with water. Instead, they can be diluted in solvents like pure ethanol (alcohol),
polyethylene glycol, or oils.

List of essential oils

Essential oils are derived from various sections of plants. Some plants, like the bitter orange,
are sources of several types of essential oil.

Leaves Flowers

• Basil • Cannabis
• Bay leaf • Chamomile
• Cinnamon • Clary sage
• Common sage • Clove
• Eucalyptus • Scented geranium
• Lemongrass • Hops
• Melaleuca • Hyssop
• Oregano • Jasmine
• Patchouli • Lavender
• Peppermint • Manuka
• Pine • Marjoram
• Rosemary • Orange
• Spearmint • Rose
• Teatree • Ylang-ylang
• Thyme
• Wintergreen

Berries Rhizome Resin Root

• Allspice • Galangal • Myrrh • Valerian

• Juniper • Ginger • Frankincense

Seeds Bark Wood Peel

• Almond • Cassia • Camphor • Bergamot

• Anise • Cinnamon • Cedar • Grapefruit
• Celery • Sassafras • Rosewood • Lemon
• Cumin • Sandalwood • Lime
• Nutmeg oil • Agarwood • Orange
• Tangerine

15
Dangers
Because of their concentrated nature, essential oils generally should not be applied directly to
the skin in their undiluted or "neat" form. Some can cause severe irritation or provoke an
allergic reaction. Instead, essential oils should be blended with a vegetable-based "carrier" oil
(a.k.a., a base, or "fixed" oil) before being applied. Common carrier oils include olive, almond,
hazelnut, and grapeseed. Only neutral oils should be used. A common ratio of essential oil
disbursed in carrier oil is 0.5–3% (most under 10%), depending on its purpose. Some essential
oils, including many of the citrus peel oils, are photosensitizers, increasing the skin's
vulnerability to sunlight. Industrial users of essential oils should consult the material safety data
sheets (MSDS) to determine the hazards and handling requirements of particular oils.

Gynecomastia

Estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity have been reported by in vitro study of tea tree oil and
lavender essential oils. Case reports suggest that the oils may be implicated in some cases of
gynecomastia, an abnormal breast tissue growth, in prepubescent boys.

Pesticide residues

There is some concern about pesticide residues in essential oils, particularly those used
therapeutically. For this reason, many practitioners of aromatherapy buy organically produced
oils.

Ingestion

While some advocate the ingestion of essential oils for therapeutic purposes, this should never
be done except under the supervision of someone licensed to prescribe such treatment. Some
common essential oils such as Eucalyptus are toxic internally. Pharmacopeia standards for
medicinal oils should be heeded. Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, cats in
particular. The internal use of essential oils can pose hazards to pregnant women, as some can
be abortifacients in dose 0.5–10 ml.

Note: Whenever using essential oils for internal purposes, they must be diluted four times or
more and only used in 1 or 2 drop amounts for an adult. Some essential oils should never be
taken internally, like tea tree oil.

Flammability

The flashpoint of each essential oil is different. Many of the common essential oils such as tea
tree, lavender, and citrus oils are classed as a Class 3 Flammable Liquid as they have a
flashpoint of 50–60 °C.

16
Essential Oils/Aromatherapy
Caution: many oils listed are very potent. When working with oils, most are not applied "neat"
(meaning "straight" or undiluted), except to skin that is tough (palms of hands, bottoms of the
feet). Always apply with care. If the oil starts to sting or burn, rub a carrier oil (olive, almond,
sesame seed, jojoba, etc.) over it and the burning will stop. Some oils are NOT listed here
simply because they are way too potent for the average person to use and must be used with
caution. Please read everything you can about oil before using it. We don't want anyone
getting hurt.

Angelica (Angelica Archangelica) (Electromagnetic Freq: 85 MHz) (73% monoterpenes)

Relieves nervous exhaustion and stress, revitalizes tired mind and provides mental drive.
Invigorates the lymphatic system, increases perspiration, cleansing system of toxins. Aids
indigestion, flatulence, dyspepsia, colic. Stimulates appetite. Urinary antiseptic. Provides use as
an expectorant in colds, bronchitis, pleurisy. Used to relieve asthma and restore a sense of
smell. General tonic to the lungs. Said to encourage the production of estrogen thereby helping
with painful periods (this may be more so with the Asian species). Said to control uric acid and
may be beneficial to rheumatic conditions, arthritis, gout, and sciatica. Useful for headaches,
migraines, inflammation, and toothache. Also, a remedy to neutralize snake bites.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) (75% phenylpropanoids)

It can be relaxing to muscles, including smooth muscles (those not subject to our voluntary
control, such as the heart and digestive system). It may also be used to soothe insect bites
when applied topically. Beneficial for mental fatigue, basil may help stimulate and sharpen the
sense of smell.

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)

It has been used in the Middle East for hundreds of years for skin conditions associated with an
oily complexion. It soothes insect bites and may serve as an insect repellent. It has about 300
chemical constituents that contribute refreshing, mood-lifting qualities. Bergamot is
responsible for the distinctive flavor of Earl Grey Tea. Benefits nervous and digestive system.

Cedar, Red Canadian (Thuja plicata)

It was used traditionally by the Canadian Natives to help them enter a higher spiritual realm.
They used it to stimulate the scalp and as an antiseptic agent.

Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica) (98% sesquiterpenes)

It was recognized historically for its calming, purifying properties and is used to benefit the skin
and tissues near the surface of the skin. It also helps calm nervous tension and benefits the
digestive system. The oil with the highest percentage of sesquiterpenes, Cedarwood supplies
oxygen to tissues and erases DNA damage; just another weapon in our battle against cancer.

Chamomile, Roman (Chamaemelum Nobile)

It may help calm you and relieve restlessness and tension. It is used cosmetically in Europe for
the skin.

Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum Verum) (73% phenylpropanoids)

It is among the most antiseptic essential oils with a high antioxidant rating. It has been
produced in Sri Lanka for over 2,000 years. Invigorates and rejuvenates mind and body.

17
Cistus or Labdanum (Cistus ladanifer)
It comes from a rose that has a soft honey-like scent. Cistus has been studied for its effect on
the regeneration of cells.

Clary Sage (Salvia sclarea)

It supports the cells. It contains natural estriol, a phytoestrogen. The relaxing, sweet scent is
used as a toning and sedating scent/oil especially for women. Also seems to help digestive and
glandular problems.

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) (90% phenylpropanoids)

It is one of the most antiseptic essential oils. Eugenol, its principal constituent, is used
synthetically in the dental industry for the numbing of gums. Most powerful of the antioxidants
and a wonderful aid to the immune system. Also repels ants.

Coriander (cilantro) (Coriandrum sativum)

This oil has been researched at Cairo University for its effects in supporting pancreatic function.
It also has soothing, calming properties.

Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) (28% monoterpenes)

It is one of the oils most used to support the circulatory system.

Dill (Anethum graveolens)

This oil has been researched at Cairo University for its supportive effects on pancreatic
function. It is used in European hospitals.

Elemi (Canarium luzonicum)

It is distilled from the gum of a tree originating in the Philippines. It has been used in Europe for
hundreds of years in salves for skin and is included in celebrated healing ointments such as
Baume pratique. Elemi was used by a 17th-century physician, J. J. Wecker, on the battle
wounds of soldiers. It belongs to the same botanical family (Burseraceae) as frankincense
(Boswellia carteri) and myrrh (Commiphora Myrrha). Elemi is highly regarded today for
soothing sore muscles, protecting the skin, and stimulating nerves.

Eucalyptus
It dives High in phellandrene and low in eucalyptol. This species has different, more specific
antiseptic action than other eucalyptus oils. It is excellent for skin or topical application. Avoid
direct inhalation.

Eucalyptus Globulus contains a high percentage of the compound eucalyptol, a key ingredient
in many antiseptic mouth rinses. Often used for the respiratory system, eucalyptus has been
investigated for its effect on insects in a study called "Laboratory Evaluation of a Eucalyptus-
based Repellant against Four Biting Arthropods," published in Phytotherapy Research. It has a
pungent, camphor-like aroma used traditionally to expel mucus and fortify the respiratory
system. DO NOT use with children under 5 or asthmatics.

Eucalyptus Polybractea is well suited for topical application or diffusing. This species is highest
in the antiseptic compound eucalyptol (about 80 percent) and has one of the strongest
antiseptic actions among the eucalyptus oils. AVOID DIRECT INHALATION.

18
Eucalyptus Radiata One of the most versatile of the eucalyptus oils, is suitable for topical use,
diffusing, and even direct inhalation. Relatively gentle and nonirritating. This antiseptic oil has
been studied extensively by Daniel Penoel, M.D.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

It is antiseptic and stimulating to the circulatory and respiratory systems.

Fir (Abies alba)

It has been researched for its antiseptic abilities.

Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

It has antiseptic properties and helps soothe sore muscles.

Frankincense (Boswellia carteri) (40% monoterpenes) (8% sesquiterpenes)

It is considered a holy anointing oil in the Middle East and has been used in religious
ceremonies for thousands of years (...presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and
myrrh. Matthew 2:11). It was well known during the time of Christ for its anointing and healing
powers. Frankincense is now being researched and used therapeutically in European hospitals.
High in sesquiterpenes, it is stimulating and elevating to the mind and helps in overcoming
stress and despair as well as supporting the immune system. Comforting, centering, and
elevating; long associated with spirituality, the sesquiterpenes help to erase DNA damage and
supply oxygen to tissues (excellent for cancer patients).

Galbanum (Ferula gummosa) (80% monoterpenes)

It is referred to in the book of Exodus (And the Lord said unto Moses, Take unto thee sweet
spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum; these sweet spices with pure frankincense: of each
shall there be a like weight. Exodus 30:34). Galbanum was used for both medicinal and spiritual
purposes. It is recognized for its antiseptic and body-supporting properties. When combined
with other oils such as frankincense (Boswellia carteri) or sandalwood (Santalum album),
galbanum's electrical frequency increases dramatically.

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)

It has been used for centuries for skin care. Its strength lies in the ability to revitalize tissue.

It is excellent for the skin, and its aromatic influence helps release negative memories.

Also used for glandular and reproductive systems, with some benefits to the nervous system.
Used by skin care specialists in restoring the balance between oily and dry skin and hair.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (59% sesquiterpenes)

It is used to combat nausea, vomiting, or dizziness associated with motion sickness and has
been studied for its gentle, stimulating effects.

Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)

It supports the circulatory system, urinary tract, and liver function. It has relaxing and calming
effects.

Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi)

It works as a mild disinfectant. Especially helpful for the urinary system, and when trying to lose
weight. Benefits the nervous system during stressful situations. Diffuse for a refreshing,
uplifting aroma. Like many cold-pressed citrus oils, it has unique fat-dissolving characteristics.
19
Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum) (Electromagnetic Freq: 181 MHz)
It has been studied in Europe for regenerating tissue and improving skin conditions, nerves, and
circulation. It is best known for its effect on bruises, wounds and other injuries, as well as for
reducing pain. Also, known as an excellent cell regenerator and helps reduce the formation of
scar tissue.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) (70% monoterpenes)

This is another Biblical oil, noted for its antiseptic properties. (Purge me with hyssop, and I shall
be clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow. Psalms 51:7) It has been studied for
supporting the respiratory system.

Idaho Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

It stimulates a positive attitude and a general feeling of well-being. This oil has been used
extensively as an insect repellant. According to E. Joseph Montagna's The Herbal Desk
Reference on herbal formulas, it may help numerous skin conditions and tone the entire
system.

Jasmine (Jasminum officinale)

It is an "absolute" extracted from the flower and is an essence rather than essential oil. It is
good for sensitive skin and can also be uplifting and stimulating. Considered an aphrodisiac for
centuries, Jasmine supports the nervous system and is helpful for women going through
menopause.

Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma and/or J. scopulorum) (Electromagnetic Freq: 98 MHz) (42%

monoterpenes)
It may work as a detoxifier and cleanser that also benefits the skin. It has also been used to
support proper nerve function.

Laurus Nobilis
This is an essential oil used for fragrance in cosmetics and perfumes. Ancient Greeks and
Romans used leaves of the laurel tree to crown their victors. Both leaves and berries were used
to improve appetite and calm digestion. Laurus nobilis has antiseptic properties.

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) (Electromagnetic Freq: 118 MHz)

This is the most versatile of all essential oils. Therapeutic-grade lavender has been highly
regarded for the skin. The French scientist Rene Gattefosse was the first to discover these
properties when he severely burned his hands in a laboratory explosion. Lavender has also
been clinically evaluated for its relaxing effects. It may be used to cleanse cuts, bruises, and skin
irritations. The fragrance is calming, relaxing, and balancing -- physically and emotionally.
Makes an excellent rub for sprains, strains, and sore muscles (used in a carrier oil) and goes
well mixed with Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca). Can be taken internally (1 to 3 drops in a cup of
water) for headaches and even migraines. A few drops for a gargle work is really peachy.

Ledum (Ledum groenlandicum)

It has been used for years in folk medicine. As a tea, Ledum soothed stomachs, coughs, and
hoarseness. It was also believed to stimulate the nerves.

Lemon (Citrus limon)

It has antiseptic-like properties and contains compounds that have been studied for their
effects on immune function, lymphatic, circulatory, and digestive systems. Is antibacterial and
may serve as an insect repellent as well as being beneficial for the skin.
20
Diffuse or add a few drops to a spray bottle to deodorize and sterilize the air.

Add two drops to soy or rice milk for purification or combine with peppermint (Mentha
piperita) to provide a refreshing lift. Use for removing gum, oil, or grease spots. Add to food or
soy or rice milk as a dietary supplement or flavoring. CAUTION: Citrus oils should NOT be
applied to skin that will be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light within 72 hours.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus)

It is used for purification and digestion. The research was published in Phytotherapy Research
regarding topically applied lemongrass and its properties.

Marjoram (Origanum majorana)

It is used for supporting the muscles and the respiratory system. It assists in calming the nerves
and is antiseptic.

Melaleuca (Alternifolia)
This oil is highly regarded as an antiseptic essential oil. Has high levels of terpineol, which is the
key active constituent. Famous for its beneficial effects on the immune system; excellent
disinfectant and cleaners. Tea tree oil has been highly praised for a wide variety of healing uses.
Some people find the oil irritating when used full strength and need to dilute it with oil, but
many people use it straight on athlete's foot, insect bites, arthritis pain, burns, cuts, nail fungus
warts, and sprains. You might wish to first test your sensitivity. If a rash develops using a small
amount, you can dilute with a carrier oil (olive, almond, etc) Diffuse or apply topically. Safe for
use on children and pets.

Melaleuca (Ericifola) (formerly known as Australian Rosalina)

It is a relatively unknown essential oil with antiseptic and calming properties. This variety of
melaleuca oil is exceptionally gentle and nonirritating to the skin and is used by the well-known
essential oil researcher Daniel Penoel, M.D., to support the respiratory system. Diffuse or apply
topically on location or to the temples, wrists, throat, face, and chest. For a whole-body
massage, dilute four to eight drops in 30 ml of carrier oil. Add several drops to bathwater.

Melissa (Melissa officinalis) (Electromagnetic Freq: 102 MHz)

Uplifting, mood-enhancing, Melissa officinalis is also called lemon balm because of the lemony
smell of its leaves. It is a costly essential oil because of the large volume of plants needed to
produce small quantities of oil. Beware of inexpensive offerings of Melissa, since it is often
adulterated with lemongrass and citronella. Melissa Essential Oil is excellent for restoring a
calm and relaxed feeling. It relieves occasional nervous tension and has been found helpful for
the relief of occasional sleeplessness. Melissa is often used as a digestive aid and helps with
occasional heartburn, gas, bloating, and feelings of fullness. True therapeutic-grade Melissa is
highly effective and greatly valued.

Mountain Savory or Winter Savory (Satureja montana)

It has been used historically as a general tonic for the body.

Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) (62% sesquiterpenes)

It is an oil referenced throughout the Old and New Testaments (A bundle of myrrh is my well-
beloved unto me. Song of Solomon 1:13). The Arabian people used it for many skin conditions,
such as wrinkled, chapped, and cracked skin. Is has one of the highest levels of sesquiterpenes,
a class of compounds that has direct effects on the hypothalamus, pituitary, and amygdala, the
seat of our emotions. Myrrh is widely used today in oral hygiene products. It is emotionally
21
strengthening and empowering; prized since ancient times; antiseptic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral,
anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory; has traditionally been used for aging skin (not for use
during pregnancy). Like Frankincense, this is an excellent weapon in your arsenal to battle
cancer.

Myrtle (25% monoterpenes) has been researched by Dr. Daniel Penoel for its effects on
hormonal imbalances of the thyroid and ovaries. It has also been researched for its soothing
effects on the respiratory system. Myrtle may help with chronic coughs and respiratory tract
ailments. Apply topically, diffuse, or use in a humidifier. Suitable for use on children.

Neroli Fresh
Its floral aroma brightens spirits and clears the mind. Supports the body under stress and
enhances skin tone.

Nutmeg (Myristic fragrans)

It helps support the adrenal glands for increased energy. Historically, it has been used to
benefit circulation and muscle aches and pains. It also helps to support the nervous system and
may assist in overcoming nervous fatigue. Apply topically mixed with Massage Oil Base. Add to
food or soy or rice milk as a dietary supplement or flavoring.

Orange (Citrus sinensis)

It brings peace and happiness to the mind and body. It has been recognized to help a dull, oily
complexion. Diffuse or apply topically on location or add to food or soy or rice milk as a dietary
supplement or flavoring. CAUTION: Citrus oils should NOT be applied to skin that will be
exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light within 72 hours.

Oregano (Origanum compactum) (60% phenylpropanoids)

It is highly damaging to many kinds of viruses and was recently shown in laboratory research
conducted at Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, to have a 99 percent kill rate against in
vitro colonies of Streptococcus pneumoniae, even when used in 1 percent concentration. (S.
pneumoniae is responsible for many kinds of lung and throat infections.) It is antibacterial,
antiviral, containing 31 known anti-inflammatories, 28 antioxidants, and 4 potent COX-2
inhibitors. Apply topically neat to bottom of feet. Mix with Massage Oil Base if applied
elsewhere on the skin. May be used undiluted in the Raindrop Technique. Add to food or soy or
rice milk as a dietary supplement or flavoring. DO NOT use with children under 5.

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) (71% sesquiterpenes)

It is very beneficial for the skin and may help prevent wrinkles or chapped skin. It is a general
tonic and stimulant, helps the digestive system, fighting candida (yeast) infections, and benefits
the nervous and glandular systems. It has antiseptic properties and helps relieve itching.

Pepper, Black (Piper nigrum) (74% sesquiterpenes)

It is a stimulating, energizing essential oil that has been studied for its effects on cellular
oxygenation. It has been used for soothing deep tissue muscle aches and pains.

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) (Electromagnetic Freq: 78 MHz) (45% monoterpenes) (25%

phenylpropanoids)
It is one of the oldest and most highly regarded herbs for soothing digestion. Jean Valnet, M.D.,
studied peppermint's effect on the liver and respiratory systems. Other scientists have also
researched peppermint's role in affecting impaired taste and smell when inhaled. Dr. William N.
Dember of the University of Cincinnati studied peppermint's ability to improve concentration
22
and mental accuracy. Alan Hirsch, M.D., studied peppermint's ability to directly affect the
brain's satiety center, which triggers a sense of fullness after meals. It is beneficial to the
sinuses and muscular system, and especially useful for women during monthly cycles or
menopause. Diffuse. Massage on the stomach or add to water or tea for supporting normal
digestion. Apply to bottom of feet to cool off on a hot day. Rub on temples for a calming effect
or place several drops on the tongue as an invigorating pick-me-up. A wonderful flavoring and
preservative. Avoid contact with eyes, mucous membranes, or sensitive skin areas. DO NOT
apply neat to a fresh wound or burn.

Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium)

It is oil derived from orange leaves, has antiseptic properties and re-establishes nerve
equilibrium.

Pine (Pinus sylvestris) (30% monoterpenes)

This oil was first investigated by Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, for its benefits to
the respiratory system. In 1990 Dr. Penoel and Dr. Frachomme described pine oil's antiseptic
properties in their medical textbook. Pine is used in massage for stressed muscles and joints. It
shares many of the same properties as Eucalyptus globulus, and the action of both oils is
enhanced when blended. Promotes alertness and mental focus; benefits the respiratory and
urinary system. Not to be used by children under 5. Can be a strong skin irritant. Avoid oil
adulterated by turpentine, a low-cost but potentially hazardous filler.

Ravensara (Ravensara aromatica)

It is referred to by the people of Madagascar as the oil that heals. It has antiseptic properties
and is supporting the nerves and respiratory system.

Rose (Rosa damascena) (Electromagnetic Freq: 320 MHz)

It has a beautiful fragrance that is intoxicating and aphrodisiac-like. Rose helps bring balance
and harmony. In his clinical practice, Dr. Penoel uses this oil for the skin. It is stimulating and
elevating to the mind, creating a sense of well-being. It has been called the Queen of oils for
women's concerns, establishing harmony throughout the body no matter what life brings. It is
also great for circulation and skincare.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis CT 1,8 cineol)

It has been researched for its antiseptic properties. It may be beneficial for the skin and for
helping overcome mental fatigue. Beneficial for the circulatory, nervous, and muscular system.
Has a history of use over the centuries for hair and skin. NOT TO BE used with high blood
pressure or epilepsy.

Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora)

It is soothing and nourishing to the skin. It has been researched at Weber State University for
its inhibition rate against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial growth.

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

This oil has been used in Europe for numerous skin conditions. It has been recognized for its
benefits of strengthening the vital centers and supporting metabolism. It may also help to cope
with despair and mental fatigue.

Sandalwood (Santalum album) (90% sesquiterpenes)

It is high in sesquiterpenes and has been researched in Europe for its ability to oxygenate a part
of the brain known as the pineal gland, the seat of our emotions. The pineal gland is
23
responsible for releasing melatonin, a powerful hormone that enhances deep sleep.
Sandalwood is similar to frankincense oil in its support of nerves and circulation. It was used
traditionally for skin revitalization, yoga, and meditation, and has been found to help remove
negative programming from the cells (again, another cancer weapon). Also traditionally used
for urinary and respiratory systems.

Spearmint (Mentha spicata)

This oil helps support the respiratory and nervous systems. It may help open and release
emotional blocks and bring about a feeling of balance.

Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi) (93% sesquiterpenes)

It is highly regarded in India as a perfume, medicinal herb, and skin tonic. Highly prized at the
time of Christ, it was used by Mary of Bethany to anoint the feet of Jesus before the Last
Supper. This relaxing, soothing oil helps nourish and regenerate the skin.

Spruce (Picea mariana) (38% monoterpenes)

This oil helps support the respiratory and nervous systems. Its aromatic influences help to open
and release emotional blocks, bringing about a feeling of balance.

Tangerine (Citrus nobilis)

It is a calming essential oil. It helps with anxiety and nervousness.

Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)

It has been used in Europe for its antiseptic functions.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

It is one of the most antiseptic essential oils and very high in antioxidant rating. It contains
thymol, which has been studied for its effect on gingivitis and plaque-causing organisms in the
mouth. It may be beneficial in helping to overcome fatigue and exhaustion. Sharp and woody
aroma, helps improve circulatory, immune, skeletal, respiratory and nervous systems; anti-
microbial use for infections and disinfectant use; dilute with water to clean and disinfect
surfaces; especially good to use in a sickroom; makes a good massage oil as it stimulates
circulation and can be used to clean burns and wounds; inhaled, it aids in asthma attacks and is
a good choice if you are recovering from pneumonia.

Tsuga (Canadensis) (Tsuga canadensis)

It is distilled from the leaves and twigs of the conifer tree commonly called hemlock. The bark
from the hemlock tree was used by American Indians to make poultices for wounds and sores.
Tsuga essential oil is used in liniments.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)

It is a root that has been used for thousands of years for its calming, relaxing, grounding, and
emotionally balancing influences. During the last three decades, it has been clinically
investigated for its tranquilizing properties.

Researchers have pinpointed the sesquiterpenes valerenic acid and valerone as the active
constituents that exert a calming effect on the central nervous system. German health
authorities have pronounced valerian to be an effective treatment for restlessness and for
sleep disturbances resulting from nervous conditions.

24
Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) (97% sesquiterpenes)
It has a heavy, earthy fragrance similar to patchouli with a touch of lemon. Young Living's
vetiver oil is hydro diffused under ultra-low pressure. Vetiver oil is psychologically grounding,
calming, and stabilizing. Vetiver may help us cope with stress and recover from emotional
traumas and shocks.

Vitex (Vitex negundo)

It is steam distilled from the inner bark, tiny branches, and leaves of the chaste tree. It has been
extensively researched in Europe for its neurological effects. NOTE: Vitex is different from the
extract of the chaste berry.

Western Red Cedar Referred to as the "Tree of Life." It has antiseptic properties, is nourishing
to the skin, and helps promote a sense of calmness.

White Fir (Abies Grandis)

It is an essential oil with antiseptic properties.

Wintergreen (Gaultheria prcumbens)

It contains the same active ingredient (methyl salicylate) as birch and is beneficial for massage
associated with bone, muscle, and joint discomfort.

Ylang Ylang (Cananga odorata)

This oil may be extremely effective in calming, balancing (the nervous system) and bringing
about a sense of relaxation. This native flower of Madagascar and the Reunion Islands is
symbolic of love, and the fragrant, pale yellow petals are often strewn across the marriage bed.
It's soft, floral scent is often used in men's fragrances as an alternative to the sweeter and more
feminine rose. Ylang Ylang affects the glandular system, great for hair and skin, stimulates
adrenal glands, but at the same time can be used for insomnia and pain. Has been known to
have good results for impotence and frigidity.

Taken internally, it has been said to lower blood pressure, alleviate problems with PMS, and
ease intestinal infections. For depression, rub a drop or two between your palms and inhale the
warm aroma.

25
Herbal Functions A-Z
Reference Book: Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Aloe Vera
Pages 14-15 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Aloe has been well known for centuries for its healing properties, and both oral intake and
topical dressings have been documented to facilitate healing of any kind of skin wound, burn,
or scald - even speeding recovery time after surgery. Situations to try it on include blisters,
insect bites, rashes, sores, herpes, urticaria, athlete's foot, fungus, vaginal infections,
conjunctivitis, sties, allergic reactions, and dry skin. The raw plant is best, but commercial
preparations can also be used, especially for taking orally, as this plant tastes horrible. Other
topical uses include acne, sunburn, frostbite (it appears to prevent decreased blood flow),
shingles, screening out x-ray radiation, psoriasis, preventing scarring, rosacea, warts, wrinkles
from aging, and eczema.

Internally, aloe is showing real promise in the fight against AIDS, and the virus has become
undetectable in some patients who used it on a regular basis, due to its immune system
stimulant properties. It also seems to help prevent opportunistic infections in cases of HIV and
AIDS. It appears to be of help in cancer patients (including lung cancer) by activating the white
blood cells and promoting the growth of non-cancerous cells. The National Cancer Institute has
included Aloe Vera in their recommendations for increased testing because of these apparent
cancer-fighting properties. Taken orally, aloe also appears to work on heartburn, arthritis and
rheumatism pain and asthma, and studies have shown that it has an effect on lowering blood
sugar levels in diabetics. Other situations in which it appears to work when taken internally
include congestion, intestinal worms, indigestion, stomach ulcers, colitis, hemorrhoids, liver
problems such as cirrhosis and hepatitis, kidney infections, urinary tract infections, prostate
problems, and as a general detoxifier. Lastly, many people who take aloe internally report just
feeling better overall, which is in and of itself something of a testament to its remarkable
properties.

These positive effects are thought to be due to the presence of compounds such as
polysaccharides, mannans, anthraquinones, and lectins.

Commercially, aloe can be found in pills, sprays, ointments, lotions, liquids, drinks, jellies, and
creams, to name a few of the thousands of products available. Unfortunately, the aloe industry
is virtually unregulated, and some products that advertise aloe content actually have little to
none. Therefore, if you are embarking on a regimen with aloe, you should become an avid
reader of ingredients. Look for the word aloe to appear near the top of the ingredient list first
and foremost, then follow the guidelines below:

➢ Sunburn treatments - 20% or more aloe content

➢ Creams & Ointments - 20% or more aloe content
➢ Juices - 95% or more aloe content
➢ Beverages - 50% or more aloe content
➢ Drinks - 10% or more aloe content
➢ Capsules - 5-10% or more aloe content
26
As far as dosages are concerned, start small and work your way up to a therapeutic dose.1 to 2
ounces twice daily for one week then 3 to 4 ounces 3-4 times daily. Juices are a good way to
start, and pills are probably the worst way to go with aloe. Aloe pulp is 95% water, and if you
consider the process of drying this, then sticking it back together into a pill form, you can see
why pills are probably not the best way to go. Also, give your regimen time to work. Sometimes
it takes a couple of months for you to see the real effects of aloe treatments, so don't give up
too soon.

Aloe is safe when used in moderation, but there are a few contraindications. If you have a heart
problem and use any kind of digitalis medication, consult your doctor before using any aloe
product internally, as the interaction may cause irregular heartbeat. Avoid aloe preparations if
you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or menstruating, as it can cause uterine contractions.

Astragalus (Astragalus Membranaceus)

Pages 28-29 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Constituents: Triterpenoid saponins glycosides (astragalosides I-VII); Flavonoid glycosides and

aglycones; polysaccharides

Action: Immunomodulator

Dosage: Tincture dosage is 4 to 8 ml 3x/day ( 1:5 in 40% )

For decoction, put 2 to 4 teaspoons of root into a cup of water, bring to a boil and simmer for
10-15 minutes. Drink 3x/day. In standardized extract form at 70% polysaccharides take 500mg
3x/day. The whole herb takes 500 mg/2caps three times a day.

Indications

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for
thousands of years, often in combination with other herbs, to strengthen the body against
disease. Astragalus is an adaptogen, meaning it helps protect the body against various stresses,
including physical, mental, or emotional stress. Astragalus may help protect the body from
diseases such as cancer and diabetes. It contains antioxidants, which protect cells against
damage caused by free radicals, byproducts of cellular energy. Astragalus is used to protect and
support the immune system, for preventing colds and upper respiratory infections, to lower
blood pressure, to treat diabetes, and to protect the liver.

Astragalus has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It is sometimes used topically for
wounds. In addition, studies have shown that astragalus has antiviral properties and stimulates
the immune system, suggesting that it is indeed effective at preventing colds.

In the United States, researchers have investigated astragalus as a possible treatment for
people whose immune systems have been compromised by chemotherapy or radiation. In
these studies, astragalus supplements have been shown to speed recovery and extend life
expectancy. Research on using astragalus for people with AIDS has produced inconclusive
results.

Recent research in China indicates that astragalus may offer antioxidant benefits to people with
27
severe forms of heart disease, relieving symptoms and improving heart function. At low-to-
moderate doses, astragalus has few side effects, although it does interact with a number of
other herbs and prescription medications. Astragalus may also have mild diuretic (rids the body
of excess fluid) activity.

Safety factors: Astragalus potentiates the effects of interleukin 2 and acyclovir but may be
incompatible with immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine, etc.

Excellent to use along with Colostrum to build up immunity.

Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus)

Pages 40-41 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Chronic venous insufficiency

Bilberry extracts are used in Europe to treat this condition, which occurs when valves in veins in
the legs that carry blood to the heart are damaged. Some studies have reported improvements
in symptoms, but most of the studies were poorly designed.

Diabetes

Bilberry leaves have traditionally been used to control blood sugar levels in people with
diabetes. Animal studies suggest bilberry may be effective, but no human studies have been
done, so bilberry is not recommended for this use.

Atherosclerosis

Animal studies have found that anthocyanosides may strengthen blood vessels, improve
circulation, and prevent the oxidation of LDL ("bad") cholesterol, a major risk factor for
atherosclerosis (plaque that blocks blood vessels, leading to heart attack and stroke). Research
in people is needed.

Diarrhea and wounds

Bilberry has been used in European medicine for nearly a thousand years, primarily to treat
diarrhea. The fruit contains tannins, substances that act as both an anti-inflammatory and an
astringent (constricting and tightening tissues). Bilberry is believed to help people with diarrhea
by reducing intestinal inflammation. No studies, however, have examined bilberry's use for
diarrhea.

Vision

Anthocyanosides found in bilberry fruits may also be useful for people with vision problems.
During World War II, British fighter pilots reported improved nighttime vision after eating
bilberry jam. Studies have shown mixed, mainly negative results, however. Bilberry has also
been suggested as a treatment for retinopathy (damage to the retina) because
anthocyanosides appear to help protect the retina. Bilberry has also been suggested as a
treatment to prevent cataracts. However, studies are lacking in both areas.

28
Forms

You may eat bilberries fresh or in dried forms, and you can make bilberry tea using fresh or
dried berries. Bilberry extract should be standardized to contain 25% anthocyanidin. The
extract contains the highest percentage of anthocyanosides, making it the strongest form of
bilberry.

How to Take It

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease.
Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or
medications. For these reasons, you should take herbs under the supervision of a health care
provider.

Pediatric

Bilberry may be used in children 2 years of age and older for the treatment of diarrhea, but
only under the supervision of your doctor.

Adult

General: 80 - 120 mg 2 times per day of standardized bilberry extract (with 25% anthocyanidin)

Diarrhea: 5 - 10 g of crushed dried bilberries in 150 mL (2/3 of a cup) cold water, brought to a
boil for 10 minutes, then strained. Only dried bilberry should be used for diarrhea. Do not use
for more than 4 days.

Eye conditions and circulation: 80 - 480 mg a day in 2 - 3 divided doses of standardized bilberry
extract (with 25% anthocyanidin) in capsule form.

Possible Interactions

Anticoagulants (blood-thinning medication) -- In theory, because the anthocyanosides in

bilberry may stop blood from clotting, there may be an increased risk of bleeding if you take
bilberry with blood-thinning medication, including aspirin. The whole fruit may be safer in
these instances. Ask your doctor before taking bilberry if you take blood-thinning medication.

Medication for diabetes -- Because bilberry appears to lower blood sugar, it could make the
effects of diabetes medication stronger. Also, taking bilberry with other herbs that also lower
blood sugar may result in hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Herbs that also lower blood sugar
include ginger, ginseng, fenugreek, and garlic. Do not take bilberry if you take medications for
diabetes.

For eye health combine bilberry with 1- 2 grams of kelp and 20 mg to 40 mg of lutein.

29
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
Pages 54-55 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Preparations

Preparations of black cohosh are made from its roots and rhizomes (underground stems). One
commercial standardized black cohosh preparation is Remifemin, which contains black cohosh
extract equivalent to 20 mg of root per tablet. The manufacturer changed the formulation of
this preparation from a solution (root extracted with ethanol, 60% by volume) to tablets (root
extracted with isopropyl alcohol, 40% by volume), complicating the comparison of research
results. Other preparations of black cohosh have been less well studied than Remifemin.

Extracts of black cohosh are standardized to 26-deoxyactein content (erroneously reported in

the scientific literature as 27-deoxyactein), a member of a group of chemicals known as
saponins. Commercially available preparations of black cohosh usually contain 1 mg of total
triterpene saponins (expressed as 26-deoxyactein) in each 20-mg dose of extract.

What are the historical uses of black cohosh?

Black cohosh was used in North American Indian medicine for malaise, gynecological disorders,
kidney disorders, malaria, rheumatism, and sore throat. It was also used for colds, cough,
constipation, hives, and backache and to induce lactation. In 19th-century America, black
cohosh was a home remedy used for rheumatism and fever, as a diuretic, and to bring on
menstruation. It was extremely popular among a group of alternative practitioners who called
black cohosh "macrotys" and prescribed it for rheumatism, lung conditions, neurological
conditions, and conditions that affected women's reproductive organs (including menstrual
problems, inflammation of the uterus or ovaries, infertility, threatened miscarriage, and relief
of labor pains).

What clinical studies have been done on black cohosh and its effect on
menopausal symptoms?

Black cohosh is used primarily for hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms. A number of
studies using various designs have been conducted to determine whether black cohosh affects
menopausal symptoms. Few were placebo-controlled studies, and most assessed symptoms by
using the Kupperman index, a scale that combines measures of hot flashes, insomnia, and
depression but not vaginal dryness. Those with the best study designs are described below.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was done in breast cancer survivors

because most of these women experience hot flashes and many use complementary or
alternative remedies. The women were over age 18 and had completed breast cancer
treatment at least 2 months before the trial; 85 women (69 of whom completed the trial) took
one tablet of placebo or 40 mg/day of black cohosh (as 20 mg twice daily) for 2 months to
determine the effect on hot flashes, excessive sweating, palpitations, headaches, poor sleep,
depression, and irritability [J.S. Jacobson, Columbia University, written communication, 2002].
Fifty-nine subjects were using tamoxifen (an ant estrogen treatment for breast cancer);
tamoxifen users were distributed almost equally between the treatment and control groups.
The frequency and intensity of hot flashes decreased in both groups, with no statistical
difference between the groups; excessive sweating decreased significantly more in the
30
treatment group than the placebo group. Other symptoms improved equally in both groups,
and scores on a health and well-being scale did not change significantly in either group.

A 24-week study in 60 women who had undergone hysterectomy but retained at least one
ovary compared the effects of 8 mg/day of a black cohosh extract (as four 2-mg tablets daily;
isopropanol extract version of Remifemin) with three estrogen regimens: estriol (1 mg/day),
conjugated estrogens (1.25 mg/day), and estrogen-progestin therapy (one daily Trisequens
tablet containing 2 mg estradiol and 1 mg norethisterone acetate) In all groups a modified
Kupperman index measuring additional physical symptoms was significantly lower at 4, 8, 12,
and 24 weeks after treatment began. Black cohosh decreased symptoms similar to the other
treatments, but this study was not placebo-controlled.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 80 menopausal women compared 8

mg/day of a black cohosh extract (as two 2-mg tablets of Remifemin twice daily) with placebo
or conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg/day). At 12 weeks, scores on the Kupperman index and the
Hamilton anxiety scale were significantly lower in the treated groups than in the placebo group;
the scores of participants using black cohosh were somewhat better than the scores of those
receiving the estrogen treatment. This is one of the few studies in which hot flashes were
scored separately from other symptoms. Daily hot flashes decreased from 4.9 to 0.7 in the
black cohosh group, 5.2 to 3.2 in the estrogen group, and 5.1 to 3.1 in the placebo group.

A randomized, 12-week study of 55 menopausal women compared an ethanolic extract of

black cohosh (40 drops twice daily) with conjugated estrogens (0.6 mg/day) or diazepam (2
mg/day). Regardless of the treatment, all symptoms improved as measured by the Kupperman
index, a depression scale, and an anxiety scale. However, this was not a blinded, placebo-
controlled trial and diazepam is not a usual treatment for menopausal symptoms.

Although some study results suggest that black cohosh may help relieve menopausal
symptoms, other study results do not. Studies of black cohosh have yielded conflicting data, in
part because of the lack of rigor in study design and short study duration (6 months or less). In
addition, interpretation of these studies is complicated by the fact that different amounts of
black cohosh from different sources were used in the various studies and their outcome
measures were different. To provide more definitive evidence on the effects of black cohosh on
menopausal symptoms, NCCAM is funding a 12-month, randomized, placebo-controlled study
to determine whether treatment with black cohosh is effective in reducing the frequency and
intensity of menopausal hot flashes. The study will also assess whether black cohosh reduces
the frequency of other menopausal symptoms and improves quality of life. The study will
examine the possible mechanisms of action of black cohosh. (Women who are interested in
participating in the study, which is at Columbia University in New York City, can find out more
at www.clinicaltrials.gov or 1-212-342-0110.)

How does black cohosh work?

How black cohosh works is not known. The possibility that black cohosh exhibits estrogenic
activity has been studied but the evidence is contradictory.

A compound recently identified in a black cohosh (fukinolic acid) was shown to have estrogenic
activity in vitro. Other active compounds appear to include triterpene glycosides (including
actein and cimicifugoside), resins (including cimicifuga), caffeic and isoferulic acids.

31
Effect on hormone levels

Women who have reached menopause generally have lower levels of estrogen and higher
levels of two other hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
than do women who menstruate. Three of the four studies show that black cohosh does not
affect LH or FSH.

A study of 150 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women using two different doses of black
cohosh (Remifemin tablets, 39 or 127.3 mg/day) found that 6 months of treatment caused no
changes in LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol, or sex-hormone-binding globulin. Another trial of black
cohosh in women with breast cancer found small but insignificant changes in LH levels (in 18
subjects) and FSH levels (in 33 subjects). In the third study, Remifemin (8 mg/day given as four
2-mg tablets) did not affect LH or FSH levels in 15 women who had undergone a hysterectomy
who were part of a study comparing black cohosh with several estrogens.

The fourth study, which found an effect of black cohosh on LH levels, was a trial in 110 women
with menopausal symptoms. Participants treated with Remifemin (8 mg/day) for 8 weeks had
significantly lower average LH levels than did a control group (FSH levels were unchanged).
However, the report of this study does not include the participants' hormone levels before the
study began, so the two groups may have had different LH levels initially.

In vitro studies used to examine the effect of black cohosh have given contradictory results.
Black cohosh had no activity in estrogen receptor (ER) binding assays in Ishikawa (endometrial)
and S30 (breast cancer) cell lines. It did not show potent ER binding activity; slightly enhanced
the growth of ER-positive breast cancer cells (T47D) but was not tested on ER-negative cells. In
another study, black cohosh inhibited the growth of T47D (human breast cancer) cells. In ER-
positive breast cancer cell line 435, black cohosh resulted in growth inhibition. In ER-positive
breast cancer cell line MCF-7, it inhibited estradiol-induced stimulation of cell proliferation in
one study but isolated constituents of black cohosh increased proliferation in another.

Effect on the vagina

Because of the marked changes in hormone levels in women who have achieved menopause,
numerous modifications occur in the structure and activity of vaginal and uterine tissues.
Microscopically, vaginal cells look different after menopause because of decreased estrogen.
Studies have been mixed on whether black cohosh affects vaginal epithelium. One placebo-
controlled, double-blind trial of black cohosh showed estrogenic changes in vaginal epithelium
of menopausal women, but another study of two Remifemin doses (39 or 127.3 mg/day) found
that 6 months of treatment in perimenopausal and menopausal women caused no changes in
vaginal cytology.

Effect on the uterus

Menopause is associated with a thinning of the uterine lining (the endometrium). No human
studies have adequately evaluated the effect of black cohosh on uterine endometrium.

When the uterine weight of immature female mice and growth of ER-positive breast cancer
cells (MCF-7) were used to measure the estrogenic effect of black cohosh, black cohosh caused
an increase in uterine weight and growth of cancer cells in culture, which the authors said
reflected an estrogenic effect. Black cohosh did not exhibit estrogenic effects in a study that

32
measured uterine weight in immature mice and vaginal cell cornification (conversion of cells
from columnar to squamous) in ovariectomized rats.

What is the regulatory status of black cohosh in the United States?

In the United States, black cohosh is sold as a dietary supplement, and dietary supplements are
regulated as foods, not drugs. Manufacturers do not have to provide the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) with evidence that dietary supplements are effective or safe before
marketing. Because dietary supplements are not always tested for manufacturing consistency,
the composition may vary considerably from lot to lot.

Can black cohosh be harmful?

Black cohosh can cause stomach discomfort and headaches. Clinical trials comparing estrogens
with black cohosh preparations have shown a low incidence of adverse effects associated with
black cohosh; headaches, gastric complaints, heaviness in the legs, and weight problems were
the main adverse effects noted.

A published case of acute hepatitis involved a 47-year-old woman who used black cohosh for
symptoms of menopause. She received a liver transplant three weeks after she started taking
the herb. The report indicated the dose of black cohosh did not exceed the dosage
recommended on the package, but no other dosage information was provided. No other cause
of the liver disease was found.

Black cohosh usually has not been used for long periods, and published studies have followed
women for only 6 months or less. Recently, a large study that followed postmenopausal
women taking combined estrogen and progestin for an average of 5.2 years showed a small but
significant increase in the risk of certain diseases, demonstrating the importance of long-term
studies in revealing risks that may not be apparent in shorter studies. If black cohosh is
estrogenic, long-term use may adversely affect uterine or breast tissue. No studies have been
published on long-term safety in humans, particularly regarding abnormal stimulation of cells in
the endometrium or breast.

There is a case report of neurological complications in a post-term baby after labor induction
with a mixture of black cohosh and blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) during a home
birth.

Other causes of adverse outcomes experienced by neonates born to women who reportedly
used blue cohosh to induce labor have been published in peer-reviewed journals.

Liver damage has been reported in a few individuals using black cohosh, but millions of people
have taken the herb without apparent adverse health effects. While studies of black cohosh
have not provided scientific evidence to show that the herb causes liver damage, one country
has added a warning to the label of all products containing black cohosh, stating that it may
cause harm to the liver of some individuals and should not be used without medical
supervision.

In the United States, the U.S. Pharmacopeia (the standards-setting organization for foods and
drugs) advises that black cohosh products be labeled with the following cautionary statement:
"Discontinue use and consult a healthcare practitioner if you have a liver disorder or develop

33
symptoms of liver trouble, such as abdominal pain, dark urine, or jaundice".

Who should not take black cohosh?

• The use of black cohosh during pregnancy has not been rigorously studied. Thus, it
would be prudent for pregnant women not to take black cohosh unless they do so
under the supervision of their health care provider.
• Women with breast cancer may want to avoid black cohosh until its effects on breast
tissue are understood.
• Individuals with liver disorders should avoid black cohosh.
• Individuals who develop symptoms of liver trouble such as abdominal pain, dark urine,
or jaundice while taking the supplement should discontinue use and contact their
doctor.

Does black cohosh interact with any drugs or laboratory tests?

Although black cohosh has not been reported to interact with any drugs or to influence
laboratory tests, this has not been rigorously studied.

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus)

Pages 68-69 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Butterbur and asthma/bronchitis

Various parts of the butterbur plant have been used for centuries to treat bronchial asthma and
whooping cough. Butterbur's possible effectiveness in treating respiratory disorders such as
asthma and bronchitis is attributed to the antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties of
the petasin constituent.

Butterbur and Migraine Headache

Two clinical studies using 50 mg and 75 mg of a standardized butterbur extract twice daily for
12 weeks demonstrated its effectiveness as a prophylactic treatment for migraines. When used
to treat migraines, the administration is prophylactic and supplementation should be carried
out daily for a few weeks and then tapered until migraine incidence begins to increase.
Butterbur may work by preventing peptidoleukotriene biosynthesis.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

A German study found extracts of Butterbur blocked ethanol-induced gastric damage and
reduced ulcerations of the small intestine caused by indomethacin, an anti-inflammatory drug
used to treat arthritic conditions. The results of this study were attributed to the inhibition of
lipoxygenase activity and leukotriene biosynthesis.

Butterbur Herb Research studies

Study: Treating intermittent allergic rhinitis: a prospective, randomized, placebo and

antihistamine-controlled study of Butterbur extract Ze 339.
(Ref: Phytother Res. 2005 Jun; 19(6):530-7.)
34
Intermittent allergic rhinitis causes patients distress and impairs their work performance and
quality of life. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison study of
Butterbur extract (Ze 339; 8 mg total petasin; one tablet thrice-daily), fexofenadine (Telfast
180, one tablet once-daily) and placebo in 330 patients. Protocol and analysis were according
to the latest guidelines on new treatments for allergic rhinitis.

Findings: Both active treatments were individually significantly superior to placebo in improving
symptoms of allergic rhinitis, while there were no differences between the two active
treatments. Superiority to placebo was similarly shown during the evening/night, by physicians'
own assessment and by responder rates. Both treatments were well tolerated. Conclusion:
Butterbur and Fexofenadine are comparably efficacious relative to placebo. Despite being a
herbal drug, Butterbur has now been subject to a series of well-controlled trials and should be
considered as an alternative treatment for allergic rhinitis.

An extract of the root of a plant called butterbur (Petasites hybridus) significantly reduces the
frequency of migraine headaches. An article published in the December 2004 issue of
Neurology reports a trial that compared butterbur with an inactive placebo. Researchers
compared the efficacy of two different doses of butterbur extract to that of a placebo in about
230 migraine patients. They had experienced two to six attacks per month for the 3 months
prior to the study. The number of migraine headache attacks per month was reduced by 45
percent in the group that took 75 milligrams of butterbur twice daily, compared with a
reduction of 28 percent in the placebo group during the 16-week trial. A group that took 50
milligrams of butterbur twice daily experienced a 32 percent decrease, not significantly
different from placebo. The butterbur extract was well tolerated, the team reports, with
burping as the only adverse event occurring more frequently in the active treatment groups.
There were no changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or routine laboratory tests.

Study: Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine.
(Ref: Neurology. 2004 Dec 28;63(12):2240-4. )

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a standardized special root extract from the plant butterbur
as a preventive therapy for migraine. This is a three-arm, parallel-group, randomized trial
comparing butterbur extract 75 mg bid, butterbur extract 50 mg bid, or placebo bid in 245
patients with migraine. Eligible patients met International Headache Society criteria for
migraine, were ages 18 to 65, and had at least two to six attacks per month over the preceding
3 months. The main outcome measure was the decrease in migraine attack frequency per
month calculated as the percentage change from baseline over a 4-month treatment period.
Over 4 months of treatment, in the per-protocol analysis, migraine attack frequency was
reduced by 48% for butterbur extract 75 mg bid, 36% for butterbur extract 50 mg bid, and 26%
for the placebo group. The proportion of patients with a > or =50% reduction in attack
frequency after 4 months was 68% for patients in the butterbur extract 75-mg arm and 49% for
the placebo arm. Results were also significant in favor of butterbur 75 mg at 1, 2, and 3 months
based on this endpoint. The most frequently reported adverse reactions considered possibly
related to treatment were mild gastrointestinal events, predominantly burping. Butterbur
extract 75 mg bid is more effective than placebo and is well tolerated as a preventive therapy
for migraine. Butterbur 50 mg PO bid was not significantly more effective than placebo on the
primary study endpoints.

35
Calendula (Calendula officinalis)
Pages 74-75 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Constituents: Triterpenes; flavonoids; volatile oils; chlorogenic acid

Actions: Anti-inflammatory, antispasmotic, lymphatic, astrigent, vulnerary, Emmenagogue,

cholagogue, anti-fungal.

Indications: Calendula may be used whenever there is an inflammation of the skin caused by
infection or damage. It may be applied externally for bleeding or on a wound, for bruising or
strains. Popular in Europe to treat skin and gastric ulcers. Poultices or compresses can be made
for calendula use. It herb helps to normalize the menstrual cycle.

It is useful for delayed menstruation and for easing painful periods.

Study: Anti-HIV activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis - marigold - flowers.

(Ref: Biomed Pharmacother. 1997; 51(4):176-80.)

Extracts of dried flowers from Calendula officinalis were examined for their ability to inhibit the
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Both organic and aqueous extracts
were relatively nontoxic to human lymphocytic Molt-4 cells, but only the organic one exhibited
potent anti-HIV activity in an in vitro MTT/tetrazolium-based assay. In addition, in the presence
of the organic extract (500 micrograms/mL), the uninfected Molt-4 cells were completely
protected for up to 24 h from fusion and subsequent death, caused by cocultivation with
persistently infected U-937/HIV-1 cells. It was also found that the organic extract from
Calendula officinalis flowers caused a significant dose- and time-dependent reduction of HIV-1
reverse transcription (RT) activity. An 85% RT inhibition was achieved after a 30 min treatment
of partially purified enzyme in a cell-free system. These results suggested that the organic
extract of flowers from Calendula officinalis possesses anti-HIV properties of therapeutic
interest.

Preparations and Dosages: Tincture dosage is 1 to 4 ml 3x/day ( 1:5 in 60%). To make an

infusion, pour 1 cup of boiling water over 1 to 2 teaspoons of flowers and infuse for 10-15
minutes. Drink 3x/day. Ointments can be made and used.

Safety: Calendula is very non-toxic.

Cascara Sagrada (Frangula purshiana)

Pages 76-77 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Health Benefits

The value of cascara sagrada as a laxative is clear for easing constipation when it's taken
properly and at a safe dosage. In fact, cascara is such a mild laxative that it can safely be used
by the elderly and for mild constipation that can occur following anal or rectal surgery as it
prevents the pressure and pain associated with hemorrhoids and anal fissures. However,
additional medical indications have not been substantiated and little is known about the

36
additional benefits of this herb.

A bowel movement usually will take place within six to eight hours of taking a typically
recommended dose of cascara sagrada.

Dosage

Since everyone responds differently to laxatives, it is always recommended to start with the
lowest dose. Be sure to drink plenty of water when using any laxative. For constipation and
related discomforts such as hemorrhoids: 1 teaspoon of liquid extract three times a day or 1 or
2 teaspoons at bedtime; or 1 or 2 capsules (400-500mg each) of dried bark at bedtime.

Safety: Not for long-term use. Individuals with diverticulitis should avoid it.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

Pages 88-89 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Parts used: Leaf or flowering top

Constituents: Volatile oils (carvacrol, citronellal, nerol, geraniol, pulegone, thymol, nepetalic
acid); iridoids (including epideoxyloganic acid and 7-deoxyloganic acid; tannins

Actions: Carminative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, nervine, astringent

Indications: Cold, flu, acute bronchitis, fever, gas and colic, diarrhea in children.

Safety: No side effects or interactions

Preparations and dosage: Tincture dosage is 2 to 6 ml 3x/day (1:5 in 25% ). For an infusion,
pour 1 cup of boiling water over 2 teaspoons of dried herb and infuse in a covered container for
10 to 15 minutes. Drink three times a day.

Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)

Pages 90-91 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Cat's claw has grown quite popular in the natural products industry and is mostly taken today
to boost immune function, as an all-over tonic and preventative to stay healthy, for arthritis
and inflammation, for bowel and colon problems, and as a complementary therapy for cancer.
The most common forms used today are cat's claw capsules and tablets, both of which have
become widely available in most health food stores at reasonable prices. There are also newer
(and more expensive) proprietary extracts of cat's claw in tablets and capsules, some backed by
research-albeit paid-for research.

A good-quality, natural cat's claw vine bark with naturally occurring chemicals is the best value,
money-wise. It contains all the natural chemicals that nature provides in the proper ratio
(including immune-stimulating alkaloids, anti-inflammatory glycosides, and antioxidant
chemicals), without chemical intervention. Some invasive extraction and manufacturing
techniques may only extract one particular type of chemical, or change the complex ratio of
37
naturally occurring chemicals in the plant-which ignores the efficiency and synergy of the plant.
Scientists do not fully know how all these complex chemicals work together in harmony. In fact,
scientists are still discovering new and novel active chemicals in this plant, even after 20 some-
odd years of research on cat's claw. As the market demand has increased for this rainforest
plant over the last five years, more companies have gone into the business of harvesting it, and
the quality of the bulk materials coming in from South America can be sometimes
questionable. Oftentimes, a combination of U. tomentosa and U. guianensis is harvested and
sold as "cat's claw" (as, presently, the guianensis species is found more easily). Pick a good
quality and trusted label and manufacturer for the best results and the best value.

Main Preparation Method: decoction, fluid extract, or capsules

Main Actions (in order): immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic (cellular

protector), anticancerous, anti ulcerous

Main Uses:

1. As an immune stimulant and an adjunctive therapy for cancer (to reduce side effects of
chemotherapy and protect cells)
2. As a bowel cleanser and anti-inflammatory for Crohn's, colitis, diverticulitis, irritable
bowel syndrome (IBS), and other bowel problems
3. As an anti-inflammatory for arthritis (all kinds) and muscle pains/strains/injuries
4. As a general daily tonic (to tone, balance, and strengthen all body functions)
5. For stomach ulcers and ulcerative colitis and as an ulcer preventative/ stomach and
bowel protector)

Properties/Actions Documented by Research:

anti-inflammatory, ant ulcerous, anticancerous, antidepressant, antileukemic, antimutagenic
(cellular protector), antioxidant, anti tumorous, antiviral, contraceptive, immune stimulant

Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:

analgesic (pain-reliever), anticoagulant (blood thinner), antidysenteric, blood cleanser,
detoxifier, diuretic, gastronomic (tones, balances, strengthens the gastric system),
hypocholesterolemic (lowers cholesterol), tonic (tones, balances, strengthens overall body
functions), wound healer

Cautions: Do not use before or after an organ or bone marrow transplant since it boosts
immune function. May also have a mild blood-thinning effect.

Traditional Preparation: For general immune and prevention benefits, practitioners usually
recommend 1 g daily of vine powder in tablets or capsules. Therapeutic dosages of cat's claw
are reported to be as high as 20 g daily and average 2-3 grams two or three times daily.
Generally, as a natural aid for arthritis and bowel and digestive problems 3-5 g daily is
recommended, if a good product is obtained. Alternatively, a standard vine bark decoction can
be used much the same way indigenous people of the Amazon use it. The dosage for a standard
decoction for general health and maintenance is a 1/2-1 cup of a decoction once daily and up
to 1 cup three times daily in times of special needs. Adding lemon juice or vinegar to the
decoction when boiling will help extract more alkaloids and fewer tannins from the bark. Use
about 1/2 teaspoon of lemon juice or vinegar per cup of water. For standardized and/or
proprietary extract products, follow the label instructions.

38
Contraindications:

• Cat's claw has been clinically documented with immunostimulant effects and is
contraindicated before or following any organ or bone marrow transplant or a skin
graft.
• Cat's claw has been documented with ant fertility properties and is contraindicated in
persons seeking to get pregnant. However, this effect has not been proven to be
sufficient for the product to be used as a contraceptive, and it should not be relied on
for such.
• Cat's claw has chemicals that can reduce platelet aggregation and thin the blood. Check
with your doctor first if you are taking Coumadin or other blood-thinning drugs and
discontinue use one week to ten days prior to any major surgical procedure.
• Cat's claw vine bark requires sufficient stomach acid to help break down the tannins and
alkaloids during digestion and to aid in absorption. Avoid taking bark capsules or tablets
at the same time as antacids. Avoid taking high tannin (dark-colored) liquid extracts and
tinctures directly by mouth and dilute first in water or acidic juice (such as orange juice).
• Large dosages of cat's claw (3-4 gram dosages at a time) have been reported to cause
some abdominal pain or gastrointestinal problems, including diarrhea (due to the tannin
content of the vine bark) in some people. Diarrhea or loose stools tend to be mild and
go away with continued use. Discontinue use or reduce dosage if diarrhea persists
longer than three or four days.

Drug Interactions:

• Due to its immunostimulant effects, cat's claw should not be used with medications
intended to suppress the immune system, such as cyclosporin or other medications
prescribed following an organ transplant. (This theory has not been proven
scientifically)
• Based upon in vivo rat studies, cat's claw may protect against gastrointestinal damage
associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen.
• Cat's claw may potentiate coumadin and blood-thinning drugs.

Cayenne (Capsicum annuum)

Pages 92-93 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Actions: Stimulant, carminative, ant catarrhal, sialagogue, rubefacient, antimicrobial

Dosage: For internal use, ¼ to ½ teaspoonful once to three times a day or two 500mg capsules
1 to 3 times daily with meals. Cream formulas are made with cayenne.

Capsicum is a vegetable that comes in an exciting range of colors, like green, red and yellow. It
is native to America and in fact, has been cultivated by the people of the tropical Americas
since the past thousands of years. Known by several names, like chili pepper, bell pepper, and
red or green pepper, the vegetable is used as a spice, medicine and obviously, a vegetable.
Apart from being good in taste, capsicum also holds a great degree of nutritional value and
accords numerous health benefits to its users. In the following lines, we have listed the
nutrition benefits of eating capsicum.

39
Nutritional Value of Capsicum

Capsicum has been known to comprise of the following nutrients:

• Carotenoids (Capsanthin, Capsorubin, Carotene, and Lutein)

• Proteins
• Fats
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin C
• Capsaicinoid Oleoresin
• Provitamins E, P, B1, B2 and B3
• Steroidal Alkaloidal Glycosides (Solanine and Solasadine)
• Scopoletin (Coumarin)

Health & Nutrition Benefits of Eating Capsicum

• Capsicum has been known to be beneficial to the mucous membranes. It is also good
for eyesight as well as smooth skin.
• The vegetable encourages healing and helps the body ward off infections.
• Capsicum promotes cardiovascular health, by helping lower the blood pressure.
• The vegetable has antioxidant properties, which help neutralize the free radicals
responsible for damaging tissue and cells.
• Capsicum is full of anti-inflammatory properties.
• The vegetable helps reduce cholesterol and thus, is effective in warding off strokes and
heart attacks.
• It has been seen that capsicum speeds up the metabolism and helps burn more calories.
Thus, it if good for those trying to lose weight.
• The vegetable has proved to be quite beneficial for treating colds and fevers.
• Capsicum stimulates stomach secretions and improves digestion.
• By helping lower triglycerides, the vegetable helps keep cholesterol in control.
• Capsicum is known to have a laxative effect and is good for those suffering from
constipation.
• The vegetable triggers the release of endorphins, the neurotransmitters produced in the
brain, which reduce pain.
• Regular consumption of capsicum is believed to be beneficial for those suffering from
diabetes.
• The vegetable has been said to be helpful in improving digestion, as it increases the
stomach secretions.
• Capsicum has been found to be useful in the treatment of chronic rhinitis. The
vegetable has been found helpful in slowing down the assimilation of fat in the
intestines.
• Regular consumption of capsicum can help the body fight against obesity.
• The vegetable is rich in beta carotene, capsaicin, and vitamins A and C, all of which work
together to prevent a host of diseases, including liver disease and impotency.
• Capsicum has the ability to starve cancer cells and tumors of oxygen, thus making them
die.
• Many herbalists recommend the vegetable for treating sluggish metabolism, cold hands
and feet; obesity and respiratory tract infections.

40
 • Capsicum can also be used externally, for treating arthritis, sore back muscles,
rheumatism or sprains, and bruises.

Are there safety concerns?

Capsicum extract-containing lotion or cream is safe for most adults when applied to the skin.
Side effects can include skin irritation, burning, and itching. Capsicum can also be extremely
irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Don't use capsicum on sensitive skin or around the eyes.

Capsicum extract seems to be safe for most adults when taken by mouth, short-term. Side
effects can include stomach irritation and upset, sweating, flushing, and runny nose. Don't take
capsicum by mouth in large doses or for long periods of time.

In rare cases, this can lead to more serious side effects like liver or kidney damage.

Capsicum extract seems to be safe when used nasally. No serious side effects have been
reported, but application in the nose can be very painful. The nasal application can cause
burning pain, sneezing, watery eyes, and runny nose.

These side effects tend to decrease and go away after 5 or more days of repeated use.

Do not apply capsicum cream or lotion to children under two years old.

Do not apply capsicum to the skin if:

• You have a pepper allergy.

• You have damaged or broken skin.

Do not take capsicum by mouth if:

• You are pregnant or breast-feeding.

• You have a pepper allergy.
• You are scheduled for surgery in the next two weeks. Capsicum might increase the risk
of bleeding.

Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus)

Pages 98-99 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Parts used: Berry

Constituents: Iridoid glycosides (aucubin and agnuside); labdane diterpenes (otundifuran,

vitexilactone); flavonoids (casticin, vitexin, isovitexin, kaempferol); essential oil (.4% to .7%),
bornyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, limonene, and a-and B-pinene.

Actions: Hormonal normalizer, uterine tonic, galactagogue

Dosage

➢ 300 mg capsules standardized at .5% agnuside taken 1cap 3x/day

41
 ➢ For infusion, take 1 to 2 teaspoons of the berry in hot water (8 oz). Let sit 3-5 minutes.
Drink three cups a day.

Side effects and caution

There have been no real reported side effects for those taking the chaste tree. However, there
have been some reports of minor gastrointestinal upsets and mild skin rashes with itching in
less than 2 percent of the women monitored while they were on chaste tree treatment. As is
the rule, chaste tree is not recommended for women during pregnancy or during lactation.

How it works in the body

The chaste berry has specific, separate and distinct actions on men and women. Most often,
the chaste berry is given to women, so that the actions of the pituitary gland may be regulated.
The chemical messages sent to the pituitary gland are responsible for the regulation of the
hormones in a woman’s body and the two main hormones that the chaste tree controls are
estrogen and progesterone. Most disorders in the reproductive system are in effect caused by
the imbalance of these two important hormones, like for example, the symptoms of
premenstrual syndrome are caused by an imbalance in the hormones, and this imbalance can
be effectively treated by the chaste berry. Irregular periods, menopause, and infertility can also
be treated by the chaste tree. During the onset of puberty, or during the time of menopause,
acne becomes a major problem, and this problem can be handled best with the help of the
chaste tree. In the case of men, the chaste tree is given to depress the male androgen
hormones, which are responsible for the male sex drive. However, this may not be the best
option for a man, and this may be the reason why the chaste tree is rarely, if ever, given to a
male.

Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale)

Pages 130-131 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Parts used: The whole plant is used in herbal preparations - the leaves, roots, and flowers.

Properties: Dandelion is a bitter-sweet, cooling herb that has diuretic, laxative effects. It
also stimulates liver function, improves digestion and reduces swelling and inflammation.
Aids in detoxification and gallbladder function.

It contains sesquiterpene lactones (tetrahydroridentin B and taraxacolide B-D-glucoside),

phenolic acid derivative (taraxacoside), triterpenoids (taraxasterol and its derivatives),
potassium and inulin.

Therapeutic uses

➢ Internal use
• Dandelion is used internally for gall bladder and urinary disorders,
jaundice, hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, dyspepsia, and constipation,
edema associated with high blood pressure and heart weakness.
• The bitter substance in the herb also stimulates digestion.
• In Chinese medicine, it is used for lung and breast tumors, abscesses as
well as hepatitis.
42
 • The high content of inulin makes it useful for people with diabetes.
➢ External use
• Chronic joint and skin complaints including acne, eczema, psoriasis. It is
used in a facial steam, as well as face packs.
• Folklore recommends dandelion poultices for snakebite.
➢ Aromatherapy and essential oil use
• None noted.

Safety precautions and warnings: None noted.

Combinations: Works well with artichoke or milk thistle in a capsule form. For infusion or
decoction, can be mixed with Peppermint or Melissa for flavor. Drink 2 to 3 cups daily
before or after meals.

Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)

Pages 132-133 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Herb Benefits

This herbal extract may be helpful for those who have chronic nonspecific low back pain.
Devil’s claw may reduce the need for analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy in
those with knee or hip osteoarthritis. In rats, the dried crude methanolic extract of devil’s claw
caused a significant dose-dependent reduction of arterial blood pressure and had an anti-
arrhythmic effect.

Side effects

Mild and infrequent gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported, but since Western doctors
have not used devil’s claw much, we still don't know the full range of side effects if this herb is
used for prolonged periods.

Dosage

The usual dose is 400 to 500 mg of the dried devil's claw extract three times a day. Another
option is the use of 20-50 mg harpagoside.

Research Update

Study: Harpgophytum procumbens (Devils claw) for osteoarthritis and low back pain: a
systematic review.
(BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Sep 15;4(1):13.)

The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of Devils claw preparations in the
treatment of various forms of musculoskeletal pain. Several databases and other sources were
searched to identify randomized controlled trials, quasi-randomized controlled trials, and
controlled clinical trials testing Devils claw preparations in adults suffering from pain due to
osteoarthritis or low back pain. RESULTS: Twelve trials were included with six investigating
osteoarthritides (two were identical trials), four low back pain, and three mixed-pain
conditions. There is limited evidence for an ethanolic Devils claw extract containing less than
43
<30 mg harpagoside per day in the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. There is moderate
evidence of effectiveness for (1) the use of a Devils claw powder at 60 mg harpagoside in the
treatment of osteoarthritis of the spine, hip and knee; (2) the use of an aqueous Devils claw
extract at a daily dose of 100 mg harpagoside in the treatment of acute exacerbations of
chronic non-specific low back pain; and (3) the use of an aqueous extract of Devils claw
procumbens at 60 mg harpagoside being non-inferior to 12.5 mg rofecoxib per day for chronic
non-specific low-back pain (NSLBP) in the short term. Strong evidence exists for the use of an
aqueous Devils claw extract at a daily dose equivalent of 50 mg harpagoside in the treatment of
acute exacerbations of chronic NSLBP.

Study: Screening pharmaceutical preparations containing extracts of turmeric rhizome,

artichoke leaf, devil's claw root, and garlic or salmon oil for antioxidant capacity.
(J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Jul;55(7):981-6.)

Pharmaceutical preparations derived from natural sources such as vegetables often contain
compounds that contribute to the antioxidant defense system and apparently play a role in the
protection against degenerative diseases. In the present study, commercial preparations
containing extracts of turmeric, artichoke, devil's claw, and garlic or salmon oil were
investigated. All fractions of the turmeric extract preparation exhibited pronounced antioxidant
activity, which was assigned to the presence of curcumin and other polyphenols. The
antioxidant activity corresponding to the artichoke leaf extract was higher in the aqueous
fractions than in the lipophilic fractions. Similarly, devil's claw extract was particularly rich in
water-soluble antioxidants. Harpagoside, a major compound in devil's claw, did not contribute
significantly to its antioxidant activity. The antioxidant capacity of the garlic preparation was
poor in the TEAC assay. That of salmon oil was mainly attributed to vitamin E, which is added to
the product for stabilization. In all test preparations, the antioxidant activity was significantly
correlated with the content of total phenolic compounds.

Study: Effectiveness of Harpagophytum (devil's claw) extracts and clinical efficacy.

(Phytother Res. 2004 Feb;18(2):187-9.)

Various preparations from Devil's claw are used for the treatment of pain in the joints and
lower back. Studies published in peer-reviewed journals were examined for their clinical
evidence. The studies offering preparations with 50-60 mg harpagoside in the daily dosage are
of better quality and provide more reliable evidence on efficacy than a proprietary ethanol
extract with half the amount of harpagoside per day. However, confirmatory studies are
required for all devil's claw extracts before they can gain a place in treatment guidelines.

Study: Evaluation of acute and chronic treatments with Harpagophytum procumbens on

Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.
(J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Apr;91(2-3):325-30.)

The extract of Harpagophytum procumbens (Devils claw), widely utilized in Europe and, more
recently, in other countries, is traditionally indicated to treat inflammatory processes. Devils
claw acts by way of interleukins and leukocyte migration to the painful and inflamed joint area.
Chemically, its secondary tuberous roots contain iridoid glycosides, harpagogide, procumbide,
and harpagoside, as the active principle. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the
therapeutic potential as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent in a rat model of Freund's
adjuvant-induced arthritis both in the acute and chronic phases. The animals were injected
with Freund's adjuvant in sub-plantar tissue of the right posterior paw and randomly assigned

44
in acute (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or chronic (100 mg/kg) treatments with Devils claw solution test
or vehicle. Then, submitted to behavioral test and assessment of body weight and right paw's
measurements.

The results show that Devils claw extract increased the animals 'latency of paws' withdrawal,
indicating a protective effect against the pain induced by the thermal stimulus, both in acute
and chronic treatments. In addition to the reduction in the right paw edema in the
experimental groups when compared to control group. Thus, the data showed anti-
inflammatory and peripheral analgesic properties of Devils claw extract with all doses tested,
thus confirming its indication for inflammatory processes.

Study: Treatment of patients with arthritis of the hip or knee with an aqueous extract of
devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens DC.)
(Phytother Res. 2003 Dec; 17(10):1165-72.)

Preparations made from the secondary tubers of Devil's claw are successfully used in patients
with rheumatic diseases (arthrosis and low back pain). In order to add data on the efficacy and
long-term safety of an aqueous extract (Doloteffin; 2400 mg extract daily, corresponding to 50
mg harpagoside), which has been tested successfully in patients with low back pain, an
uncontrolled multicentre drug surveillance study for about 12 weeks was conducted in 75
patients with arthrosis of the hip or knee. Although this was an open clinical study, the results
suggest that this Devil's claw extract has a clinically beneficial effect in the treatment of
arthrosis of the hip or knee.

Study: Harpagophytum procumbens suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated expressions of

cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in fibroblast cell line L929.
(J Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Nov; 93(3):367-71.)

Harpagophytum procumbens (Devils claw) has been used for the treatment of pain and
arthritis. The effect of Devils claw against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation was
investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) immunoassay, and nitric
oxide detection on mouse fibroblast cell line L929. The aqueous extract of Devils claw was
shown to suppress PGE (2) synthesis and nitric oxide production by inhibiting
lipopolysaccharide-stimulated enhancement of the cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide
synthase (iNOS) mRNAs expressions in L929 cells. These results suggest that Devils claw exerts
anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects probably by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS
expressions.

Echinacea (Echinacea purpura)

Pages 138-139 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Parts used: Root, flowers

Uses

Echinacea was traditionally used by the North American Comanche tribe used as an herbal
remedy for toothaches and sore throats. While the Sioux, another major North American tribe,

45
used it for the treatment of rabies, any snakebite, and for all septic conditions arising from the
injury.

The ability of the herb to enhance and boost the performance of the immune system is well
known traditionally and has been extensively documented down the years. In addition, the
herbal remedies made from the Echinacea possess an antibiotic action and also act like
interferon in their anti-viral action within the body. The herbal remedy is also known to have an
amazing fungicidal effect and it is extensively used as an anti-allergenic herbal remedy. Some
studies have also recorded the Echinacea as possessing an anti-tumor activity. Most Native
American tribes used herbal preparations of the Echinacea herb for many topical herbal
treatments including the healing of all physical wounds and for the treatment of snake bites,
the herbal remedy was also used in the treatment of infected conditions, it was used in the
treatment of sore throats and to treat burns on the skin. Nowadays, the herbal remedies
derived from the Echinacea herb also function as a blood cleansing remedy for the holistic
treatment of various skin problems including boils and all types of topical and internal
abscesses, the herbal remedy is also used in the treatment of all kinds of allergies, and related
skin conditions like eczema and urticaria, it is increasingly used in the treatment of different
types of infections such as tonsillitis, the common colds, the flu, and various other chest
infections. The herbal remedy is also used in the treatment of asthma, and other viral diseases
like the glandular fever, it is also used in the treatment of candidiasis and to suppress post-viral
fatigue syndrome in patients. Research is still being conducted on the possible beneficial effects
of Echinacea treatment on symptoms of HIV and AIDS in patients. Respiratory problems and
chilblains are also treated using the herbal remedies prepared from the Echinacea herb, and
the herb is known to be very effective against throat infections when it is used as an oral
gargling solution.

The circulation of blood in the body is benefited by the stimulating effect of the Echinacea
herb, this is especially true when the herb is taken in the form of a hot infusion, the hot herbal
infusion also helps by stimulating the process of sweating and this rapidly brings the fevers
down, while at the same time enhancing the natural defenses of the body and enabling the
immune system to shake off the infection, which has induced the condition of fever initially.
Echinacea also possesses a strong anti-inflammatory effect on the body, this ability is
particularly important in the treatment of long-term arthritis and in the treatment of gout. This
property of the herb is also good for all types of inflammatory conditions affecting the
reproductive system in women; these can include disorders such as the common pelvic
inflammatory disease and related conditions. The immediate use of Echinacea must be
contemplated when the first signs and symptoms of the disease become apparent, in order to
take full advantage of its strong immune-enhancing properties. If the herbal remedy is given
during the early stages of the infection, this ability will help in the rapid clearing of the
infection, this quick use of the herbal remedy during the early stages of infection is especially
important for individuals with weak and run-down immune functioning or malfunctioning
immune systems - the deficient functioning system will be buffered by the herbal remedy and
greater protection will be afforded to people who are prone to get one infection after another
in succession.

Echinacea has been attributed to various beneficial and positive activities and actions in the
body. The most important and the probably the best-substantiated is its effect as an immune
system stimulant. Three different and distinct biochemical mechanisms are said to bring about
by this particular property of the herb inside the body, one is the stimulation by the herb of
phagocytosis, the second is the herbs ability to increase the rate of respiratory activity, and the

46
third is the ability of the herb to cause an increased mobility of the leukocytes within the body.
At the same time, the exact causes and the actual reason or the principles behind the remedial
action remains a mystery for further research to uncover over time. Some generalizations can
arrive at the high-molecular-weight polysaccharides are effective without a doubt in some way
throughout the process, the stimulation of phagocytosis, however, is apparently enhanced by
other components connected to the alkamide fraction-mainly isobutylamides, it is also pushed
ahead by the glycoprotein in the herb, and by the action of the cichoric acid in the remedy.

Other medical uses: Abscess, Hantavirus, Herpes, Pharyngitis, Scarlet fever, Septicemia, Strep
Throat, Toxic shock syndrome.

Constituents: Echinacea contains volatile oil, glycosides, amides, antibiotic polyacetylenes,

inulin.

Usual Dosage

The herbal remedies made from the Echinacea are best taken for specified lengths of time,
especially when they are used to stimulate the immune system of patients. The herbal remedy
can be used thrice or four times every day as soon as the first signs of a cold develop - the total
treatment duration should be about ten to fourteen days at a stretch for maximum
effectiveness.

The herbal remedies can also be used in the prevention of colds; individuals can utilize the
Echinacea tablets or the capsule form, thrice every day for a treatment period lasting six to
eight weeks at a time. The longer Echinacea is used, the more reduced do its overall effects on
the body tend to be, and for this reason, it is suggested that a "rest" period be resorted to
during and of these long term treatment regimens - periods of rest must accompany all
treatment regimens which exceed ten days at a stretch. The powdered form of the Echinacea
can be taken in doses of about 900 mg whenever required. The dosage regimens for the liquid
Echinacea extract are normally taken at a dosage rate of 3 - 4ml per dose, taken thrice every
day of the treatment period.

Side Effects and Cautions

If used orally, the herbal remedies made from the Echinacea are essentially nontoxic in nature
and produce no side effects. However, the use of Echinacea by certain individuals must be
under the supervision of a doctor or following consulting with a qualified physician, this is the
case if such individuals are affected by any form of autoimmune illnesses, including the
condition known as lupus, or even any other progressive diseases, including tuberculosis and
multiple sclerosis especially, if the person has been affected by the condition over the long
period of time. Echinacea must be used with extreme caution by all individuals who develop
allergic reactions to the flowers of the daisy family - as the Echinacea flowers might also trigger
some allergic response for the body. Pregnant and lactating women can use the Echinacea
remedies in the same way as other people, and in similar doses to other safe herbs, as there
does not seem to be any known contraindications with the therapeutic use of Echinacea during
a term of pregnancy or its use by nursing mothers.

How it works in the body

Research is continuing on the way the Echinacea herb works on the immune system and how it
controls it from within. That the various polysaccharides play a major role in the prevention of
47
viral entry into the cells of the body is evident, and these keep the virus particles from taking
hold in any of the cells in the body. The herbal action is particularly effective in the stimulation
of the white T-cells inside the immune system in the body, these immune system cells help the
body in fighting off any infection and help in keeping the body in a healthy condition. The other
chemical constituents of the herb also help in dealing with the problem, a bactericidal action is
performed by the alkaloids, these chemical compounds are also very active against all kinds of
fungal infection affecting the body. The blood cleansing action of the Echinacea is also well
known and it is used as an effective herbal alterative, it is also used to clear the skin, it helps in
clearing away internal as well as external boils and in the treatment of all other skin disorders
and diseases.

Applications

Root:

DECOCTION – The herb can be used in this decoction form and patients affected by infections,
can consume 10 ml doses, once every 1 - 2 hours during the entire acute stage of infection and
the treatment can be used as and when necessary.

TINCTURE – The Echinacea can also be taken in doses of 2 - 5 ml once every 2 - 3 hours for the
treatment of diseases such as influenza, all types of chills, and to treat various urinary tract
infections, this treatment is very effective particularly during the first couple of days when the
acute symptoms develop. The standard doses must be used for the more chronic conditions,
standard doses can be taken in combination with other remedial herbs, including the buchu
and the couch grass which is effective in the treatment of all kinds of kidney infections, the
herb is known as the cleavers must be used in the combination if the problem is glandular
fever. This herbal tincture can be taken in 10 ml doses to treat cases of food poisoning and as a
treatment for snakebites.

WASH – The herbal decoction or the diluted herbal tincture can be used to wash infected
wounds on the body. Carefully bathe the affected area as frequently as possible using the
tincture or the decoction. This will not only result in reducing the infection but will also heal the
wound in no time.

GARGLE – The Echinacea can also be used as a gargle, and 10 ml of the tincture in a glass of
warm water can be used to gargle when dealing with sore throats in different patients.

POWDER – The herb can be powdered down and the herbal dust is often used for the
treatment of various infected skin conditions including boils - when treatment should be
combined with other herbs such as the marshmallow, during the treatment of eczema
infections on the skin.

CAPSULES – The capsules of the herb can also be taken during the treatment process, patients
must take about three 200 mg capsules, at least thrice every day at the very onset of acute
infections, including infections such as the common colds, influenza, and all kinds of kidney or
urinary tract infections - the capsule form is very easy to use and widely available in health
stores.

48
Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Pages 142-143 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Constituents: Eleutherosides B and E, and immunostimulant complex polysaccharides

Parts Used: The dried root

Typical Preparations: Encapsulated root, tea, or tincture, may be added to juices or smoothies.

Summary

Eleuthero is an "adaptogen," an agent that helps the body address to stress. Scientists believe it
helps prevent "adrenal burnout" caused by ongoing physical or mental challenges. Eleuthero
boosts concentration and focuses without the letdown than comes from drinking coffee or
other sources of caffeine. Eleuthero also boosts immunity. Healthy people taking 2 teaspoons
(10 ml) of tincture three times daily have been shown to have increased numbers of the
immune cells (CD4+ cells) that have a decrease during HIV-infection and AIDS. Eleuthero may
also enhance athletic performance. Eleuthero was a favorite of trainers and coaches of Olympic
athletes in the old Soviet Union. When the word about eleuthero got out, Western scientists
put it to the test. A study of six baseball players found that taking eleuthero for 8 days
increased breathing capacity. That is, eleuthero gave the players more wind to sprint between
bases. In another clinical test, scientists in Australia found that men (and women) who took
eleuthero 8 weeks had 13% strength gains in the pectoral muscles and 15% in the biceps. And a
company in New Jersey found that taking eleuthero for 8 weeks increased the body's ability to
burn fat through exercise by about 43%. The scientists running these tests recruited
experienced athletes. The benefits of this readily available herb are even more noticeable in
beginning athletes. Just be sure to take the herb for at least 8 weeks for best results. Combining
eleuthero with other herbs can be even better. Soviet scientists found taking both schisandra
and eleuthero benefited endurance athletes by giving them an immune system boost. The two
herbs together helped prevent colds, flu, and other infections after athletic events. Eleuthero is
not the only herb for athletes. American trainers report a combination of sea buckthorn, wild
oats, and stinging nettle increases strength, anaerobic power (muscle output when the athlete
is out of breath), endurance time, and even feelings of well-being. For best results, increase the
vitamin C foods in your diet when you take these herbs.

Precautions

May cause insomnia if taken too close to bedtime. Not recommended for persons with
uncontrolled high blood pressure.

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus)

Pages 148-149 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Active constituent: Cineole

Internally, Eucalyptus appears to help relieve symptoms of colds, flu, chest congestion, sore
throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, and respiratory infections.

49
For internal use, Eucalyptus can be made into a tea or tincture. Tea can also be used as a gargle
for relief of sore throat.

To make a tincture, place 200 grams of dried or 300 grams of fresh Eucalyptus leaves in a large
sterilized jar. Cover completely with rum or vodka, seal, and let sit 10-14 days, shaking the jar
every few days. After two weeks, place a cheesecloth or muslin cloth over the mouth of the jar
and strain the contents into a new sterilized jar. Squeeze the soaked herb to get as much of the
mixture as possible. Store in a dark place and take 1 teaspoon mixed with juice or water 2-3
times per day.

Externally, the antiseptic, slightly anesthetic, anti-bacterial, and warming properties of

Eucalyptus make it a valuable resource treatment of burns, sores, ulcers, scrapes, boils, and
wounds. Applied topically as an oil or ointment, it also helps relieve the pain of rheumatism,
aching, pains, stiffness, and neuralgia. For outdoor enthusiasts, Eucalyptus rubbed into the skin
seems to work well as an insect repellant, especially for mosquitoes and fleas. Rubbed into the
chest, it relieves congestion and cough. Indeed, Vick's VapoRub smell is a familiar one to most
of us, and with good reason - it works!

For relief of congestion, asthma, and respiratory problems, boil Eucalyptus leaves in the water
in a tightly covered pot, and then remove from heat and inhale the vapors. For an antiseptic
bath, place Eucalyptus leaves in a mesh bag and hang under the bath faucet as you run a hot
bath.

Contradictions: When not taken in excess, Eucalyptus is reasonably safe, but it does appear to
be somewhat difficult to eliminate from the kidneys, so if you have kidney or liver problems, or
if you are pregnant, it would be best to avoid it or use in extreme moderation. Never take
continuously for more than a few days at a time.

Eyebright (Euphrasia Officinalis)

Pages 164-165 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Constituents: Anti-inflammatory acubin, antiviral caffeic acid, antiallergenic ferulic acid.

Parts Used: Leaf, stem and small pieces of the flowers.

Typical Preparations

Warm compress or tea. Also convenient as an extract or capsule. Capsules are taken at 470 mg every
2 capsules 3x/day.

Summary

Nowadays, it is mainly used in Europe as a rinse, compress, or eyebath, and modern herbalists
worldwide use eyebright as a poultice with or with concurrent administration of a tea for the
redness, swelling, and visual disturbances caused by blepharitis and conjunctivitis. The herb is
also used for eyestrain, and to relieve inflammation caused by colds, coughs, sinus infections,
and sore throat. Traditionally, herbalists have also used it for hay fever and nasal decongestion.

50
Precautions

The safety of this herb during pregnancy and lactation is not proven.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

Pages 166-167 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

The health benefits of fennel include Anemia, indigestion, flatulence, constipation, colic,
diarrhea, respiratory disorders, menstrual disorders, eye care, etc.

Fennel, bearing the scientific name Foeniculum Vulgare Miller, or its essence, is widely used
around the world in mouth fresheners, toothpaste, desserts, antacids and in culinary.

Apart from these uses of fennel, there are numerous medicinal uses and health benefits,
mainly due to the components of its essential oils, which can be summarized as under.

• Anemia: Iron, and Histidine, an amino acid found in fennel, are helpful in the treatment
of anemia. Where iron is a chief constituent of hemoglobin, Histidine stimulates the
production of hemoglobin and also helps to form other components of blood.
• Indigestion: It is a common practice, particularly in Indian Subcontinent, to chew fennel
seeds after meals. This is done to facilitate digestion and to keep bad breath away.
Some of the components of the essential oils in fennel are stimulants and stimulate
secretion of digestive and gastric juices, reduce inflammation of stomach and intestines
and facilitates proper absorption of nutrients from the food. It also has anti acidic
(basic) properties and is extensively used in antacid preparations. It is an appetizer too.
• Flatulence: Fennel is most popular as an anti-flatulent, due to the carminative
properties of Aspartic acid found in fennel. Its extract can be used in right from the
infants to the old, to cure flatulence and to expel gases from the stomach.
• Constipation: Fennel seeds, particularly in powdered form, act as a laxative. The
roughage helps clearance of bowels whereas the stimulating effect helps maintain the
proper peristaltic motion of the intestines, thereby helping proper excretion.
• Diarrhea: Fennel is helpful in curing diarrhea if it is caused by bacterial action, as some
components of essential oils in fennel such as Anetol, Cineole, etc. have disinfectant and
anti-bacterial properties. Some amino acids such as Histidine aid digestion and proper
functioning of the digestive system, thus helping cure diarrhea due to indigestion.
• Colic: Polymeric and heavy molecules are useful in the treatment of Renal Colic. Such
polymers, also called Phytoestrogens, are found in Anethole, a component of the
essential oils in fennel. Fennel, with this virtue, is thus helpful in treating Renal Colic.
• Respiratory Disorders: Fennel is useful in respiratory disorders such as congestion,
bronchitis, cough, etc. due to the presence of Cineole and Anetol which are expectorant
in nature, among their many other virtues.
• Menstrual Disorders: Fennel is also an Emenagogue, i.e. it eases and regulates
menstruation by regulating hormonal action properly in the body.
• Eye Care: While using fennel in food helps protect eyes from inflammation, disorders
related to aging, macular degeneration etc. due to presence of antioxidants (vitamin-C,
amino acid-like Arginine which very beneficial for rejuvenation of tissues and prevention
of aging), detoxifiers and stimulants etc. in it, more specifically in its essential oils, and
minerals like cobalt and magnesium, the juice of fennel leaves and the plant can be
externally applied on the eyes to reduce irritation and fatigue of eyes.
51
Other Benefits

Fennel is diuretic, i.e. increases amount and frequency of urination, thereby helping the
removal of toxic substances from the body and helping in rheumatism, swelling, etc. It also
increases production and secretion of milk in lactating mothers and since this milk contains
some properties of fennel, it is anti-flatulent for the baby too. It strengthens hair, prevents hair
fall, relaxes the body, sharpens memory and has a marvelous cooling effect in summer if the
pale greenish-yellow water, in which it is soaked, is taken with a bit of sugar and black salt.

Preparation

As a decoction, use a teaspoon or 2 of the seeds and boil in water for 5 to 6 minutes then let sit
for 10-15 minutes before straining. Use about 12 to 16 oz of water for this. Powdered fennel in
a capsule is another option. Use one to two caps 1 to 3 times daily.

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Pages 176-177 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Is Garlic Good for You?

Garlic is one of the most valuable and versatile foods on the planet. Garlic belongs to the Allium
family of vegetables which also includes onions, chives, shallots, and leeks.

Today garlic is a widely recognized health enhancing supplement. Garlic promotes the well-
being of the heart and immune systems with antioxidant properties and helps maintain healthy
blood circulation. One of garlic’s most potent health benefits includes the ability to enhance
the body’s immune cell activity.

The active component in garlic is the sulfur compound called allicin. Allicin is the chemical
produced when garlic is chopped, chewed, or bruised. Allicin is quite powerful as an antibiotic
and a potent agent that helps the body to inhibit the ability of germs to grow and reproduce. In
fact, it's said that 1 milligram of allicin has a potency of 15 standard units of penicillin.

There are now over 12 studies published around the world that confirm that garlic can reduce
cholesterol.

Recently researchers in Oxford and America have published some summaries of all the good
data on garlic. Garlic is known to stimulate T-lymphocyte and macrophage action, promote
interleukin-1 levels, and support natural killer cells. Strong activity of these key cells promotes
healthy immune system function and strengthens the body's defenses.

Garlic Facts

Garlic has germanium in it. Germanium is an anti-cancer agent, and garlic has more of it than
any other herb. In lab tests, mice fed garlic showed no cancer development, whereas mice that
weren't fed garlic showed at least some. In fact, garlic has been shown to retard tumor growth
in human subjects in some parts of the world.

Another benefit of garlic is it helps regulate the body's blood pressure. So whether you have
52
problems with low or high blood pressure, garlic can help equalize it.

Garlic helps strengthen your body's defenses against allergies; helps loosen plaque from the
artery walls; helps regulate your blood sugar levels; and is the best choice for killing and
expelling parasites such as pinworms from the human body.

In addition to all these health benefits, garlic is packed with vitamins and nutrients. Some of
these include protein, potassium, Vitamins A, B, B2 and C, Calcium, Zinc, and many others.

In a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, allicin powder was found to reduce the
incidence of the common cold by over 50%.

Garlic and onions are toxic to cats and dogs. Garlic can thin the blood similar to the effect of
aspirin.

Drinking lemon juice or eating a few slices of lemon will stop bad garlic breath. It is traditional
to plant garlic on the shortest day of the year. Whether this is for symbolic or practical reasons
is unclear.

Garlic for Health

Today, we know garlic is an excellent herb for creating and maintaining overall health, but it
also has much lesser-known, but powerful qualities. For example, many people don't know that
it's a naturally powerful antibiotic. This natural antibiotic is effective against toxic bacteria,
viruses, and fungus. Available in pills, capsules, liquid and actual raw cloves, garlic is one of the
most popular healthy herbs around today.

Garlic helps platelet stickiness or aggregation to help reduce blood coagulation and promote
heart health.

The antioxidant properties of garlic help scavenge harmful free radicals, which can damage LDL
(bad) cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Garlic also promotes increased bile production to help reduce levels of fat in the liver. Garlic
pills also help ward off coughs and colds.

Garlic and Your Heart

The positive effect of garlic on your circulatory system is extremely well documented and it has
been proved to:

➢ Lower blood pressure

➢ Decrease platelet aggregation
➢ Lower serum triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol (the bad type) levels
➢ Increase serum HDL-cholesterol (the good type) and fibrinolysis (the process through
which the body breaks up blood clots.)
➢ Stimulate the production of nitric oxide in the lining of blood vessel walls, a substance
that helps them to relax.

As a result of these beneficial actions, garlic helps to prevent arteriosclerosis and thereby
reduces the risk of heart attack or stroke. Two or three cloves a day have cut the risk of
53
subsequent heart attacks in half in heart patients.

One reason for these beneficial effects may be garlic's ability to reduce the number of free
radicals in the bloodstream. According to a study published in Life Sciences, a daily dose of 1
ml/kg body weight of garlic extract for a period of 6 months resulted in a significant reduction
in oxidant (free radical) stress in the blood of arteriosclerosis patients. Its positive effect on the
circulatory system improves blood flow throughout the body so has even been hailed as a cure
for impotence!

Garlic and Cancer

Current research has shown that a number of readily available foods such as garlic and onions
that make up a healthy diet, actually have a major impact on cancer prevention. The protective
effect of garlic seems to be greater than that of onions, even though onion consumption has
been shown to reduce the risk of stomach cancer. These cancer-fighting foods seem to have
the ability to interfere with the development of cancerous tumors.

The October 2000 issue of the American Journal of Nutrition had a summary of a number
epidemiologic studies which showed that people who consumed cooked or raw garlic on a
regular basis compared to those that ate little or none had about half the risk of stomach
cancer and one-third less risk of colorectal cancer.

This remarkable little bulb now tops the American National Cancer Institute's list of potential
cancer-preventative foods. It contains multiple anticancer compounds and antioxidants, more
than 30 at the last count, which such powerful compounds as quercetin, diallyl sulfide, allicin,
and ajoene. These have the ability to block cancer-causing agents such as nitrosamine and
aflatoxin which have been specifically linked to stomach, lung and liver cancer.

Garlic's ajoene and allicin have also been shown to retard cancer cells as a type of natural
chemotherapy.

The Iowa Women's Health Study discovered that women who included garlic in their daily diet
had lower risks for colon cancer.

Meat cooked at high temperatures (well done to burnt) can produce carcinogenic (cancer-
producing) chemicals and research have recently discovered that when meat is cooked with
garlic this effect is limited.

The ten best groups of anti-cancer foods include berries and citrus fruits, cruciferous
vegetables, garlic and onions, green tea, omega 3 essential fatty acids, olive oil, tomatoes, soy
products, red wine, and dark chocolate.

Garlic and the Immune System

Not surprisingly the presence of all these antioxidants in garlic have a very positive effect on
the immune system in general and can, therefore, protect the body against all types of
bacterial and viral attacks. Research has recently even shown it to have an inhibiting effect on
MSRA which is currently wreaking such havoc in U.K. hospitals.

Garlic also acts as a good cold medication, decongestant, and expectorant. It is a surprisingly
good source of vitamins C, B6, and the minerals selenium and manganese-all of which have
54
long been associated with immune system boosting as well as other benefits.

A study published in the American Journal of Hypertension reported that animals who
developed high insulin levels, high blood pressure, and high triglycerides were given either
allicin or served as a control.

Garlic Home Remedies

Garlic is an invaluable medicine for asthma, hoarseness, coughs, the difficulty of breathing,
and most other disorders of the lungs, being of particular virtue in chronic bronchitis, on
account of its powers of promoting expectoration.

An older remedy for asthma, that was most popular, is a syrup of Garlic, made by boiling the
garlic bulbs till soft and adding an equal quantity of vinegar to the water in which they have
been boiled, and then sugared and boiled down to a syrup. The syrup is then poured over the
boiled garlic bulbs, which have been allowed to dry meanwhile, and kept in a jar. Each morning
a bulb or two should be taken, with a spoonful of the syrup.

For ear infections: Wrap a small piece of garlic in some tissue, and insert it into the ear. Leave it
there overnight if possible. Pain is almost immediately removed and the infection tends to start
clearing up overnight. See our full article Garlic can Fight and Cure Ear Infections.

For scratchy throats: Put a small slice of garlic in your mouth and suck on it for 10-15 minutes.
You can put it between your teeth and cheek, then scratch it with your teeth a little to help
stimulate juice from the garlic slice. This juice slides down your throat and removes the pain.

➢ Garlic can heal the pain caused by insect bites like those of scorpions and centipedes.
The juice of fresh garlic mixed with salt can be applied to bruises, sprains, and
ringworms.
➢ At the first sign of a cold, chop up 4 cloves of raw garlic and eat or use it as a garnish in
soups, etc.
➢ Cut raw garlic and rub the cut edge on the tooth and gums a couple of times a day to
stop a toothache.
➢ Take fresh garlic cloves and crush them, apply to warts until they disappear.
➢ Crush a clove or two onto a dessert spoon then add olive oil and down the hatch. you
get the benefits of raw garlic with none of the breath issues.
➢ Garlic to clear sinuses. Melt some butter and add minced garlic cloves, spread on toast
and eat.
➢ Garlic for herpes. Take a garlic clove and cut in half. Eat one half and take the other half
and rub into the affected areas. (may sting a little)
➢ Use raw garlic juice on rashes and bug bites, it stops the itching immediately.
➢ 8 to 10 cloves made into garlic juice mixed with 2 TBSP of honey four times a day cures
a persistent cough.
➢ Garlic for tonsillitis. Peel a clove of garlic and cut them in half lengthwise. Boil for a
couple of minutes in about 1.5 cup water and add a pinch of salt, a teaspoon of butter, a
pinch of pepper and sprinkle with nutmeg.

55
Gentian (Gentiana lutea)
Pages 178-179 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Properties and benefits

As a medicine, the curative properties of the gentian roots are countless: gastric, tonic,
simulative of the appetite, anti-febrile, antihelmintic, and has choleretic-cholagogue actions.
Because of its main components: gentio-pyrine, gentio-marine, amaranthine, tannin,
gentianine, lipids, and mineral substances, gentian is recommended when treating dyskinetic
biliary anorexia, for stimulating salivary secretion, for increasing gastric secretion and the
body's resistance.

Treatments

By stimulating the digestive glandular cells and having a bacteriostatic, antihelmintic, choleretic
and cholagogue effect, gentian stimulates the glandular cells of all digestive organs, quickening
intestinal transit. The herb has an important role in stimulating the immune system, favoring
the growth number of leucocytes and red blood cells.

For internal use, gentian, mixed with other depurative herb tinctures, favors the detoxification
of the body. In treating diabetes, intestinal parasites, inflammatory or pancreas affections, the
use of gentian tincture is recommended. For gastric and hepatic diseases, dilution in water of
the gentian tincture is indicated.

Collagen sponges with gentian violet are good antiseptics against gram-positive bacteria, some
local hypoesthesia protector and epithelizing fungus. These are used in case of various wounds
or ulcerations.

The wound or the ulcerated zone is cleaned and the sponges are applied under gauze dressing.
The dressings are changed once every 2-3 days.

In case of biliary fits, biliary dyskinesia, or for preventing biliary lithiasis, gentian tincture is
administered in form of tincture, from which a teaspoon is taken, diluted in a quarter of a glass
of water, 3-4 times a day - in the morning and a quarter of an hour before the main meals.

The gentian root has tonic hepatic effects, being thus used in liver diseases since it stimulates
the function and helps regenerate hepatic cells. The herb inhibits the development of viruses
affecting the liver. In this case, gentian is used in the form of a powder, of which half a
teaspoon is taken 3-4 times a day in treatments of 6-12 weeks.

Distension, dyspepsia and atonic constipation can be treated with treatments of 3-6 weeks by
cold maceration of gentian, of which a quarter of a glass of water is taken 4 times a day, 15
minutes before meals.

Gentian tincture can treat indigestion or hyperacid gastritis with the power of eliminating hard
sensations in the stomach or nausea before and after meals. A teaspoon of tincture is
administered, diluted in a little water, 10-15 minutes before every meal.

The lack of appetite in the case of children can be treated by adding 10-15 drops of gentian to a
56
teaspoon of honey. The mixture is administered a quarter of an hour before meals.

In treating hypothyroid and interfacing disorders, the gentian tincture is administered as an

adjuvant, a teaspoon 4 times a day, in treatments of 3 months, with breaks of 15-30 days. It has
strong stimulation effects of metabolism and it favors normal secretion of thyroidal hormones.

Mixtures

A decoct can be obtained from a teaspoon of the herb, cut into small pieces, to half a liter of
cold water. It is boiled for 15 minutes and consumed before the most important meals.

The gentian macerate and tincture are obtained from 20 g of root to 100 g of 70 degrees
alcohol for 8 days. 15 drops are taken, in water, half an hour before meals, thus stimulating the
appetite.

Gentian syrup is prepared out of 10 g of the root, soaked in 150 ml of boiling water, after which
the liquid is filtered and squeezed out, 230 g of sugar is added, and then it is boiled and passed
through a sieve.

The cataplasm of gentian root is prepared of root powder; it is put in a receptacle, in which
progressively warm water is added while stirring continuously until a paste is formed. It is then
wrapped in gauze and applied in the affected area where it is kept for 1-3 hours.

Warning

It is not recommended being used for a period longer than 3 weeks when treating states of
debility or acute weakness.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Pages 180-181 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Ginger is a blood thinner. Gingerols, the active components of ginger, represent a potential
new class of platelet activation inhibitors. Administration of 50 gm of fat to 30 healthy adult
volunteers decreased fibrinolytic activity from a mean of 64 to 52 units. Supplementation of 5
gm of ginger powder with a fatty meal not only prevented the fall in fibrinolytic activity but
actually increased it significantly. This fibrinolytic enhancing property is a further addition to
the therapeutic potential of ginger. See also blood clot for information on herbs that have
blood-thinning potential.

Ginger and osteoarthritis

A highly purified and standardized ginger extract had a statistically significant effect on
reducing symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee. This effect was moderate. There was a good
safety profile, with mostly mild GI adverse events in the ginger extract group.

Ginger and pregnancy

Ginger is effective for relieving the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Using ginger
to quell morning sickness does not appear to raise the risk of birth defects.
57
Ginger, nausea, and surgery

At a dose of at least 1 gram, ginger is effective in preventing nausea and vomiting that often
afflicts patients after undergoing surgery. Ginger has been used as a traditional medicine in
China to treat nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. In the last decade,
several studies have evaluated the effects of ginger in preventing nausea and vomiting after
surgery. To look at all the evidence available, statisticians from Naresuan University in
Phitsanulok, Thailand pooled data from five clinical trials that involved a total of 363 patients.
Compared with placebo, ginger cut the risk of nausea and vomiting in the 24 hours after
surgery by 31 percent. That said, a substantial percentage of patients in the ginger arm still had
postoperative nausea and vomiting -- 35 percent. The only apparent side effect seen with
ginger was abdominal discomfort. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, January
2006.

This herb is effective in reducing nausea associated with chemotherapy if used beginning a few
days before the drug treatment.

Ginger as an antioxidant

Ginger significantly lowered lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of the antioxidant
enzymes -- superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in rats. The blood
glutathione content was significantly increased in ginger fed rats. Similar effects were also
observed after natural antioxidant ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg, body wt) treatment. The results
indicate that ginger is comparatively as effective as ascorbic acid as an antioxidant. Ginger also
protects tissues from radiation damage. You may also consider other supplements with
antioxidant benefits such as curcumin and Acai berry supplements.

Ginger for blood sugar and cholesterol management

Study: Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
(Br J Nutr. 2006 Oct; 96(4):660-6. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,
Kuwait University, 13060-Safat, Kuwait.)

An aqueous extract of raw ginger was administered daily (500 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for a
period of 7 weeks to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The STZ-injected rats exhibited
hyperglycemia accompanied by weight loss, indicating their diabetic condition. At a dose of 500
mg/kg, raw ginger was significantly effective in lowering serum glucose, cholesterol and
triacylglycerol levels in the ginger-treated diabetic rats compared with the controlled diabetic
rats. The ginger treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in urine protein levels. In
addition, the ginger-treated diabetic rats sustained their initial weights during the treatment
period. Moreover, ginger decreased both water intake and urine output in the STZ-induced
diabetic rats.

Ginger and Ovarian Cancer

Ginger can kill ovarian cancer cells. The study on ginger was done using cells in a lab dish, which
is a long way from finding that it works in actual cancer patients. Researchers tested ginger
powder dissolved in solution by putting it on ovarian cancer cell cultures. Ginger killed the
ovarian cancer cells in two different ways -- through a self-destruction process called apoptosis

58
and through autophagy in which cells digest themselves. Ginger spice has been shown to help
control inflammation, which can contribute to the development of ovarian cancer cells. In
multiple ovarian cancer cell lines, ginger induced cell death at a similar or better rate than the
platinum-based chemotherapy drugs typically used to treat ovarian cancer. Whether the same
effects of ginger in test tubes occurs when humans consume ginger is not known.

Forms of ginger root

Ginger is sold in various forms including as a culinary root, ginger tea, ginger powder, ginger
powder supplement, ginger extract supplement, and in various candies.

Q. I see that you have a high opinion of the health value of ginger. Does it make a difference
what form of ginger one uses? I drink ginger tea. Sometimes I use fresh ginger. Sometimes the
powdered. Powdered is a lot easier. I've heard of some herbs that are more potent in the dried
and powdered form, and some that are much more valuable fresh. How is it with ginger?
A. In many cases, fresh herbs are preferable to the powdered forms that have been sitting in
bottles for weeks or months. Ginger is beneficial in all forms. I suggest eating fresh ginger on a
regular basis and you may also wish to take a ginger extract capsule a couple of times a week.

Summary

Ginger has many benefits, including lessening of nausea. Modern medicine has not taken
advantage of this plant's potential.

Ginger Extract: Ginger is sold by raw material suppliers in various extracts, including 5%
gingerol.

Ginger Research studies

Ginger appears to help pregnant women who suffer from morning sickness, without side
effects to the unborn child, according to a review of the medical literature. In six studies that
examined the effects of ginger in reducing nausea and vomiting in expecting mothers, ginger
worked better than a placebo, or inactive drug, and as well as Vitamin B6, which has been
shown to improve nausea and vomiting in some pregnant women. None of the women who
took ginger had problems with their pregnancies, the authors report in the journal Obstetrics &
Gynecology.

Study: Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomized controlled trial.

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003 Apr;43(2):139-44.)

To investigate the effect of a ginger extract (EV. EXT35) on the symptoms of morning sickness.
The participants included 120 women less than 20 weeks pregnant, who had experienced
morning sickness daily for at least a week and had had no relief of symptoms through dietary
changes. Random allocation of 125 mg ginger extract (equivalent to 1.5 g of dried ginger) or
placebo was given four times per day for 4 days. RESULTS: The nausea experience score was
significantly less for the ginger extract group relative to the placebo group after the first day of
treatment and this difference was present for each treatment day. Retching was also reduced
by the ginger extract although to a lesser extent. No significant effect was observed on
vomiting. Follow-up of the pregnancies revealed normal ranges of birth weight, gestational age,
Apgar scores and frequencies of congenital abnormalities when the ginger group infants were

59
compared to the general population of infants born at the Royal Hospital for Women for the
year 1999-2000. Ginger can be considered as a useful treatment option for women suffering
from morning sickness.

Study: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), a dietary supplement, protects mice against
radiation-induced lethality: mechanism of action.
(Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2004 Aug; 19(4):422-35.)

The radioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) was
studied in mice administered 250 mg/kg ginger extract orally using oral gavage once daily for 5
consecutive days before exposure to gamma-radiation. The animals were monitored daily up to
30 days post-irradiation for the development of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality.
Pretreatment of mice with ginger reduced the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and
mortality at all the exposure doses and also increased the number of survivors in a ginger +
irradiation group compared to the concurrent double-distilled water + irradiation group. The
ginger treatment protected mice against gastrointestinal-related deaths as well as bone-
marrow-related deaths. The mechanism of action of ginger was determined by evaluating its
free-radical scavenging capability. Ginger was found to scavenge *OH, O2*- and ABTS*+
radicals in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Ginger was non-toxic up to a dose of 1500 mg/kg
body weight, the highest drug dose that could be tested for acute toxicity.

Study: Influence of Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc) on Survival, Glutathione and
Lipid Peroxidation in Mice after Whole-Body Exposure to Gamma Radiation.
(Radiat Res. 2003 Nov;160(5):584-92.)

Department of Radiobiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal 576 119, India.

The radioprotective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of ginger rhizome was studied. Mice
were given 10 mg/kg ginger intraperitoneally once daily for five consecutive days before
exposure to 6-12 Gy of gamma radiation and were monitored daily up to 30 days
postirradiation for the development of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality.
Pretreatment of mice with ginger reduced the severity of radiation sickness and the mortality
at all doses. The ZOE treatment protected mice from GI syndrome as well as bone marrow
syndrome.

The dose reduction factor for ginger was found to be 1.15. The optimum protective dose of 10
mg/kg ginger was (1)(50) of the LD (50) (500 mg/kg). Irradiation of the animals resulted in a
dose-dependent elevation in the lipid peroxidation and depletion of GSH on day 31
postirradiation; both effects were lessened by pretreatment with ginger. Ginger also had a
dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella
typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.

Study: Dietary ginger constituents, galanals A and B, are potent apoptosis inducers in Human
T lymphoma Jurkat cells.
(Cancer Lett. 2003 Sep 25; 199(2):113-9.)

The effects of the constituents isolated from ginger species including curcumin, 6-gingerol and
labdane-type diterpene compounds on cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in the
cultured human T lymphoma Jurkat cells were studied. Among the tested compounds, Galanals
A and B, isolated from the flower buds of a Japanese ginger, myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe),
showed the most potent cytotoxic effect. Exposure of Jurkat human T-cell leukemia cells to
galanals resulted in the induction of apoptotic cell death characterized by DNA fragmentation
60
and caspase-3 activation. In conclusion, the results from this study provide biological evidence
that ginger-specific constituents other than curcuminoids are potential anticancer agents.

Study: Effect of Zingiber Officinale Rosc (ginger) on lipid peroxidation in hyperlipidemia rats
(Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2003 Jan; 32(1):22-3.)

School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.

Zingiber Officinale Rosc (ginger) is the food of rhizoma species as well as Chinese traditional
medicine and has various pharmacological effects. The last researches showed that ginger not
only reduced plasma lipid levels but also the mouse atherosclerotic lesion areas. The ginger
antioxidative effect maybe pays an important role in attenuation of development of
atherosclerosis. Antioxidative effect of ginger on hyperlipidemia rats have been studied and the
changes of GSH-Px and LPO in their blood have been observed in this paper. Male adult Wistar
rats were grouped into control, preventive and curative teams. The experimental teams were
respectively fed on the test diet containing 2% ginger and 5% ginger, in order to measure the
changes of plasma lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione (GSH-Px) after the experiment. The
results show that ginger increased GSH-Px and reduced LPO in the rats' blood. Ginger could
inhibit and/or scavenge radicals of rat body in different degrees.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo Biloba)

Pages 182-183 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

More than 40 components isolated from the ginkgo tree have been identified, but only two are
believed to be responsible for the herb's beneficial effects in humans flavonoids and
terpenoids. Flavonoids (such as quercetin and rutin) have potent antioxidant effects.
Laboratory and animal studies have shown that flavonoids protect the nerves, heart muscle,
blood vessels, and retina from damage. Terpenoids (such as ginkgolides) improve blood flow by
dilating blood vessels and reducing the stickiness of platelets.

Medicinal Uses

Based on studies conducted in laboratories, animals, and humans, many health care
professionals may recommend ginkgo for the following health problems:

Dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Ginkgo is widely used in Europe for treating dementia.

Its use is primarily due to its ability to improve blood flow to the brain and because of its
antioxidant properties. The evidence that ginkgo may improve thinking, learning, and memory
in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been highly promising.

Clinical studies suggest that ginkgo may provide the following benefits for people with AD:

➢ Improvement in thinking, learning, and memory (cognitive function)

➢ Improvement in activities of daily living
➢ Improvement in social behavior
➢ Fewer feelings of depression

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Several studies have found that ginkgo may be as effective as leading AD medications in
delaying the symptoms of dementia in people with this debilitating condition. In addition,
ginkgo is sometimes used preventively because it may delay the onset of AD in someone who is
at risk for this type of dementia (for example, family history).

Eye problems

The flavonoids found in ginkgo may help halt or lessen some retinal problems (that is, problems
to the back part of the eye). Retinal damage has a number of potential causes, including
diabetes and macular degeneration. Macular degeneration (often called age-related macular
degeneration or ARMD) is a progressive, degenerative eye disease that tends to affect older
adults and is the number one cause of blindness in the United States. Studies suggest that
gingko may help preserve vision in those with ARMD.

Intermittent Claudication

Because ginkgo is reported to improve blood flow, this herb has been studied in people with
intermittent claudication (pain caused by inadequate blood flow to the legs). People with
intermittent claudication have difficulty walking without suffering extreme pain. An analysis of
eight published studies revealed that people taking ginkgo tend to walk roughly 34 meters
farther than those taking a placebo. In fact, ginkgo has been shown to be as effective as a
leading medication in improving pain-free walking distance. However, regular walking exercises
are more beneficial than ginkgo in improving walking distance.

Memory Impairment

Ginkgo is widely touted as a "brain herb." Researchers recently reviewed all of the high-quality
published studies on ginkgo and mild memory impairment (in other words, people without
Alzheimer's or another form of dementia), and concluded that ginkgo was significantly more
effective than placebo in enhancing memory and cognitive function. Ginkgo is commonly added
to nutrition bars, soft drinks, and fruit smoothies to boost memory and enhance cognitive
performance, although there is debate over whether the small amounts of ginkgo found in
these products are effective.

Tinnitus

Given that nerve damage and certain blood vessel disorders can lead to tinnitus (the
perception of ringing, hissing, or another sound in the ears or head when no external sound is
present), some researchers have investigated whether ginkgo relieves symptoms of this
hearing disorder. Although the quality of most studies was poor, the reviewers concluded that
ginkgo moderately relieves the loudness of the tinnitus sound. However, a well-designed study
including 1,121 people with tinnitus found that ginkgo (given 3 times daily for 3 months) was
no more effective than placebo in relieving symptoms of tinnitus.

Given these conflicting findings, the therapeutic value of ginkgo for tinnitus remains uncertain.
In general, tinnitus is a very difficult problem to treat.

Other uses

In addition to these health problems, health care professionals may also recommend ginkgo for
a variety of other ailments, including altitude sickness, asthma, depression, disorientation,
62
headaches, high blood pressure, erectile dysfunction, and vertigo.

A clinical study found that a standardized ginkgo extract may reduce the side effects of
menopause as well as risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Women are
becoming more reluctant to use pharmaceutical hormone replacement therapy (HRT) due to
their undesirable side effects, such as irregular bleeding and an increased risk of breast cancer.
Several human studies have reported that a standardized ginkgo extract has estrogenic activity
and might be suitable as an alternative to HRT.

A standardized ginkgo extract was reported to significantly improve functional measures (such
as coordination, energy level, strength, mental performance, mood, and sensation) in 22
individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Available Forms

Standardized extracts containing 24 - 32% flavonoids (also known as flavone glycosides or

heterosides) and 6 - 12% terpenoids (triterpene lactones):

➢ Capsules
➢ Tablets
➢ Liquid extracts (tinctures, fluid extracts, glycerites)
➢ Dried leaf for teas

How to Take It:

Pediatric

Ginkgo is not routinely used in children by the medical community. Therefore, it is not currently
recommended to use ginkgo in children under 12.

Adult

Initial results often take 4 - 6 weeks, but should continue to accumulate beyond that period.

Memory impairment and cardiovascular function: Generally, 120 mg daily in divided doses,
standardized to contain 24 - 32% flavone glycosides (flavonoids or heterosides) and 6 - 12%
triterpene lactones (terpenoids). If more serious dementia or Alzheimer's disease is present, up
to 240 mg daily, in 2 or 3 divided doses, may be necessary.

Precautions

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease.
Herbs, however, contain components that can trigger side effects and interact with other
herbs, supplements, or medications.

For these reasons, herbs should be taken with care, under the supervision of a health care
provider qualified in the field of botanical medicine.

GBE is considered to be safe, and side effects are rare. In a few cases, gastrointestinal upset,
headaches, skin reactions, and dizziness were reported.

63
Because gingko decreases platelet aggregation (stickiness), there is some concern that it may
increase the risk of intracranial (brain) hemorrhage. In fact, there have been several reports of
bleeding complications associated with ginkgo use. However, it is not clear whether ginkgo or
another factor (such as the combination of ginkgo and blood-thinning medications including
aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as ibuprofen) caused bleeding
complications. One human study found that ginkgo-extract significantly prolonged bleeding
time when given along with cilostazol (Pletal), a commonly used medication that inhibits
platelet aggregation.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using ginkgo preparations. In addition, ginkgo
use should be discontinued at least 36 hours prior to surgery due to the risk of bleeding
complications.

Do not ingest Ginkgo biloba fruit or seed.

Possible Interactions

Ginkgo may alter the metabolism and effectiveness of some prescription and non-prescription
medications. If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use
ginkgo without first talking to your health care provider:

Anticonvulsant medications -- High doses of ginkgo could decrease the effectiveness of

anticonvulsant therapy, such as carbamazepine (Tegretol) or valproic acid (Depakote), in
controlling seizures.

Antidepressant medications -- Taking ginkgo along with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
(SSRIs) antidepressants -- including fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil),
and escitalopram (Lexapro) -- may cause serotonin syndrome. This condition is characterized by
rigidity, tachycardia (fast heart rate), hyperthermia (high body temperature), restlessness, and
diaphoresis (sweating). Ginkgo may enhance the effects (both good and bad) of antidepressant
medications known as MAOIs, such as phenelzine (Nardil).

Antihypertensive medications -- Ginkgo may decrease blood pressure, so the use of ginkgo
along with prescription antihypertensive medications should be monitored by a health care
provider. There has been a report of an interaction between ginkgo and nifedipine (Procardia),
a calcium channel blocking drug used for blood pressure and arrhythmias.

Blood-thinning medications -- Ginkgo has blood-thinning properties and therefore should not
be used if you are taking anticoagulant(blood-thinning)-medications, such as aspirin,
clopidogrel (Plavix), dipyridamole (Persantine), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), or warfarin
(Coumadin). There has been bleeding in the brain reported when using a ginkgo product and
ibuprofen (Advil), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

Blood sugar lowering medications -- Ginkgo was reported to increase insulin levels in healthy
subjects and to decrease insulin levels in diabetic patients. Use ginkgo supplements under the
supervision of a health care provider if you are diabetic and taking insulin or oral blood sugar-
lowering drugs.

Cyclosporine -- Ginkgo biloba may help protect the cells of the body during treatment with the
immunosuppressive (decreases immunity) drug cyclosporine.

64
Thiazide diuretics -- Although there has been one literature report of increased blood pressure
associated with the use of ginkgo during treatment with thiazide diuretics, this interaction has
not been verified by clinical trials. Nevertheless, you should consult with your health care
provider before using ginkgo if you are taking thiazide diuretics. Trazodone -- There has been a
report of an adverse interaction between ginkgo and trazodone (Desyrel), an antidepressant
medication that resulted in an elderly patient going into a coma.

Golden Seal (Hydrastis Canadensis)

Pages 186-187 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

How goldenseal works

While most people assume that goldenseal has direct antimicrobial effects, it may work by
more diffuse means. Herbalist Paul Bergner, AHG, investigated the research and has been
unable to find case reports where the level of intestinal pathogens is lower after taking
goldenseal, although he has found many reports where symptoms were reduced. In fact, in a
study by Rabbani, where men with e.coli induced diarrhea had 42-48% reduced symptoms after
taking berberine showed unchanged levels of intestinal bacteria, pathogenic or otherwise.

One traditional use of goldenseal is as a mucous membrane tonic. Note that it does not have to
come in contact with the mucous membranes to have this effect. Hold some goldenseal in your
mouth for a minute or two, and you can feel the effect on the mucous membranes in your nose
and sinuses. Traditional doctors stated that goldenseal increases the secretion of the mucous
membranes. At the same time, goldenseal contains astringent factors, which also counter that
flow.

Thus, it was referred to as a mucous membrane "alterative", increasing deficient flow but
decreasing excessive flow. How this happens has not been determined by science but is
thoroughly supported by the traditional uses... It is my opinion that goldenseal acts as an
"antibiotic" to the mucous membranes not by killing germs directly, but by increasing the flow
of healthy mucous, which contains its own innate antibiotic factors — IgA antibodies. This
effect is unnecessary in the early stages of a cold or flu when mucous is already flowing freely.

Constituents

Goldenseal contains the isoquinoline alkaloids: hydrastine, berberine, berberastine,

hydrastinine, tetrahydroberberastine, canadine, and canalidine. A related compound, 8-oxo
tetrahydro thalifendine was identified in one study.] Berberine and hydrastine act as
quaternary bases and are poorly soluble in water but freely soluble in alcohol. Multiple bacteria
and fungi, along with selected protozoa and chlamydia are susceptible to berberine in vitro.

Beneficial Uses

Goldenseal root has a reputation for being a natural antibiotic. Used at the first sign of a cold,
flu or sore throat, it may stop further symptoms from developing. The berberine content in
Goldenseal possesses strong antibiotic and antiseptic activity against a wide variety of bacteria,
including staph, and fungi, combating vaginal inflammations, sore throat and bladder, and
intestinal infections.

65
As an antibacterial, Goldenseal is thought to further fight skin infections, including boils, and
skin ulcers (when used topically and internally) and is also an antiseptic mouthwash (fighting
sore throat). In treating periodontal disease, Goldenseal destroys the bacteria that cause the
disease and relieves inflamed gums.

Goldenseal is an immensely popular herb that has long been used as an immune enhancer and
a body cleanser that promotes healthy glandular functions.

In laboratory studies, the berberine in Goldenseal was thought to increase blood flow to the
spleen and stimulate the activity of macrophages, blood cells that are an important part of the
immune system. The berberine may also increase the secretion of bile. In regulating healthy
glands, the herb is said to be of overall benefit to the liver, pancreas, spleen, thyroid and
lymphatic system.

Because Goldenseal is thought to increase the flow of digestive enzymes and is considered an
effective herb for improving overall digestion and easing disorders of the digestive tract,
including heartburn (particularly when it is associated with emotional tension), inflamed peptic
ulcers, constipation, and indigestion. Several early Native American tribes also used Goldenseal
extensively for treating digestive problems.

Goldenseal, sometimes called "King of the Mucous Membranes" is thought to have a soothing
effect on inflamed mucous membranes and, as such, has been thought to help the respiratory
system (by easing congestion), chronic inflammation of the colon, rectum, and hemorrhoids.

In laboratory experiments, the alkaloids, hydrastine, and berberine, in Goldenseal are said to
lower blood pressure.

Goldenseal is sometimes used in the treatment of 'female problems" and helps to regulate the
menses. It has been used to arrest bleeding from the uterus and profuse menstruation, and it is
also believed to cause uterine contractions.

The berberine content in Goldenseal is thought to be effective in treating diarrhea due to toxic
pathogens such as cholera.

Historically, Goldenseal was an eyewash with mildly antibiotic and astringent qualities helping
to reduce inflammation of the eye, but this application is not recommended because of the
herb's natural grittiness. Berberine (found in Barberry, Goldenseal, Oregon Grape and the roots
and bark of a number of plants) is now the focus of attention for use in diabetic care.

In a report from Medical News Today (Diabetes News/August, 2006), a collaboration of

Chinese, Korean and Australian scientists at Sydney's Garvan Institute revealed that berberine
could be a valuable new treatment for this disease, giving scientific backing for its glucose-
lowering effects that were documented in Chinese literature and used in Traditional Chinese
Medicine (TCM). Garvan scientist, Dr. Jiming Ye claimed that in lab tests, the berberine
activates an enzyme in the muscle and liver that is involved in improving the sensitivity of the
tissue to insulin, which, in turn, helps lower blood sugar levels. Moreover, berberine might help
to reduce body weight. Professor James, the head of Garvan's Diabetes and Obesity Research
Program added that despite berberine's widespread use in Traditional Chinese Medicine, it
would have to be evaluated following the defined clinical trials process.

66
Recommended Dosage

Take two capsules, 500 mg each, two times each day with water at mealtimes.

Contraindications

Pregnant or nursing women should not use Goldenseal nor any other herb containing
berberine. Goldenseal may limit the efficacy of anticoagulants (aspirin, blood thinners,
Coumadin, etc.), and may also interfere with tetracycline antibiotics. Excessive use (many times
the recommended dosage) may cause vomiting, diarrhea, diarrhea, lethargy, skin, eye or
kidney irritation, nosebleed, lowered blood pressure and lowered heart rate. Because
Goldenseal may lower blood sugars, people with diabetes should use it only under the
supervision of a physician. Do not use Goldenseal if you have a glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase deficiency without consulting a doctor. Those who suffer hyperthyroid
conditions, glaucoma, high blood pressure, gallbladder or cardiovascular disease or epilepsy
should avoid this product, unless under a doctor's care. Goldenseal should not be taken for
prolonged periods; it can be poisonous if used too much. Do not take goldenseal daily for more
than one week at a time.

Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata)

Pages 204-205 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Composition:

Anthocyanin-type pigments, choline, citric acid, cratagolic acid, rich in bioflavonoids, flavonoid
glycosides, tannins, glavone, glycosides, inositol, PABA, purines, saponins, sugar, tartaric acid,
minerals and vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, and C. Standardized forms have a minimum of
1.8% vitexin in a 300mg capsule. One twice a day is taken.

Indicated for:

Valve prolapse, angina, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, myocarditis, arteriosclerosis.
Hawthorn can normalize blood pressure by regulating heart action; extended use can lower
blood pressure. Good for heart muscle weakened by age. Can help strengthen blood vessels,
reduce palpitations, help prevent vascular insufficiency, blood clots (embolism, phlebitis). Dilates
coronary vessels to restore the heart muscle wall. Lowers cholesterol. Good for nervous
conditions like insomnia. Aids digestion. Relieves abdominal distention and diarrhea, food
stagnation, abdominal tumors and is good for dropsy.

Congestive heart failure

Hawthorn has primarily been studied in people with congestive heart failure (a health condition
in which the heart is unable to pump adequate amounts of blood to other organs in the body).
Of six well-designed trials, four studies concluded that hawthorn significantly improved heart
function and three found that the herb improved patients' ability to exercise. Patients in five of
the six studies reported that hawthorn significantly improved symptoms of the disease (such as
shortness of breath and fatigue).

One study found that hawthorn extract (900 mg/day) taken for 2 months was as effective as
67
low doses of captopril (a leading heart medication) in improving symptoms of congestive heart
failure.

A large-scale international study is currently underway to determine whether hawthorn extract

reduces the risk of death in people with this disease. Results are expected at the end of 2002.

Atherosclerosis

Animal and laboratory studies demonstrate that this herb has antioxidant properties that help
protect against the formation of plaques, which leads to a health problem known as
atherosclerosis. Plaque buildup in the vessels that supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood may
cause chest pain (angina) and heart attacks while plaque buildup in the arteries that supply
blood to the brain may result in a stroke.

Chest pain

Hawthorn berry preparations have been shown to combat chest pain (angina), a health
problem caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart. In one early study, 60 angina patients
were given either 180 mg/day of hawthorn berry-leaf-flower extract or placebo for 3 weeks.
Those who received the hawthorn preparation experienced improved blood flow to the heart
and were also able to exercise for longer periods of time without suffering from chest pain.

High cholesterol

Studies using rats suggest that a hawthorn tincture (made from the berries) may be a powerful
agent for the removal of LDL ("bad") cholesterol from the bloodstream.

The tincture of hawthorn berries also reduced the production of cholesterol in the liver of rats
who were being fed a high-cholesterol diet. Studies to determine if hawthorn will confer the
same effects in people are needed.

High blood pressure

Although hawthorn has not been studied specifically in people with high blood pressure,
considerable evidence supports the cardiovascular benefits of this herb. Studies suggest that
hawthorn can be taken safely by people with hypertension who are also taking blood pressure
medications.

Notes: Though non-toxic, hawthorn can produce dizziness if taken in large doses. Hawthorn
contains heart-affecting compounds that may affect blood pressure and heart rate. Seek
medical supervision if you suffer from a heart condition or are taking heart-related
medication. Avoid if colitis or ulcers are present. There are no known scientific reports on
the pediatric use of hawthorn. Therefore, it is not currently recommended for children.
If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, do not use hawthorn. Avoid if you are using Digoxin
or Phenylephrine.

For example, Hawthorne Berry may enhance the activity of heart medication Digoxin. It can
also counteract the effects of products, such as nasal decongestants, that contain
phenylephrine. Phenylephrine constricts blood vessels, so the ability of Hawthorne berry to
dilate blood vessels will decrease the effectiveness of medications that contain it.

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Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
Pages 214-215 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Suggested usage

Standardized to contain min. 20% (60 mg) Triterpenoid Saponins as Aescin in a 300mg capsule.
Take 1 cap twice a day.

Clinical Studies Document Horse Chestnut’s Benefits

Today a growing body of research is confirming horse chestnut’s benefits for circulatory health-
turning horse chestnut into one of the top ten best-selling herbs in Europe. Horse chestnut’s
benefits are associated with a variety of constituents, but especially with a group of saponins
collectively known as aescin. Horse chestnut is also a valuable source of bioflavonoids,
including the subclass of flavonoids known as proanthocyanidins, renowned for their
antioxidant activity. When taken internally, research has shown horse chestnut’s constituents
to strengthen the capillaries (the minute blood vessels that connect arteries and veins), support
normal blood flow, and support the normal exchange of fluids through cell membranes.

Kava (Piper methysticum)

Pages 222-223 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Preparation: Standardized to contain min. 30% Kavalactones. Normally comes in a 250mg

capsule.

Suggested Usage: As a dietary supplement, take 1 capsule 1 to 2 times daily as needed.

Common use: Primarily used as a natural sedative and sleep enhancement. Herbalists have
traditionally used it as a remedy for nervousness and insomnia. It is an effective relaxant able
to induce a feeling of relaxation, peace, and contentment, along with a sharpening of the
senses. As a sleep aid, it promotes deep and restful sleep. It is also a muscle relaxant that can
help relieve cramping due to spasms.

Note: Do not use if pregnant, nursing, or being treated for depression.

Kelp (Laminaria digitata)

Pages 224-225 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Kelp, or more commonly, seaweed, is found in kelp forests in the ocean where the water is
shallow and clear. It is an alga that grows underwater and is famous for its ability to spread.
Kelp grows 20 inches a day and can reach 200 feet long. It grows in water that is cooler than 68
degrees F.

Most kelp is made up of a body or thallus that are actually leaf-like structure called blades.
Blades come from stipes which are long stem-like structures. The holdfast is a type of root that
anchors the plant to the ocean floor. The American variety contains gas-filled bladders at the
69
base of the blades that keep the leaves close to the surface.

Normally kelp is acquired as a dried plant, as a powder, or in a capsule. Some use it as a

substitute for salt, or as a flavoring for their drink. Others add kelp to their beans, stir-fries,
stews, soups, or other types of grains.

Wikipedia says that 100 grams of kelp will normally contain 1.3 grams of fiber, 1.7 grams of
protein, 9.6 grams of carbohydrates, .6 grams of fat, and .6 grams of sugars. They claim that
kelp contains from 3% to 45% of the minimum personal requirements of 13 other vitamins and
minerals. In all kelp has over 70 minerals, growth hormones, trace elements, enzymes,
vitamins, and this includes potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, and especially iodine.

Kelp is not only plentiful, but it is also healthy. Kelp suppresses AIDS, helps to fight heart
disease, and boosts the immune system. It increases body energy, helps to fight cancer,
improves the function of the liver, and reduces arthritic pain. Excellent for eye health.

Kelp is used in controlling body weight because of its ability to stimulate metabolism. The
iodine in kelp is a great help to those with hypothyroid problems. It also aids in problems with
poor digestion, constipation, and bowel gas.

Kelp is used in everything from soap to dog food. A compound of kelp is a thickener used in
making jelly, toothpaste, salad dressing, and ice cream. The ash is used in the production of
soap and glass. Kelp kills the herpes virus and reduces hair loss. It also maintains mucous
membranes in the body and lowers cholesterol levels.

Dosage: 500mg to several grams.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Pages 230-231 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

In recent times science has been re-discovering the health benefits of licorice. Licorice is, in
fact, a powerful antiviral that contains 10 antioxidants, at least 25 fungicidal and 9
expectorant compounds. Licorice also includes MAO inhibitors, several XO inhibitors, and
natural estrogenic ingredients. But this is not all that helps to form licorice. Licorice is also
made up of beneficial components such as phytochemicals, magnesium, and sodium.

What Are The Benefits Of Licorice?

There are a number of benefits to licorice and listed below are some of the most recognized
health benefits of licorice.

Peptic Ulcers: Licorice is used in Europe as medicinal support for people suffering from ulcers.
Scientific studies have also shown that licorice is very effective as a pharmaceutical drug when
it comes to treating peptic ulcers. A special form of licorice known as DGL is the preferred
treatment for ulcers; this form removes the glycyrrhizin from the licorice as this can cause high
blood pressure. DGL has no side effects and is the inexpensive option when compared with
drugs such as Tagamet and Zantac.

70
 • HIV infection: Research has shown that the benefits of licorice can also be used in HIV
related diseases. Licorice helps to slow the progression of HIV to AIDS and clinical
studies carried out showed that licorice was able to slow HIV reproduction in test tubes.

• As you know the HIV virus targets the body's immune system and destroys white blood
cells. Licorice helps to trigger the chemical compound interferon which is the body's
virus-fighting agent.

• Skin Problems: The health benefits of licorice also extend to internal and external skin
diseases. Licorice has similar effects to hydrocortisone when applied topically and can
be used to help fight dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis. Licorice can also be used to help
speed up the healing process of cold sores and has also been known to reduce the pain
associated with cold sores.

• Hepatitis: Research indicates that the use of Licorice can be effective in treating both
chronic and acute hepatitis. The compound glycyrrhizin in licorice is used clinically in
Japan was found to be an efficient treatment in both hepatitis B and hepatitis C
patients. Licorice was as effective as alpha-interferon and it did not cause the side
effects associated with alpha-interferon.

• PMS: Licorice has a mild estrogenic effect. A high estrogen level can cause many
menstrual problems; licorice may help to balance the estrogen levels in the body by
reducing estrogen.

Other Benefits of Licorice

Some of the other benefits of licorice include:

• Respiratory System: It has always been common practice to use licorice in the
treatment of severe respiratory problems such as coughing, asthma, sore throats, and
bronchitis and modern research confirm these health benefits of licorice.

• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: It is not possible to combat the effects of stress without
having healthy functioning adrenal glands. Licorice supports the adrenal glands and it's
compound glycyrrhizin helps to block the breakdown of cortisol which in turn raises
cortisol levels helping the body to fight against stress and chronic fatigue syndrome.

• Cholesterol: A study on 20 students showed that licorice makes LDL cholesterol more
resistant to oxidation.

Licorice Side Effects

When looking at licorice side effects it is important to ask the question; how much licorice
should I take? Licorice can raise blood pressure, cause sodium and water retention, and loss of
potassium. Many experts recommend that licorice should not be used for the long term and
50 grams of real licorice is what is the daily recommended dosage according to the German
Health Ministry.

Licorice consumption during pregnancy is not advised and has been associated with
premature birth. Women should be extra cautious if taking licorice during pregnancy.

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Preparations

You can drink as a tea by boiling 1-2 teaspoons of shredded licorice root in water for5-6
minutes then set for 10 minutes. 1 to 2 cups a day. Can use as a lozenge sold in health stores,
this form is very good for sore throat. It is sold in 500mg capsules, take 1-2 two-three times
daily.

Pau D’Arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa)

Pages 284-285 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Constituents

Most of the chemical research on pau d'arco has been done on the wood and not the inner
bark. Pau d'arco contains chemical compounds called naphthoquinones such as lapachol that
may have antifungal, antiviral, and antibacterial properties, as well as significant amounts of
the antioxidant quercetin. Great for Candida yeast infections.

Forms

Pau d'arco is sold as tablets, dried bark tea, and tincture (which contains alcohol). The
chemicals that give pau d'arco its medicinal effects dissolve poorly in water, so tea is not
recommended.

Most pau d'arco products are not standardized, so it is not possible to determine whether or
not they contain an appropriate amount of these active substances. It is important to carefully
read the label to make sure that the product actually contains Tabebuia avellanedae as an
ingredient.

Dosage

Pediatric: Pau d'arco should not be given to infants or children.

Adult: It is important to discuss the dose with your doctor since large amounts of pau d'arco
can be toxic.

Capsules: 300 - 500 mg three times per day

Tincture (1:5): 0.5 - 1 ml (about 1/8 - 1/4 tsp.) two or three times per day

At recommended doses, side effects are uncommon but may include anemia, nausea, diarrhea,
and dizziness. Pregnant and nursing women should not take pau d'arco.

Possible Interactions:

Ant platelet and anticoagulant drugs (blood-thinners) — Pau d'arco may affect the blood's
ability to clot, and could interfere with any blood-thinning drugs you are taking, including
Warfarin (Coumadin), Clopidogrel (Plavix), Aspirin.

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Research

Study: The search for novel anticancer agents: a differentiation-based assay and analysis of a
folklore product.
(Anticancer Res. 1997;(2A):1027–1033.)

One alternative approach to the current use of cytotoxic anticancer drugs involves the use of
differentiation-inducing agents. However, a wider application of this strategy would require the
development of assays to search for new differentiation-inducing agents. In this report, we
describe an in vitro assay using the murine erythroleukemia (clone 3-1) cells. Tests for the
efficacy of this assay for the analysis of the antineoplastic activity in natural products led to
studies on pau d'arco, a South American folklore product used in the treatment of cancer.
Purification of the activity in aqueous extracts by solvent partition and thin-layer
chromatography (TLC) indicated the presence of two activities, one of which was identified as
lapachol. The activity in the pau d'arco extracts and of lapachol was inhibited by vitamin K1. As
a vitamin K antagonist, lapachol might target such vitamin K-dependent reactions as the
activation of a ligand for the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase.

Study: In vitro activity of Brazilian medicinal plants, naturally occurring naphthoquinones and
their analogues, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
(International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003; 21(3):279-284.)

Fourteen extracts from Brazilian traditional medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases
were used to look for potential antimicrobial activity against multiresistant bacteria of medical
importance. Staphylococcus aureus strains were susceptible to extracts of Punica granatum and
Tabebuia avellanedae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the total extracts and
of additional fractions of these plants were determined by employing strains of methicillin-
resistant (MRSA) and -sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus, including isolates of the PFGE clone A, which
is prevalent in Brazil and two ATCC reference strains. A mixture of ellagitannins isolated from P.
granatum and two naphthoquinones isolated from T. avellanedae demonstrated
antibacterial activity against all S. aureus strains tested. Semi-synthetic Furano-
naphthoquinones (FNQs) showed lower MICs than those exhibited by
natural occurring naphthoquinones. The results indicate that these natural products can be
effective potential candidates for the development of new strategies to treat MRSA infections.

Study: Potential antipsoriatic agents: lapacho compounds as potent inhibitors of HaCaT cell
growth.
(J Nat Prod. 1999; 62(8):1134-1136.)

A number of lapacho compounds, representing the most common constituents of the inner
bark of Tabebuia impetiginosa, together with some synthetic analogues, were evaluated in
vitro against the growth of the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. With an IC(50) value of 0.7
microM, beta-lapachone (4) displayed activity comparable to that of the antipsoriatic drug
anthralin. 2-Acetyl-8-hydroxynaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (7), which was prepared in a four-
step synthesis from 2,8-dihydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone, was the most potent inhibitor among
the known lapacho-derived compounds and inhibited cell growth with an IC(50) value of 0.35
microM. Furthermore, other active constituents of lapacho inhibited keratinocyte growth, with
IC(50) values in the range of 0.5-3.0 microm. However, as already observed with anthralin,
treatment of HaCaT cells with these potent lapacho compounds also caused remarkable
damage to the plasma membrane. This was documented by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase

73
into the culture medium, which significantly exceeded that of the vehicle control. Because of
their potent activity against the growth of human keratinocytes, some lapacho-
derived compounds appear to be promising as effective antipsoriatic agents.

Peppermint (Mentha X Piperita)

Pages 286-287 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

It is an anti-spasmodic herb, commonly used for digestive assistance, peppermint (Mentha

piperita) as oil can be used topically or ingested to relieve many ailments like gastritis, irritable
bowel syndrome, motion sickness, cramps, and many other conditions.

Peppermint is commonly used to soothe the gastrointestinal tract by relaxing the muscles in
the intestinal wall. It increases the saliva, which increases swallowing making it possible to
improve appetite, relieve cramps, and reduce pain associated with conditions such as irritable
bowel syndrome, nausea, or motion sickness. Peppermint has also been used to reduce muscle
spasms associated with endoscopy, colonoscopy and barium enemas.

When taken orally as tea or tablets, peppermint is also used for relieving respiratory conditions
such as colds, coughing, acute respiratory difficulties, and for bacteria, fungal, and viral
infections. It may be inhaled as oil for soothing irritated nasal passages from allergies and can
be rubbed on the chest for comfort and relief of another respiratory discomfort.

Dosage and Administration

As a tea soak 1 teaspoon of dried leaf in 5 or 6 ounces of boiling water for 10-15 min. Remove
solid particles. Drink one cup up to 4 times a day.

As an oil, it can be rubbed on the chest or inhaled for respiratory assistance.

In capsule form, it is recommended to use one or two .2ml 3 times a day, 2 hours before eating
or as a suppository for muscle cramping. For lozenges, follow the directions on the package.
It is sold in enteric-coated soft-gels for IBS and for intestinal gas and cramps.

Peppermint Weight Loss

Some people say that peppermint can help speed up metabolism. Peppermint is also a natural
appetite suppressant and taking it may help suppress your appetite long enough for you to feel
full naturally and thus lose your desire to overeat.

Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

Pages 304-305 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Dosage: 425 mg capsules of the whole herb: 2 caps 2-3x/day for adults

Red clover has been found to contain isoflavones, antioxidants, as well as a few substances
with anti-tumor properties.

Red clover flowers have been documented to have the following properties:
74
 • Alterative
• Antispasmodic
• Diuretic
• Expectorant – used to treat asthma, bronchitis, and similar type conditions
• Sedative
• Tonic

It is also written that the benefits of red clover extend to those suffering from the following
conditions:

➢ Acne
➢ Asthma
➢ Bronchitis
➢ Cholesterol levels – helps to regulate it
➢ Colds
➢ Coughs, including whooping cough – often used in the form of syrup
➢ Digestion – improves it, by stimulating the production of digestive chemicals and bile.
➢ Eczema
➢ Flatulence – relieves it
➢ Infections – aids with healing
➢ Infertility – helps improve fertility
➢ Lymphatic swelling
➢ Piles – applied locally to alleviate the condition
➢ Prostate health – promotes it
➢ Skin eruptions
➢ Sore throats

Red clover and menopause

The health benefits of red clover extend especially to women undergoing menopause - red
clover has been used for many years as a remedy for the symptoms of menopause. According
to researchers, this effect is due to the isoflavones, a form of phytoestrogens (water-soluble
plant chemicals which act like estrogens), which are present in red clover. Among the
symptoms which can be alleviated include hot flashes and mood swings.

Red clover the blood purifier

Another of the famous health benefits of red clover is that it is also a known effective liver and
blood purifier. The red clover herb is part of several well-known herbal formulas, including
some versions of Essiac tea, Dr. Richard Schulze's Detox Formula, the Hoxey Formula, as well as
Dr. John Christopher’s Red Clover Combination.

Dr. Christopher is one of the greatest and most well-known herbalists and natural healers of all-
time, while Dr. Schulze is one of the best around today. Dr. Schulze describes the herbs in his
Detox Formula as “classic and traditional blood and lymph cleansing tonics and the ones that I
used successfully for many years in my clinic”.

Red Clover and Cancer

In old medical literature, red clover is cited several times as being successfully used to treat

75
several forms of cancer, usually external cancers which are treated both topically and internally
(i.e. consumption of red clover tea or other forms).

Dr. Christopher was once said to have remarked on the benefits of red clover on cancer, “I just
can’t help myself… red clover is the antidote for cancer”.

Due to its anti-cancer activity, red clover poultices are also used on cancerous growths visible
on the surface of the body.

Please note that cancer is a serious and multi-factorial disease. It thus needs to be dealt with
using a full-spectrum, holistic approach. Using one or two herbs is unlikely to reverse the
situation.

Rhodiola (Rhodiola Rosea)

Pages 306-307 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Common Names: Arctic root, Golden root, Roseroot

Properties: adaptogenic, anti-ageing, anti-cancer, anti-depressant, anti-mutagenic, anti-

oxidant, cardioprotective

Indicated for

Amenorrhea, asthenia, cancer, cardiac problems, colds and flu, debility (symptoms of asthenia),
depression, enhancing thyroid and thymus gland function and immune system, fatigue,
headaches, hypertension, improving hearing, improving sexual function. Increasing attention
span, mental performance, alertness and memory, physical exercise ability, strength, and
mobility. Insomnia, maintaining energy levels, premature ejaculation, preventing stress-
induced cardiac damage, protect the liver from environmental toxins, quicker muscle recovery,
regulating blood sugar levels for diabetics, SAD (seasonal affected disorder), schizophrenia,
sexual dysfunction (male), stress, weak erections.

Research on Rhodiola Rosea and other medicinal herbs was part of the Soviet Union's great
push to compete with the West in military development, the arms race, space exploration,
Olympic sports, science, medicine, and industry. It is a popular plant in traditional medical
systems in Eastern Europe and Asia, with a reputation for stimulating the nervous system,
decreasing depression, enhancing work performance, eliminating fatigue, and preventing high
altitude sickness.

Stress

Rhodiola Rosea has long been known as a potent adaptogen. Adaptogens are natural plant
substances that increase the body's non-specific resistance and normalize the functions of the
body. When a stressful situation occurs, consuming adaptogens generates a degree of
generalized adaptation (or non-specific resistance) that allows our physiology to handle the
stressful situation in a more resourceful manner. It is believed that adaptogens work by
increasing the ability of cells to manufacture and use cell fuel more efficiently.

Since Rhodiola rosea administration appears to impact central monoamine levels, it might also
76
provide benefits and be the adaptogen of choice in clinical conditions characterized by an
imbalance of central nervous system monoamines. This is consistent with Russian claims for
improvements in depression and schizophrenia.

It also suggests that research in areas such as seasonal affective disorder, fibromyalgia, and
chronic fatigue syndrome, among others, is warranted.

There have also been claims that this plant has great utility as a therapy in asthenic conditions
(decline in work performance, sleep disturbances, poor appetite, irritability, hypertension,
headaches, and fatigue) developing subsequent to intense physical or intellectual strain,
influenza, and other viral exposures, and other illness. Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled trials of the standardized extract of Rhodiola Rosea root (SHR-5) provide a degree of
support for these claimed adaptogenic properties.

Muscle Recovery

Rhodiola Rosea has been shown to shorten recovery time after prolonged workouts, to
increase attention span, memory, strength, and anti-toxic action. Rhodiola Rosea extract
increases the level of enzymes, RNA, and proteins important to muscle recovery after
exhaustive exercise. It also stimulates muscle energy status; glycogen synthesis in muscles and
liver; muscle protein synthesis and anabolic activity.

Memory

Studies using proofreading tests have demonstrated that Rhodiola Rosea enhances
memorization and concentration ability over prolonged periods. It increases the bioelectrical
activity of the brain which improves memory and brain energy.

In one study, forty students were randomized to receive either 50 mg standardized Rhodiola
extract or placebo twice daily for a period of 20 days. The students receiving the standardized
extract demonstrated significant improvements in physical fitness, psychomotor function,
mental performance, and general wellbeing. Subjects receiving the Rhodiola Rosea extract also
reported statistically significant reductions in mental fatigue, improved sleep patterns, a
reduced need for sleep, greater mood stability, and a greater motivation to study.

The average exam scores between students receiving the Rhodiola Rosea extract and placebo
were 3.47 and 3.20, respectively.

Cardiac Problems

Rhodiola has also been shown to be effective for cardiac problems caused or aggravated by
stress. Its action for these conditions is in its ability to decrease the number of catecholamines
and corticosteroids released by the adrenal glands during stress. The abnormal presence of
these stress hormones will subsequently raise blood pressure, cholesterol, potassium levels
and increase risk factors for heart disease. Rhodiola has been found to decrease harmful blood
lipids and thus decrease the risk of heart disease. It also decreases the amount of cyclic-AMP (c-
AMP) released into cardiac cells. Cyclic AMP is related to ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the
body's primary energy molecule. C-AMP acts as a 'second messenger' or liaison between the
outer and inner environments of the cell. It assists in the uptake of more intracellular calcium
into the heart thus promoting a greater potential for heart muscle contraction. Rhodiola thus
regulates the heartbeat and counteracts heart arrhythmias.
77
Cancer

Rhodiola has been shown to increase anti-tumor activity by increasing the body’s resistance to
toxins. A range of anti-oxidant compounds have been identified in Rhodiola Rosea and related
species and significant free-radical scavenging activity have been demonstrated for alcohol and
water extracts of Rhodiola. Rhodiola Rosea might be useful in conjunction with some
pharmaceutical anti-tumor agents. According to the information from Russian researchers have
found that the oral administration of Rhodiola inhibited tumor growths in rats by 39% and
decreased metastasis by 50%. It improved urinary tissue and immunity in patients with bladder
cancer. In other experiments with various types of cancer, including Aden carcinomas, the use
of extracts of Rhodiola Rosea resulted in significantly increased the survival rate.

Immune System

Rhodiola both stimulates and protects the immune system by reinstating homeostasis
(metabolic balance) in the body. It also increases the natural killer cells (NK) in the stomach and
spleen. This action may be due to its ability to normalize hormones by modulating the release
of glucocorticoid into the body.

Depression

In animal studies, extracts of Rhodiola, seem to enhance the transport of serotonin precursors,
tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan into the brain. Serotonin is a widely studied brain
neurotransmitter chemical that is involved in many functions including, smooth muscle
contraction, temperature regulation, appetite, pain perception, behavior, blood pressure, and
respiration. When balanced, it imparts a sense of contentment and mental ease. Either too
much or too little serotonin, on the other hand, has been linked to various abnormal mental
states such as clinical depression. Thus Rhodiola has been used by Russian scientists alone or in
combination with antidepressants to boost one's mental state, a boon in countries and seasons
where one is deprived of the adequate sun over prolonged periods of months. This leads to a
condition known as SAD or Seasonal Affective Disorder, common to Northern European
countries.

Benefits

Many other benefits from the use of Rhodiola has been found including its ability to improve
hearing, to regulate blood sugar levels for diabetics and protect the liver from environmental
toxins. It has been shown to activate the lipolytic processes (fat breakdown) and mobilize lipids
from adipose tissue to the natural fat-burning system of your body for weight reduction.

It can also clinically enhance thyroid function without causing hyperthyroidism, enhance
thymus gland function and protect or delay involution that occurs with aging.

It can also improve your adrenal gland reserves without causing hypertrophy. Throughout the
years it has shown to substantially improve erectile dysfunction and/or premature ejaculation
in men and normalizes their prostatic fluid.

Note: Rhodiola has few side effects; however, some people report increased blood
pressure. Rhodiola may thin your blood, so discontinue use before surgery and consult
your doctor if you take blood-thinning medications like Coumadin (warfarin) or
supplements like vitamin E.
78
Although rare, certain individuals who experience nervous excitability, feverish states, and
hypertension, should not use Rhodiola unless supervised by a qualified practitioner.
Persons who experience coronary spasm and fluctuations in arterial pressure should also
use under supervision.

To date, the medical literature has not reported any adverse effects related to fetal
development during pregnancy or to infants who are breast-fed. Yet little is known about
the use of this dietary supplement while pregnant or breast-feeding. Therefore, it is
recommended that you inform your healthcare practitioner of any dietary supplements
you are using while pregnant or breast-feeding.

To date, the medical literature has not reported any adverse effects specifically related to
the use of this dietary supplement in children. Since young children may have undiagnosed
allergies or medical conditions, this dietary supplement should not be used in children
under 10 years of age unless recommended by a physician.

Availability

Rhodiola Rosea herb is sold in capsule, tablet, and tea form. Dosage ranges from 100 to 600 mg
a day. Rhodiola Rosea is also available in various extracts. When taken as an extract, the daily
dosage of Rhodiola would be less. It is difficult to give exact dosages that would apply to
everyone since there are quite a number of different Rhodiola supplements on the market, and
each has different extract potency. Some of these Rhodiola Rosea extracts include 0.8 percent
rosavin and 0.8 percent salidroside, 2 percent rosavin, and 1 percent salidroside, 3 percent
rosavin and 2 percent salidroside, 3 percent rosavin, 5 percent rosavin, 1 percent salidroside, 3
percent salidroside.

Reishi and other Medicinal mushrooms

Medicinal Mushrooms

Mushrooms have been valued throughout the world as both food and medicine for thousands
of years. In virtually every culture people enjoy hunting for wild mushrooms. Europeans have
always appreciated their gastronomic value. In Japan, pushcart vendors on the streets still sell
medicinal mushrooms to the average citizen who uses them to maintain health and promote
longevity. Some Japanese people have even been said to travel hundreds of miles in order to
collect wild mushrooms that grow only on very old plum trees--such as the Reishi--renowned as
a cure for cancer and degenerative diseases. Likewise, for over 3,000 years the Chinese have
used and revered many fungi for their health-giving properties, especially tonics for the
immune system.

Today, these health-promoting mushrooms are becoming an integral part of a healing diet.
Further, they may also be excellent food for staying trim and healthy. Because fats occur in
mushrooms in minor amounts, especially compared with protein and carbohydrates, and the
fatty fraction consists predominantly of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, they may
be the perfect food for losing weight and maintaining a healthy heart and cardiovascular
system.

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Some Major Medicinal Mushrooms

Shiitake

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is a prized mushroom with a delicious taste and texture. It is used
medicinally for diseases involving depressed immune function-including cancer, AIDS,
environmental allergies, Candida infections, and frequent flu and colds. Shiitake is also
beneficial for soothing bronchial inflammation and regulating urine incontinence (Bo and Yun-
sun, 1980), as well as for reducing chronic high cholesterol. Japanese products containing LEM,
a polysaccharide-rich extract from the shiitake mushroom, and similar extracts from maitake
are currently undergoing trials in Japan and the U.S. to test their effectiveness in treating
various forms of cancer.

According to one prominent Japanese researcher, lentinan (a cell-wall constituent extracted

from the fruiting bodies of shiitake) is an immunomodulating agent which may be useful both
as a general rejuvenating for older persons, as well as prophylactically to protect healthy,
physically active young people from overwork and exhaustion (Aoki, 1984).

Dose: The traditional dose of the whole dried shiitake in tea, soup, or other dishes is given as 6-
16 grams; fresh-about 90 grams (Bo and Yun-sun, 1980).

According to manufacturers' recommendations and the few clinical trials performed with
humans, in the early stages of AIDS or chronic hepatitis, the best dose of LEM may be between
2-6 grams/day in 2 or 3 divided doses. Once the disease is more stable, the dosage may be
decreased, perhaps to 1/2 -1 gram per day (Sharon, 1988).

Commercial preparations of shiitake are available in natural food markets. Standardized

extracts are preferred because the amount of lentinan present is clearly stated on the bottle.
Note that although fresh shiitake can be a valuable dietary supplement, the amount one would
need to eat for medicinal doses is so high that it might cause digestive upset. That is why LEM,
which is concentrated and easily absorbed, is preferred as medicine.

Reishi

Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) is, without doubt, one of the most famous medicinal mushrooms.
It is known as lingzhi in China and reishi in Japan. In the last 20 years, reishi has been tested in
human clinical studies and is thought to be beneficial for a wide variety of disorders, including
neurasthenia, insomnia, rhinitis, and duodenal ulcers (Ying et al, 1987). It has also been used
for liver pain, symptoms associated with anorexia, retinal pigmentary degeneration, and
progressive muscular dystrophy; (Chang & But, 1986; Chang et al, 1984; Huidi & Zhiyuan, 1982).
Reishi has also shown favorable results in treating hepatitis (Chang & But, 1986), chronic
bronchitis; coronary heart disease, allergies, and altitude sickness. Traditionally, reishi was very
expensive, because it only grew in the wild, but it is currently both accessible and affordable
due to cultivation techniques developed in the last 20 years (Willard, 1990). Today it is used
primarily for aging-related conditions and cancer and as an immune stimulant.

Dose: The dose in tincture form is 10 ml 3x/day; in tablet form (for insomnia) the dose is 1 g
tablets, 3x/day.

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Maitake

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) is a delectable mushroom that is extremely popular in Japan. In the
U.S. it is currently being studied in medical clinics in the U.S. for patients with breast and
colorectal cancers (Miller, 1994). In China, a maitake extract was shown to have an anticancer
effect in patients with lung, stomach, hepatocellular cancers, and leukemia. Reduced side
effects from chemotherapy have also been reported (Nanba, 1994a,b).

Dr. Joan Priestley, MD reports that her patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and other symptoms of
AIDS show improvement when administered maitake extract, and Dr. David Hughes, MD has
had positive results with Kaposi's sarcoma lesions (Nanba, 1994a). It potentially benefits
diabetics (lowering blood glucose) and people with hypertension.

Dose: The recommended dose is 3-7 grams a day in supplement form, in tea, or in cooking
(soups, etc.).

Oyster

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is extremely delicious as well as conferring various

health-giving properties. Traditionally, it has been used to strengthen veins and relax tendons.
In China, the oyster mushroom is indicated for joint and muscle relaxation (Yang & Jong, 1989).
A product containing oyster mushroom, called "Tendon-easing powder," is effective in the
treatment of lumbago, numbed limbs, and tendon and blood vessel discomfort.

In the Czech Republic, extracts have been made from the fruiting bodies as the main ingredient
in dietary preparations recommended for prevention of high cholesterol (Opletal, 1993). The
dried oyster mushrooms are said to be high in iron, so they are potentially good blood builders.

Dose: The recommended dose is 3-9 grams daily.

Enokitake

F. velutipes is a popular edible mushroom in Japan where a tender cultivated form of the wild
version is called "enokitake." It is commonly used in Japanese cooking and increasingly can be
found in salads in gourmet restaurants. If taken on a regular basis, Flammulina velutipes may
prevent, as well as cure, liver disease and gastroenteric ulcers (Ying et al, 1987; Yoshioka et al,
1973).

Enokitake contains several types of amino acids including valine, which inhibits the growth of
Ehrlich ascites tumor and sarcoma 180 in mice; and lysine reported to increase body height and
weight (Ying et al, 1987). Enokitake contains a cardiotoxic protein (flammutoxin) that is
rendered harmless when subjected to heat (100 degrees C) for 20 minutes. I would caution
against the chronic use of enokitake raw in salads or other dishes.

Dose: The dose is 8-9 g/day.

Sources of Medicinal Fungi

Bulk mushrooms

• Natural food stores (reishi, shiitake)

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 • Markets (shiitake, oyster)
• Chinese herb dealers (reishi, cordyceps, zhu ling, hoelen, auricularia, etc.)
• Herb shops (reishi)
• Homegrown--logs, supplies (shiitake, oyster, reishi, others)
• From the wild (oyster, reishi, turkey tails, auricularia, tremella, honey mushroom,
chanterelles, and many others)

Powdered concentrates (capsules, tablets, granules)

• Natural food stores (reishi, shiitake, maitake, cordyceps)

• Chinese herb dealers (formulas, freeze-dried granules to make instant tea, reishi tea
cubes)
• Herb shops (same as natural food stores)
• Selected drug stores (reishi)

Liquid extract products (tinctures, ampules--extract in honey base)

• Natural food stores (reishi, shiitake, cordyceps, rarely others)

• Herb shops (same as above)
• Chinese herb dealers (reishi, shiitake, cordyceps)

Preparations

Since the scientific literature seems to point to whole mushroom fruiting bodies as being
especially active as ant tumor agents and immune enhancers, I recommend taking dried and
powdered mushrooms by the teaspoon, either in a cup of ginger tea or even sprinkled into
soup or on stir-frys and rice, etc. When placed in "00" capsules, the average amount of
powdered mushroom/capsule is about 400 mg. For mild to moderate immune support, I
recommend 2 capsules morning and evening. For specific immune-suppressed conditions, take
2-3 capsules 3 times a day.

To make a mushroom extract that is stronger and more readily assimilated, try simmering the
mushrooms (as many fruiting bodies or pieces as can be covered by the water in a pot) for
about an hour. Strain off the dark tea and replace the liquid with fresh water to cover the
mushrooms and simmer for another 30 minutes. Strain the new tea and add it to the first
decoction; simmer several hours until it is reduced to a thick paste. Take this paste off the heat,
scrape it out with a cake spatula, and knead it with organic rice or wheat flour to a dough-like
consistency. Pack small pieces of this dough into "00" capsules and take 1 in the morning and
evening. The dough can also be dried in a food drier or oven with low heat. The dried extract
pieces can then be powdered in a blender or coffee grinder. The powder can be packed into
capsules or sprinkled on food.

Teas and Soups

Teas are a good way to use medicinal mushrooms, and they should be simmered until the tea is
somewhat dark and strong-tasting--about 40 minutes to an hour.

For soups, add a variety of vegetables to the mushroom tea stock. Fish, chicken, or a little red
meat can be added for certain deficiency conditions. Drink the broth (1-3 cups a day) and eat
the vegetables.

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Summary of Major Medicinal Mushrooms
(Arranged by Species)

Chanterelle
Main Uses: tumor inhibition
Preparations: fresh or dried
Dose: ad-lib.
Contraindications: no toxicity

Enokitake
Main Uses: liver disease, gastro enteric ulcers
Preparations: fresh or dried
Dose: cooked, ad lib.; dried, 8-9 g/day
Contraindications: some toxicity raw; no toxicity cooked

Maitake
Main Uses: high blood pressure, tumor inhibition, liver protectant
Preparations: fresh or dried
Dose: 3-7 g/day
Contraindications: low toxicity

Oyster
Main Uses: tumor inhibition, high cholesterol
Preparations: fresh cooked; dried, powdered
Dose: ad-lib.
Contraindications: low toxicity

Reishi
Main Uses: immune activation, tumor inhibition, expectorant, hepatitis, hypertension,
nervousness, general weakness
Preparations: dried, liquid extract, tablets
Dose: tincture, 10 ml 3x/day; tablets, 3 1g tab 3x/day
Contraindications: very low toxicity reported

Shiitake
Main Uses: immune regulator, tumor inhibition, antiviral, antibacterial, liver protectant
Preparations: fresh, dried, liquid extract, tablets
Dose: dried, 6-16 g; fresh, 90 g
Contraindications: no toxicity; some contact dermatitis

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)

Pages 322-323 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Description

Saw Palmetto is a small palm tree with large leaves and large deep red-blackberries. The
berries were used by the American Indians as a general tonic to nourish the body and
encourage appetite and normal weight gain. The berries were also used in the treatment of
genito-urinary tract problems including enuresis, nocturia, and urinary tract disorders. Recent
83
clinical trials have shown that saw palmetto berries are helpful in the treatment of benign
prostatic hyperplasia.

Pharmacology

Saw Palmetto berries contain an oil with a variety of fatty acids and phytosterols. These fatty
acids include capric, caprylic, caproic, lauric, palmitic, and oleic acid and their ethyl esters. The
major phytosterols are beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cycloartenol, stigmasterol, cycloartenol,
lupeol, lupenone, and 24-methyl-cycloartenol.

The fat-soluble extract of saw palmetto berries has been shown to inhibit the conversion of
testosterone (DHT) which is thought to be responsible for the enlargement of the prostate. In
addition, saw palmetto extract inhibits the binding of DHT to receptors thus blocking DHT's
action and promoting the breakdown of the potent compound.

Active properties

The North American Indians used saw palmetto berries as a remedy for atrophy of the testes,
impotence, inflammation of the prostate, and low libido in men. The berries are also
recommended for infertility, painful periods, and lactation in women. The berries also have a
traditional use as a tonic and expectorant for mucous membranes, particularly the bronchial
passages.

Historical uses

➢ Urinary tract disorders, nocturia, enuresis

➢ Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, prostate inflammation
➢ Impotence, low libido
➢ Atrophy of the testes
➢ Infertility in women
➢ Increase lactation
➢ Painful periods, a tonic for ovarian function
➢ Expectorant, inhalant, bronchitis, asthma, catarrh, colds
➢ General nutritional tonic to increase fat, muscle, strength
➢ Tonic for mucous membranes
➢ Mildly sedative to the nervous system
➢ Anti-inflammatory
➢ Appetite stimulant, improve digestion
➢ Thyroid deficiency

Directions for use: 320 mg / day

Bio-enhancing agents: African Pygeum

Toxicity cautions, and contradictions: No reported toxicity.

Processing: Purified fat-soluble extract.

84
Schisandra (Schisandra Chinensis)
Pages 324-325 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Uses

Schisandra is a significant herbal remedy that acts as a stimulant all over the body. It helps in
rejuvenating as well as conditioning different organs, especially the liver and the reproductive
system. Schisandra is perhaps the most popular sex stimulant or tonic that is beneficial both for
men and women.

The herb has a reputation to enhance the discharge of sexual fluids and is also used as a
remedy to increase sexual vigor amongst men. Schisandra and/ or its extracts are widely used
to heal hepatitis as well as improve the functioning of the liver.

Even though Schisandra is considered and used as a stimulant, the Chinese use the herb to
smoothen anxiety as well as quiet heart palpitations. Schisandra is also used for healing
insomnia as well as sleeping complaints. In fact, the herb is an ideal example of how
adaptogenic thymes are used paradoxically to heal different body disorders and also to
normalize the body activities. Although most researches on Schisandra are said to be vague and
still in the preliminary stage, Chinese herbal practitioners have been conventionally using the
herb’s berries to heal mental disorders like neuroses. Apart from treating patients suffering
from lack of memory and bad temper, they use Schisandra to improve concentration as well as
mental harmonization. It may be noted that these treatments are carried following researches
on the substance by their scientists.

Among other uses, Schisandra is also used to heal respiratory disorders like unceasing coughs,
gasps, and succinctness of breath. It is also useful for treating disorders like night panics,
dehydration, and urinary occurrence by tuning up the body system and kidney activities. Since
the last few years, Chinese herbal practitioners have even begun to use Schisandra to cure
urticaria or hives and many dermal disorders like eczema. In such cases, the herb or its
derivatives are administered to the patients in the form of remedial wine. In addition,
Schisandra is also used to cure numerous other physical problems like diarrhea, dysentery and
even help to restore and improve deteriorating vision and sound perception.

Habitat and Cultivation

Schisandra is widely farmed in China, particularly the northeastern part of the country. It is
most commonly found in Liaoning, Hebei, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and is grown by
sowing seeds. The seeds are sown in spring and the Schisandra fruit is reaped in autumn after it
is completely mature.

Research

Studies regarding the properties and use of Schisandra have mainly concentrated on lignans
that have distinct liver protection (anti-hepatotoxic) exploits. So far, as many as 30 various
kinds of lignans have been recognized in Schisandra that produce such results. Scientific
investigations since 1972 have revealed that Schisandra is very useful while treating liver
disorders and one research has shown that remedies containing the herb are highly successful,
as high as 76 percent, in healing hepatitis. And the best part of it is that the herb has no
85
adverse actions on the human system. The herb is also proved to be an excellent remedy for
arousing the nervous system. It is found to have an active role in enhancing nervous reactions
as well as perking up cerebral lucidity. Berries containing lignans are also beneficial in healing
gloominess and help to overcome bad temper, depression, and lack of memory. In addition,
Schisandra is also useful for women as it kindles the uterus and reinforces periodic tightening.
According to studies, like ginseng, Schisandra is also beneficial for the body to be accustomed
to pressure and tension as it has adaptogenic properties.

Dosage

Schisandra fruit dose per day ranges from 1-6 grams. The tincture of Schisandra is also
available, take in the amount of 2-4 ml thrice daily.

Side effects and cautions

Schisandra's side effects are very uncommon but may include decreased appetite, skin rash,
and abdominal upset.

St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Pages 338-339 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Dosage

Scientific research shows that St. John's wort may lighten the mood and support a positive
emotional balance. Remember that a sensible program of diet and exercise can enhance the
benefits of this standardized herbal product. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is
standardized to contain 0.3% hypericin and 3% hyperforin. One 300mg capsule 2-3/x a day
would be indicated.

Remedies

St. John’s Wort is a herbal supplement that is often used to treat many conditions. It has been
successfully used for countless conditions in the past so much so that nowadays, many people
can testify that their condition has been seriously benefited after starting a course of the
foremost natural herbal remedy.

Depression

Many people claim to feel that their depression is lessened when taking the supplement on a
regular basis. If other types of medication are not working for your depression, you’ve got
nothing to lose, and there is a very low chance that you will experience any side effects,
especially when compared with commonly prescribed anti-depressant drugs.

St John's wort has been known to instigate mania in bipolar patients and for these people, it
should be used with caution, just as with any anti-depressant, you are advised to check with
your medical practitioner first.

Rest assured, that there have been numerous clinical trials conducted in order to accurately
gauge the efficiency of St. John’s Wort in its capacity as an anti-depressant natural herbal

86
remedy. Some of the studies found that it can be very useful when it comes to treating cases of
mild to moderate depression. If you are experiencing a case of depression, you may want to
give St. John’s Wort a try, but only after you have taken medical advice.

It may also decrease alcohol intake. The constituent hyperforin, (found in the plant), appears
to be responsible for decreasing alcohol consumption.

The aerial parts of the plant can be cut and dried for later use in the form of herbal tea with
pleasant, though somewhat bitter, taste and for its medicinal properties.

St. John's wort may help with the treatment of herpes, HIV and friend leukemia virus, and could
help in treating some cancers. The National Cancer Institute has conducted several studies
showing that St. John's wort has potential as a cancer-fighting drug.

Hyperforin, a major constituent, has also been found to have excellent antibacterial properties;
in the ultra-purified form, a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml kills methicillin-resistant forms of
Staphylococcus aureus.

St. John's wort has been used to treat muscular spasms, cramps, and tension that result in
muscular spasms.

St. John's wort has long been used medicinally as an anti-inflammatory for strains, sprains, and
contusions.

St. John's wort oil is useful when applied to wounds and bruises or rubbed onto strains, sprains,
or varicose veins.

When St. John's wort oil is rubbed onto the belly and breasts during pregnancy it can help
prevent stretch marks.

Topical application of St. John's wort oil is useful to treat hemorrhoids and aching, swollen
veins that can occur during pregnancy.

St. John's wort is specifically indicated for "menopausal neuroses": Many women who
experience anxiety, depression, and other emotional disturbances during menopause benefit
from St. John's wort.

Caution and danger, safety

Reduce exposure to sunlight when you take St. John's wort. One study has indicated that in the
presence of light, hypericin (a component of St. John's wort) can induce changes in lens protein
that could lead to the formation of cataracts. Appropriate precautions should be taken to
protect the eye from intense sunlight while taking St. John's wort.

St. John’s wort may interfere with oral contraceptives. St John's wort is an inducer of
cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes and may reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives.

St. John's wort interacts with many medicines, including antidepressants, so caution is advised
when combining this herb with other medicines. Combining St. John's wort with SSRIs or other
pharmaceutical antidepressants should only be done under medical supervision since their
effects are additive and it is possible that the combination could cause serotonin syndrome.
87
St. John's wort may increase the metabolism of certain drugs such as indinavir used in treating
HIV. The mechanism is likely due to st. john's wort inducing the production of cytochrome P450
3A, an enzyme that breaks down certain drugs, but the specifics of this interaction are not yet
clear. St. John's wort may also interfere with the metabolism of Camptosar, a medicine used to
treat some kinds of cancer.

Certain formulations of St. John's wort seem to reduce levels of digoxin, a drug that helps the
heart to pump in people who have heart failure. If the digoxin level falls too low, the drug may
not provide a beneficial effect. St. John's formulations rich in chemicals called hypericin and
hyperforin seemed to reduce blood-stream levels of digoxin. There were no interactions,
however, when volunteers took "traditionally used" St. John's wort preparations. The
hypericin- and hyperforin-rich formulations produce their effect by turning on enzymes that
break down digoxin.

Stinging Nettles (Urtica dioica)

Pages 340-341 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Properties

Stinging nettle is an astringent, diuretic, tonic, anodyne, pectoral, rubefacient, styptic,

anthelmintic, nutritive, alterative, hemetic, anti-rheumatic, anti-allergenic, anti-
lithic/lithotriptic, hemostatic, stimulant, decongestant, herpatic, febrifuge, kidney
depurative/nephritic, galactagogue, hypoglycemic, expectorant, anti-spasmodic, and anti-
histamine.

Dosage

Two to three 300 mg nettle leaf capsules or tablets or 2-4 ml tincture can be taken three times
per day to reduce allergies during allergy season.

For mild BPH in men, 120 mg of a concentrated root extract in capsules can be taken two times
per day.

Many products for BPH will combine nettle root with saw palmetto or pygeum extracts.

Usage

An infusion of the plant is very valuable in stemming internal bleeding. It is also used to treat
anemia, excessive menstruation, hemorrhoids, and arthritis, rheumatism, and skin complaints,
especially eczema. Externally, the plant is used to treat skin complaints, arthritic pain, gout,
sciatica, neuralgia, hemorrhoids, and hair problems.

Taken orally, products made from nettle's aerial parts may interfere with the body's production
of prostaglandins and other inflammation-causing chemicals. Consequently, nettle may have an
anti-inflammatory effect. It may also enhance responses of the immune system. Chemicals in
nettle's aerial parts are also thought to reduce the feeling of pain or interfere with the way that
nerves send pain signals. All of these effects may reduce the pain and stiffness of arthritis and
other similar conditions.

88
This herb is very nutritive for the body.

In addition, nettle's aerial parts may reduce the amount of histamine that is produced by the
body in response to an allergen. An allergen is a substance such as pollen that may provoke an
exaggerated immune response in individuals who are sensitive to it. Through this potential
action, the aerial parts of nettle may help to reduce allergy symptoms. Results from one human
study are promising, but more research is needed to be conclusive.

A solution of the extract may be applied to the skin to relieve joint pain and muscle aches.
Astringent properties of nettle aerial parts may also help to lessen the swelling of hemorrhoids
and stop bleeding from minor skin injuries such as razor nicks.

Astringent shrinks and tightens the top layers of skin or mucous membranes, thereby reducing
secretions, relieving irritation, and improving tissue firmness. It may also be used topically for
dandruff and overly oily hair and scalp.

This herb should be used for a minimum of 30 days for full effects.

Tumeric (Curcuma longa)

Pages 360-361 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Dosage

This herb comes in a 500-700 mg capsule. The standardized form contains 90% Curcumin, the
active constituent.

One can use 4 to 8 capsules of the whole root or 2 to 6 of the standardized form daily.

From many years’ awareness of turmeric and its use as a medicine is continuously
increasing. A flowering plant, Turmeric, in the ginger family, is commonly used as a food
coloring and is one of the basic ingredients in curry powder. To heal many health disorders like
liver problems, digestive disorders, treatment for skin diseases and wound healing turmeric has
long been used in Medicinal as an anti-inflammatory. Curcumin is the active ingredient in
turmeric which has been shown to have a wide range of therapeutic effects.

Digestive Disorders

Turmeric is considered as a digestive bitter and a carminative. It can be added into foods
including rice and bean dishes to improve digestion, reduce gas and bloating. It is a cholagogue,
stimulating bile production in the liver and encouraging excretion of bile via the gallbladder.
This improves the body's ability to digest fats. For chronic digestive weakness and/or
congestion turmeric is recommended. It can be taken as a single extract or in the form of
digestive bitters, which combine turmeric with other bitter and carminative herbs. Turmeric is
beneficial for people who feel tired after consuming meals or who experience gas and bloating.
Whatever way turmeric is consumed it is beneficial to both the digestive system and the liver.

Liver Diseases

Turmeric is beneficial for its influence on the liver. In spring more consumption of herbs and
89
foods can strengthen the liver. Turmeric shares similar liver protectant compounds that milk
thistle and artichoke leaves contain. It is said to shrink engorged hepatic ducts, so it can be
useful to treat liver conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and jaundice.

Cancer

Recent scientific research confirms that turmeric can cure a host of diseases, also they found
that turmeric restrains the growth of various types of cancer. Turmeric is used for the
treatment of skin cancer or pre-cancerous skin conditions. Both topical and internal uses are
beneficial.

Atherosclerosis

Turmeric may help in preventing the blockage of arteries that can gradually cause a heart
attack or stroke in one of two ways. Turmeric makes cholesterol levels low and inhibited the
oxidation of LDL (bad cholesterol). Oxidized LDL deposits in the walls of blood vessels and
contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Turmeric may also prevent platelet build
up along the walls of an injured blood vessel.

Platelets collecting at the site of a damaged blood vessel cause blood clots to form and
blockage of the artery as well.

Osteoarthritis

Turmeric may help relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis because of its ability to reduce pain
and disability.

Menstrual problems of Women

For women who experience monthly menstrual cramps, try using turmeric extract or bitters
twice daily for two weeks prior to expected menstruation. Turmeric is an antispasmodic to
smooth muscles, so it reduces digestive and menstrual cramping. It should reduce the severity
of pain, if not ease them completely. Certainly, diet and standard of living have a reflective
influence on the menstrual cycle, but turmeric is a great addition.

Bacterial Infection/Wounds

Turmeric is useful as an external antibiotic in preventing bacterial infection in wounds.

Eye Disorder

Curcumin may prove to be as effective as corticosteroids in the uveitis (inflammation of the

uvea, the middle layer of the eye between the sclera - white outer coat of the eye and the
retina - the back of the eye) the type of eye disorder.

Other Health Disorders

Turmeric decreases congestion and inflammation from stagnant mucous membranes. Turmeric
is anti-inflammatory to the mucous membranes, which coat the throat, lungs, stomach, and
intestines.

90
Regular use of turmeric can benefit from Colitis, Crohn’s disease, diarrhea, and post-giardia or
post salmonella conditions.

The itching and inflammation that accompanies hemorrhoids and anal fissures can reduce by
use of turmeric. Turmeric can also benefit skin conditions including eczema, psoriasis, and
acne, for those it is a potent detoxifier.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Pages 376-377 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Parts used: dried aerial parts, essential oil

Collection: during the flowering period, between June and September. The leaves may be
collected throughout the growing season.

Constituents

Up to 0.5% volatile oil (containing up to 51% of the blue oil azulene, borneol, terpineol,
isoartemisia ketone, cineol, eugenol, thujone, pinene, camphor, achillin, sabinene), lactones,
cyanogenic glycosides, aconitic and isovalerianic acid, salicylic acid, asparagine, triterpenes,
sterols, flavonoids (apigenin, rutin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol), bitters (including ivain),
tannins, hydroxycoumarins, saponins, sugars, cyanidin, amino acids, fatty acids, glycoalkaloid
(achilleine), resins, fluorescent substance.

Actions

Diaphoretic, antipyretic, hypotensive, peripheral vasodilator, astringent, hemostatic, diuretic,

urinary antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, aromatic bitter, digestive stimulant,
emmenagogue, restorative and regulator for the menstrual system. The essential oil is anti-
inflammatory, anti-allergenic and antispasmodic.

Indications

Fevers, common cold, essential hypertension, digestive complaints, loss of appetite,

amenorrhea, dysentery, diarrhea. Specifically indicated in thrombotic conditions with
hypertension, including cerebral and coronary thromboses. Used topically for slow-healing
wounds and skin inflammations.

Achillea lowers high blood pressure by dilating the peripheral vessels, and it also tones the
blood vessels. It is considered to be a specific in thrombotic conditions associated with high
blood pressure. Used externally, its astringent properties will aid in the healing of wounds, and
it has been used to treat hemorrhoids and varicose veins. The leaves encourage blood clotting,
so can be used fresh for nosebleeds. However, inserting a leaf in the nostril may also start a
nosebleed. Achillea has also been used in the treatment of heavy and painful periods, and the
presence of steroidal constituents may help to explain this activity.

The spasmolytic action of Achillea is attributed to its flavonoid content. The flavonoids help to
dilate the peripheral arteries and are also believed to help clear blood clots. The flavonoid
apigenin is anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic and anti-platelet; salicylic acid is anti-inflammatory,
91
as is azulene, which also stimulates the formation of granulation tissue in wound healing. The
volatile oil eugenol has local anesthetic activity, while cineol has antiseptic and expectorant
properties. The alkaloid achilleine has been shown to be hemostatic, reducing clotting time
without toxic side-effects. It has also been reported to lower blood pressure. Cyanidin is anti-
inflammatory and also influences the vagus nerve, slowing the heart rate. The bitter action of
Achillea stimulates the digestion and the tannins have an astringent effect both internally and
externally. The diuretic, expectorant and digestive stimulant action can be explained by the
volatile oil content of the plant. The cyanogenic glycosides and isovalerianic acid have sedative
action and asparagine is a potent diuretic.

Central nervous system depressant activity has been documented for the volatile oil, and
antimicrobial properties are ascribed to the sesquiterpene lactone fraction. Moderate
antibacterial activity has been documented for an ethanolic extract of Achillea against
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli, Shigella
sonnei, and Shigella flexneri.

Combinations

Achillea combines well with Sambucus and Mentha piperita as a febrifuge, perhaps with the
addition of Capsicum or Zingiber; and with Tilia or Crataegus in essential hypertension. It may
also be combined with Urtica and Melilotus officinalis in coronary thrombosis.

Contraindications

In rare cases, Achillea can cause severe allergic skin rashes. Prolonged use can increase the
skin's photosensitivity. Large doses should be avoided in pregnancy because the herb is a
uterine stimulant. Excessive doses may interfere with existing anticoagulant and hypo- or
hypertensive therapies. Caution should be exercised by epileptic patients.

Preparation and Dosage (three times daily):

Dried herb: 2-4g or by infusion

Liquid Extract: 1:1 in 25% alcohols, 2-4ml

Tincture: 1:5 in 45% alcohols, 2-4ml

Pressed juice from fresh herb: 3-5ml

Good herbal remedy for colds, flu, and fever is 1 part Yarrow and 1 part peppermint as an
infusion is taken several times a day.

Yellow Dock (Rumex Crispus)

Pages 378-379 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Dosage

Typical doses of yellow dock root are 2 to 4 g of the dried root, 2 to 4 ml of the liquid extract, or
1 to 2 ml of the tincture.

92
Yellow Dock Benefits
Common Uses Constipation
Properties Depurative, Skin tonic, Laxative, Astringent, Antioxidant
Parts Used Root
Constituent Emodin, magnesium, nepodin, oxalic acid, selenium, silicon, sodium, tannins.

Yellow dock as been known as a medicinal plant since ancient times and is used in traditional
medicine as a gentle laxative or mild astringent tonic. It encourages both bowel movement and
good digestion by stimulating the release of gastric juices. An ointment of yellow dock is
valuable for eruptive skin conditions that cause itching, sores, and scabby skin lesions.

Side effects: The young leaves can be consumed in moderation, and should be boiled in
several changes of water to remove as much of the oxalic acid in the leaves as possible.
Yellow dock is a kinder, gentler laxative than rhubarb, to its relative, rhubarb, but start
only the smallest amount and step up dose carefully to avoid cramping. Don't use a yellow
dock or any herbal laxatives in combination with Lasix (furosemide), to avoid potassium
depletion. Safety during pregnancy has not been established.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

Page 250-251 from Desk Reference to Nature’s Medicine

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has been used for 2,000 years as an herbal remedy for a
variety of ailments, particularly liver and gall bladder problems. Several scientific studies
suggest that substances in milk thistle (especially a flavonoid called silymarin) protect the liver
from toxins, including certain drugs such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), which can cause liver
damage in high doses. Silymarin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and it may
help the liver repair itself by growing new cells.

Although a number of animal studies demonstrate that milk thistle can be helpful in protecting
the liver, results in human studies are mixed.

Liver disease from alcohol

Milk thistle is often suggested as a treatment for alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis. But
scientific studies show mixed results. Most studies show milk thistle improves liver function
and increases survival in people with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis. But problems in the design
of the studies (such as small numbers of participants and differences in dosing and duration of
milk thistle therapy) make it hard to draw any real conclusions.

Viral hepatitis

Milk thistle is widely used in the treatment of viral hepatitis (particularly hepatitis C). But
studies show mixed results. Some found improvements in liver function, while others did not.
None of the studies compared milk thistle with interferon or other medications for viral
hepatitis.

93
Mushroom poisoning

Based on traditional use, milk thistle has been used as an emergency antidote to poisoning by
death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides). Animal studies have found that milk thistle extract
completely counteracts the toxic effects of the mushroom when given within 10 minutes of
ingestion. If given within 24 hours, it significantly reduces the risk of liver damage and death.

Cancer

Early laboratory studies also suggest that silymarin and other active substances in milk thistle
may have anti-cancer effects. These substances appear to stop cancer cells from dividing and
reproducing, shorten their life span, and reduce blood supply to tumors. More studies are
needed, however, to show whether milk thistle has any effects in the body (not just test tubes).

Plant Description
Milk thistle is native to the Mediterranean region and is now found throughout the world. This
stout thistle usually grows in dry, sunny areas. The spiny stems branch at the top and reach a
height of 4 to 10 feet. The leaves are wide, with white blotches or veins. Milk thistle gets its
name from the milky white fluid that comes from the leaves when they are crushed. The
flowers are red and purple. The small, hard-skinned fruit is brown, spotted, and shiny. Milk
thistle spreads quickly (it is considered a weed in some parts of the world), and it matures
quickly, in less than a year.

What's It Made Of?

The active ingredient -- the one that protects the liver -- in milk thistle is known as silymarin.
Silymarin is actually a group of flavonoids (silibinin, silidianin, and silicristin), which are thought
to help repair liver cells damaged by alcohol and other toxic substances. Silymarin also keeps
new liver cells from being destroyed by these same toxins. It reduces inflammation (which is
why it is often suggested for people with liver inflammation or hepatitis) and is a strong
antioxidant.

Most milk thistle products are standardized preparations made from the seeds of the plant.
Most preparations are standardized to contain 70 - 80% of silymarin.

Available forms:

• Capsules of standardized dried herb (each capsule contains about 120 - 140 mg
silymarin)
• Liquid extract
• Tincture
• Silymarin phosphatidylcholine complex

A few studies show that a silymarin-phosphatidylcholine complex may be absorbed more easily
than regular standardized milk thistle. Phosphatidylcholine is a key element in cell membranes.
It helps silymarin attach easily to cell membranes, which may keep toxins from getting inside
liver cells. Alcohol extracts should be avoided by anyone with alcohol-related liver disease.

94
How to Take It
Pediatric

There are no studies showing whether it is safe to give milk thistle to a child. Liver problems can
be serious and should be diagnosed by a physician. Talk to your doctor before giving milk thistle
to a child.

Adult

If you think you have a liver problem, you should see a doctor. Liver disease can be life-
threatening.

Recommended dose: 280 - 450 mg per day in divided doses or silymarin-phosphatidylcholine

complex 100 - 200 mg two times per day.

Precautions

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease.
Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or
medications. For these reasons, herbs should be taken with care, under the supervision of a
health care practitioner.

Milk thistle is generally regarded as safe. Side effects are usually mild and may involve stomach
upset and diarrhea. Some people may get a rash from touching milk thistle plants.

Milk thistle should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women.

People with a history of hormone-related cancers, including breast and uterine cancer and
prostate cancer, should not take milk thistle.

Possible Interactions:

If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use
milk thistle without first talking to your healthcare provider.

• Antipsychotics -- includes butyrophenones (such as haloperidol) and phenothiazines

(such as chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and promethazine)
• Phenytoin(Dilantin) -- a medication used for seizures
• Halothane -- a medication used during general anesthesia

Milk thistle may interfere with the following medications because both milk thistle and these
medications are broken down by the same liver enzymes:

• Allergy drugs -- such as fexofenadine (Allegra)

• Drugs for high cholesterol -- including statins such as lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor)
• Anti-anxiety drugs -- including alprazolam (Xanax), diazepam (Valium), and lorazepam
(Ativan)
• Antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs (blood thinners) -- including clopidogrel (Plavix)
and warfarin (Coumadin)
• Some cancer drugs

Alternative Names: Silybum marianum; St. Mary's thistle

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Supporting Research

Study: Anticancer potential of silymarin: from bench to bedside.

(Anticancer Res. 2006 Nov-Dec; 26(6B):4457-98.)

Silymarin consists of a family of flavonoids (silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin and

taxifolin) commonly found in the dried fruit of the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum.
Although silymarin's role as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent is well known, its role as
an anticancer agent has begun to emerge. Extensive research within the last decade has shown
that silymarin can suppress the proliferation of a variety of tumor cells (e.g., prostate, breast,
ovary, colon, lung, bladder); this is accomplished through cell cycle arrest at the G1/S-phase,
induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (such as p15, p21 and p27), down-regulation of
anti-apoptotic gene products (e.g., Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL), inhibition of cell-survival kinases (AKT, PKC
and MAPK) and inhibition of inflammatory transcription factors (e.g., NF-kappaB). Silymarin can
also down-regulate gene products involved in the proliferation of tumor cells (cyclin D1, EGFR,
COX-2, TGF-beta, IGF-IR), invasion (MMP-9), angiogenesis (VEGF) and metastasis (adhesion
molecules). The anti-inflammatory effects of silymarin are mediated through suppression of
NF-kappaB-regulated gene products, including COX-2, LOX, inducible iNOS, TNF and IL-1.
Numerous studies have indicated that silymarin is a chemopreventive agent in vivo against a
variety of carcinogens/tumor promoters, including UV light, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and others. Silymarin has also been shown to
sensitize tumors to chemotherapeutic agents through down-regulation of the MDR protein and
other mechanisms. It binds to both estrogen and androgen receptors, and down-regulates PSA.
In addition to its chemopreventive effects, silymarin exhibits antitumor activity against human
tumors (e.g., prostate and ovary) in rodents. Various clinical trials have indicated
that silymarin is bioavailable and pharmacologically safe. Studies are now in progress to
demonstrate the clinical efficacy of silymarin against various cancers.

Study: Milk thistle: effects on liver disease and cirrhosis and clinical adverse effects.
(Summary, evidence report/technology assessment: number 21, September 2000.)

Objectives:
This evidence report summarizes studies of efficacy and adverse effects of milk thistle in
humans with alcohol, viral, or toxin-related liver disease.

Search Strategy:
English and non-English citations were identified through December 1999 from 11 electronic
databases, references of pertinent articles and reviews, manufacturers, and technical experts.

Selection Criteria:
Selection criteria regarding efficacy were placebo-controlled trials of milk thistle. For adverse
effects, all studies in humans were used.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Abstractors independently abstracted data from published reports. Relationships between
clinical outcomes and methodologic characteristics were examined in evidence tables and
graphic summaries. Exploratory meta-analyses were used to examine possible patterns of
effects.

Main Results:
Sixteen prospective placebo-controlled trials were identified.
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Interpreting the evidence was difficult because of inadequate reporting and study design
regarding the severity of liver disease, subject characteristics, and potential confounders.
Outcome measures, dose, duration, and followup widely varied among studies.

Four of six studies of the chronic alcoholic liver disease reported significant improvement in at
least one parameter of liver function or histology with milk thistle.

In three of six studies that reported multiple outcome measures, at least one outcome measure
improved significantly with milk thistle compared with placebo, but there were no differences
between milk thistle and placebo for one or more of the other outcome measures in each
study.

Three studies evaluated the effects of milk thistle on viral hepatitis. The acute hepatitis study
showed no improvement in liver function. Improvement in aspartate aminotransferase and
bilirubin was significant in the study of acute hepatitis. Two studies of chronic viral hepatitis
showed improvement in aminotransferases with milk thistle in one and a trend toward
histologic improvement in the other.

There were two studies of patients with alcoholic or nonalcoholic cirrhosis. In one study, milk
thistle showed a positive effect, but no data were given. In the other, milk thistle showed a
trend toward improved survival and significantly improved survival for subgroups with alcoholic
cirrhosis or Child's Group A severity.

Two trials specifically studied alcoholic cirrhosis. One showed no improvement in liver function,
hepatomegaly, jaundice, ascites, or survival but did show nonsignificant trends favoring milk
thistle in the incidence of encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding, and death in subjects with
hepatitis C. The other reported significant improvements in aminotransferases with milk thistle.
Three trials evaluated thistle as therapy or prophylaxis in the setting of hepatotoxic drugs;
results were mixed.

Meta-analyses generally showed small effect sizes, some statistically significant and some not,
favoring milk thistle.

Available evidence does not define milk thistle's effectiveness across preparations or doses.
Little evidence is available regarding causality, but evidence suggests milk thistle is associated
with few, generally minor, adverse effects.

Conclusions:
Milk thistle's efficacy is not established. The published evidence is clouded by poor design and
reporting. Possible benefit has been shown most frequently, but inconsistently, for
aminotransferases, but laboratory tests are the most common outcome measure studied.
Survival and other clinical outcomes have been studied less, with mixed results. Future
research should include a definition of multifactorial mechanisms of action, well-designed
clinical trials, and clarification of adverse effects.

Study: Evaluation of antioxidant properties of silymarin and its potential to inhibit peroxyl
radicals in vitro.
(Pak J Pharm Sci. 2008 Jul; 21(3):249-54.)

Silymarin (milk thistle) has been used for centuries as a natural remedy for diseases of the liver
97
and biliary tract.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro free radical scavenging activity
and antioxidant properties of silymarin. Antioxidant properties of silymarin were evaluated by
four methods: 1) FARP assay for total antioxidant capacity; 2) DPPH radical scavenging assay; 3)
the inhibitory effect on RBC hemolysis induced by peroxyl radicals from APPH; 4) the inhibitory
effect on plasma oxidation induced by Cu (2+). But the total phenolic compound was evaluated
by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Total polyphenol compounds of silymarin were 0.484+/-0.017
mg Gallic acid equivalent per mg in comparison to that of green tea which is 0.313+/-0.095.
High Antioxidant properties and significant protective effect of silymarin were in a
concentration-dependent manner in all methods. Therefore, silymarin is a
powerful antioxidant herbal drug which can protect biological systems against the oxidative
stress. It is suggested that silymarin may be used in preventing free radical-related diseases as a
dietary natural antioxidant supplement.

Study: Treatment of alcoholic liver disease.

(Ann Hepatol. 2008 Jan-Mar;7(1):5-15.)

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in the United
States and worldwide. In the United States, it is projected that over 2,000,000 persons have
ALD, and the mortality for cirrhosis with superimposed alcoholic hepatitis is much worse than
that of many common types of cancer. Unfortunately, there is no FDA approved therapy for
ALD. We have made major strides in the last decade in identifying mechanisms for the
development of liver injury in ALD, and therapies are evolving directed at specific mechanisms.
It is clear that lifestyle modification with abstinence, cessation of smoking and weight loss (if
overweight) are beneficial. It is also clear that most patients with advanced liver disease have
some form of malnutrition, and nutritional supplementation is of benefit. Patients
with alcoholic hepatitis that is relatively severe in nature, but not complicated by issues such as
infection or GI bleeding, appear to benefit from steroids. A drop in bilirubin should be
monitored in steroid-treated patients. Pentoxifylline appears to be beneficial in patients
with alcoholic hepatitis, especially those with early hepatorenal syndrome. A variety of other
agents such as PTU, lecithin, colchicine, and anabolic steroids are probably not effective.
Complementary and alternative medicine agents such as zinc, milk thistle, and SAM have a
great therapeutic rationale. Results of ongoing NIH studies evaluating agents such as specific
anti-TNF's, SAM and Milk Thistle are eagerly awaited. Transplantation is clearly an option for
end-stage ALD in patients who are abstinent.

Herbal Sources
➢ Frontier Herbs is a good source of organic whole bulk herbs.
➢ Nature’s Sunshine is an excellent source for quality herbal formulas in a capsule.
➢ Now-foods company is an excellent source of herbal products and supplements in
general.
➢ The American Botanical Council is an educational and informative organization to be a
member of.
➢ The American Herbal Guild is an excellent professional organization that supplies
scientific data on herbs, as the American Botanical Council.

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 Herbal Glossary
Adaptogen Febrifuge (antipyretic)
An herb that strengthens the whole body. An agent that reduces fever.

Alterative Fungicidal
A substance used to change (alter) existing A substance that destroys or inhibits the
nutritive and excretory processes to growth of fungi.
regulate body functions.
Galactagogue
Analgesic A substance that promotes the secretion of
A substance that relieves pain when taken milk from the nursing mother.
orally.
Hemostatic
Anodyne A substance that arrests bleeding or
A substance that that relieves pain when hemorrhage.
applied externally.
Hepatic or Hepatonic
Anthelmintic (Vermifuge) A substance that strengthens and tones the
An agent that destroys or causes the liver and stimulates the secretive functions
expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms. of the liver.

Anti-abortive Hormonal
A substance that is used to help avoid Herbs that contain the properties of
miscarriages. hormones.

Ant asthmatic Hyperactivity

A substance that relaxes the bronchial and
aids free breathing.
Antibiotic
A substance used to kill or stop the growth
of harmful micro-organisms (literally
“against-life”). Kills both harmful and
helpful micro-organisms.
Excessive activity or agitation.
Hyperglycemic
A substance that increases the
concentration of glucose in the blood.
Hypertensive
A substance that increases blood pressure.

Ant catarrhal Hypoglycemic

A substance which reduces inflammation of a substance that lowers the concentration
the mucous membranes. of glucose in the blood.

Antidepressant Hypotensive
A substance that prevents or relieves A substance that decreases blood pressure.
depression.
Immunostimulant
Antihyropic A substance that increases the immune
A substance used to remove excess body response in order to induce resistance to
fluid. infection.

Anti-inflammatory Laxative
A substance that prevents or reduces A substance that stimulates evacuation of
99
inflammation.
Antipyretic (Febrifuge)
An agent that reduces fever.
Antioxidant
A substance that prevents cell damage and
other changes caused by oxidation.
Antiseptic
A substance capable of preventing,
combating, and neutralize toxic
microorganisms by inhibiting their growth.
Antispasmodic
Substances used to prevent, calm, or
relieve muscle spasms, cramps, or
coughing.
Antisyphilic
A substance used to allay venereal
diseases, particularly syphilis.
Antitussive
A substance capable of relieving or
suppressing coughing.
Aphrodisiac
A substance used to correct problems of
impotency and to strengthen sexual
function.
Astringent
A substance that draws together or
constricts body tissues and is effective in
stopping the flow of blood or other
secretions.
Bactericide
An agent that destroys bacteria.
Blood Purifier
A substance that cleanses and purifies the
blood.
Bronchodilator
A substance that widens the air passages of
the lungs and eases breathing by relaxing
bronchial passages.
100
the bowels.
Lithotriptic
A substance that helps dissolve and
eliminate urinary and gall bladder stones.
Lymphatic
A substance used to stimulate and cleanse
the lymphatic system.
Mucilage
A substance that has mucilaginous
properties used to soothe inflamed parts.
Mucilaginous
Herbs that have an adhesive, coating,
expansive property and contain soothing
qualities for healing.
Nervine
A substance that acts as a tonic to the
nerves.
Nutritive
a substance that supplies a substantial
amount of nutrients and aid in building and
toning the body.
Parasiticide
A substance kills parasites.
Parturifacient
An agent that facilitates childbirth.
Pectoral
A substance that has the power to ease
coughing and promotes expectoration.
Peristaltic
A substance that stimulates the natural
waves of contraction of the muscles of the
intestinal walls, helping move food through
the digestive tract.
Probiotics
Friendly? bacteria that inhabit the healthy
digestive system to process food and
produce vital nutritional elements used by
the body.
Calmative
An agent used to calm the nervous system.
Cardiac
A substance used to strengthen the heart.
Carminative
An agent that induces the expulsion of gas
from the digestive system.
Purgative
Substances used to cause purging from the
bowels. Usually used in combination with
other herbs to control their action.
Relaxant (Sedative)
A substance that has a soothing, calming, or
tranquilizing effect, and has the property of
lessening excitement, irritation, or pain.

Catalyzer Resolvent
A substance that increases the rate of a A substance that reduces inflammation or
chemical or biochemical reaction. swelling.

Cathartic Revulsive
Substances used to stimulate purging from A substance that causes counter-irritation to
the bowel. reduce inflammation or increases the blood
supply to the affected area.
Cell Proliferant
Agents used to promote rapid new cell Rubefacient
growth and healing. A substance that reddens the skin.

Cholagogue Sedative (Relaxant)

A substance used to increase the flow of A substance that has a soothing, calming, or
bile from the gall bladder into the tranquilizing effect, and has the property of
duodenum. lessening excitement, irritation, or pain.

Choleretic Sialagogue
A substance that stimulates the secretion An agent that increases and promotes the
of bile by the liver. flow of saliva to aid digestion.

Demulcent
Substances that are soothing and provide a
coating to irritated or inflamed internal
areas.
Depurant
Blood purifiers that cleanse or purify by
stimulating eliminative processes.
Stimulant
An agent which increases energy and
functional activity of the body.
Stomachic
An agent that strengthens, tones, or
stimulates the stomach and increase the
appetite.

Diaphoretic (Sudorific) Styptic

A substance that stimulates or increases A substance that has an astringent effect
perspiration. which helps control bleeding.

Digestive (or Digestant) Sudorific (Diaphoretic)

Nutritional products that contain enzymes, A substance that stimulates or increases
amino acids, or probiotics to aid digestion perspiration.
of food.

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Discutient Tonic
An agent that dissolves and removes A substance that that invigorates and
tumors and other abnormal cellular stimulates tone and energy of the body.
growth.
Vasoconstrictor
Diuretic An agent that causes constriction of blood
A substance that tends to increase the flow vessels.
of urine.
Vasodilator
Emetic An agent that causes dilation of blood
A substance used to induce vomiting. vessels.

Emmenagogue Vermicide
A substance that encourages or promotes An agent that kills parasites or worms.
suppressed menstrual flow.
Vermifuge (Anthelmintic)
Emollient An agent that destroys or causes the
A substance applied externally to soften expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms.
and soothe the skin or internally to soothe
inflamed or irritated mucous membranes. Vulnerary
An agent used in healing or treating
Estrogenic wounds.
Hormones produced by the ovaries during
the female reproductive period, or herbs
that support the body's production of
those hormones.

Expectorant
A substance that promotes the expulsion of
mucus from the respiratory tract.

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