CSE-313

System Analysis and Design

Mohammad Shariful Islam

Lecturer, Department of CSE
Mobile: 01747612143
Email: sharifulruhan@gmail.com

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 Overview

• System Designs
• System Designs Methods
• Prototype Designs
• System Design Principles
• System Design Tasks

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 Systems Design
 Systems design is the process of defining elements
of a system like modules, architecture, components
and their interfaces and data for a system based on
the specified requirements.
 It is the process of defining, developing and
designing systems which satisfies the specific needs
and requirements of a business or organization.

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 Systems Design
 A designer uses the modeling languages to express the
information and knowledge in a structure of system.
 The designs can be defined in graphical or textual modeling
languages.
 Some of the examples of graphical modeling languages are

a. Unified Modeling Language (UML): To describe software

both structurally and behaviorally with graphical notation.

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 Systems Design
b. Flowchart : A schematic or stepwise representation of
an algorithm.

c. Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN): Used for

Process Modeling language.

d. Systems Modeling Language (SysML): Used for

systems engineering.

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 Systems Design Methods
 Design methods:

1) Logical design: To represent the data flow, inputs

and outputs of the system. Example: ER Diagrams
(Entity Relationship Diagrams).

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 Systems Design Methods
 2) Physical design: Defined as
 a) How users add information to the system and
how the system represents information back to the
user.
 b) How the data is modeled and stored within the
system.
 c) How data moves through the system, how data
is validated, secured and/or transformed as it flows
through and out of the system.

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 Systems Design
 Verification is the process of checking that the
software meets the specification. “Did I build what
I need?”
 Validation is the process of checking whether the
specification captures the customer’s needs. “Did I
build what I said I would?”

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Verification Vs. Validation
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Verification
1. Verification is a static practice of
verifying documents, design, code and
program.
2. It does not involve executing the code.
3. It is human based checking of
documents and files.
4. Verification uses methods like
inspections, reviews, walkthroughs, and
Desk-checking etc.
5. Verification is to check whether the
software conforms to specifications.
6. It can catch errors that validation
cannot catch. It is low level exercise.
7. It generally comes first-done before
validation.
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Validation
1. Validation is a dynamic mechanism of
validating and testing the actual product.
2. It always involves executing the code.
3. It is computer based execution of
program.
4. Validation uses methods like black box
(functional) testing, gray box testing, and
white box (structural) testing etc.
5. Validation is to check whether software
meets the customer expectations and
requirements.
6. It can catch errors that verification
cannot catch. It is High Level Exercise.
7. It generally follows after verification.
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 Prototype Designs
 The most basic definition of Prototype is, “A
simulation or sample version of a final product,
which is used for testing prior to launch.”
 The goal of a prototype is to test products (and
product ideas) before sinking lots of time and
money into the final product.

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 Prototype Designs


A quick landscape of prototyping fidelities. (Image credit: Fred Beecher, used with permission from author, Boxes & Arrows)

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 Prototyping-based Methodology

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 Example of Prototype Design

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 Prototyping Sample

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 Prototyping Sample

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 Prototype Designs
Prototypes have 4 main qualities:
Representation — The actual form of the prototype, i.e., paper and mobile, or
HTML and desktop.
Precision — The fidelity of the prototype, meaning its level of detail, polish and
realism.
Interactivity — The functionality open to the user, e.g., fully functional, partially
functional, or view-only
Evolution — The lifecycle of the prototype. Some are built quickly, tested, thrown
away, and then replaced with an improved version (this is known as “rapid
prototyping”). Others may be built and improved upon, ultimately evolving into the
final product.


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 Why Is Prototyping Important?
1. Evaluating and Testing the Design:
Unfortunately, ideas and drawings of a design can sometimes be a far
cry from the real world in which the product will be used. By creating a
prototype, it is possible to sit down with a real version of the product
and determine which aspects are worthwhile and which parts need to
be revised or discarded.
2. Clarifying Production Costs and Issues:
By prototyping before production begins, it is possible to take a glimpse
at the production process and see if any steps can be changed,
combined or even removed. This not only streamlines production, but
keeps the cost of the actual production to a minimum.

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 Why Is Prototyping Important?
3. Selling the Product to Others:
It is also far easier to sell to potential customers when they have a prototype to
hold and manipulate at a marketing presentation. The customer needs to be
taken into consideration during the prototype phase as well. No matter how great
the designers and testers think a prototype may be, real consumers may not like
certain aspects of it. If the end customer doesn’t like it, they won’t buy it.
4. Patents:
If a product is new enough or unique enough, patents need to be considered. By
having a working prototype, it is much easier to sit down with a patent attorney
and see what design aspects may be patentable. On the reverse side, it is possible
to see what parts of the prototype and design violate patents of other individuals
and how they can be changed before production

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 Advantages of Prototyping
Some Advantages of Prototyping:
 Reduces development time.
 Reduces development costs.
 Requires user involvement.
 Developers receive quantifiable user feedback.
 Facilitates system implementation since user expectation is known.
 Results in higher user satisfaction.
 Exposes developers to potential future system enhancements.

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 Disadvantages of Prototyping
Some Disadvantages of Prototyping
Can lead to insufficient analysis.
Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same
as the prototype.
Developers can become too attached to their prototypes
Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before
they are ready.
Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation.
If sophisticated software prototypes (4th GL or CASE Tools) are
employed, the time saving benefit of prototyping can be lost.

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 System Design Principles
Dieter Rams: ten principles for good design
1. Good design is innovative
2. Good design makes a product useful
3. Good design is aesthetic
4. Good design makes a product understandable
5. Good design is unobtrusive
6. Good design is honest
7. Good design is long-lasting
8. Good design is thorough down to the last detail
9. Good design is environmentally friendly
10. Good design is as little design as possible

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 System Design Principles
Dieter Rams: ten principles for good design
Good design:
1) is innovative –Technological development is always offering new
opportunities for original designs. But imaginative design always develops
in tandem with improving technology, and can never be an end in itself.
2) makes a product useful – A product is bought to be used. It has to satisfy
not only functional, but also psychological and aesthetic criteria. Good
design emphasizes the usefulness of a product .
3) is aesthetic – The aesthetic quality of a product is integral to its usefulness
because products are used every day and have an effect on people and
their well-being. Only well-executed objects can be beautiful.

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 System Design Principles
Dieter Rams: ten principles for good design
Good design:
4) makes a product understandable – It clarifies the product’s structure.
Better still, it can make the product clearly express its function by making use
of the user's intuition. At best, it is self-explanatory.
5) is unobtrusive – Products fulfilling a purpose are like tools. They are neither
decorative objects nor works of art. Their design should therefore be both
neutral and restrained, to leave room for the user's self-expression.
6) is honest – It does not make a product appear more innovative, powerful or
valuable than it really is. It does not attempt to manipulate the consumer with
promises that cannot be kept.

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 System Design Principles
Dieter Rams: ten principles for good design
Good design:
7) is long-lasting – It avoids being fashionable and therefore never appears
antiquated. Unlike fashionable design, it lasts many years – even in today's
throwaway society.
8) is thorough down to the last detail – Nothing must be arbitrary or left to
chance. Care and accuracy in the design process show respect towards the
consumer.

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 System Design Principles
Dieter Rams: ten principles for good design
Good design:
9) is environmentally friendly – Design makes an important contribution to
the preservation of the environment. It conserves resources and minimizes
physical and visual pollution throughout the lifecycle of the product.
10) is as little design as possible – Less, but better – because it concentrates
on the essential aspects, and the products are not burdened with non-
essentials. Back to purity, back to simplicity.

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 Tasks of System Design
Major Tasks of System Design
Identify major hardware and software subsystems and components.
Identify (usage, control or data) dependencies among subsystems.
Decide on a hardware and software platform for the new system.
Design the information system software, database, and user
interfaces.

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