GC Oo a rer % = ‘Plasrahemcaysene ns re maasien pans wih acute coronary sya Wa ae ete at alae canes Te mean asmanenecysiene veo hs qoupis etamanedo he 11 yo wh a tandar dean of 2 yl na separate gun pers espa on to general ward the sane hosp te ean lara lees 05 wnat and the standard dovaon is 13 nal. Wc fe {otewngsttsical maheds shout be usd to compare the mean hamecstne ve of hese 2 ous of patents? QA Twosenple test Lines reessn D Chisquaetest Metals errr nl e es 1 recnck sofend trek 5GZ a panies Coa GAs ‘Plasrahemcaysene ns re maasien pans wih acute coronary sya Wa ae ete at alae canes Te mean asmanenecysiene veo hs qoupis etamanedo he 11 yo wh a tandar dean of 2 yl na separate gun pers espa on to general ward the sane hosp te ean lara lees 05 wnat and the standard dovaon is 13 nal. Wc fe {otewngsttsical maheds shout be usd to compare the mean hamecstne ve of hese 2 ous of patents? 8 co ° E “osm test rer reesson 1s Conan efi Crise ts 10% Net ara 15 ‘Two-sample t test ‘Null hypothesis Alternate hypothesis 5 erry nla the same population different populations Zz (wl =p2) (yt #p2), 2 7 one ee rrrry nl F a nn) c & % aos 2? i ‘Small apparent ciference between the mean ofthe samples nul hypothesis not rejected wi we Large apparent differences between the means ofthe samples nul hypothesis rejected wt we eunona ‘The two-sample ets canon erploedto deen he means of 2 poplin re eqn. Several stil approaches canbe ved, ‘tte tasieruercaequerets needed‘ psf est eRe? mean vcs, e sample vatances ep tans ears) anne sanplesaes. The Stasi sen cllted, fom which ne pave cane deemed. Ip <005 the aul hytess whieh assures thet ‘hare dference betwoen 2 goup)is ced ad the 2 moans are assunod io be atta iret {ChoieeB) Lear efsson sed o modal ine nea later hetucen 2 depen vate anon ndapndert able Far ere, neat ersson coud be used to etre ne relatos (desorbed ems of ending) bce he nb of Sgatetes re et dy F a nn) c & % aa owners Te two sari tt conmony employed te desrmne the means of 2 populations are eq. Several sastcalaproaches can ba usa atthe bas ramen ecurements needed eprom hs estar the 2 ean vals, te sample varances leg. sandr deviates) ane the spies. Thet asst then clalted, fom ich he plus ante deemned fp <0 the nulhypabea ahch assures ht ‘hereon derence basen 2rbup) rect and 2 means are asian oe sate tae {choieB) eat earestons seo rode near elton tween 2 dependent variate ard an npendert rise Ferexarcle Inca ersson cad be ured to eter the reson (desrbedin tas of rendine} belieen he nab of ope sake er dy ana nba of yey hoxpatzationsn COPD pate {role €) The conelstoncoficentis messi of he enh md econo near atonshptetween 2 vaneles For exam, 2 sti may ego crelaan coon deserting he aecaition between exogen oes and rec cane: kin postrercpasal woe, ie erent tom near regisson nat singlenurberisepored descibng the eng and magne one asst. {hole D) The ch-susre ets mes appropri fer uso wih cateprial daa.I canbe use vate vrata he oxperes every of an ocarencsis consist ah the obsened Feaueney ofthat ocarence (goodness off). Foran, 2 uy evahiing endian lartance of ed and gen sed lr wolduse seagate copa a obese an expected rparns of eat eed pe, {choles €) it anapsisc an epemioage mete of rang poole at fom several sts, Perby ceasing statist over ‘eyo hat of tenia ties Educational beste ‘The two-sample et sass meod conmoryemeloyed compar the means of2 rus cf SES 5Cane) a GZ em 205 % = _A-yarcld man wa peenon an hyped ho cae toe erepeney depart vin chest pan vat koaw hes hang a ea atc Test srl arate dznosing myocar tron (Ina ec sty, he esuts fst (capac toa gold standard ogra of) were as flows TestAmecive | 00 | 6 Teiaregane | 20 | oo “The patentnas postive eau ont A Asuniog hi pretest pena sealer othe prevalence lathe Shit what the ota at he pater hasan M2 5 ee nereyry nlerry nl GZ a em 205 % = GAs _A-yarcld man wa peenon an hyped ho cae toe erepeney depart vin chest pan vat koaw hes hang a ea atc Test srl arate dznosing myocar tron (Ina ec sty, he esuts fst (capac toa gold standard gros of) wre a flows TestAmecive | 00 | 6 Teiaregane | 20 | oo “The patentnas postive eau ont A Asuniog hi pretest pena sealer othe prevalence lathe Shit what the ota at he pater hasan M2 ae 3 SOK esp) arses 08) © 5GZ a em 205 Sl GAs vO 2. ene = sows tora ‘The postive predetive value (PP of ages et arawers he flonng gustan Given a potive tetrasut, whats he ebb that aerthas ne disease? PY conesprds oe nanbe of pase wih he dsease who tes poste aang al hse we lstpostne Usig 8 Standard canngency (22) able, FPY= a (a+) ears ee ry eee ee eee eee eee reece ry eee eer eee wen aecrasngprevaince In We question te parr retest ronal uch kes eo abut cal unt earn ha hey 6 ‘hatneras an assumed abe equusere ie he pence ct Min hess, mang tees ec tansatale. Therefore, PPY =200 Ber 80 nother instances, care may assume te roast protalonce equ seas prvelonc he Euctonalebjecsve Poste piv value represents he probaly ctu having @dsease given apeve este Itinaeasoe wih inreasing disease rovalece aed cereases wih decreasing cseaseprovaloce. 5 rrr nla GZ rarer % = GAs Anew tomar ha een shana alo eth ey etc ron anil el ng caren. A rlminaty anal on cert tity a ns ne es densrats at se ptogs Suna oflug cance pansy 3 ments when corpata ore sun of patents agnosed by Cenventondl made. A secondary arava no drence Gerth moray ates Between be 2 guns Which ofthe flowrg faces rst iy expla he sy resus? OA containing Lengtame bas Measurement bias Oteswertiae ) Rare daeate snunpion erry nl e es Ce |400 mg hgh sd mac.) ans then sie aganbasc en invest exporire sais ndepencerealgorelvrele: ested, nt ‘rated wih data recoded na 2 *2labe. Ac square test may bs conducted to deerine wheter staistcaly sgricartaseecion| ‘ests even simastatn use ane hgh evs 2 serum nage ae ieence nthe Haque smash use between cases 2 5 Le emery ml> a Co \aratiee can bo boat assed as usta (octet) er uate (ea, coinous) basa on er scale of eset ualisve varobes cn, ciseaze sss bose) rereser categories or groups, vbereas quantitative varsles (e, Say we _gucoce vel] resent mumercl values, Chacon fi roned ales any dependent he pet dependent an epee? “The chisqure west erndependence also nn as chisquare es for assciaon seo eval he asocatonbetueen 2 eategorca Se i crs pels ne lel a9 rb ur Fee beals epeet aed tc! rel 00 rei igh 00 ai) ner ded again based on simvastan exposure Ss (ndepencer calegaical arable wate not ‘wea wih data recorded na? «2tabe. A c-suae test may be conduc determine whee a Sal) start assecten ‘et ceneen sinvsesin oe ana he glove ot ene nogen lars aferene nine equengy ot mata se beter cate ne contol sinscave of an assocabonbetneen satan use ad gh eves cf eringen (eth rl pete is eects) {roles and E} Te nasi vance (ANOVA) an wo sample eta usedta compat the means ween gaups, Tis weuls reir the dependent vale, oicome) ob a qin versie Terence beeen hes 2 ee eae nthe me orp cerpated Te tne vedo compare 2 ap means whereas the ANOVA seed compar 22 yop means. Est of ec ots wuld te appretiae inthis earl i frinogen eves were recoded asa carav varia fe, the acl measured eve! pel) stead ofa categnelvaratie (eromal hg). {hole ¢) The corelstioncooficentis ameasure of he stengh and recto oa nea reatenshpbetwon 2 quate varies. For ‘al, xy may repr a caeaion coef esrbingteasseaon betneen Peron Acleesand average teed cae lees (Choice D) et anayss is n epcemitegca mead polng he data om sever ses to cont an ants hav 2 elael lager Stasi power han at ofthe neal ses, Edueatona objec: ‘A2 > 2tabois normaly usd rca he posence of absence f aposue ae daease in rsearch, Rows and columns presarthe det pels for sar cateporeal exper nd seo) variate, The sao est for independence is used vat the assectenBetncen 2 cagotclvaraties 5 ecm Remiig 8 4 =a GZ rere % = GAs Atay compara rug vers sand ery preventing ecient putronary enbals PE). Te beat kein fg A eri aad rap nos, Th cence ot vcuent PE oh stad apy Ia a8 Tate wer 24 paterts wha dep reeurent PE te dug A gum. How many a sujet ware thar nthe dag A oup? errr) nl e es Ce sf B a Oe a Anetta apse irra ietrsin wen bg eae Te cnt sana pone wo pels ne : cae Resse esc an oe =e Poste wine Spek Beltre | Nepaive une pai cole : Tee © @ ‘Wat een tate speety? rere nl e es 1 rece safend tno 5Soe cute. Rests oe stay ae gen eke E Anetta daprose unary at fecorsia women tong evans The comparson pdt poste wie gst ie Poste wine Spek Beltre | Nepaive une pai cole Tes postive @ @ ‘Wat een tate speety? A 10865) 8 KES) © SoHE) > 7OKES vO some oma UW eet nec twos tte 5array = a Postuve estresut . re Brom Negative estresut Fu rN ae “The specie of ates fest ly corey Henne io the Seem th ruber fn eps (TH) died by tose warautne disease. Specity rou be gh meonfimaton sts a decease the nude’ ase poses (FP) Ug ageneic 22, (congency) le, spent can becleuated Non: TA/(TN* FP) ints case Specht 1207200 = 00 (or 60%) NICTN-+FP)= 180/190 20 {hci A) nis ample, FP/(TN FP) =20/ 1804+ 20)= 20200 = 10%. Thi valu scaled he ase potive ee, whchis ao (t— spot). cpresens me prbaniy of afase postive est asut na patent won ely ree sea {choles 8 and D) Sestviy (tess ity cone dey cals th the seas) can be gven by TP (TP-+ FN, where TPs te pectnes nd Fi fale negines In tis are, sete =TP/(TP FN) =60/(@D + #4) = 60200 = 0:0 or 308), The fale nee Sanity) given by FN/(TP + FA) = 140) 0 «14 = 14200070 (1 TR). othe Oba ota ee nage et un 2 pert we vreau has me sease 5‘Senay = ‘speatany= Pat? FN) TNTN + FP) =o pin P= pote PV = gti ate ae, P= pte aie ve. T= epi TP = The epsety cf etter tos ay to osc ny instil tothe ance ttne member fe negate TN) sey ‘hose witouthe disease. Speifety hou be hah meonfmator iets decease he nub of ise postive (FP. Usng agent 22 (comingenc ale, pect canbe cleo TN TN FP) nts cae Spectoty = TW (TN +FP)= 180 (180+ 20) = 1807200040 or 0%) (choles A) ints esarpin FP) (TH+ FP)=20 (180+ 20)=20200= 105 The vane cals tne ee poste at, sien equal (°— Spec). epresenis the tabi of afase postive estresutnapabent won rely ise of sease {oroies B and 0) Senstvy (ates byt coneety ey aus wth he seas) can be ven by TP (TF-+FN) were TP te foemes an is tie negsvee Inti exe, senaity= TP/(TP + FN) =60/(6) + 4O)= 602000 90(9 30). The alse negative rae (1 —rentuty) even by FN/(TP + FN) = 140 (60+ 10) = 149200 = 070 or 70). tm probabhty of ae agave st os a pater wh realy asthe dease {hele ¢) Fem ata of 400 patents (= 6+ 140 +20 + 180), ae 200 patents (= 60+ 140) whe have aun wet ection (UT) tase on the gis stander. The erevalenceof UIs thereto 20040 = 0.60 (r 50%) ductal ebjecsve The specly eet is bit to coe: ent indie winoue deeoee. Speci shoud be gh in confit ett detesse ace posts.Seas OG > Asay evaueane ele of angiense-conenng enzyme (ACE) brs te prevention of onary evans paterts win sable. Dang 5 yet foto, 10 outa 00 abe pans who haaken 20 ACE nr devlped an acute corray ever. Over the Sane ‘ine, 00 otf 00 abet psterts who had et taken an ACE hie expedenced coronary ees. What wes ereaive risk deep @ ceroaty vert dsb paens ws were arg ACE mors oars abe pans who ware rt any ACE Mba? OA (iastooyze0rz00) 8 (amzcoy 1001280) (120nza0)100:200) (s20z20yaen.80) (1204a0y(100900) eres nla GZ rer % = GAs Asay evaueane ele of angiense-conenng enzyme (ACE) brs te prevention of onary evans paterts win sable. Dang 5 yet foto, 10 outa 00 abe pans who haaken 20 ACE nr devlped an acute corray ever. Over the Sane ‘ine, 00 otf 00 abet psterts who had et taken an ACE hie expedenced coronary ees. What wes ereaive risk deep @ ceroaty vert dsb paens ws were arg ACE mors oars abe pans who ware rt any ACE Mba? ‘(10s100)280120) 55 (2erz009 10012801) © (112009100120) 5 (rato 8) (1200x0130) 795 ‘is ipartart to frewhow ocala soe basis measures of ssocaton when aven raw dla. The rst eps t rganize the trio 322 (contngency) ale a stoun bow. The stands erat ces he exposes Mee 0¥s (wth "expesue pesareted atoveepute sent” and ne ous inte clus (eh "cere eset sta beeeoucome absent) 5 ee errr) nlSas > sf B ro \Neinpotant to frow how ocala some bascreasres of econ when avon raw aa, The et eps erganize the dia roa 22 lconngency) ale a Stowneloy The stndsrermat ces he expasues nee a¥s (wh "expesuepeser ea atoveexpaute sent” and ne oucoes inte clans (eh "ger eset beer oucame absent) AGE mnt 12018) ao | a0 oe nog | a0 @ = 700 Te lave RR repeats the kof an outa en, crear ere ne expose eg angctnsh-conerng ereye [ACE hit) ded ay the isk oft outcome me uneosed eg, ACE nso). For coo ses sata sig te flown formula R= [oar fer] = 120400 100800)= 0.90 a era eer red ee et ae eee tiem Recenter 27 ble rot oowea. By defrian, RR = sk rng the agosedsk arg he wexgese, Inths example 400 dadete pass were twkeng ACE inher exposed and 120 hose had accent ever. Theres the isk among the exposedis 120400. Simla, $00 dabote Fert are netting ACE nts ineipesa ne TODatthes nad acoerary event Therte, the el among he uneposeaie 100700. The Rise rao ofthese 2 values: RR = (120400910000) {hole B) The odd rao (OR) i clelated ug eoloing formula OR = abe. The OR is fn caeatdin case onto sas where [RR eznrtte cotaned because such stds do net foe pateis vere to determine te ncdence 2 ne cfcome Euctonalcjecsve “The relate ik FR presets he ka an ctcomeln he exposed Sey the kf al oucamel the neazOsed Ange crest cine Remiig sat 4 == a beet) nde ues ne col whine ee at be ene eeet) Corea event | Necroary et [AGE nr 12018) ow ‘| a0 nonce wnnar | 1096) Eo Ed) Ey = 700 “The reve sk FR represents the isk an outcome ea. corona ever) rte exosed leg. ngetensn converting enzyme AGE] ito) ded by he koa cutcome nthe unease eg, 1 ACE hbo). For coho des ts aklated using te flew fora =f} [oer 20 Understanding ne values ale tc ater han manag several rls) ul raven ees tc occ ie sancti he 2 able rot olowes. 5y defran, RR = sk rng the agasedisk arg he wexgese, Inths exam 400 dadete pars were ‘eng ACE inhers exposes) nd 120 hee hada cron ever. Thee ters among the exposed 120400. Stary 300 dabone ates wore nota ACE inhib (onewpes) and 100 oftiose ha a ccenary event. Tere, he ek among the noes 100900. The Ris he rao ofthese 2 values: RR = (12040010000) {Chole B) The od ras (OR) i caledatod using oolong formula OR = adbe. The OR is fn caeuatodin case ono sue where [RR carte cotanodbecase such stds do net foe patents ver ie to determine te radence ean econ (2000y 0020 Educational ebjecsve The relate eR reper te ikof an oon in the exposed ed by theif tat tome ‘formu or R clasos opens one proper omtngo 22° (cortngeny) the unersosed, Appin the coat re 4 =a rer T=] a Oe o resect | ene 2 . “as oe : em pee ae Pe oe = 7 tied erik of at 040] R= [alatb]/(oler) = (129 ‘eng ACE inners open) nd 20 those ad acrenay vert. Thee the nek among the exposes 12400. Simian 200 abate ters wore net tar ACE ies unexposed) and TODef those had acrerry evt These, he ek among the uneosodis 5Ses > -A7xyearcid man eames mace fe flow.up. He was dagnosed wh choc Yrphocytceukema (CLL 3 yea a0 when aulne labrtay test eve amare etvatesleoye count Hotels wl. On examin, e as Stable ynghadenpaty, He nas bast "eon ou management cline shes CLL grouse and ngutes about an exprtertal ug that elec tnd msgnant Iyrehocys. Ther has been shown sian roong survalin patonswih sage ad CLL, wiht cing the malian. his rer hg were widely use, what changes woud be exerted in the uber fet and peeve cass of CLL? |A. Thenunber finden cases wil dese, enunber of povatn cases wil decease 3. The number fieident ase ilies, the nunber of prevalent cases al not change © Thenunterctinadent cases ders he mumbar ot rovalan casi nase © 0 Thenumber tncidert cases i net chngo, te ruméer prevent cabs wines E “The rumter ofniert cass wil et change, the rum of preven cass wilt change 5 ee errr nla GZ rarer % = GAs -A7xyearcid man eames mace fe flow.up. He was dagnosed wh choc Yrphocytceukema (CLL 3 yea a0 when aulne labrtay test eve amare etvatesleoye count Hotels wl. On examin, e as Stable ynghadenpaty, He nas bast "eon ou management cline shes CLL grouse and ngutes about an exprtertal ug that elec tnd msgnant Iyrehocys. Ther has been shown sian roong survalin patonswih sage ad CLL, wiht cing the malian. his re hg were widely use, what changes woud be exerted in the uber fet and peer cass of CLL? |A. The number finden cases wil decree, fe numberof evan cases wil decrease (0) 3. The number ficident cases wil ines, th number of revlon cases a net chang [i] [© Thenunerctinaer cass deren ne mumbar tet ese liners 1%] ° ‘The rumber incite cases il nt change, the ruméar prevent cases wilinreseo [01% Tre number tied cases wnat change, he numa prevent cases wl a change Incident anes reeset new eases caged ina gen pict une. Prevalent ease fe total numberof ease (ot ane) t 2 part partin me. Fora non ansmessble anion Such a croc plete evema (CLL) e une cf net cases wl nate charged by avy df weaeat because the disease has ateadydevped whan the esis sated ard weabn! of ecg patients il pony pl 5GZ a =] GAs The umber fiir cases wi ot hage, he numba of prealent cases wil at chang [8s] IW ened oe Icon fico) lant Incident cases ropesae new eases apnscd ina given pad te. Prevalent ease rth total rumber of cas (bth arene) at ‘ pwteerpae inte. Fora nonsansresble candi sich as conc phe leskema (CL) he emer ohne cases wl note hanged yay ind f eset because the dase ha ready developed vane treat sated (ord eames’ of exigent ill et revent et patents am developing CLL). Ary Yeamen at prloags sural bu does nol ave he dase wl erase he nero etal cases ueto an crease ne urbe a aiced (bl stllveg) ncaa over re Délencesintrinlagy may eat conkison cel ace prevalent cases are ten fered oa ty cence” ad “wevtence”Insence an lo feprsent he ruber new cases ced he popston atk ove apes etme and canbe converted ate, arr noence per 10.000 popu), Prevalence typically refers to pat pevlence (oil nurber of ase et par pont inte) as eprosed oparodprevalnes (vera ped of me). The specie meaning ison cer fer the coront. Educaonal eject: Ineo cases epesnt nen cases cagrosedina Gen penadct ime. Prevalent cases arene tl nurbe af ca (hola ew) et aria pont tro. Aoy teste rls sua bu des not cur the dieace al ncease prevalence ave oan nese ine umber of fice (ut a ing) msc oer te. 5 errr nla GZ rarer % = GAs _Aospta wares ase he preven of danetenepuapay nthe sound poplin of aut wh ype dates. Kray Hops Samples ate cianed rom 00 acl paterts win bets who enue ca ath hosp. The sarples aften ered by 10 ere patolgis, Sof whom werkt the hospital and Sef whom woikatneay rsbions. A preiminary nays sho a! the petoogs who ‘rk fr the hosnal are nes mere hot cre he tens samgles as abet nephropathy cempared thse who de not werk fore espa. Which ofthe folowing mest kel exis ileence inten’? OA Contousing Lead tne bas 8 © Obeswertine © Recatbine E Selecton bie rey nl e es 1 recone safend trek 5a GZ =] GAs _Aospta wares ase he preven of danetenepuapay nthe sound poplin of aut wh ype dates. Kray Hops Samples ate cianed rom 00 acl paterts win bets who enue ca ath hosp. The sarples aften ered by 10 ere patolgis, Sof whom werkt the hospital and Sef whom woikatneay rsbions. A preiminary nays sho a! the petoogs who ‘rk fr the hosnal are nes mere hot cre he tens samgles as abet nephropathy cempared thse who de not werk fore espa. Which ofthe folowing mest kel exis ileence inten’? A. Confouncng 6) 8. Lendtne ba Jv 6 Obearer tis 78%) ©. Reca bis ] E selactontia (1%) (beaver bas sso nun a get ia) acs when vias miselaeiy data due o recenceed expcitions or pior rowedgeconcoring te sues parsapants. Ths ype Bas partly paar ren cucomes ate subjetive (eae personal ilaietaton of nical, meee of coprani ras) 5 rere nl7 GAA & a Observer basso known as gectancy bias) acu when estas miselasiy data duo reenceed expects por Inewiegge coocoming te Susy ers pagans. The ype of ss parry peat whan cucomes ae subjetive (oe peo] lrepretaton fcncal meson, or raoparhe fea) nm case ne panolagts uo warat he nos where te sui el conduc may kotha he uy ies abetc repespaty,crhey my ave acess to astonn mescn reorés hat nseae sets eis Conary he aeons a er stons are mere het be bined othe sty’ obec and he patents recat {hole A) Acontouce on exranous vale a's else he exposure unde vestigation bt tals aso en ndependent sk ar ‘or adsease Cefounsng aeons ne elstensnpbetvon te xpsure andthe isase, Fer cer fay fed mikes. potential, cenfounser na sey valuing te asso between pyscal civ and cst, as pecpe who do ret arc equa ay be mare ky ‘censure high det {hole B) Leadsime bis rfrsta the apparent elngaton sural penis whe undergo scoeneg ts that alow for carier ‘Sagres coe ot acialy rove prognosis. Fer oxarple 2 pater i pancreatic cancer resets wth melas at g2 68 which he receesteatment. uthedies a age 60. Had the sare paertbeen screed and cognosed wih pancreatic crc at ape 5, he Wu nae ben atte by een) (Choice D) Reals resis fom nacrrate eal o Fast exposure by pone a uy tapes most ents retespective desis sich 5 eee ee le Ca ‘operenced an aves cutcne {Gholee€) Selection bas can ocr wih nape e,novrandom) sleton methods ertroush select atin othe std arcpants Feresanple, many pation rp fom ania al due othe every af se ets zona whe eae. The ype anton Selene ie, ceren atton ts netoen ups) ard eds Ne geeralzany ce sy 5