Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ch4 Air Pollution PDF
Ch4 Air Pollution PDF
Faculty of Engineering
Departments of Civil Engineering
Environmental Engineering
1) Particulates
Classification of Particulates
• Dust
– entrained by process gases directly from the material
being handled or processed (coal, ash, cement)
– direct offspring of a parent material undergoing a
mechanical operation (sawdust from woodworking)
– entrained materials used in mechanical operation
(sand from sandblasting)
– large diameters (cement – 100 )
• Fume
– formed by the condensation of vapors by sublimation,
distillation, calcinations or chemical reaction processes
(lead oxide from condensation and oxidation of metal
volatilized in a high temperature process)
– small diameters (0.03 to 0.3 )
• Mist
– entrained liquid particle formed by the condensation
of a vapor and perhaps by chemical reaction
– large diameters (0.5 to 3.0 )
• Smoke
– entrained solid particles formed as a result of
incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials
– small diameters (0.05 to 1 )
• Spray
– liquid particle formed by the atomization of a parent
liquid
– large diameters (10 to 1000 )
Gaseous Pollutants
GAS %VOL
N2
78.09
O2 20.94
Ar
0.93
CO2 0.03
CH4 0.00015
H2 0.00005
Air pollution Measurements
Air Quality Air Quality Index Protect Your Health
Good 0-50 No health impacts are expected when
air quality is in this range.
Unhealthy 151-200
Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion, everyone else, especially
children should limit prolonged outdoor
excertion.
Very Unhealthy (Alert) 201-300 Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion everyone else, especially
children, should limit outdoor exertion.
5 Major Pollutants:
1.) Carbon Monoxide
2) Sulfur Dioxide
3) Nitrogen Dioxide
4) Particulate Matter
5) Ground Level Ozone
These 5 together form SMOG which is Combination of gases with water vapor
and dust or Combination of words smoke and fog
• Forms when heat and sunlight react gases (photochemical smog)
• Occurs often with heavy traffic, high temperatures, and calm winds
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER
To measure the particulate matter in the air we use
high volume sampler
high volume sampler
• It operates much like a
vacuum cleaner by pumping
air at a high rate through a
filter.
• sampling time can be cut to
between 6 hours and 24
hours
• Analysis is gravimetric: The
filter is weighed before and
after the sampling period; the
weight of particles collected is
then the difference between
these two weights.
Air flow through the filter is measured
with a flow meter, usually calibrated in
cubic feet of air per minute.
Because the filter collects dirt during its
hour of operation, less air passes through
it during the latter part of the test than in
the beginning, and the air flow must
therefore be measured at the start and the
end of the test period and the values
averaged.
Example
Solution :
Problem 1
Control of Particulates
Cyclones
The cyclone is a popular, economical, and effective
means of controlling particulates.
dirty air enters the cyclone off-center at
the bottom; a violent swirl of air is thus
created in the cone and particles are
accelerated centrifugally toward the
wall.
Friction at the wall slows the particles
and they slide to the bottom, where
they can be collected.
and clean air exits at the center of the
top of the cone.
Cyclones are reasonably efficient for
large particle collection and are widely
used as the first stage of dust removal.
Fabric Filters
Fabric filters used for controlling particulate
matter operate like a vacuum cleaner.
• Dirty gas is blown or
sucked through a fabric
filter bag, which collects
the dust.
• The dust is removed
periodically when the bag
is shaken.
• Fabric filters can be very
efficient collectors for
even sub-micron-sized
particles and are widely
used in industrial
applications.
Electrostatic Precipitators
• Electrostatic precipitators are widely used to trap
fine particulate matter in applications where a
large amount of gas needs treatment and where
a wet scrubber is not appropriate.
Effectiveness of Air Pollution Control
Devices
MEASUREMENT OF GASES
There are methods for measuring the
concentration of gaseous air pollutants are simple
and use no power, to provide a quantitative
measure of concentration. Two of the most
ingenious devices were developed to measure
ozone (03) and SO2.
Second-generation devices are much faster,
requiring hours rather than days of sampling, and
they usually involve a gas bubbler
GAS BUBBLER
Gas Bubbler is used to measure the Gas pollutants
• The air sample is bubbled through a
solution that reacts chemically with the
particular gaseous pollutant being
measured. The concentration is then
measured with further wet chemical
techniques. For example, SO2 may be
measured by bubbling air through
hydrogen peroxide, so that the
following reaction occurs: