I'~ SINGAPOBE

_.~.
BeA ACADEMY
of the buIlt environment
::/ ISJIIIICTUIW
F..%tF"mnsoc,ETY
'-j/

Certification course for Structural Steel Engineers (StEr)

(8th Run)

Lecture Schedule (4 October to 11 November 2010)

Time: 6:30 pm to 9:30 pm.

Venue: Lecture Room B1-9, BCAAcademy

Lecture Room B1-10 on 4 Nov 10

Examinations will be conducted at Lecture Room B1-9

Course Programme
 ., ...

Certification Course for Structural Steel Engineer

(StEr)

l//-iSIIiGAPORE
~~a STRUCTURAl
BeA ACADfMY [~t/ STEEL
Of thG bu,ilt er:'l!ronment
I '/ SOCIETY

·CD Course Outline:

Part 1: Basic Steel Design

With Special Emphasis on design and construction of structural steel members,
safety issues, member stability and overall frame stability, and how to avoid collapse
during construction.

Introduction
Design methods; Properties of steel; Limit State Design; Variation in material strength;
Variation in load; Ultimate limit ~tates; Application ofload factors; Serviceability limit
states; Deformation; Summary of design procedure

Local Buckling and Section Classification

,;;. Overview on Latest Amendments in BS 5950 Part 1:2000
$ Partilll Load Factors, Strength, Stability, Serviceability Limit State and
Structural Integrity
Ie)) ,;;. Local Buckling and Section Classification (Elements to be classified, limiting
width-to-thickness ratios, effective plastic modulus, slender cross-sections
effective area and section modulus, and Implications for design)
;jT Design Examples - local buckling & section classification

Restrained Beams
$ Restrained Beams (shear capacity and allowance for holes, bending, capacity
effects of high shear on bending capacity and deflections)
* Lateral restraints and their design

;jT Design Examples - restrained beams

Unrestrained Beams and Lateral Torsional Buckling

$ Lateral torsional buckling resistance, effective lengths, equivalent uniform
moment factor and equivalent slenderness

$ Conditions for effective lateral restraints

;jT Design Examples- unrestrained beams

1
Tension Members
<17 Tension capacity, allowance for holes, allowance for eccentricity;
consideration of material hardening factor, design of angles and channel
sections In tension
~ Design Examples - tension members

Compression Member
4> Factors affect the buckli ng capacity of struts, Classification, buckling
resistance, new effective area approach for class 4 - slender cross sections,
effective lengths, allowance for eccentricities and multiple strut curves;
special columns
4> Design Examples - compression members, built up columns
<17 Case studies - design conSideration for erection of long-span roof trusses

Members Subject to Axial force and Moments

4> Interaction formulae for members with Combined Moments and Axial Force;
capacity and buckling checks, equivalent uniform moment factors

4> Simplified equation versus more exact equations

'" Application to the design of steel trusses and frames,

~ Design examples

4> Case study 1: Design of frames and trusses

$> Case study 2 - Collapse investigations of roof structures

Plated Structures
DeSign strength;, Moment capacity; Shear buckling resistance (tension field action);
Design of stiffeners (end anchorage, load bearing and intermediate stiffeners); Plate
and box girder design relevant to crane beams and bridges; design for moving loads
and to relevant code provisions, DeSign exa'mples,

Portal Frames
Types of portal frames; Design consideration; In-plane stability, sway check method
for gravity loads and horizontal loads, snap through stability, out~of-plane stability
and plastiC design method; Framing options, Examples,

Multi-storey Frames and Stability Issues

Design for simple frames (simplified approach for calculating moments due to
-$-
nominal eccentricity; effective length, bracing requirements)
$> Design Example - columns in simple frames
$> Design of continuous Frames; Classification of non-sway and sway-sensitive
frames, notional horizontal loads, second-order effects, effective length
method, amplified sway method and direct second-order analysis procedure,
'.

2
 Part 2: Connection Design
With special emphasis on design of bolted and welded connections

Bolts and Bolted Connections

Geometrical requirements. Effect of bolt holes. Block shear. Bolts in tension and
shear - allowance for prying action. High-strength friction bolts. Beam-to-column
connections; splices. Column base and anchor bolts. Column splice. Pinned
connections. Moment connections. TIe connection. Space frame connections. Design
examples. Site Installation problems. Bolt tightening requirements. Quality Control.
Examples and case studies.

Structural Welding and welded Connections

Weldability of steel; Heat affected zone; Weld defects; Carbon Equivalent Value;
Hydrogen induced cracking; Brittle fracture; welding of high-strength steel; Analysis
of weld groups. Code requirements for welded connections. Design of transverse

()
and longitudinal fillet welds. Design of weld groups. Detailing requirements for butt
Welds. Partial penetration butt weld. Design examples. Design of welds in hollow
sections. Weld qualifying procedUre. Quality assurance and inspection. Examples
and case studies.

Part 3: Composite Construction

With special emphasis on construction of buffding floors and frames using' stee/­
concrete composite design concept
$ Introduction to Composite Construction
Design and application of composite structures. Economy; Architecture
;FWlctionality; Service and building flexibility; Assembly; Examples of buildings
and construction methods; Competitiveness arid cost studies
'i7 Composite beams
Material specification; Simply supported beams; Practical arrangements;
Effective widths; Degrees of shear connection; Sagging moment resistances;
?~
(,(,_).1 Section analysis using stress bloCks; Deflection calculation; Worked examples,
'" Composite columns
Material specification; Practical arrangements; Compression resistances; Moment
resistances; Column buckling; Imperfections; Second-order effects; Combined
compression and bending; Moment-force interaction diagram; Simplified
interaction curves; Slender columns; Combined compression and bi-axial
bending; Worked examples
T Advanced Composite Systems
Composite systems for applications requiring either long spans or shallow floors;
tapered fabricated beam; beam with opening; haunch girders; stub girders;
shallow floor systenls; asyrometric beams; sandwich plate system; fire resistance
of composite floor systems.

3
 .­ /~
0v {~I-
,;:_- . '.,--'
 ~--- ............... - .....

.'~'I
~ ..
Introduction
Lecture Slides
• Cold-formed steel sections ~ Thin-walled sections (plate
thickness up to 16 mm or thicker)
• Cold-formed steel sections ~ High strength (S355, S460)
Thin-walled sections ~ Can be Cold-formed or Hot­

fInished

Thin-walled sections ~ Local buckling may occur

Local Buckling & Section Classification

(Ref: Textbook Chapter 4 Section 4.3 Pg.26-27)

INN"'" s.I.~...L.,,,!.\-,,,,.. kV'" .0"',). ­ ~I::wnk, 4~~h._

$Q';:;:;;:<

Hot-finished vs. Cold-formed Steel

Hotfmished Cold-formed

._-- .~-- ...... -~ - .... -~--.-----~--

ISV:tl pvou ?.tIuvlf;)·m/ilfl I Ii
Local buckling
• Local buckling involves the defonnation ofthe
component plate elements of a section (Fig. 1)
Section A·A
• Plate junctions remaining straight (Fig. 2)
I
..........
I I
I I
"­ .....
I I \ LJ ------
I I \
I I I
\ ~ \ ~
\ I
--'-­
Ie
-- ~
-- --
D /
Fig. 1: Local buckling of typical cross-sections Fig. 2: Locally buckled plain channel section column
subjected to pure compression

• A locally buckled channel section column subjected

• Associated with a half-wavelength (~ depth of the

section)

• The effects of local buckling play an important role

in the design of members

• One of the effects is that it reduces the flexural

rigidity of the section, hence reduces the member
strength (moment capacity) and/or column strength
(compression resistance)

Fig. 3: Local buc:klillg

.-----------'8
 ""~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r- .... ------~-

Concept of Effective Width

In Clause 3.6.1 of the BS 5950-1 (2000), "The local
buckling resistance ofclass 4 slender cross-sections may
be allowedfor in design by adopting effoctive section
properties. " '"
When local buckling occurs, the actual width ofthe
compression element can be replaced by an effective width
(be or befJ)
Effective width -t First proposed by von Karman et aL
(1932), then improved by G. Winter (1947 & 1968)
Local buckling of plate elements -t Concentration of
longitudinal stress near the supporting edges
• Internal element -t Attached to other elements on both
longitudinal edges (Fig. 4a)

This idea is well supported by both rigorous theory and Outstand element -t Attached to an adjacent element at
observations of the behaviour of compressed plate in tests one edge only, the other edge being free (Fig. 4b)

B B von Karman suggested that,

h< b<
Actual stress distribution in an Internal element

b b
wm . . . . . . . . . m····ll·l
. ..
(a) Internal element
• Central portion -t Support very little stress
Edge portions -t Support considerable stress
Actual stress dish'ibution -t Replaced by two effective
portions (bel 2) near the supporting edges (Fig. 5a)
Actual stress distribution in an Outstand element
Actual stress distribution -t Replaced by one effective
(b) Outstand element portion (be) near the supporting edge (Fig. 5b)

Fig. 4: Types of element in BS 5950-1 (2000)

("\
•
 • Effective cross-sections for doubly symmetric
slender sections subjected to pure compression are
shown in Fig, 8a of the BS 5950-1 (2000)
Sinply
Suj:pJ<1<d

• Effective cross-sections for doubly symmetric

slender sections sUbjected to pure bending are
shown in Fig, 8b ofthe BS 5950-1 (2000)
b h

(a) Internal element (b) Ontstand element

Fig. 5: Stress redistribution of uniformly compressed elements
after local buckling and effective widths (be)

If/1M.
r-r

IWoIl,...... Y»>odl_

r-l. r-l­
! I
I, j
--1-­
~_L_~
1---1--- I­
I r'''1- l­
. i i
i
1r.~. d!::=I=:::l!::::>
!fr,jt...t.mJ&ll>" " 'bllbnM~
\l~_·~ ...Ulf~~~..--.""~~
Fiure(i-D<rohlr~·~k·~~N-*I4MItWWmJl

Fig, Sa of the BS 5950-1 (2000) Fig_ 8b of the BS 5950-1 (2000)

L ................~~~~__...__~~~~~_ ................. ~~~~~_.~._~~~~~~__ .............................~~~_ ........._ _~~~~~~__ .......... _~~~~~~ ~

 ----_ ..... - ...

Table 11 ofBS5950-1 (2000)

Table 12 ofBS5950-1 (2000)

Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for sections other than CHS & RHS
Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for CHS & RHS

,,«.11 .u...!<io,. ..Ii~~'""';..;....,.,..l¥""tlt$"'!L'!!.!Z..._ __

,_ 1.~IoIl~;"'~lw"n:.~'~""I~"~I!~~.:S=- j ,~ ..''''''''''' ..;... : ~;...,

1 - ' ' - ",," .. ".

Two tables (11 & 12) ~

I ~ , .....,,' ,.,,!........... a..,.­
==~;.~.u-·t~ . f ""',.", ":r-- --til - ;!k Cold-fonned hollow

Stress ratios (rl & rz ) for ~~~:;::~~~;~-;.;";;~,:j~~~~~~:~~~~:: sections (CllS & RHS)

.=~.=t!'tr--'i~~~ 1u i . : ,_~ i~~,~ ~. . . 1 "Web Generally" and

i ,'.-....,-. ,.\.,,~ ~ 1
.. are included

."(...:uu~_.~ \\iii ;;; ;Sci ~, !,,-~~:i:-~i~:·;;;-:;;=i==-

"Web subjected to axial
,;1., ••- . , ,44 ;H., J I I~" I~~ Ir'i_t!',_ '-r:,- ~ _~ RHS including SllS
""'~'!JlI.lI C~ , r'ii"'-Il'l~' compression" i : "Q". l..'''' : 1.lr,
1"1,,,>«<1...., :r;:rt;; ~ I
I ,w.. " ... ,. CllS should be classified
The limits for welded '~:;..,. ~'~ -1:': ---I
'~I w;,t;, I. ~~;,:~'U'Il:w
1-1~'''''11'-}~~ !

~~-;:::~i~'"~U :; ~;:f:ir-'- __ - , ...,......,.. VI ~ .., - ­ • __ =::'__..___ 1 separately for axial

j ;fuh"'''.''''.lo.id)o~ fl ,.. ')U: 11111
section are lower than ., ~_=,"'''' :~.~ L au 1
W..:w.:"'Oiillo.';~l<O~#~· ----'-----;JI'..i--: compression and bending.
those for rolled section I "'" -.¥ p, i1W :r*. .,
:=::::;;';1:;;-
~~rwJ ••• "P*_~
~:41
,,~-
*'~t"«.\"
.-
i:
""-._-.

i
~
~~ •• "' .. ~..~~~~ MI ~ 'I({ (residual stresses,
Itll)~_ -":~-==_=1" - ~-:,~~~~: "', -~~-J
,..,. '"'J",(<:t~"....m",1.W'I«d.. f
!''I k :I
~_"k.\._"",w-~ , .:..~
j<'J ,:.II_""t)l.;l ;:,.,... In.<;a_~ .. ,_'''~<Mff\

t~I~!!..~""''''~Ii'ri''.u.. 11m it: ill!<; fubrication errors and

!f!~.!7_-::'!'L .~__ ~~~_~~. .;.!!:.':~:~ .."'tI... '""'..
·'""_;,._;·.u..... ~t,.I,.~.".,.,
_"''''_~'''
..,.,'" ,.t... •."-,,
'I·_. r ...'..,. ........... h_~r. •• ~.-....~.~ _ _ ""'''...' ... ...

"'''''~
.. _ _ l.U -""'~
. . . ...................
.....,...... .-". .... ..... "".,"""' imperfection) ~;, j? "7 "i.
~!:::,~:;:.d=..T....,!$>.!~~:.'::"=~~,::">'
' ...._,.a>";,\!"
.,....... '1'
1
t+:::.~,,:~;':.;::.~_M ,._"'''=~. .... . ~"'r~
,----""__ ........
q." '1. ,11. ::> ,:I£. §t~;;;S=;;~..... ~_r_'_~_:
, rt r!-~'-~

In the footnote of Table 12

.' FOr lll! RIlS. the ~ltmmsions b arid d sliQuld hQ tlt)l;(lXl !I~ f~Uqw~; The classification of each element of a cross­
-fQrHFRHStQ BSEN 10210: b =B-3i: d=D-3t
filrCFRHS to EN 10219: b =B-5t: d =D- 61 as section subject to compression (due to a bending
h moment or an axial force) should be based on its
I· •1 1111 Il _I width-to-thickness ratio (e.g. biT, bit, dlt and Dlt )
• Generally, the complete cross-section should be
classified according to the highest (least favorable)
,~l] HED
class of its compression elements
l...­
I. B ... 1 • Alternatively, a cross-section may be classified
;..... B 1M i

The dimensions of b and d are defined for Hot­ with its compression flange and its web in
finished (HF) and Cold-formed (CF) RHS different classes
Hot-finished sections "'"* Larger dime"r')ns
 r, 1'\
:&~i
(:,,/
Using Tables 11 and 12 ofBS5950-l (2000),
Class 1 Plastic
Sections can be classified as:
• Cross-sections with plastic hinge rotation
• Class 1 Plastic
capacity
• Class 2 Compact
• A cross-section that can develop a plastic
• Class 3 Semi-compact hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to
• Class 4 Slender allow redistribution of bending moments
Cross-sections should be classified to within a continuous member or frame
determine whether local buckling influences (Fig. 10)
their capacity, without calculating their local
buckling resistance

Moment, M
Class 2 Compact
M" r- - - - --- -:?--~=--------=- • Cross-sections with plastic moment
capacity
~ c---­ -----------~------i • A cross-section that can develop its full
plastic moment capacity, but local
Class 2
Class 3 (Compact) Py buckling may prevent development of
(Semi-mmpact) Py I plastic hinge with sufficient rotation
capacity (Fig. 10)
(Slender)
) I

Rotation!)
Fig. 10: Moment-rotation relationships

Class 3 Semi-compact
Cross-sections in which the stress at the
extreme compression fibre can reach the
design strength (P), but the full plastic
moment capacity cannot be developed
• A cross-section that can develop its elastic
capacity in compression or bending, but
local buckling prevents development of its
full plastic moment capacity (Fig. 10)
In BS5950-1 (2000)
·Slender cross-section -1­
Effective section (effective width) properties
(Clause 3.6.1 - 3.6.4 and 3.6.6)
Class 4 Slender
• Elements subject to compression that do
not meet the limits for class 3 Semi­
compact given in Table 11 or Table 12
should be classified as class 4 Slender
• Cross-sections in which the stress at the
extreme compression fibre cannot be
reached the design strength (Py)
• Local buckling prevents development of
the elastic capacity in compression and/or
bending (Fig. 10)
 Lecture Slides

Compression Members

(Ref: Textbook Chapter 7)

Column Design In 855950-1 (2000)

Compression Resistance, Pc (Clause 4.7.4)
In 855950-1 (1990)
For plastic, compact or semi-compact sections:
• Over-conservative of class 4 slender cross-sections
Pc =Agpc (Same as 1990 version)
For slender sections:
Improvement in 855950-1 (2000)
Pc =Aeffpcs (New)
The over-conservative design of class 4 slender
cross-sections is removed
where
Using effective area (A eff), which is equal to the Aeff =Effective cross-sectional area

semi-compact limits Pcs = Compressive strength (Pc) for a reduced

slenderness of A(AeffIAg)O.S in which A is based on
the radius of gyration (r) of the gross cross-section

~--------------------~----------------------®
I ~:ive area (A",) for Class_4 slender sections For Hot finished and Cold-formed RHS & SHS
• (Clause 3.6)
1.51 101, I 'IJJh: 1St lSI 11.11< 11151< 1.5/
For doubly symmetric cross-sections ~ Dimensions of
effective widths are given in Fig. 8a b.,. Ty1~:. l nin U"
= I w.w. i .i mJ17.5lt
~~LI~ Ix
_.!t.-.+._._­ ._. -L._.__
i
~ . . . . . '..... """''1- ._.,.""
I

''1r'l!'''l~ ''1 ~k !"l.'ro. '··'i'~~ LW}o!< J151'

• . ] IIJl '/.51
.1 ~,.
iI
I .1"{, I 1"­
i.l i v.\~ j

"",lk_·+U!·_·- ~ +~. ~ , '111t UJT .,

! ~ ! ],'1>, Hot finished Cold-formed
-I~·-t'"-'!
I I J ~;. ~
jlll>:1'
"',....,.....
"ttl'" tM ; b "'" r. 2x 20tE Hot finished
"'-----y._,..,... ,. . . . . . . -. . . .

"P""«I), •• ~.",-_.,,,,_""w..
eff lzx 17.5tE Cold - formed

• For hot rolled equal-leg angle sections --? The For circular hollow sections (CHS) --? The effective
effective area (A eff ) is given as, area (Aeff) is given as,

128
A"ff A ( bit) 1 Ae =A[(~12751~0.5

ff Dlt A.Py )~
where

Provided that 0 ~ 240tolJ 2

b ;: Leg length

where

t = thickness

o =Overall diameter

A = Ag = Gross cross-sectional area

Py = Design strength

 ---""-""---------­

, y"'-''''

Compressive strength, Pg (Clause 4Y.5) ·'i Dependih;r on the type of cross-section and the
Based on the appropriate column (strut) curve for buckling maximum thickness. (e.g. I-section, H-section,
about the relevant axis (x or y) from Table 23 welded box section, Hot finished and cold-formed
11ol1lU_1
, - ..""'....,.. structural hollow sections and ...)
. "
I .::s, ,i Hot finished structural hollow section -l> Curve "a"
~ ,"~
, Cold-formed structural hollow section -l> Curve "e"
,
; ,.. I
';;; The value of Pc should be obtained from:
; ..,
" ,. (1) Table 24, which depending on the design
, n, strength (Py) and the slenderness (I)
.~~:: iT­ (2) The formula given in Annex C. 1 (Perry formula)
!
.: r.:
For welded I, H or box sections, the value of Py
should be reduced by 20 N/mm2

Perry Formula (in year 1886)

2
The compressive strength (Pc) may be taken as the PE 1t E (Euler strength)
smaller root of: t.:
where
Py Design strength
=
The value of Pc may be obtained from: 1'1 Imperfection parameter (Perry factor)
=
_ PEP y

"=Slenderness
Pc - !\> + ~!\>2 _ ;~;~'

in which

Perry factor and Robertson constant

Table 24 ~
Based on the Perry formula
The Perry faetor 11 (imperfection parameter) for flexural
buckling under axial force can be obtained from: Compressive strength (Pc) ~ Depending on
slenderness (I)
11 =O.OO1a(A-A o P,:O
where Slenderness (I) ~ Depending on effective length (L£,)
where
Ao = 0.2 I~ (Limiting slenderness) A=LE
V Py r
a =Robertson constant (in year 1925)

Short effective length ~ high compressive strength

=2.0 for column curve "a"

(e.g. Column curve "a", I = 80 ~ Pc = 203 N/mm2)

=3.5 for column curve "b"

Long effective length ~ low compressive strength

= 5.5 for column curve "c"

(e.g. Column curve "a", I = 150 ~ Pc 80 N/mm2) =

=8.0 for column curve "d"

Design column curve "a" from BS 5950-1 (2000) Effective lengths, LE (Clause 4.7.3)

«5 300 ~ . Table 22 Nominal effective length for compression

Steel Grade 5275 (p y= 275 Nlmm') member (excluding angle, channel or T-section)

5
%250

Table 22 - Nominal "ffeotlve length L.s for a compression member'

~ 200 11 203 (: \,
a} non~sway mode
:S IlWstraint (in the plane undBr consideration) by other parts (lfthe structure··· .... 1;.
C) Column curve "a" (Table 24)
; 150 Effectively held in llositiM at EffectiVely res!.rained 10 rtu:nctiou at both enus 0.11
~ both ends Partially i:estrained in dim'::tion at ba~h ends 0.85L :
-'" IRestrnined in direction nt one end O.85L
~ 100 ~...~...__.... .( =:."
I Not restrained !ll drre<:tion at either eM LOL
to
h) sway».tode
2: 50
0­
Oneeutl IOtb.e~ end
5 • [Lo
Effectivcly held in poSItion 'Not held in pol!ition Effectively restrainl3ct 10 dlrection 11.2L
.3 0 ...
~1.8~O__ 1150 .and NStrainoo ir. direction ,
PartialLy restrained in dirootion :1.5L i
50 100 150 200 250
I !l\\J.t restrain!)!! in directl4n !2.0L
Slenderness, A 't En1\ld1og angle. elu¢nel !lrT.U'ctlO'l1 struts deaigue:l ill ~;JlI,I!f:4'! with 4,.7.l0.
/
 (0
Reduced~nderneSS,'A@Q
In 885950-1 (2000)

"I "'I
lA,,,.
e,LJ
Compression Resistance, Pc (Clause 4.7.4)

Ared AV Ag
where
(Class 1, 2 and 3)
(Class 4) since
~

in which,
Hence, r:,;r-.

'A1Uffs'A :. (lred s l)

Pes is based on reduced slenderness of 'A{AeffIAg)O.5

\ Ag
IfA decreases CAred) -+ Pc increases
Hence, using 'Ared -+ Pes::::: Pc
:. Pc = Aeff Pes (Not over-conservative for class 4
slender sections)

......... _._ .. _ - - - .. -.-.-----~

Column design for class 4 slender sections Column design for class 4 slender sections (Cont.)

• Select steel grade

Compute reduced slenderness (lcred)' where

Determine design strength (py) from Table 9

Ared A(AeJj.fAg)O.5

=
Compute effective area (Aeff) from Clause 3.6

• Determine effective length (LIJ from Clause 4.7.3
(Table 22) for the appropriate end conditions
Calculate slenderness ('A) for the relevant axis (x or y)
• Select the appropriate column curve from Table 23
Compute compressive strength (Pcs) from Tables 24
or use the formula given in Annex C.1 (Perry formula)
Calculate compression resistance Pc from Clause
=
4.7.4, where Pc Aeffpcs
 Lecture Slides

Tension Members

(Ref: Textbook Chapter 6)

 Lattice Construction End Eccentricity

Typically consist of discontinuous angles, channels or F

T-sections members with eccentric end connections
F"1 b+ I
e
{ A~ . .~ {Af<!&: 1­ Moment M = F.e
Can use Clause 4.8 for axially loaded members with

moments or alternatively as an easier approach, use

simplified rules for angles, channels and T-sections

Alignment of Centroidal A:ds Alignment of Bolt Set-out Lines

Key Points
1. Clause 4.6.2 Tension members with eccentric Tension Capacity Pt(Clause 4.6.1)
connections
Discontinuous angles, channels or T-sections with
eccentric end connections in tension may be treated . Pt =Py A e
as axially loaded by using the reduced tension .If; IS the sum of the effective net areas, ae
capacity given in 4.6.3
of the elements of the cross section
- effective area approach
2. Clause 4.7.10 Angle, channel orT-section Struts
( " " " € - I> t ..\-t.....t. g..,"".) 9ct ~ '" L - Av--j le... .
Struts composed of angles, channels and T-sections
in compression may be treated as axially loaded,
neglecting the end eccentricity provided the criteria
given in 4.7.10.2 to 4.7.10.5 are satisfied
- modified slenderness approach

- ... ---------~
 Design Strength Py Effective Net Area (ae)

The design strength Py = 1.0 Ys S Us /1.2 ae = Keans ag

• Adequate ductility The net area, an of an element of a cross
A factor of safety against ultimate failure section is its gross area, ag less the

deductions for bolt holes

Ke = 1.2 for S275 steel

= 1.1 for S355 steel

= 1.0 for S460 steel

Example 1 Simple Tension Members (Clause 4.6.3)

5275 plate
-+~
Discontinuous verticaJ
: ~ truss web member in
compression
"? ~ "1 I..-j--.~-----::~~
Discontinuous diagonal

truss web mam ber in

Net area across this M20 bolts tension

section (80 x 80 x S mm equal angle,

A,~ 9.35 em' )

Fillet weld Gusset plate

Net area an 2
={100x10)-(22x10} = 780 mm -L-~l-

Effective area a. = 1.2 x 780 = 936 m 2 < ag

4.6.2 Members with eccentric connections· angles, channels and T·
Tension capacity Pt = 936 x 275 = 257 kN sections with eccentric end connections maybe treated as axially loaded
by using reduced tension capacity given in CI. 4.6.3
 Example 2 - Clause 4.6.3 Example 2 - Clause 4.6.3

855950-1 :2000

P,; p,{Ag -O,3a,) - for welded connections

a, ; 9.35 - (SOx 6 x 10-')= 4,55cm'
p, = 275x W'[(9.35x 10')_ (O.3x 4.55x 10')]; 219,6kN 855950-1 :2000
P, py(A, -O,5a,) - for bolted connections

a, ; Ag -at 9.35 -(SOx 6x 10-')= 4,55cm'

A, ; ad + a" = [1.2 x (SO- t /2- 26)x 6]+[SO- t12)x 6; 8.29cm'

P, ; 275x 1O"'[8.29-(0.5x 455)]x 10' = 165.4kN

Double Angles, Channels and T-5ections

Single Angles, Channels and T-Sections
Double angles, channels and T-

sections connected to both sides of

For bolted connections: PI = Py (A., - O.5a,)

the gusset plate, and adequately

For welded connections: PI = Py (Ag - O.3a,)

fastened by bolts and packing plates in

at least 2 locations along the length of

a,= A
g • a1 the member:
I ..
where a1 is the gross area of the connected element, • For bolted connections: PI" Py (A, - O.25a,) Gunet plate
taken as the product of the thickness and
• For welded connections: p." Py (A. - O.15a,) \
• the overall leg width for an angle
Where they are connected to the same

• the overall depth for a channel side of the gusset plate, or not

• the flange width for a T-section intermediately fastened by bolts and

packing plates along the length, they

should be treated as two single

~
members

!
r\
-'---... -----~--------'"
 101
"-,.",,,)

Flexural (In-Plane) Bending of Beam

~-:J:--::::J,. ~--4n~

PortJalty pIO'ittc- full,. plo'StJc

Seom ie'rnlJen'S strOight Beom temoINS 5vafqt'lt Beam '''efl'1Cl1Mli 51;9"tl)' Plostlc:- hinge farrne,C
~e:1'l unloaded whef'l uhlOClCled bent .... 1'1(!!"J Llf"lloaded -

m
o U)'I1'!J1.'l
~ .~ D'~!d U")IieJd
Below yield AI; yleld po'lnt Portio'll)" plClS~iS plastic
Stresses ;vith Increasing bending morn1:mt ~-
~
at eenlre span

Local Buckling of Compressive Flange Plate

,Jlorlge.l:Jucklin'~
->
I

M
--' -' : ' I !
Compression
' . , ' I
M I

E
:1111111 1. 11 1,1: ) .. ,' I
~ - I l [ ! I I I I I I II II <'
_ . [ II [ 1111 1111.". 1111i III III I I I II ,I " . ~-,
~ - ~ _ f~'I[!1111111 II IIIIIIIITI I 'II!I ,I _
, ,'~[.UI"IIIIIIIIIIII!II!~'I.J.L':J..J·----
:' ,~I ..LI...L.J....l..L.I.J-l.L}....l...-l--
-. I

TenSion

Shear Yielding (d/t S70E) vs. Shear Buckling (d/t ::=70E)

Ples!.l(:- Hinqes IV
fn rl0rH;:I'~5 W ~.

.., ~q,.
"
#"'?
",'
v.f' -a..~
~ e

Iv (0) Sheor Failure

'-~~

"''', ~' ......... ....

' .... "''',- ....
.......... '
-
...
........ ....

~~'- ... ,.

&:'o!do; 0'" Suckles

' ..... ,~ .... "" ....................,,,

(b) Shear' 8uc:k!ir~1d
'..... "'''', .... , ......... '"

''''... "' ...., ......... :~

"- .... ,­

('
\.

Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB) of Unrestrained Beam

Desiobilislng Lood
~
__ _ _ - l>--...
';::""tn .._" o'

End of Ccn~ileVE"r
I I
I ~
I
_ _ _... 1 ~L _ _ -.
i =;:;:::::::

~
 o
o
-

c
I OJ I 3

I ;;:; I ::l
I ~.I
1 ::> I OJ
""I
C
(')
n
\2
VI
.,,­
3'
25:
_.

::l
o.C
tQ
D)
::l
Q.
~
_.

(I)
0::

_.

Buckling ::l
tQ
o
c:
-
::l
~
_.

ar

::l
(I)
Q.

tT