“ A walk to power scenario in

INDIA”

By: Ankur Mahajan

NITTTR, Chandigarh
 INTRODUCTION
• From the time immemorial human race has survived, grown , flourished
and prospered on the basis of energy produced , established and
utilized .
• The invention of fire accidentally proved a major
boost for early man to evolve into what we are today.
 HISTORY
• The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta was conducted on 24
July 1879.
• The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate
at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897.
• The first hydroelectric power station in j&k was established at mohra in
baramulla by maharaja partap Singh in 1905.
• Company (B.E.S.T.) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide
electricity for the tramway.
• The first electric train ran between Bombay's Victoria Terminus and Kurla
along the Harbour Line.
First hydel power project at darjelling established in 1897
First electric train in INDIA
 Electricity sector in INDIA
• The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of
205.34 Gigawatt (GW) as of June 2012, the world's fifth
largest.
• Thermal power plants constitute 68% of the installed
capacity, hydroelectric about 16% and rest being a
combination of wind, small hydro, biomass, waste-to-
electricity, and nuclear.
• India generated 855 BU (855 000 MU i.e. 855 TW) electricity
during 2011-12 fiscal.
• In terms of fuel, coal-fired plants account for 56% of
India's installed electricity capacity, compared to
South Africa's 92%; China's 77%; and Australia's 76%.
After coal, renewal hydropower accounts for 19%,
renewable energy for 12% and natural gas for about
9%.
• As of January 2012, one report found the per capita total
consumption in India to be 778 kWh.
• India is the world's fourth largest energy consumer after
United States, China and Russia .
TYPES OF ENERGY
AND SCENARIO
IN

INDIA
 There are two types of energy in
world on the basis of there sources
and production cycles .
 THERMAL POWER
 Thermal power plants convert energy rich fuel
into electricity and heat. Possible fuels include
coal, natural gas, petroleum products, agricultural
waste and domestic trash / waste.
• Coal and lignite accounted for about 67% of
India's installed capacity.
• India's electricity sector consumes about 80% of
the coal produced in the country. A large part of
Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal.
 On average, the Indian power plants using
India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal
to generate a kWh, whereas United States
thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of
coal per kWh.
 Types
Thermal power plants can deploy a wide range of
technologies. Some of the major technologies
include:
• Steam cycle facilities (most commonly used for large
utilities);
• Gas turbines (commonly used for moderate sized
peaking facilities);
• Cogeneration and combined cycle facility (the
combination of gas turbines or internal combustion
engines with heat recovery systems); and
• Internal combustion engines (commonly used for
small remote sites or stand-by power generation).
 Vindhyachal is the largest thermal
power plant in india with capacity of
3260 MW.
The installed capacity of Thermal Power in India, as of June
30, 2011, was 115649.48 MW which is 65.34% of total
installed capacity.
• Current installed base of Coal Based Thermal Power is
96,743.38 MW which comes to 54.66% of total installed
base.
• Current installed base of Gas Based Thermal Power is
17,706.35 MW which is 10.00% of total installed capacity.
• Current installed base of Oil Based Thermal Power is
1,199.75 MW which is 0.67% of total installed capacity.
• The state of Maharashtra is the largest producer of
thermal power in the country.

• INDIA LACKS THE GOOD CALORIFIC VALUE COAL AND

IMPORTS 30% demand from INDONESIA.
 COALMINE AT
MADHYA PRADESH
 NUCLEAR POWER
• India had 4.8 GW of installed electricity
generation capacity using nuclear fuels
• India's Nuclear plants generated 32455
million units or 3.75% of total electricity
produced in India.
• India's nuclear power plant development
began in 1964 by commissioning of two
boiling water reactors at Tarapur.
Fission Reaction
 Capacity
• India's share of nuclear power plant generation
capacity is just 1.2% of worldwide nuclear power
production capacity, making it the 15th largest
nuclear power producer.
• Nuclear power provided 3% of the country's total
electricity generation in 2011.
• India aims to supply 9% of it electricity needs
with nuclear power by 2032.
• 2032. India's largest nuclear power plant project
under implementation is at Jaitapur, Maharashtra
in partnership with Areva, France.
BHABHA ATOMIC CENTRE
 HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
• India is one of the pioneering countries in establishing
hydro-electric power plants. The power plants at Darjeeling
and Shimsha (Shivanasamudra) were established in 1898
and 1902 respectively and are among the first in Asia.
• India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable
hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60%
load factor. In addition, 6,780 MW in terms of installed
capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes have
been assessed. used form of renewable energy.

• India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric

potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-
potential on global scenario
LARGEST MASONARY DAM IN THE WORLD

NAGARJUNA DAM IN KARNATKA

OVER KRISHNA RIVER
Solar energy
 India is bestowed with solar irradiation
ranging from 4 to 7 kWh/square meter/day
across the country, with western and southern
regions having higher solar incidence.
 India is endowed with rich solar energy
resource. India receives the highest global
solar radiation on a horizontal surface.
 Government of India launched its Jawaharlal
Nehru National Solar Mission.
• The first Indian solar thermal power project
(2X50MW) is in progress in Phalodi Rajasthan.
• Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm
projects in India.
• exploring means to deploy solar capacity
above their extensive irrigation canal projects,
thereby harvesting solar energy while
reducing the loss of irrigation water by solar
evaporation.
Solar panels at gujarat
 WIND ENERGY
o India has the fifth largest installed wind power
capacity in the world.
 WIND PLANT

• The largest wind power generating state was

TAMIL NADU accounting for 30% of installed
capacity, followed in decreasing order by
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and
Rajasthan.
• The state of Gujarat is estimated to have the
maximum gross wind power potential in India,
with a potential of 10.6 GW.
 GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
• India's geothermal energy installed capacity is
experimental. Commercial use is insignificant.
• India has about 340 hot springs spread over the
country. Of this, 62 are distributed along the
northwest Himalaya, in the States of Jammu and
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
• Andaman and Nicobar arc is the only place in
India where volcanic activity geo-thermal energy
is present.
India plans to set up its first geothermal
power plant, with 2–5 MW capacity at
Puga in ladakh.

• Tattapani in Chhattisgarh
• Puga in Jammu & Kashmir
• Cambay Graben in Gujarat
• Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
• Surajkund in Jharkhand
• Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir
 TIDAL WAVE ENERGY

• India is surrounded by sea on three sides, its

potential to harness tidal energy is significant.
• The Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch
on India's west coast where the maximum
tidal range is 11 m and 8 m with average tidal
range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively AND
4m is sufficient.
• Barrage technology could harvest about 8 GW
from tidal energy in India, mostly in Gujarat.
• Potential along the Indian coast is between 5
MW to 15 MW per meter, suggesting a
theoretical maximum potential for electricity
harvesting from India's 7500 kilometer coast
line may be about 40 GW.
 BIO-MASS POWER
• In this system biomass, bagasse, forestry and agro residue
& agricultural wastes are used as fuel to produce electricity.

• In 2011, India started a new initiative with the aim to

demonstrate medium size mixed feed biogas-fertilizer pilot
plants. This technology aims for generation,
purification/enrichment, bottling and piped distribution of
biogas.
• India has additionally commissioned 158 projects under its
Biogas based Distributed/Grid Power Generation
programme, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW.
• India has additionally commissioned 158 projects under its
Biogas based Distributed/Grid Power Generation
programme, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW.
• India is rich in biomass and has a potential of 16,881MW
(agro-residues and plantations), 5000MW (bagasse
cogeneration) and 2700MW (energy recovery from waste).
• Biomass power generation in India is an industry that
attracts investments of over INR 600 crores every year,
generating more than 5000 million units of electricity and
yearly employment of more than 10 million man-days in
the RURAL areas.
Agro food for bio fuels
Jatropha plant seeds used as efficient
bio fuel
 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
• INDIA is a energy deficient state, with almost
400 million people without electricity which
equals the combined population of u. s .a and
germany.
• The density of distribution is not equal and is
unequal .Thus, to overcome this problem an
interconnected grid system is used so that on
the basis of demand ,supply could be
managed and easily delivered to areas far
away from generating units.
 THERE ARE 5 GRIDS IN INDIA:
• 1. Northern Grid
• 2. Southern Grid ( not connected with other
grids)
• 3. Western Grid
• 4 . Eastern Grid
• 5. North- Eastern Grid
 TRANSMISSION SPAN

• 800 KV • 173 CKM

• 550KV • 636CKM
• 400KV • 3198CKM
• 220KV • 3024CKM

• TOTAL • 7031CKM
 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
LOSSES
• Total distribution and transmission accounts for
23% in INDIA.
• In DELHI losses are as high as 50%.
• The proliferation of Low Tension (L.T) distribution
lines has led to a low load density (as measured
by demand in MW divided by length of T& D
system) and high ratio of LT to HT lines.
• Equal investment as to generation can reduce
transmission and distribution losses.
• Flatten load curve prices
National grid at AGRA
 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
• Six decades after Independence, India’s villages
are groping in the dark — literally.
• One-third rural areas have no electricity.
• Situation is particularly bad in india’s cow belt.
• Bihar-25%,jharkhand-43%, orissa- 45%, u.p- 38%.
• China on other hand way back in 1991 has 92%
electricity in rural areas .
• Gujarat and goa has 100% rural electrification
and himachal 98%.
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidhyutikaran
Yojana has not changed much .
 ENERGY CONSERVATION
 INDIA’S per capita consumption is very low and 35%
rural households are powerless but still india is
energy deficient . Thus , one alternative is to
preserve energy .
Conservation necessary?
 Smart grid
• A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses
information and communications technology
to gather and act on information, such as
information about the behaviors of suppliers
and consumers, in an automated fashion to
improve the efficiency, reliability, economics,
and sustainability of the production and
distribution of electricity.
 One –watt initiative

• The One Watt Initiative (or the proper One-

Watt Initiative) is an energy-saving initiative
by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to
reduce standby power-use by any appliance to
not more than one watt in 2010, and 0.5 watts
in 2013, which has given rise to regulations in
many countries and regions.
• It will reduce 1% of total co2 release.
Stand by power reduced to 1 watt.
 PILFERAGE
• Kundi, ( )( ) as known in some parts of India,
is the criminal but widespread practice by common
people of stealing electric power. It is a crime and
punishable by heavy fines and, in some cases,
imprisonment.
• The simplest process is to put a direct wire-connection
to a main power route passing by a house or shop so
that electricity can flow to the consumer without
crossing the electric meter that is fixed by the State
Electricity Board to calibrate the load the sub-total of
your appliances is drawing .
• Insulating neutral can prevent power theft.
 PASSIVE HOUSES
• They are actually energy efficient building by
preventing cooling or heat losses in house.
• There are only 15000 to 20000 houses
around world.
• It has been calculated that it reduces 20-155
energy bills.
 STAR – RATED APPLIANCES
• Energy Star (trademarked ENERGY STAR) is an
international standard for energy efficient consumer
products originated in the United States of America.
• Devices carrying the Energy Star service mark, such as
computer products and peripherals, kitchen
appliances, buildings and other products, generally use
20%–30% less energy than required by federal
standards.
• Energy Star qualified fluorescent lighting uses 75% less
energy and lasts up to ten times longer than normal
incandescent lights.
• Reduces cooling costs — LEDs produce very little heat.
 ADVANTAGES
• Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting
technologies (incandescent or fluorescent) and light is well
distributed over the area lighted by the fixture.
• Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing
towards the end of the rated lifetime (at least 35,000 hours
or 12 years based on use of 8 hours per day).
• Excellent color quality. The shade of white light appears
clear and consistent over time.
• Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.
• Light comes on instantly when turned on.
• No flicker when dimmed.
• No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power
when it is turned off, with the exception of external
controls, whose power should not exceed 0.5 watts in the
off state.
 PRE-PAID ENERGY METERS
• With this, paying bills will no longer be a problem
and one can just pay the bill with the click of the
mouse.
• People had got worried due to increase in power
bills, pre-paid power meter has come to their
rescue.
• The meter comes with a unit called CIU or
consumer interface unit. It keeps the consumers
updated with the balance, hourly consumption
and units used at any time of the day.
• For people who have bad memory and forget to
recharge the prepaid meter, the CIU unit will raise
an alarm thrice when the balance drops to 100.
 IMPROVEMENT IN POWER QUALITY

• Power shortage/quality thus leads to large scale use of Voltage

Stabilizers, Inverters, Generators, UPS Systems, etc.
• Such Electrical Equipments, which require unwanted investments, in turn
not only lead to enhanced shortage in the overall situation but also
cause air and soil pollution by burning of coal, diesel, etc.
• Widespread use of lead-acid batteries in these equipments further
causes pollution of soil and water Voltage Stabilizers don’t have
efficiencies better than 80%. While a 1.5 Tr AC consumes 2 units; its
stabilizer consumes 0.4 units; it even consumes power if left ON when
AC is OFF.
• Assuming we have 10 Million ACs in India; on account of stabilizers for
ACs alone we lose around 4 million units, even during peak hours, which
is double the power generated by many large generating stations.
• Assuming an AC runs for 5 hours in a day, this means a loss of 20 million
units per day.
• The average efficiency of the domestic inverters is
50% and unlike fuel-based generators, inverters don’t
generate power.
•
• There is an estimated 50 million inverters being used
for domestic purposes each consuming say 250W/day
or 0.25 units. The power drain by inverters is thus to
the tune of 12.5 million units.
• Further, inverters use lead-acid batteries which
severely pollute the environment.
• UPS systems being like inverters cause power
wastage and pollution by use of lead-acid batteries.
• Diesel/Kerosene gensets not only cause pollution but also deplete
scarce natural resources. Pumps/Motors consume roughly 20% of
total electricity in India. An estimated 75% of this is consumed by
the pumps for agricultural sector mainly for water/irrigation. The
balance is for other motor applications.
• Most Indian pumps operate at 33% efficiency while motors have
an average efficiency of 40%. These cause heavy loss of electrical
energy.
• Taking usage of 4 units at 4 hours/day, the consumption in this
category is over 250 million units/day and the estimated loss is
160 million units /day.
• Pilferage (Power theft) in India is responsible for the
disappearance of 29% of electricity generated.
• In energy terms this amounts to 613.87 million units/day
 CONCLUSION
• INDIA HAS A VAST POTENTIAL TO BE THE
ENERGY SURPULUS STATE DUE TO ITS
ABUNDANT RESOURCES AND EASY
AVAILABILITY, BUT IT NEEDS TO CUT ITS POWER
LOSSES AND CONTROL OVER POPULATION
WHICH LEDS TO OVERBURDEN ON ITS
PRODUCTION.
• India has the reputation of having the highest
distribution losses in the world with a figure of
nearly 47%, ranking above Burma with 36 %
losses and Bangladesh at 33 %.
• How do we bring these losses down and become
an energy surplus Nation?
 THE SOLUTION IS :
• TO IMPLEMENT STRICT ANTI-PILFERAGE ACTS
• TO USE SMART GRIDS
• PROPER LOAD DISTRIBUTION
• GOOD POWER FACTOR{QUALITY}, SO AS NOT TO USE TRANSFORMERS
EXCESSIVELY
• AVOID LARGELY SUBSIDISED POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR POLITICAL
GIMMICKS
• IMPROVE POWER IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES ( TO PREVENT LIKES OF
DISASTAROUS INDUS WATER TREATY IN FUTURE)
• ENCOURAGING NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER BOTH FOR PUBLIC AND
GOVT. USE
• STRICT USE OF POWER RATED DEVICES
• GREEN CARBON RATED BUILDINGS AND LARGE SCALE USE TO BE
ENCOURAGED
• USE OF PREPAID POWER METERS AND OTHER ENERGY SAVING DEVICES
CONSERVE ENERGY BECAUSE ENERGY
SAVED IS ENERGY GENERATED
 ANKUR MAHAJAN
NITTTR CHANDIGARH
CONTACT: 7696371190/9797547426
EMAIL: mahajanankur786@yahoo.in
URL: www.ankurmahajan786@ucoz.com