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List of life sciences

This list of life sciences comprises the branches of
science that involve the scientific study of life and
organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, and
animals including human beings. This science is one of
the two major branches of natural science, the other
being physical science, which is concerned with non-
living matter. Biology is the natural science that studies
life and living organisms, with the other life sciences its
sub-disciplines.

Some life sciences focus on a specific type of organism.

For example, zoology is the study of animals, while
botany is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on The life sciences concern a variety of natural
aspects common to all or many life forms, such as sciences such as microorganisms, plants, and
anatomy and genetics. Some focus on the micro scale animals.
(e.g. molecular biology, biochemistry) other on larger
scales (e.g. cytology, immunology, ethology, pharmacy,
ecology). Another major branch of life sciences involves understanding the mind – neuroscience. Life
sciences discoveries are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life, and have applications in
health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries.

Contents
Basic life science branches
Applied life science branches and derived concepts
See also
References
Further reading

Basic life science branches

Biology – study of living organisms with respect to their morphologic and anatomic traits as well as
behavior and development[1]
Anatomy – study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in
humans[2]
Astrobiology – the study of the formation and presence of life in the universe[3]
Biotechnology – study of combination of both the living organism and technology[4]
Biochemistry – study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus
on the cellular level[5]
Bioinformatics – developing of methods or software tools for storing, retrieving, organizing and
analyzing biological data to generate useful biological knowledge[6]
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Biolinguistics – study of the biology and evolution of language.

Biological anthropology – the study of humans, non-human primates, and hominids. Also known as
physical anthropology.
Biological oceanography- the study of the life in the oceans and their interaction with the
environment.
Biomechanics – the study of the mechanics of living beings[7]
Biophysics – study of biological processes by applying the theories and methods that have been
traditionally used in the physical sciences[8]
Botany – study of plants[9]
Cell biology (cytology) – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical
interactions that occur within a living cell[10]
Developmental biology – study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to
full structure
Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living
elements of their environment[11]
Ethology – the study of behavior[12]
Evolutionary biology – study of the origin and descent of species over time[13]
Evolutionary developmental biology – study of the evolution of development including its molecular
control
Genetics – study of genes and heredity
Histology – the study of tissues
Immunology – the study of the immune system[14]
Microbiology – study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other
living organisms
Molecular biology – study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over
with biochemistry, genetics and microbiology
Neuroscience – study of the nervous system
Paleontology – study of prehistoric organisms
Pharmacology – the study of drug action
Phycology – the study of algae[15]
Physiology – study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living
organisms
Population biology – study of groups of conspecific organisms
Quantum biology – the study of quantum phenomena in organisms
Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the
molecular structure of biological macro-molecules
Synthetic biology – the design and construction of new biological entities such as enzymes, genetic
circuits and cells, or the redesign of existing biological systems (LY)
Systems biology – study of the integration and dependencies of various components within a
biological system, with particular focus upon the role of metabolic pathways and cell-signaling
strategies in physiology
Theoretical biology – the use of abstractions and mathematical models to study biological
phenomena
Toxicology – the nature, effects, and detection of poisons
Virology - the study of viruses like submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in
a protein coat – and virus-like agents

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Zoology - the study of animals

Applied life science branches and derived concepts

Biotechnology – manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology[16]
Biocomputers – biocomputers use systems of biologically derived molecules, such as DNA and
proteins, to perform computational calculations involving storing, retrieving, and processing data. The
development of biocomputers has been made possible by the expanding new science of
nanobiotechnology.[17]
Biocontrol – bioeffector-method of controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant
diseases) using other living organisms.[18]
Bioengineering – study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied
knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
Bioelectronics – the electrical state of biological matter significantly affects its structure and function,
compare for instance the membrane potential, the signal transduction by neurons, the isoelectric
point (IEP) and so on. Micro- and nano-electronic components and devices have increasingly been
combined with biological systems like medical implants, biosensors, lab-on-a-chip devices etc.
causing the emergence of this new scientific field.[19]
Biomaterials – any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with biological systems. As a science,
biomaterials is about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science. It has
experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts
of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of
medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.
Biomedical science – healthcare science, also known as biomedical science, is a set of applied
sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to develop knowledge,
interventions, or technology of use in healthcare or public health. Such disciplines as medical
microbiology, clinical virology, clinical epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, and biomedical
engineering are medical sciences. Explaining physiological mechanisms operating in pathological
processes, however, pathophysiology can be regarded as basic science.
Biomonitoring – measurement of the body burden of toxic chemical compounds, elements, or their
metabolites, in biological substances.[20][21] Often, these measurements are done in blood and
urine.[22]
Biopolymer – polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric
biomolecules. Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently
bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according
to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: polynucleotides (RNA and
DNA), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers; polypeptides, which
are short polymers of amino acids; and polysaccharides, which are often linear bonded polymeric
carbohydrate structures.[23][24][25]
Conservation biology – Conservation biology is the management of nature and of Earth’s biodiversity
with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction
and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social
sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.[26]
Environmental health – multidisciplinary field concerned with environmental epidemiology,
toxicology, and exposure science.
Fermentation technology – study of use of microorganisms for industrial manufacturing of various
products like vitamins, amino acids, antibiotics, beer, wine, etc.[27]
Food science – applied science devoted to the study of food. Activities of food scientists include the
development of new food products, design of processes to produce and conserve these foods,

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choice of packaging materials, shelf-life studies, study of the effects of food on the human body,
sensory evaluation of products using panels or potential consumers, as well as microbiological,
physical (texture and rheology) and chemical testing.[28][29][30]
Genomics – applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence,
assemble, and analyze the function and structure of genomes (the complete set of DNA within a
single cell of an organism).[31][32] The field includes efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of
organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping. The field also includes studies of intragenomic
phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles
within the genome.[33] In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a
primary focus of molecular biology or genetics and is a common topic of modern medical and
biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the
aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in,
and response to the entire genome's networks.[34][35]
Immunotherapy – is the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune
response".[36] Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as
activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as
suppression immunotherapies.[37]
Kinesiology – Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics, is the scientific study of human movement.
Kinesiology addresses physiological, mechanical, and psychological mechanisms. Applications of
kinesiology to human health include: biomechanics and orthopedics; strength and conditioning; sport
psychology; methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy; and sport and
exercise. Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research, the fitness
industry, clinical settings, and in industrial environments.[38] Studies of human and animal motion
include measures from motion tracking systems, electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity,
various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research
techniques.[39]
Medical device – A medical device is an instrument, apparatus, implant, in vitro reagent, or similar or
related article that is used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or other conditions, and does not
achieve its purposes through chemical action within or on the body (which would make it a drug).[40]
Whereas medicinal products (also called pharmaceuticals) achieve their principal action by
pharmacological, metabolic or immunological means, medical devices act by other means like
physical, mechanical, or thermal means.
Medical imaging – Medical imaging is the technique and process used
to create images of the human body (or parts and function thereof) for
clinical or physiological research purposes[41]
Optogenetics – Optogenetics is a neuromodulation technique employed
in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and
genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in
living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely
measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time.[42] The key
reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-
Parasagittal MRI of the
precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like
head, with aliasing artifacts
channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while
temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic
sensors like Clomeleon, Mermaid, and SuperClomeleon.[43]
Pharmacogenomics – Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the
technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs.[44] It deals
with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or
single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity.[45]
Pharmacology – Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of
drug action,[46] where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous
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(within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue,
organ, or organism. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living
organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have
medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.
Population dynamics – Population dynamics is the study of short-term and long-term changes in the
size and age composition of populations, and the biological and environmental processes influencing
those changes. Population dynamics deals with the way populations are affected by birth and death
rates, and by immigration and emigration, and studies topics such as ageing populations or
population decline.
Proteomics – Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and
functions.[47][48] Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the
physiological metabolic pathways of cells. The proteome is the entire set of proteins,[49] produced or
modified by an organism or system. This varies with time and distinct requirements, or stresses, that
a cell or organism undergoes.

See also
Outline of biology
Divisions of pharmacology
Control theory

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Further reading
Magner, Lois N. (2002). A history of the life sciences (Rev. and expanded 3rd ed.). New York: M.
Dekker. ISBN 0824708245.

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