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Building Maintenance: Civil & Structural Engineers Approach
Building Maintenance: Civil & Structural Engineers Approach
This “Engineers in Society” programme will provide basic overview of all aspects
of Building Maintenance from Civil Engineer’s prospective & approach
Contents
Introduction
Overview of Civil engineering and facts
Engineers Responsibility
Definition of Building Maintenance, Objectives & Gain
Summary
Summary of discussion and Q & A
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Overview
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with
the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally
built environment.
FACTS
Overview
CIVIL ENGINEERS
Overview
“Engineers in society” plays roles which on first impression are not
linked to their professional training. The training received as an engineer
is part of the reasons which an engineer can display his versatility.
FACTS
• Engineers as Managers
• Engineers as Scientists
• Engineers as Experts
• Engineers as Politicians
• Engineers as Academics
• Engineer as Lawyers, Salesmen, entrepreneurs, etc
INTRODUCTION
Overview
• fellow engineers
Overview
• contractual duties
Overview
Engineers must have exposure to other
fields of knowledge and skills in order to be able to
properly discharge his functions:
• law
• presentation of self!
INTRODUCTION
Overview
Definition
Preventive maintenance
performed specifically to prevent faults from occurring
Proactive maintenance
is a maintenance strategy for stabilizing the reliability of
equipment
Reliability centered maintenance
is a process to ensure that assets continue to do what
their users require
Value driven maintenance
is a maintenance management methodology
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING MAINTENANCE
Objectives
To extend the useful life of the buildings and prevent premature
capital outlay for replacement
Gain
The benefits can be short term or long term and can be reflected in the areas of
physical, financial or human resources.
Maintenance planning should start at the design stage of any building project
and should continue throughout the life of that building
Maintenance
many buildings are destroyed not by outsidePlanning
forces such as weathering factors
like heavy rains or drought but by insufficient/improper design during the
design stage, through bad housekeeping, inadequate maintenance and
neglect during its full operation.
minor problem which can grow into a major one through neglect, and which can
be multiplied in many buildings
Category
Building maintenance can also be categorised according to who carries
out the maintenance work:
housekeeping maintenance
carried out by property managers; or
M&E
Engineering
C&S Design
Engineering Design Related
Related
C&S
Engineering Design
Related
Source : Building Research Establishment (BRE) for the Construction Quality Forum
MAINTENANCE PLANNING
C&S
Engineering Design
Related
Substructure Require
Geotechnical
• most foundation difficulties arise from weak and Engineers input
compressible soils and exceptionally heavy loads
When buildings are neglected, defects can occur which may result
in extensive and avoidable damage to the building fabric or equipment.
MAINTENANCE PLANNING
Reduce
Probability of failure prevention
reliability
1
Probability
of failure
prevention
Diagram from Preventive Maintenance of Buildings, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991.
MAINTENANCE PLANNING
Maintenance review
The effectiveness of the maintenance work shall be reviewed regularly. An important
part of the maintenance planning for a building is to improve the previous decisions
to maintain the asset so that subsequent maintenance expenditure will be more
effective
Preparing a budget
Annual budgeted expenditure on maintenance can be of three
kinds:
committed expenditure, which includes tasks that occur every
year as part of planned maintenance, such as maintenance
contracts;
Preparing a budget
managed expenditure
Expenditure (RM)
variable expenditure
committed expenditure
Months
MAINTENANCE PLANNING
Preparing a program
annual maintenance
annual inspection survey, day log book or diary and work carried
over from the previous year. The daily response system for carrying
out urgent maintenance should be upgraded annually.
MAINTENANCE PLANNING
Priority
This implies setting priorities for different works. Some of the
factors affecting priorities are:
The design shall incorporate suitable access provisions for the inspection and
maintenance of all structures and equipment
MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN STAGE
Construction stage
Service stage
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN FAILURES
3. Programming deficiencies
The project does not perform as expected
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN FAILURES
4. Design errors
• Errors in design concept Fatal errors
• Lack of structural redundancy
• Failure to consider a load or a combination of loads
• Deficient connection details
• Calculation errors
• Misuse of computer softwares
• Detailing problems, including selection of incompatible
materials or assemblies that are not constructable
Construction
Number
Bridge Location Country Date type, use of Reason Damage Comments
death/injuries
bridge
The rebuilt
Bolt snapped Broughton
due to Collapsed at Suspension
ughton Broughton, Suspension mechanical one end, bridge Bridge in 1883
01831-04-12 12
Suspension Greater England bridge over River resonance 20 injured quickly rebuilt Collapse due to
April 1831
Bridge Manchester Irwell caused by and faulty design.
marching strengthened Caused "break
soldiers step" rule to be
issued to UK
military.
Known as the
Between
Railroad Great Mishawaka
Springbrook Mishawaka and 01859-06-27 27 41 (some accounts of
United States embankment Washout Train Wreck or
bridge South Bend, June 1859 60 to 70)
bridge South Bend Train
Indiana
Wreck
Wootton bridge
cast iron after the crash
Wootton bridge 01860-06-11 11 Cast iron rail total damage to
Wootton England beams cracked 2 killed flawed design
collapse June 1860 bridge floor
and failed using unreliable
cast iron, failed
from a repair
Section of broken
girder
bridge collapsed
while freight train
cast iron beam
Bull bridge 01860-09-26 26 Cast iron rail total collapse of was on it; engine
Ambergate England cracked and 0/0
accident September 1860 bridge bridge had passed
failed
bridge; rear cars
had not yet gone
onto it; train
moving slowly
due to f
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION FAILURES
Silver Bridge Point United States 15 December Road bridge, Material fault and 46/9 Bridge and 37
Pleasant, WV 1967 chain link Corrosion vehicles
and Kanauga, suspension destroyed
OH
Hayakawa Saito, Kyūshū Japan 1980 1980 Wire Bridge Lack of inspection 7 people killed,
wire bridge (?) and maintenance injuring 15
for 10 years people
previous
Hyatt Regency Kansas City United States 17 July 1981 suspended overload/weak 114/200 walkway
walkway bridge in joint/construction destroyed
collapse hotel interior error
Schoharie Fort Hunter, United States 5 April 1987 I-90 New York Improper 10/? Total collapse
Creek Bridge New York Thruway over protection of
collapse the Schoharie footings by
Thruway Creek contractor lead to
Bridge scour of riverbed
under footings
Highway 19 Laval, Canada 30 September Highway Shear failure due 5/6 20 meter Demolished;
overpass at Quebec 2006 overpass to incorrectly section was rebuilt,
Laval (De la placed rebar, low- gaveway reopened on
Concorde quality concrete 13 June
Overpass 2007
collapse)
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION FAILURES
5. Construction errors
• Improper construction sequencing
6. Material deficiencies
Manufacturing or fabrication defects may
exist in the most reliable structural
materials
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION FAILURES
7. Operational errors
A building, product or application can become defective through
age and lack of Maintenance
7. Others
• Act of God (Fire / Flood / Strong wind /
Earthquake
• Deterioration
Defects Due to
Material Failures
DEFECTS DUE TO MATERIAL FAILURES
Coating
Cathodic Protection
Composite
Rust scaling / Greasing
Infrastructure
Maintenance
INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTENANCE
Waterfront sites
structures were expected to be intermittently flooded, and those that
have survived often include materials and design features that have
allowed them to withstand intermittent flooding
Coastal sites
can be flooded due to breaching of sea defences or 'backing up' of
floodwater by high tides.
Ground drainage
buildings suffer flooding due to defective or poorly managed ground
drainage. On a local scale, this is commonly due to rising ground levels and
defective street drainage, which may allow local surface water to 'run off'
and drain into, rather than out of, ground floor or basement structures
Roof drainage, services and building failures
due to failures of roof drainage systems or other building services
such as water mains
INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTENANCE
Carriageway Repairs
Road Marking
Signs
Lighting
Street Furniture
Road Cleansing
Fencing
Traffic Calming
24 Hour Call Out Service.
INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTENANCE
Sewerage
Backing up and overflow of foul water and sewage systems are a not
uncommon consequence of flooding. The decontamination works required
then have a significant effect on the cost of refurbishment and the length of
time to re-occupancy.
The installation of additional breather vents and manholes may reduce this
risk, and detailing of access and drainage to under-floor spaces or cellars can
reduce the cost of decontamination. It is also important to cheek that the
system conforms to all building regulations, British standards and bylaws.
INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTENANCE
RISK MANAGEMENT
• Handle matters out of the direct control of building owners. i.e. Authority
• Take all reasonable measures to mitigate losses, thus reduce risks. i.e.
refurbishment measures
Summary
SUMMARY
• Professionalism
• Increased antagonism during construction bidding
Rehabilitation
Maintenance Policy
Apply preventive maintenance as much as possible
Vision
Maintenance planning
Planning
Poor Planning
Maintenance factors
Design
Poor Design
Supervision & Specs
Construction
Poor Construction
Maintenance Policy
Professional
Liability
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
23. (1) The purchaser shall pay the charges for the
maintenance and management of the common property.
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
PART VII