Discussion

Mohenjo-Daro is an old kingdom in Pakistan. Mohenjo-Daro means "pile of the deceased" and
was built around the year 2600 BCE. Nowadays, this popular archaeological attraction gives a
look into the past of what was once the biggest society in the Indus river valley. The entire site
consists of two main sections, the stupa dugout in the west and the getting depressed in the east,
which runs along the Indus River. The wrecks show evidence of advanced town planning with
commercial shops, residences, wells, public houses and hygiene and drainage systems.

The archaeological site is placed on the northern bank of the Indus River, 400 km away Karachi,
in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. It blossomed for about 800 years in the 3rd and 2nd millennia
BC. Center of the Indus valley civilization, one of the largest in the ancient past, this 5,000-year-
old city is the first urban development event in South Asia. Its urban planning exceeds that of
many other sites of Asian societies to follow. Of huge proportions, Mohenjo-Daro is composed
of two sectors: the stupa mound that rises in the extreme west and, to the east, the ruins of the
lower town spread along the banks of the Indus.

Of this large metropolitan ruin of Mohenjo-Daro, only about one-third has been excavated since
1922. The founding principles of the site are attacked by saline action owing to the increase of
the Indus River ground water. This was the topic of a global UNESCO campaign in the early
1980s, which partially alleviated the assault on pre - historic mud-brick residences. The city
appears to lack grand palaces, temples, or monuments, and there is no clear central seat of power
or proof of a king or queen. The city 's wealth and intellect are evident in artefacts such as silver,
gold, carnelian, and gold crystals, as well as in the town's own baked-brick structures. A
watertight pool known as the great Bath, sitting on top of a pile of dirt and fastened with walls of
cooked brick, is the nearest Mohenjo-Daro structure to the temple.

Harappa; its twins in Punjab and other cities across central India, around each other formed the
Indus Valley Civilization, trying to cover the size of north America. The timeframe from 1900
BC to 1300 BC saw a downward trend in cities. The Indus Valley Civilization was the oldest of
the three ancient civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Egypt and China. Experts in India now
believe that the civilization is 8,000 years old, 2,500 older than previously thought, predating
Mesopotamia and Egypt. At this time, pastoral, early-farming village communities were
probably formed. They were distributed widely, spreading from Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Sindh,
Punjab to western India. The Buddhist Stupa was built over the original temple, where Shiva or
Agni were probably worshipped.

Tragically, while we've had extensive information about other civilizations because we've been
able to decode languages, we haven't had that much luck here, even though we've found scripts
written on ceramics, seals, and amulets. Only 10% of Mohenjo-Daro has been excavated. A lot
more is still waiting to be discovered. Our history textbooks told us that the Aryans derived from
the Central Asian mountain ranges and destroyed the ancient civilization around 1500 BC, but
new research shows that this was doubtful. Weather change is more likely to have caused
drought conditions due to the drying up of waterways and leave of absence in the monsoon,
leading to the abandonment of the city and migration to the west. Other proof (again from India)
shows that people continued to survive even after global warming because they used to try to
shift crop patterns, wheat and barley planting during heavy monsoons and millet and rice in the
declining phase. This led to an increase in de-urbanization, as huge storage spaces were no
longer required and smaller home-based crop power and memory systems were used.
Unfortunately, as is always the culture in Pakistan, we are more prone to phrases of greatness
than to activity. And that's why Mohenjo-Daro has been disregarded for decades. No extraction
has taken place and no specific preservation has certainly been authorized. Most of the recent
information we have about the Harrapans is from excavation and research in India.