rotating speed or tne rotor py ~1 to -2% suip. In generating moge, traction inauction motors wort slip ie. S<0) and active power flow from induction motor to SPWM inverter. However, the reactive in stator of induction motor is supplied by SPWM inverter. Therefore, the synchronous speed of the switching pattern of IGBTS in SPWM inverter. Now, induction motors work as asynchronou energy of the train into electrical energy of variable frequency. Now, three phase 4QC works as cc of variable Frequency into DC voltage and Feed to the DC link. Further, single phase 4QC converte inverter and converter DC link voltage into alternating supply voltage of S0Hz (equal to OHE voltage is step-up by the main transformer and feed back to the OHE system. VVVF control is also because windmills run at non-fixed speed. Development in three phase propulsion technology : 1, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor: ‘The next development in three phase technology is use of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) as traction motor. In a PMSM, the rotor consists of permanent magnet. During the operation, PMSM rotor always operates at synchronous speed. He relative motion between the stator flux and rotor is zero, however as the load on the motor is increased, the rotor progressively ten back in phase by some angle (not in speed as induction motor) and still continues to run synchronously. As the relative motion betv stator flux and rotor is zero; no voltage induces in the rotor of PMSM, which results into no iron & copper losses in the rotor. Tr PMSM has higher efficiency as compared to squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM). In addition of above, PMSM has higher power rat siven size (higher power to weight ratio), low losses, comparatively less weight & volume, low noise and higher starting torque. Due advantages, PMSM is mainly used in high speed trains and allows the use of higher output power motor on each axle. SCIM tractic has efficiency of 94-95% and PMSM has efficiency of 96-97%. However, the PMSM is more costlv as compared to SCIM and re