NH Lens Definition: Any transparent refractive medium bounded by two spherical suiface one spherical and one plane surface or two cylindrical surfaces or one cylindrical and on: plane surface is called a lens, ee In fig. 9.27 (a) and (b) are two spherical lens. In this chapter we will discuss abot spherical lens. Lens is generally made up of glass, quartz,. plastic etc, One of the two surface of a Tens may be a part of a plane surface of , spherical surface or may be part of spheres. : . +e Spherical lens may be of two types; such as . +surface is plane-and another surface is Refraction of Light *6 Nor€o vex lens OF converging lens and foncave lens or diverging lens, Convex or converging jer ‘he lens whose mid ion i . . id portion is thick but the edges ure thin are called the convex or converging lens. Here the rays of light are incident on "he convex saree. Ths lens generally converges a beam of rays ata poitt the. 5.27 ; o> ® 6) . Fig. 9.27 . Fig. 928 Concave or diverging lens: The lens whose mid portion is thin but the edges are thick are called the concaye or diverging lens, Here, the rays of light are incidem on the concave “ surface. This lens generally diverges a beam of ray [Fig. 9.27 (b)]. Depending on the shape oN Con every type of lens again divided into three categories, such as = mvex lens > J, Double convex or diverging or bi-convex lens : The lens whose both the surfaces are “convex is called a bi-convex lens [Fig. 9.28 (@)]. 2. Plano convex lens: The lens whose one surface is plane and asother surface is convex is called a plano-convex lens [Fig.- 9.28 (b)] / 3, Concavo-convex lens: The convex lens whose one surface is convex’ and the other surface is concave is called a concavo-convex lens [Fig, 9.28 (©)} . . \()-Coneave lens + 1. Double concave or bi-concave lens: The fens whose ‘both the surfaces are concave 1s called a bi-concave lens (Fig. 929). 2.Plano concave Tens: The lens whose one concave is called a plano concave tens [Fig. 9,29 (b) 3. Convexo-concave lens: The concave lens Zr “hose one surface is concave and other surface) 6) © is convex is called convero-concave lens IFig Fig 9.29 929 (C)].-3g-Combination of L men enses and Equivan Combination of lenses: If tyo oF mo lent lens - . itis call re same axis then it is called the combination of to : Equivalent lens: The image formed by a ce ms it formed by a single lens placed. at the pocttio, wns of lenses if the same image is called the equivalent lens of the Combination ‘and its tocar tet then the single lens is focal length of the combination. focal length is called the equivalent So itis seen that the combinati i ‘ . tth The combina aination of lenses act like a single lens and it has a fixed focal ins cote ination of lenses are generally ‘used to eliminate the errors in optical instruments. Combination of lens may be of three types; such as— (a) Combination of two convex lenses; : : 5 (b) Combination of one convex lens and a concave lens ; and ~ (c) Combination of two conc eS SSeS hint te ah o lenses Ih fig. (9.57) three types of combination of lenses have et shown eively sith ay. snd La are in contactalong the Same axis Let! Se ee we i Staetion in the lens the axis ofthe coinbineil Jens O is an objest HACE Tris the objet of the tthe iinage 1° is formed. Let his image isa fore: Let wis ge distance SY S la and due to tefraction in Lz the image 11S" : Te In contact with each other along the is v nme‘90 Higher Secondary Physies~r “Now from the general equation of 2ns for refraction in the first lens, Lei 7 ta rT For refraction in the second lens, lis oct]. 5 nap = Fy Lvirtual object) Aang the stove tH equations, 1 teb-hty Now if the equivalent focal length is Fig 9.57 ten +727 50, Lot, fe ” (9.64) IEN be the number of lenses in the combination sand if their focal lengths are respecvey aka wong fu if the focal length of equivalent Jens is F then, =i + Tr + i +. } (9.65) than one thin lenses are, in contact with each other then the reciprocal of. their equivalent focal length will be equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the focal lent ‘of each tens of the combination. S. If the power of the equivalent lens.isP and powers of the lenses of the combination ly “are respectively PUP a, Pa civninc P= PL + P2+P3+ ‘That is if more Fig : 957 (b) ion (9.64), (9.65) and 266) ¢ can be appli 7 Combination of two convex lenses: * In this case both f, and fp ar live g- 9.57 (a). ee Lot) SOF aT +I So the combjnati i 3 ination will act as a conver Fig 39.57 (c)— Refraction of Light 30 ‘ombination of 0 convex lens and a concave len convex and other is concave (Fig, 9.57 (by) 2 Fone of the ec bined lenses is then fis positive and fz is négative: Lod bef e ° Soni The po itt . ‘ Now if fa> fi. F witl be Positive so the combination will act like a convex, lens. And if Ai> dy F will bonegative so the combination will act ike a concave lens.” \e bination of two concave lenses + Tf the two lenses of the combination, are. € (Fig %. 7 ©] Then both f; and fy will be negative, a SF =F =H) . So the combination will act lke a concave lens