ILDIJ ]YLIJOLDÁFLIAY OH CA JPACLOAO

1-. Ca paca`ra artliucaoa ijfj pjohr y aiilùd.

Cas paca`ras sjd aijdthilflhdtjs, bhibjs.
Cjs puh`cjs jrachs ijfþdfhdth ijdslohrad quh cjs djf`rhs (uda icash oh paca`ras)
ijdglhrhd ud pjohr sj`rh cas ijsas.
]rlfhrj quh daoa, cjs djf`rhs hghitlvafhdth oad pjohr a cjs shrhs bufadjs sj`rh cj quh
hstád djfldadoj> sld aprhdohr ud vastj aijplj oh djf`rhs, udj quhoa slfpchfhdth
ldiapailtaoj para ijfprhdohr, pjr hnhfpcj, ca quæflia, y para praitliar ca ldkhdlhræa
quæflia. Cj flsfj suihoh ijd tjoj hc ijdjilflhdtj ldthchituac oh jtrj tlpj. Hd shkudoj
cukar, ca khdth iaclkráglia y tlpjkráglia tlhdoh a phdsar hd cjs djf`rhs ijfj far`hths,
htlquhtas hsirltas j lfprhsas lfakldarlafhdth, aobhrloas a ud j`nhtj djfldaoj. Ca khdth
jrac dj tlhdh shdtloj oh ud djf`rh ijfj uda htlquhta, puhs dj tlhdh djilùd oh ud djf`rh
ijfj ackj quh puhoh vlsuaclzarsh. Cas rhprhshdtailjdhs hsirltas j lfprhsas oh cas paca`ras
 puhohd shr rùtucjs5 ca flsfa ijdolilùd dj puhoh apcliarsh
ap cliarsh a cas paca`ras ba`caoas, rhachs.

0-. Xdj sa`h cj quh puhoh rhijroar> fdhfjthidla y gùrfucas.

Hd uda iuctura jrac, ca rhstrliilùd oh cas paca`ras ac sjdloj ohthrflda dj sùcj cjs fjojs oh
hxprhslùd sldj taf`lìd cjs prjihsjs oh phdsaflhdtj. Xdj sa`h cj quh puhoh rhijroar.
Xda iuctura jrac dj olspjdh oh thxtjs. ºIùfj rhþdh fathrlac jrkadlzaoj para rhijroarcj:
Hs cj flsfj prhkudtar> ºquì sa`h j puhoh sa`hr oh uda fadhra jrkadlzaoa:
Hd uda iuctura jrac, hc phdsaflhdtj sjsthdloj hstá vldiucaoj ijd ca ijfudliailùd.
Hd uda iuctura jrac prlfarla, para rhsjcvhr hgliazfhdth hc prj`chfa oh rhthdhr y rhij`rar hc
 phdsaflhdtj iuloaojsafhdth artliucaoj, hc prjihsj ba`rá oh shkulr cas pautas
fdhfjtìidlias, gjrfucaoas para ca prjdta rhphtlilùd jrac.
Hc phdsaflhdtj oh`h jrlkldarsh shkþd pautas hqulcl`raoas h ldthdsafhdth rætflias, ijd
rhphtli
rhphtliljd
ljdhs
hs j adtæt
adtæthsl
hsls,
s, act
acthra
hrailj
iljdhs
dhs y asjdadi
asjdadilas
las,, hxprhsl
hxprhsljdh
jdhss iaclgl
iaclgliat
iatlva
lvass y oh tlp
tlpjj
gjrf
gjrfuc
ucar
arllj, fari
farijs
js thfát
hfátli
lijs
js ijf
ijfudhs
udhs,, prjv
prjvhr
hr`l
`ljs
js quh
quh tjoj
joj fudo
fudojj hs
hsiu
iuib
ibhh
ijdstadthfhdth, oh fadhra quh vhdkad a ca fhdth ijd gailcloao, y quh hccjs flsfjs shad
fjcohaojs para ca rhthdilùd y ca prjdta rhphtlilùd, j ijd jtra gjrfa fdhfjtìidlia. Hc
 phdsaflhdtj shrlj hstá hdtrhcazaoj ijd slsthfas oh fhfjrla. Cas dhihsloaohs
fdhfjtìidlias ohthrfldad ldicusj ca sldtaxls.
 

9-. Jtras iaraithræstlias ohc phdsaflhdtj y ca hxprhslùd oh ijdolilùd jrac.

Hd uda iuctura jrac prlfarla, hc phdsaflhdtj y ca hxprhslùd tlhdohd a shr oh cas slkulhdths
icashs.

Aiufucatlvas adths quh su`jroldaoas.

Cas hstruituras jrachs a fhduoj aiuohd a ca prakfátlia (ca ijdvhdlhdila ohc ba`cadth,
ba`ca oh olcataoas prjouiiljdhs jrachs pþ`clias hdtrh cjs iuda, ldijfprhdsl`chs para sus
jyhdths).
Cas hstruituras iaclkráglias hstád fás phdolhdths oh ca sldtaxls (ca jrkadlzailùd ohc olsiursj
flsfj).
Hc olsiursj hsirltj ohspclhka uda krafátlia fás hca`jraoa y glna quh hc olsiursj jrac, puhs,

 para tradsfltlr slkdlgliaoj, ohphdoh fás sùcj oh ca hstruitura cldkóæstlia, oaoj quh iarhih
oh cjs ijdthxtjs hxlsthdilachs pchdjs djrfachs quh rjohad hc olsiursj jrac y ayuoad a
ohthrfldar hc slkdlgliaoj oh ìsth, oh fadhra ud pjij ldohphdolhdth oh ca krafátlia.

Aiufucatlvas adths quh adacætlias.

Hsta iaraithræstlia hstá hstrhibafhdth clkaoa a ca ohphdohdila oh cas gùrfucas para praitliar 
ca fhfjrla. Cjs hchfhdtjs ohc phdsaflhdtj y oh ca hxprhslùd oh ijdolilùd jrac dj tlhdohd
tadtj a shr hdtloaohs slfpchs sldj krupjs oh hdtloaohs, tachs ijfj tìrfldjs, cjiuiljdhs u
jrailjdhs parachcjs5 tìrfldjs, cjiuiljdhs u jrailjdhs adtltìtlijs5 j hpæthtjs.
Ca traolilùd pjpucar jrac prhglhrh, hsphilacfhdth hd hc olsiursj gjrfac, dj ac sjcoaoj, sldj
ac vaclhdth
vaclhdth sjcoaoj5 dj a ca prldih
prldihsa,
sa, sldj a ca bhrfjsa prldihsa5
prldihsa5 dj ac rj`ch, sldj ac guhrth
rj`ch. Oh hsta fadhra, ca hxprhslùd jrac cchva uda iarka oh hpæthtjs y jtrj `akanh gjrfucarlj
quh ca acta hsirltura rhibaza pjr shr phsaoa y tholjsafhdth rhoudoadth, oh`loj a su phsj
aiufucatlvj. _ac ijfj cj hxprhsa Cìvl Ytrauss> –hc phdsaflhdtj sacvanh tjtaclza‖.
 

Phoudoadths j –ijpljsjs‖.

Hc phdsaflhdtj rhqulhrh ilhrta ijdtlduloao. Ca hsirltura hsta`chih hd hc thxtj uda –cædha‖ oh

ijdtlduloao guhra oh ca fhdth.
Hd hc olsiursj jrac ca sltuailùd hs olstldta. Guhra oh ca fhdth dj daoa a quì vjcvhr puhs hc
hdudilaoj jrac ohsaparhih hd iuadtj hs artliucaoj. ]jr cj tadtj, ca fhdth oh`h avadzar ijd
fayjr chdtltuo,
chdtltuo, ijdshrvadoj
ijdshrvadoj ihria ohc gjij oh athdilùd fuibj oh cj quh ya ba trataoj. Ca
rhoudoadila, ca rhphtlilùd oh cj aphdas olibj, fadtlhdh hgliazfhdth tadtj ac ba`cadth ijfj
ac jyhdth hd ca flsfa sldtjdæa.
Cas iucturas jrachs hstlfucad ca gculohz, hc hxihsj, ca vhr`jsloao. Cjs rhtùrlijs ccafaræad a
hstj ijpl
pla
a. Ylkulh
Ylkulhrjd
rjd achdtá
achdtádojc
dojca,
a, pjr uda hsphilh
hsphilh oh ldaovh
ldaovhrth
rthdil
dila,
a, iuadoj
iuadoj ba`æ
ba`æad
ad
fjoucaoj ca rhtùrlia oh ud arth ohc olsiursj pþ`clij a ud arth oh ca hsirltura.

Ijdshrvaojras y traoliljdaclstas.

Oaoj quh uda iuctura jrac prlfarla hc ijdjilflhdtj ijdihptuaoj quh dj sh rhplth hd vjz
acta ohsaparhih prjdtj, cas sjilhoaohs jrachs oh`hd oholiar krad hdhrkæa a rhphtlr uda y jtra
vhz cj quh sh ba aprhdoloj arouafhdth a travìs oh cjs slkcjs.
Ohsoh cuhkj, ca hsirltura hs ijdshrvaojra oh sus prjpljs hstlcjs. ]jij ohspuìs oh su
 prlfhra aparlilùd, slrvlù para ijdkhcar cjs iùolkjs nuræolijs oh ca Yufhrla thfprada. Yld
hf`arkj
hf`arkj,, ac asuf
asuflr
lr gudiljd
gudiljdhs
hs tra
traoli
oliljd
ljdacl
aclsta
stas,
s, hc thxtj
thxtj cl
cl`hra
`hra ca fhdth
fhdth oh cas tar
tarhas
has
ijdshrvaojras, hs ohilr, oh su tra`anj oh fhfjrla, y asæ ch phrflth jiuparsh oh ca
hsphiucailùd duhva. Hd hghitj, cas buhccas oh ca traolilùd jrac oh uda iuctura iaclkráglia
oaoa puhohd iaciucarsh basta ilhrtj pudtj `asádojsh hd ca iarka fdhfjtìidlia quh ch ohna
a ca fhdth, hs ohilr, hd ca iadtloao oh fhfjrlzailùd quh rhqulhrhd cjs prjiholflhdtjs
houiatlvjs oh ca iuctura.
Cas práitl
práitlias
ias rhc
rhclkl
lkljsas
jsas,, y ijd hcc
hccas
as cas ijsfjcj
ijsfjcjkæa
kæass y cas irhhdil
irhhdilas
as prjgudo
prjgudoafh
afhdth
dth
arralkaoas, taf`lìd iaf`lad hd cas iucturas jrachs. Ohihpiljdaojs ijd cjs rhsuctaojs
 práitlijs ohc iuctj hd ud thfpcj oaoj iuadoj cas iuras sjd hsiasas,
hs iasas, cjs cæohrhs lfphtujsjs
 ‟cjs ldthchituachs oh ca sjilhoao jrac‟ldvhdtad duhvjs sadtuarljs y, ijd hccjs, duhvjs

udlvhrsjs ijdihptuachs.
 

Ihria ohc fudoj bufadj vltac.

Hd aushdila oh iathkjræas adacætlias ijfpchnas quh ohphdoad oh ca hsirltura para hstruiturar 

hc sa`hr a ilhrta olstadila oh ca hxphrlhdila vlvloa, cas iucturas jrachs oh`hd ijdihptuaclzar 
y hxprhsar hd gjrfa vhr`ac tjojs sus ijdjilflhdtjs, ijd rhghrhdila fás j fhdjs hstrhiba
ijd hc fudoj vltac bufadj, aslflcadoj hc fudoj j`nhtlvj anhdj a ca aiilùd rhiæprjia,
ijdjiloa y fás ldfholata, oh cjs shrhs bufadjs.
Xda iuctura iaclkráglia (oh hsirltura) y, aþd fás, uda iuctura tlpjkráglia (oh lfprhslùd)
 puhohd apartar y hd ilhrtj fjoj ldicusj ohsdaturaclzar ac bjf`rh, hsphilgliadoj tachs ijsas
ijfj cjs djf`rhs oh cjs cæohrhs y cas olvlsljdhs pjcætlias hd uda clsta a`straita y dhutra
hdthrafhdth ohsprjvlsta oh ud ijdthxtj oh aiilùd bufada.
Xda iuctura jrac dj olspjdh oh vhbæiucj ackudj tad dhutrj ijfj uda clsta.
Cas iucturas jrachs ijdjihd udas iuadta
iuadtass hstaoæ
hstaoæstlias
stlias j bhibjs olvjrilaojs
olvjrilaojs oh ca aitlvloa
aitlvloaoo

bufada j iuasl bufada.

Aslflsfj, uda iuctura jrac dj pjshh daoa quh ijrrhspjdoa a faduachs oh jphrailùd para
cjs jgliljs. Cjs jgliljs sh aoqulræad
aoqulræad pjr aprhdolzanh
aprhdolzanh fholadt
fholadthh ca j`shrvailùd
j`shrvailùd y ca práitlia,
ijd sùcj uda fædlfa hxpcliailùd vhr`ac.
Ca iuctura jrac prlfarla sh prhjiupa pjij pjr ijdshrvar hc ijdjilflhdtj oh cas arths ijfj
ud iuhrpj autjsuglilhdth y a`straitj.

Oh fatlihs akjdæstlijs.

Ac fadthdhr ldirustaoj hc ijdjilflhdtj hd hc fudoj vltac bufadj, ca jracloao cj sltþa

ohdtrj oh ud ijdthxtj oh cuiba. Cjs prjvhr`ljs y aihrtlnjs dj sh hfpchad slfpchfhdth para
acfaihdar cjs ijdjilflhdtjs, sldj para ijfprjfhthr a jtrjs hd hc ijf`ath vhr`ac h
ldthchituac> ud prjvhr`lj j aihrtlnj ohsagæa a cjs jyhdths a suphrarcj ijd jtrj fás jpjrtudj
j ijdtr
ijdtrao
aoli
litj
tjrl
rlj.
j. (…)
(…) Ca ol
oldá
dáfl
flia
ia akj
akjdæ
dæst
stli
liaa oh cj
cjss prjih
prjihsjs
sjs oh
ohcc phdsaf
phdsaflh
lhdt
dtjj y ca
hxprhslùd jrachs ba sloj hshdilac para hc ohsarrjccj oh ca iuctura jiilohdtac, ojdoh guh
ldstltuiljdaclzaoa pjr hc –arth‖ rhtùrlia y pjr su prlfa bhrfada> ca olacìitlia oh Yùiraths y
]catùd quh prjpjriljdarjd a ca artliucailùd vhr`ac jrac akjdæstlia uda `ash ilhdtæglia

hca`jraoa ijd ayuoa oh ca hsirltura.

 

Hfpátlias y partlilpadths adths quh j`nhtlvafhdth apartaoas.

]ara uda iuctura jrac, aprhdohr j sa`hr slkdlgliar cjkrar uda lohdtlgliailùd ijfudltarla,
hfpátlia y hstrhiba ijd cj sa`loj, lohdtlgliarsh ijd ìc. Ca hsirltura shpara ac quh sa`h oh cj
sa`loj y asæ hsta`chih cas ijdoliljdhs para ca –j`nhtlvloao‖ hd hc shdtloj oh uda olsjilailùd
j achnaflhdtj phrsjdachs.
Hd ca phrihpilùd ohc darraojr y oh su pþ`clij, hc bìrjh ohc rhcatj jrac aslflca ac fudoj jrac
ldicusj a cjs quh ca tradsirl`hd y quh hstád qultádojch su iaráithr jrac y vjcvlìdojcj thxtj.

Bjfhjstátlias.

A olghr
olghrhdi
hdila
la oh ca
cass sjil
sjilhoa
hoaoh
ohss ijd
ijd kra
kragæ
gæa,
a, ca
cass jrac
jrachs
hs puho
puhohd
hd ia
iara
rait
ithr
hrlz
lzars
arshh ijfj
ijfj
bjfhjstátlias. Hs ohilr, cas sjilhoaohs jrachs vlvhd ldthdsafhdth hd ud prhshdth quh

kuaroa hc hqulcl`rlj u bjfhùstasls ohsprhdolìdojsh oh cjs rhiuhrojs quh ya dj tlhdhd

 phrtldhdila aituac.
Cas guhrzas quh kj`lhrdad ca bjfhùstasls puhohd ohsirl`lrsh fholadth ca rhgchxlùd sj`rh ca
daturachza oh cas paca`ras hd ud farij jrac prlfarlj. Cas iucturas oh ca lfprhdta bad
ldvhdtaoj cjs oliiljdarljs, hd cjs iuachs puhohd rhklstrarsh, hd ohgldliljdhs gjrfachs, cjs
olvhrsjs slkdlgliaojs oh uda paca`ra shkþd cjs thxtjs ojdoh aparhzia. Asæ sh sa`h quh cas
 paca`ras tlhdhd olvhrsjs hstratjs oh slkdlgliaoj, fuibjs oh cjs iuachs rhsuctad `astadth
achnaojs oh cas aihpiljdhs aituachs ijrrlhdths. Cjs oliiljdarljs shñacad cas olsirhpadilas
shfádtlias.
shfádtlias. (…) Cas iucturas jrachs dj iuhdta ijd oliiljdarl
oliiljdarljs
js tlhdhd
tlhdhd pjias olsirhpadilas
olsirhpadilas
shfádtlias. Hc slkdlgliaoj oh iaoa paca`ra hs ijdtrjcaoj pjr uda –ratlgliailùd shfádtlia
olrhita‖,
olrhita‖, hs ohilr, pjr cas sltuailjdhs
sltuailjdhs rhachs hd cas iuachs sh utlclza ca paca`ra aquæ y abjra.
Hc phdsaflhdtj jrac hs ldolghrhdth a cas ohgldliljdhs. Cas paca`ras sjcj aoqulhrhd sus
slkdlgliaojs oh su slhfprh prhshdth af`lhdth rhac, quh dj ijdslsth slfpchfhdth, ijfj hd
ud oliil
oliiljdarlj
jdarlj,, hd jtras paca`ra
paca`ras,
s, sldj quh taf`l
taf`lìd
ìd ldicuyh
ldicuyh khstjs, fjoucailjdhs
fjoucailjdhs vjiachs,
hxprhslùd gailac y tjoj hc farij bufadj y hxlsthdilac ohdtrj ohc iuac sh prjouih slhfprh ca
 paca`ra rhac y ba`caoa. Cas aihpiljdhs oh paca`ras surkhd ijdtlduafhdth ohc prhshdth5
audquh, icarj hstá, slkdlgliaojs adthrljrhs bad fjcohaoj hc aituac hd fuibas y varlaoas

gjrfas dj phrihptl`chs ya.

 

Yltuailjdachs adths quh a`straitas.

_joj phdsaflhdtj ijdihptuac hs basta ilhrtj pudtj a`straitj.

Cas iucturas jrachs tlhdohd a utlc
utlclzar
lzar cjs ijdihpt
ijdihptjs
js hd farijs oh rhghrhdila
rhghrhdila sltuailjdachs
sltuailjdachs y
jphrailjdachs a`straitjs hd hc shdtloj oh quh sh fadtlhdh ihria ohc fudoj bufadj vltac.
Cjs ldolvl
ldolvloujs
oujs adacga
adacga`htjs
`htjs (jrachs) lohdtlglia`
lohdtlglia`ad
ad cas glkuras
glkuras khjfìtrlias
khjfìtrlias aslkdádojchs cjs
djf`rhs oh j`nhtjs, y dudia oh fadhra a`straita ijfj iæriucjs, iuaoraojs, hti…) Ac
iæriucj pjoæa ccafárshch pcatj, ihrdhojr, iu`hta, rhcjn j cuda5 ud iuaoraoj sh ohslkda`a
ijfj puhrta, iana, iasa j ta`ca.
Ya`hfjs quh ca cùklia gjrfac guh irhailùd oh ca iuctura krlhka ohspuìs oh ba`hr aslflcaoj
ca thidjcjkæa oh ca hsirltura acga`ìtlia y asæ blzj parth phrfadhdth oh sus rhiursjs
ldthchituachs ac tlpj oh phdsaflhdtj quh pjsl`lclta ca hsirltura acga`ìtlia.
\j akrhkaræa quh ca j`shrvailùd oh quh hc slcjklsfj hs, pjr cj tadtj, ijfj ud thxtj> glnj,

shparaoj,, alscao
shparaoj alscaoj.
j. Hsth
Hsth bhibj
bhibj orafatl
orafatlza
za ca `ash iaclk
iaclkrágl
ráglia
ia oh ca cùklia
cùklia.. Hc aih
aihrtl
rtlnj
nj
ijrrhspjdoh ac fudoj jrac. ]ara rhsjcvhr hc aihrtlnj sh rhqulhrh astuila> sh rhiurrh a cjs
ijdjilflhdtj
ijdjilflhdtjs,
s, a fhduoj prjgudoafhdth
prjgudoafhdth su`ijdsilhdths,
su`ijdsilhdths, fás accá oh cas paca`ras flsfas
ohc aihrtlnj.
Ca khdth oh uda iuctura jrac ijdslohra ca ldthclkhdila dj ijfj ohouiloa oh ijfpchnjs
ldthrrjkadths oh cl`rj oh thxtj, sldj shkþd su sltuailùd hd ijdthxtjs gudiljdachs.
Ca hsirltura oh`h ldthrljrlzarsh phrsjdacfhdth para quh aghith cjs prjihsjs oh phdsaflhdtj.
Hc phdsaflhdtj jrac, dj j`stadth, puhoh shr `astadth ijfpcliaoj y rhgchxlvj, a su fadhra
 prjpla.
_afpjij oh`hfjs lfakldardjs quh hc phdsaflhdtj quh gudiljda ijd prldilpljs jrachs hs
 prhcùklij j lcùklij hd ud shdtloj slfpclsta, ijfj pjr hnhfpcj quh ca kkhdth
hdth oh uda iuctura
jrac dj ijfprhdoh cas rhcailjdhs iausachs.
Cj ilhrtj hs quh dj puhohd jrkadlzar ijdiathdailjdhs ijfpchnas oh iausas ohc tlpj
adacætlij oh cas shiuhdilas cldhachs, cas iuachs sùcj puhohd ohsarrjccarsh ijd ca ayuoa oh
thxtjs. Cas shiuhdilas carkas quh prjouihd, ijfj cas khdhacjkæas, dj sjd adacætlias sldj
aiufucatlvas. Yld hf`arkj, cas iucturas jrachs puhohd irhar jrkadlzailjdhs oh phdsaflhdtj
y hxphrlhdilas asjf`rjsafhdth ijfpchnas, ldthclkhdths y `hccas.