Topic: Potential of Mushrooms in Improving

Diet and Nutrition& visit to the Mushroom

Unit
Dr. S.S.Sharma,
Mushroom Project (AICRP),
Department of Plant Pathology,
Rajasthan College of Agriculture,
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture,
and Technology , Udaipur

Button mushroom Oyster mushroom

Milky mushroom
 MUSHROOM SCENARIO
• China is the biggest producer and exporter of all kinds
of mushrooms.
• India has about 130 thousand tons as per APEDA.
• Per capita consumption of World is 38 Kg/year while,
in India it is merely 70 Grams/year.
• India has enough agricultural waste about 744 mt like
straws, stubbles which can be used for mushroom
cultivation.
• The spent mushroom substrate is rich in Nitrogen and
many micro elements and can be used in the field as
compost to enhance its organic matter.
• Mushroom cultivation is a good start up and IIM,
Udaipur has enlisted it as an entrepreneur and they
are partly funding to incubators.
 SCIENTIFIC UTILITY OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
1. Provision of food.
2. Creation of jobs.
3. Enhancement of family income.
4. Control burning of wastes & curb global warming.
5. Lowering of air pollution & CO level.
6. Cleaning the fields road sides & forest margin.
7. Protection of natural Mushroom flora.
8. Spent Mushroom substrate for garden compost.
9. Medicinal uses of different Mushrooms.
10. Less time.
11. Indoor crop does not require sunlight & fertile land.
 Mushrooms have potential in Correcting Protein
Deficiency, Delight for Diabetic and Anticancer
 High protein i.e. 24-26% in different mushrooms,
which can be a good supplement for Protein
deficiency 95% digestibility.
 Low carbohygrates and delight for diabetic.
 No fat and good for reducing obesity.
 Beta 1,3 and 1,4 glucans improve/boost immune
system.
 Mineral deficiency can be corrected.
 Vit-D and Vit-b complex are mainly available
vitamins.
 Rich fibre makes it a good appetizer.
 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MUSHROOMS
ON FRESH 100 Grams of Mushroom
NUTRIENTS in % Agaricus spp. Pleurotus spp. Calocybe indica
BUTTON OYSTER MILKY MUSHROOM
MUSHROOM MUSHROOM
Protein % 23.9-27.00 24.6-26.00 21.00-23.00

Total Carbohydrates 5.42-6.58 4.58-6.5 6.5-7.00

Crude Fiber 9.5-11.2 10.23-12.36 11.2-13.25

Total Fat 1.0-1.68 0.90-1.5 1.4-1.9

Starch Polysaccharides Beta Polysaccharides Beta Polysaccharides Beta

1,3 and 1,4 glucans 1,3 and 1,4 glucans 1,3 and 1,4 glucans

Calories 175.5-330.0 180.00-280.00 140.00-290.00

Ash 1.2 1.8 1.6

Moisture 90.00 89.00 89.00

Vitamins contains Agaricus spp. Pleurotus spp.
Biotin 162 mg/100 g -
B6 mg/100 g 2.4 -
C mg/100 g 13.5-82 36-58

Pro-vitamin D4 (Ergo sterol) 2.3 mg/100 g 13 mg/100 g

mg/100 g

E mg/100 g 1.6 mg/100 g -

Folic acid (ug) 594-933 -

Pantothenic acid mg/100 g 22.8-27 -

Thiamine mg/100 g 0.1-1.4 4.8

Riboflavin mg/100 g 4.2-5.0 4.3-4.7

Niacin mg/100 g 36.19-57 10.8-7

Minerals Agaricus spp. Pleurotus spp. Calocybe indica
Button Mushroom Oyster Mushroom Milky Mushroom
mg /100 g mg/100 g mg/100 g
Calcium 23.131 5-6.9 -
Chlorine 690 590 376
Copper 7.2-9.7 1.6 0.8=1.1
Iodine 40.5 0.9-1.3 0.7-1.1
Iron 0.2-8.1 5.0-19.2 11.2
Magnesium 121.5 174-292.9 0.8-1.4
Manganese 1.4 1.3-36.4 1.4-1.6
Phosphorus 718-1425 1212-1406 70.00
Potassium 2590-4762 2130-3793 1793-1990
Selenium 121.5 30.3 78.7
Sodium 67.5 158-837 360
Sulphur 459 770 634
Zinc 5.4 9.1 8.7
 Calciferol
Liver

1st Hydroxylation

25(OH)D, Calcidiol More stable (15 days)

Kidney, etc

ELISA, GCMS
2nd Hydroxylation

1,25(OH)2D, Calcitriol Less stable (15 hrs

 Skin Blood Liver Blood Kidney Blood

Calcitriol

Vit D Receptor
(VDR)
Vit D Binding
Protein (DBP)

VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates

the gene expression of transport proteins involved in
calcium absorption in the intestine
Banken Champignons, The
Netherlands, has received the
European Commission’s green light
to launch vitamin D Mushrooms
as natural, healthy food.
Morchella importuna
Tang Jie et al.2016. ISMS: 393-396

M. Sextelata Tang Jie et al.2016. ISMS: 393-396

King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii)
Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)
Ready to Grow packets
available
 Need to adopt models for promoting
marketing and consumption

In Australia mushroom growers pay a statutory levy

on all Agaricus bisporus spawn (seed) 75% of which is
spent on marketing and promotion
 Temperature requirement for growing different Mushrooms
Name of the Substrate Temperature Production Average
mushroom range (`C) cycle biological
efficiency

1.Button Compost 18-22`C 90 days 15-20%

Mushroom prepared from
cereal straw

2.Oyster Wheat cereal Hot 20-35`C 60 days 75-100%

Mushroom water and straw.

3. Milky Wheat straw CST 25-35`C 75 days 70-80%

Mushroom Hot water.

4. Shiitake Saw dust and 18-22`C 180 days 110-

Mushroom wheat straw 120%

5. King Wheat straw and 18-22`C 90 days 85-90%

oyster supplements

6.Hericium Saw dust and 18-22`C 75 days 70-80%

Monkey wheat straw
head
mushroom
Components of a Mushroom Farm

• Composting Unit-Pasteurization chamber

• Outdoor Phase-I composting platform/indoor bunkers or aerated chambers
• Indoor Phase-II in peak heating/bulk past-chamber
• Peak heating chamber
• Bulk pasteurization chamber
• Cooling of compost in summer months a special requirement
• Casing pasteurization chamber
• Spawn unit
• Spawn laboratory
• Cropping unit
• Seasonal cropping rooms –Ideal size 30X60 ft.
• Environment controlled cropping rooms-Ducting AC
• Environment control, air conditioning and forced air circulation
• Ancillary units-Casing pasteurization unit
• Post harvest handling unit-MAP or Canning unit
• Pre-cooling chamber
• Canning hall with canning line
• Packaging room
Low cost Thatched Huts / Mushroom growing Houses
Design of Composting Area
Compost Yard
Qst-2 Vuy
Design of Compost Fermentation
Design of Compost Pasteurization
Design of Compost Pasteurization
Design of Compost Pasteurization
Hkqls dks xhyk djrs gq,
Hkwls esa chV, ftiLe o ;wfj;k feykrs gq,
chV, ftiLe o ;wfj;k feykbZ mijkUr 2 fnu <sjh
chV, ftiLe o ;wfj;k feykbZ mijkUr 2 fnu <sjh
,Q-1 esa [kkn rS;kj gksrs gq,
iyVkbZ djrs gq,
Vuy ls [kkn ckgj fudkyrs gq,
fQfyax e”khu ls dEiksLV dks Qst-2 esa Hkjrs
Filling of Compost for Pasteurization by Machines
Qst-2 esa dEiksLV Hkjds N: fnu ds fy, NksM
 70
Pasteurisation
60
PPC POPC
50
Temperature °C

Cool
40 down
Temp above pile
30 Temp in middle
Temp in plenum
20 No
Ammonia
10

0
0 2 Days 4 6

chV, ftiLe o ;wfj;k feykbZ mijkUr 2 fnu <sjh

rS;kj dEiksLV
rS;kj dEiksLV
1 lqjax ¼Vuy½ ds ckjs esa
a lqjax dh pkSM+kbZ 10-0 QqV
yackbZ 40-0 QqV
b lqjax dh {kerk
U;wure [kkn mRiknu 22-0 Vu
lkekU; [kkn mRiknu 25-0 Vu
vf/kdre [kkn mRiknu 28-0 Vu
c lqjax ds fofunsZ'kksa
lkeus Iysue dh de ls de 1-80 QqV
xgjkbZ
<ky 0-72 QqV
ihNs dh vkSj de ls de xgjkbZ 1-08 QqV
¼Iysue dks xgjk djus ds fy,
vkxs vkSj ihNs leku ewY;
tksM+sa½
ia[ks dk lh-,e-,p- 7500 CMH
ia[ks dk ncko 10&12 Cm WG
MDV dk lkekU; {ks= 3-15 Sq ft
2 cadjksa ds ckjs
a cadjksa dk vkdkj vkSj uacj
cadj dh yackbZ 42 QqV
cadj dh pkSM+kbZ 14 QqV
b ,d cadj ds fofunsZ'kksa
ikbiksa ¼uacj½ 10
fLixksV~l@ikbi ¼uacj½ 32
dqy fLixksV~l 320
ikbi dk O;kl ¼Hkhrjh½ 10 lsa eh
eq[;@gSMj ikbi ¼vkarfjd½ dk 36 lsa eh
O;kl
QSu dk lh-,e-,p- 1800 CMH
ia[ks dk ncko 40 Cm WG
 Total infrastructure and machinery required for the creation of such
facilities are presented below.
A. Civil Structure
Unit Size (ft) Nos. Area Cost of Amount
(sq.ft.) Construction (Rs. lakhs)
(Rs. per sq.ft)
Composting Yard 30 x 36 x15 1 1080 300/- 3.24
Phase-I Bunker 40x12x8 2 960 400/- 3.84
Pasteurization Tunnels 40 x 10 x 13 1 400 900/- 3.60
with insulation
Casing soil Chamber 15 x 10 x10 1 150 900/- 1.35
with insulation
Spawning area 20 x 10 x10 1 200 400/- 0.80
Boiler room 12 x 10 x 12 1 120 300/- 0.36
Water Tank 25 k. litre 1 0.50
capacity
Service room 10 x 8 x 8 1 80 400/- 0.32
Guddy pit 6x6x6 1 36 100/- 0.04
Total cost 14.05
 B. Machinery required
Amount
Unit Nos.
(Rs. in lakhs)
Boiler Cap.200 kg steam Generation / hour 01 2.00
Blowers with ducting 3.0 1.00
Gratings 03 sets 0.90
Doors 02 0.50
Digital thermo Meters 03 sets 0.30
Dewatering pump 1 set 0.10
DG set 10 KVA 1 set 1.0
Electric& water fittings and installations - 0.50
Total cost - 6.30

Economics of the project:

A. Cost of construction of infrastructures: Rs. 14.05 lakh
B. Cost of machinery: Rs. 6.30 lakhs
Total Cost of the Project Rs. 20.35 lakhs
Expanses to be incurred on raw materials, labour Rs. in lakhs
and Energy
Total manpower requirement - 4 laborers @
Rs.8000/- p.m. for 10 months Rs.3.20 lakhs
Wheat and paddy straw 200 tons @ Rs. 6000/-MT: Rs.12.00
Chicken manure 140 tons @ Rs.2000/-ton Rs. 2.80
Urea 3.00 tons @ Rs. 5000/- ton; Rs. 0.15
Gypsum 7.0 tons @ Rs. 4200/- ton Rs.0.29
Fungicides and pesticides: Rs.0.10
Casing soil procurement and its treatment
28 tons @ 10000/ton Rs.2.80
Polythene bags for the supply of compost
50,000 @ Rs.2/bag Rs.1.00
Spawn 3.6 tons @ Rs. 80,000/-ton Rs.2.88
Energy and fuel Rs.1.00
--------------------
Total labour + raw material Rs. 26.14 lakhs
--------------------
Total cost of raw materials, energy and manpower Rs. 26.14 lakhs

Interest and depreciation

On land Nil
On building
10% depreciation on Rs. 14.05 Rs. 1.41 lakhs
On machinery
15% depreciation Rs. 6.30 lakhs Rs. 0.95 lakhs
Total Rs. 2.36 lakhs
Cost of production

Raw materials, labour & Energy Rs. 26.14 lakhs

Interest and depreciation Rs. 2.36 lakhs
Total cost of production Rs. 28.50 lakhs
Total Production 500MT
 Prevailing selling price of the compost Rs. 7000/- per ton
including spawn, casing soil and polythene bags
Total Sale Proceed Rs. 35.00 Lakh
Net profit in a year = Rs. 35.00 - 28.50 = Rs. 6.50 lakhs
Ckalks dks lqryh ls cka/krs gq,
Ckalks dks lqryh ls cka/krs gq,
Ckalks dks lqryh ls cka/krs gq,
Ckalks ls rS;kj <kpk
Ckalks ls rS;kj <kpk
Ckalks ls rS;kj <kpk
Ckalks ls rS;kj <kpk
Ckalks ls rS;kj <kpk
jLlh;ksa }kjk rS;kj LkSYQ
iqjkyh ls Ckaklks dks <d dj >ksiMh cukrs gq,
lSM dh Nr dks iqvky ls <drs gq,
iqjkyh ls Ckaklks dks <d dj >ksiMh cukrs gq,
rS;kj lSM
rS;kj lSM
rS;kj lSM
Front view of low cost growing house
Rear view of low cost growing house
dEiksLV dks >ksiMh esa Hkjrs gq,
fctkbZ mijkUr dEiksLV dks v[kckj ls <d nsa
fctkbZ mijkUr dEiksLV dks v[kckj ls <d nsa
dEiksLV esa [kqEc dod dk QSyko
dEiksLV esa [kqEc dod dk QSyko
dod Qsyko mijkar dsflxa djsa
lSYQksa ij dsflax feVVh dk p<ko
[kqEc dfydkvksa dh “kq:vkr
dfydkvksa ls [kqEc curs gq,
rS;kj [kqEc
rS;kj [kqEc
rS;kj [kqEc
de ykxr x`g esa [kqEc mRiknu
de ykxr x`g
rS;kj
esa[kqEc
[kqEc mRiknu
rS;kj [kqEc
[kqEc dh rqMkbZ djrs gq,
rS;kj [kqEc
de ykxr x`g esa [kqEc mRiknu
rS;kj [kqEc
Production technology of Button Mushroom

गे हू के भू से को गीला करना
अन्य मिश्रण मिलाना
भू से को मिमश्रत कर पानी से गीला करना
भू से का चौकोर ढे र बनाना
भू से का तैयार चौकोर ढे र
भू से की ढे र की पलटाई करना
बीजाई करना
बीजाई करके थै मलया भरना
FkSfy;ksa esa c<okj o`f)
rS;kj थैमलया
केमसिंग मिश्रण तैयार करना
केमसिंग मिट्टी को मनसिंक्रमित करना
dSaflax djuk
FkSfy;ksa ls cVu e’k:e fudyuk
rksM+h xbZ cVu e’k:e
e’k:e dh lQkbZ djuk
cVu e’k:e ds rS;kj iSdsV
Processing:-
RANA MUSHROOM FARM UK
BUDI MUSHROOM FARM MURTHAL
CORDYCEPS AND OYSTER AT UK FARM
Morchella importuna
Tang Jie et al.2016. ISMS: 393-396

M. Sextelata Tang Jie et al.2016. ISMS: 393-396

King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii)
Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)
xsagWw dk Hkwlk
गे हू के भू से को गिम पानी से गीला करना
mipkfjr Hkqlk
बीजाई करना और थै मलया भरना
परतदार बीजाई करना
बीजाई के पश्चात बीज बढ़वार के मलए रखना
FkSfy;ksa esa c<+okj
c<+okj ds ckn FkSfy;kW [kksydj jSd
बे ग से ढीिंगरी िशरुि मनकलना
rksM+h xbZ f<axjh e’k:e dh lQkbZ djds iSdsV
िशरुि को सूखने के मलए रखना
सुखी ढीिंगरी िशरुि
Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica)
 Wild
$5b
30% of global mushroom trade was in the 10%
Edible Medicinal
form of medicinal mushrooms or its products $30b, $16b,
59% 31%

We are yet to take any lead in medicinal

mushrooms.

We have started work on Cordyceps militaris.

There are papers on cultivation of sinensis.

The Artificial Cultivation of Medicinal

Caterpillar Fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis
(Ascomycetes): A Review. International
Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 15(5):425-
434 · November 2013

To stay ahead, we need to work on indigenous edible and medicinal

mushrooms. We initiated work on Phellorina. There are number of other
such mushrooms in NE.
Phase III, complete automation of environment control, cook
out, mechanisation, hygiene, …..???
Netherlands: Indoor phase I to mechanised Phase II to Phase III to Blocks
Netherlands: Indoor phase I to mechanised Phase II to Phase III to Blocks
Diversification Manjit Singh, 2011

3H’s
1. Hygiene
2. Humidity
3. Homogeneity
• Farm design
• Ingredients, their mixing
• Environment in tunnel/cropping room
Machines to clean beds after machine harvesting.
We may not need these as of now. But we have to
be ready for future needs
Disease management
In Australia there were projects by collaborative funding of
government and growers on :
• Disease Monitoring System
• Pest and Disease Management Service
• Managing vector transmitted fungal diseases of cultivated
mushrooms
Need to develop such online systems and also :
• Bio control
• cook out
• Spawning under positive pressure (Egg laying at spawning)
• Label claims
• Recommendations specifying dose and area
 Mushrooms and vitamin D2

• Wild mushrooms high in vitamin D

• Dark grown mushrooms no vitamin D
• UV light converts ergosterol to vitamin D
– post harvest
 Vit D Calciferol

UV B
(270-300 nm)

Cholesterol Choleo-calciferol Vit D3

(produced by animals)

Ergosterol Ergo-calciferol Vit D2

(not produced by plants or vertebrates)
Bulk harvesting to Manual harvesting to
machine harvesting
Semi-automatic method
 Changes in Shiitake cultivation Technology
1100 AD: Hatched-notching method in China
1930s : Cut log cultivation based on pure spawn
inoculation by Japanese in 1928
1943 : Dr K. Mori invented wooden plug method
1970s Saw dust bag technology developed in
Taiwan, adopted by China, Japan
1979: Pressed cake method introduced in Shiaghai
1990s : Big bag method developed in Biyang
county of Henan province of China for
production of Flower mushroom.
Average income of farmer increased 5.5 times
between 1991 and 1997
Mushroom Growers
मवजय शिाम , बािं सवाड़ा , िो. 9414645841
नरपत मसिंह झाला ,मवजनवास, खेिली, िो. 9929141063
मवजय वाल्मीक , उज्जै न , िो. 8827359420
तेजाराि कुिावत , िथामनया , जोधपुर , िो. 9660363303
Cultures and Specimen of Sixteen Wild Collections
Deposited to DMR. Solan
Morphological Characters of Individual Strain
Fruiting of Strains on Wheat Straw Substrate
Morphological character of individual Strains of Calocybe indica
Fruiting of Strains on Wheat Straw Substrate
TSP Training and GRAM at KOTA
GRAM Udaipur
 SUCCESS STORY
Name of the Grower : Mr. Rakesh Purbia
Address:1444/39, Hanuman Marg, Opp. M. B. College, Udaipur (Raj.)
Mob. No. 8740865172

Production:- 2015-16 6 Qt. during winters (Oct. to March)

2016-17 12 Qt. during winters (Oct. to March)
Mr. Rakesh Purbia and his Family involved in Mushroom Cultivation
 COST BENEFIT RATIO
S. No. INPUT COST RETURN

1. Straw- 8 Tons X @ Rs. 4/Kg 150X8= 1200 Kg

=Rs.32000/- Sale rate @
Rs.150/Kg
2. Wheat bran 150X8=1200 =Rs. 180000/-
@8/Kg=Rs.9600/-
3. Urea 18X8=144Kg @ 6/Kg
=Rs.864/-
4. Gypsum 35X8=280 Kg @
Rs.400/-
5. Labor Rs.10000/-
Total Rs.52000/- Rs.180000/-
NET PROFIT IN ONE LOT= Rs.128000/-
Name of the Grower : Mr. Madan Sharma
Address: 28, Indra Nagar, Bharatpur
Mob: 9350617066, 9785333536

Production:- 2015-16 10 Tons during winters (Oct. to March)

2016-17 12 Tons during winters (Oct. to March)

Mr. Madan Sharma Mushroom Houses and compost at Bharatpur

Shiitake Cultivation Technology

A Medicinal Mushroom
Complete spawn run
Pratap DBT Le-2
Pratap DBT Le-3
Pratap DBT Le-7
Fruiting
Chilling treatment
Dried Shiitake
Thanks