r aa Poe Pe >» CoM EL nae 1 ae Edexcel AS and A Level Modular MathematicsContents About this book 1 Algebra and functions 1.1. Simplifying algebraic fractions by division. 1.2. Dividing a polynomial by (x * p) 1.3. Factorising a polynomial using the factor theorem 1.4. Using the remainder theorem Summary of key points 2 The sine and cosine rule 2.1 Using the sine rule to find missing sides 2.2. Using the sine rule to find unknown angles 2.3. The rule and finding two solutions for a missing angle 2.4. Using the cosine rule to find an unknown side 2.5. Using the cosine rule to find a missing angle 2.6 Using the sine rule, the cosine rule and Pythagoras’ Theorem 2.7, Calculating the area of a triangle using sine Summary of key points 3. Exponentials and logarithms 3.1 The function y =a" 3.2. Writing expressions as a logarithm 3.3. Calculating using logarithms to base 10 3.4. Laws of logarithms 3.5 Solving equations of the form a= b 3.6 Changing the base of logarithms Summary of key points 4 Coordinate geometry in the (x, y) plane 4.1 The mid-point of a line 4.2. The distance between two points on a line 4.3. The equation of a circle Summary of key points Review Exercise 1 5 The binomial expansion 5.1 Pascal’s triangle 5.2. Combinations and factorial notation 5.3 Using (!") in the binomial expansion 5a Expanding (a+ bx)" using the binomial expansion Summary of key points 38 39 41 2 B 45 v7 50. 51 52 a 23 76 7 79 gsu Radian measure and its applications 6.1 Using radians to measure angles, 6.2. The length of the arc of a circle 6.3. The area of a sector of a circle 6.4 The area of a segment of a circle Summary of key points Geometric sequences and series 7.1 Geometric sequences 7.2. Geometric progressions and the nth term, 7.3, Using geometric sequences to solve problems 7.4 The sum of a geometric series 7.5. The sum to infinity of a geometric series Summary of key points Graphs of trigonometric functions 8.1 Sine, cosine and tangent functions 8.2. The values of trigonometric functions in the four quadrants 8.3. Exact values and surds for trigonometrical functions 8.4 Graphs of sine #, cos @and tan @ 8.5. Simple transformations of sine #, cos @and tan @ Summary of key points Review Bxercise 2 Differentiation 9.1 Increasing and decreasing functions 9.2 Stationary points, maximum, minimum and points of inflexion 9.3, Using turning points to solve problems Summary of key points ‘Trigonomettical identities and simple equations. 10.1 Simple trigonometrical identities 10.2 Solving simple trigonometrical equations 10,3 Solving equations of the form sin(n#+ a), cos(@+ a) and tan(n8+ a) =k 10.4 Solving quadratic trigonometrical equations Summary of key points Integration 11.1 Simple definite integration 11.2 Area under a curve 11.3 Area under a curve that gives negative values, 11.4 Area between a straight line and a curve 11.5 The trapezium rule Summary of key points Review Exercise 3 Practice paper Examination style paper Formulae you need to remember Lists of symbols and notation Index 87 88 90 93, 4 101 102 103 104 107 109 12 us. 19 120 124 127 128 131 136 138 M1 142 144 148, 183 1s4 155 160 163 165 170 171 172 174 176 179 184 192 193 196 198 200 201 204After completing this chapter you should be able to 1 simplify algebraic fractions by dividing 2 divide a polynomial f(x) by (& + p) 3. factorise a polynomial by using the factor theorem 4 use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when a polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax ~ b). You will use the above techniques to help you sketch the graphs of polynomial functions. Once you have factorised a polynomial you can find its roots and therefore where it crosses the x-axis. Algebra and functions Did you know? H .athat the graph of a cubic function must cross the x-axis once and therefore f must have at least one root and factor | * ” ” 7 | | ig A * / 7 OF eH A cubic graph A cubic graph showing one root showing two roots Acubic graph showing three roots Can you explain why a quartic graph could have 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 roots? Lt+4 | 1.1. You can simplify algebraic fractions by division. ‘Simplify these fractions: 2x? + 6x a Simplify the individual fraction when possible, 60 that: @Bx? = 4x? es men _ 2 ax? =bx 3x Simplify the fractions, 60 that: ‘ @ M3 xeExample Eq Simplify these fractions by factorising: =xt7 w+ Te +12 (+3) FBX +4) 5 ers) ——- x44. eee xe+6xr+5 © B+ 8x=10 (xt 9)r+1) ~ (e+ 5)a—2) eal) x-2 Factorice 2x° + tix + 12: 2x +12= +24 and (+8) x (+8) = +24 (43) +(+8)= +11 So 2x? + the + 12 = 2x? + Sx + Ox +12 = x(x +3) + 4(2x +3) = (2x + BY(x +4) 2x? + te +12 @+De+4) _ (2x +3) +4) ia (x+3)+4) _ 23 oe (e+ 7)(2e—-1) 24 Tet 12 P4EtS 2a + Ue +12 (Qx-1) +3) © 2 +3x-10 + 3)@+4) (+ 7lex-1) (x~1)1) Simplify these fractions: ax! + Sx? 7 x a2 +x WS 4 Bx! = 4x3 + 6 x 2x 8x5 — 2x? ae 4x2 + Gx! — 2e 2x = 9x? Gxt - 2 3e 2) Simplify these fractions as far as possible: (x +3) - 2) ae? (+3) +3) 2+ Ox + 20 12 oer) 3) w+x-20 pn eee 8 Pror-15 we t+oxt4 il xe+x-12 2x? + 7x+6 - 9x +18 i (x = S)x + 2) 2x? + 9x -18 1 Rt -fard @+6a+) (3x 1) + 2) 2x? + 3x41 w+ 6xt+8 mpor-2 " ats Ie +2 2x? - Sx-3 ° box +9+4 ‘CHAPTER 1 ® xe + Bx ae +B 7x6 aoe Bx? — 17x. 32+ Sx 2. She + 2? T+ 6 ea 5 Bx? = 17x. 6x? - 16x -21+6 —2x+6 oO: So x4 2x?— tix +64 (x-3)= xe + 5x - 2.eo Divide 6x? + 28x? — 7x +15 by (x +5), ox x4 5)6P +26 — 7+ 5 x4 56x + 28x? — 7x + 15 6x? + 50x? 2x — Tx = 2x" — 10x ® Gx? = 2x +5 x4 JOP + 28x = Tx +15 Gx? + 50x? 237 = 7x 252 — 10x Sx +15 Sx +15 Go Gx? + 26x? — 7x + 15+ (x +5) = Gx? - 2x43,® G2 -orcnen =e ioe Example Divide ~3x‘ + 8x? ~ 8x7 + 13x ~ 10 by (@- 2). — 3x5 ~3x* + 6x Bx — Bx = Bn? + 2 2)-Sxt + Bx? — Bx? + 1x Sat + Gx? 22 = ex2 eed ae+ ior ——P9_| 3x? + 2x? - 4x 2)-Bx4 + Bx? — Bx" + Bx — 10 3x! + 6x® 2x9 — Bx? 2x2 — 4x2 4x8 + 13x 4x? + Bx = Bx —10-—E Sx? + 2x? — 4x + 5b 2x" + Bx? — Bx? + 18x — 10 Seeker ar — Bar ae Ax? + 13x 4x8 + Bx — Bx 10 Bx-10-— I ee Go ~3x* + Bx? — Bx? + 15x -10 + (x- 2) =—3x2 + 2x? - ar + 6. Start by dividing the frst term of the polynomial by x, so that ~3x + x= ~3x° Next multiply (x ~ 2) by ~31°, so that 3x9 X (= 2) = 3144 6x? Now subtract, so that (3x4 + 83) (3x + 6x3) = 202 Copy ~8x2. Repeat the method. Divide 21° by x, so that Dera 2e Multiply (a ~ 2) by 2x°, so that Dit (= 2)= 2a = di Subtract, so that Qx = 8x) Qe — 4x) = ~4x2 Copy 13x. Repeat the method. Divide ~ 43? by x, so that 4x2 = x= ~4r, Multiply (x = 2) by ~4x, so that maxX (~ 2)= =4x2 + Br. ‘Subtract, so that (4x? +132) — 4x? + Bx) = 5x, Copy -10. Repeat the method, Divide 5 by x, so that Sxexe5, Multiply (&~ 2) by 5 so that 5x (x- 2)=5x—10. Subtract, so that (5x ~ 10) — (Sx ~ 10)1) Divide: ax! + 6x2 + 8x +3 by (&+ 1) © a! + 7x? ~ 3x ~ 54 by (+ 6) et txt M4 by +2) g Sx? + 8r—4 by (r-2) ia? 8x? + 134+ 10 by (5) 2) Divide: a 6x} + 27x? + 14x +8 by (x + 4) © 3x*~ 10x" ~ 10x + 8 by &~ 4) © 2x + 4x2 9x ~ 9 by (e+ 3) g ~3x) + 22-227 by (e+ 1) i Sx! ~ 27x? + 23x + 30 by (© + 6) 3. Divide: a xt + Sx} + 2x? — 7x + 2 by x + 2) b xt + 1123 + 25x? — 29x — 20 by (x + 5) © dx! + dx? + 3x2 142-15 by (+3) d 3xt ~ Tx? ~ 23x? + 14x ~ 8 by (x ~ 4) 3x4 + 9! — 10x? ++ 14 by (2) “Algebra and functions b x34 10x? + 25x +4 by (x +4) di x'+ 9x2 + 18x ~ 10 by (+ 5) f x3+x2-7x- 15 by (x-3) hh x — 32? + 8x —6 by 1) J 2-52? 6x ~56 by (@~ 7) b 4x! + 9x2 — 32-10 by @ +2) 3x! ~ Sx" ~ 4x ~ 24 by (3) f 2x? 15x? + 14x +24 by @-6) hh ~2x! + Sx2+ 17-20 by ~ 4) j ~4x' + 0x~ 32+ 2 by @- 2) 3x5 + 17xt + 2x5 — 38x? + Sax — 25 by (x + 5) 6x5 — 19x4 +33 + x? + 13x + 6 by (x — 3) =Sx5 + Tx! + 2x? — 7x? + 10x —7 by (x= 1) 2x®— L1x8 + Ldxt ~ 16x3 + 36x2 - 10x ~ 24 by @- 4) axé + dx — det + dx — 5x2 + 7x — 3 by (3) Divide x ~ 3x ~ 2 by (2). erm me xe+2xtt 2 + 0x7 = Bx —2+4 Divide 3x? — 3x? - 4x + 4 by (v1). fe -4 Vox? = Bx? = 4 $4 x8 — Bx? OW 4x +4) 4044 ° So 8 - Sx ayt4+(x—= Bx? — 4, ce 8 | Find the remainder when 2x4 ~ 5x? — 16x + 10 is divided by (x ~ 4). ax? + 3x4 x — 4)2x3 — Bx — 16x +10 2x? — Bx? Bx? — 16x Bx2 — 12x, 4x +10 ~4x +16 = Setemearsge eee So the remainder is ~6. 1) Divide: axtxtl0by@+2) b 2x? 17 +3 by @ +3) © 32" + 50x -8 by (e- 4) 2. Divide: a x3 +2x2—36 by @-3) b 2x* + 9x? + 25 by (+ 5) © —3x3 + 11x? — 20 by @e— 2) ‘Hint for question Use Ox.3) Divide: a x! + 2x? ~ Sx — 10 by (+2) b 2x3 — 6x2 + 7x ~ 21 by (x - 3) © ~3x + 21x 4x + 28 by (~7) 4 Find the remainder when: a x? + dx? ~ 3x + 2 Is divided by (+5) b 3x! — 202° + 10x +5 is divided by ( - 6) © ~2x + 31? + 12x + 20 is divided by @ — 4) 5. Show that when 3x!~ 2x? + 4 is divided by (x ~ 1) the remainder is 5. 6 | Show that when 31+ ~ 8x! + 10x? ~ 3x ~ 25 is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is ~1. 7. Show that (x + 4) is a factor of $x*~ 73x + 28. Hint for question 8: 7 caters Divide 3x ~ 8x ~ 8 by Simplify =——S &-2). x2 9) Divide x* ~ 1 by @- 1). Hint for question 9: Use Ox? and Ox. 10) Divide x* ~ 16 by & +2) You can factorise a polynomial by using the factor theorem: If f() is a polynomial and f(p) = 0, then x ~ pis a factor of f(x). Ean] Show that (x ~ 2) is a factor of x3 +2? ~ 4x ~ 4 by: a algebraic division b the factor theorem 2-2 Fae 4 sO = 2x2 Bx? = 4x Bx? - Gx 2x4 ox-4 oO So (x — 2) ie a factor of x8 + x8 ax — 4, eeeSo (x — 2) ie a factor of 2? + x°— ax — 4, Factorise 2x? +x? ~ 18x —9. f(a) = 2x8 + x2 18x-9 A-1) = 2(-1)8 + (-1)2- 18(-1) - 9 =8 F(1) = 201)? + (1) = 1801) — #(2) = 2(2)° + (2° - 18(2)- 9 (3) = 28) + (5)? — 18(5) - So (x — 8) ie a factor of 2x3 + x? — 18x — 9. 22+ +8 x-3)ae +x7—16x—-9 23-6? Wea Te = 2x — Br-9 Bx-9 ne 2x2 + x2 — 18x — 9 = (x— 32x + 7x + 3) = (e-3)(2x+ (x43)Algebra and functions Given that (x + 1) isa factor of 4x ~ 32° + a, find the value of a. Int = Bx? + a Show that if (x ~ p) is a factor of f(x) then fp) If (x — p) is a factor of f(x) then. ie f(r) = 0X o(p) ero 1. Use the factor theorem to show that: a (x~ 1) Isa factor of 4x8 322-1 Bb (+ 3) isa factor of Sx! ~ 45x? ~ 6x ~ 18 © (4) is a factor of ~32° + 132° - 6x +8 2) Show that ( ~ 1) is a factor of x + 6x? + Sx ~ 12 and hence factorise the expression completely. 3) Show that (& + 1) is a factor of x + 3x? ~ 33x ~ 35 and hence factorise the expression completely. 4 Show that (x ~ 5) Is a factor of x! ~ 7x? + 2x + 40 and hence factorise the expression, completely.+4 5 | Show that (x ~ 2) is a factor of 2x! + 32” ~ 18x + 8 and hence factorise the expression. completely. 6 | Each of these expressions has a factor (x + p). Find a value of p and hence factorise the expression completely. ax? 10x? + 19x +30 beta 4r—4 © x84? 11x +30 7. Factorise: a 2x8 + $x? 4x -3 b 2x3 — 17x? + 38x - 15 © Bx} + 8x2 + 3x-2 ed 6x3 + Lx? - 3-2 @ dx — 12? 7x +30 8 | Given that (x ~ 1) isa factor of Sx*~ 9x" + 2x + a find the value of a. 9 | Given that (x + 3) is a factor of 6x3 — bx? + 18 find the value of b. 110) Given that (x ~ 1) and (x + 1) are factors of pre’ + qx? ~ 3x ~ 7 ven that (x ~ 1) and (x + 1) are factors of px’ + qx’ = = find the value of p and g. SeiveSniltariecad ‘equations. 1.4. You can find the remainder when a polynomial is divided by (ax — b) by using the remainder theorem: a If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax — b) then the remainder is (3) Find the remainder when x* ~ 20x + 3 is divided by ( ~ 4) using: a algebraic division b the remainder theorem The remainder is —18.1) the remainder is 3. Find the value of a. 1. Find the remainder when: a dx! ~ Sx? + 7x + 1 is divided by (x ~ 2) b 2x5 ~ 32x3 + x ~ 10 is divided by (x ~ 4) © — 2x! + Gx? + Sx ~ 3 is divided by (+1) 7x3 + 6x2 — 45x + 1 Is divided by (x +3) © dx! — 4x? + 8x — 1 is divided by (2x — 1) f 243x! ~ 274° ~ ax + 7 is divided by (x ~ 1) § 64x" + 32x? — La +9 is divided by (4x + 1) hh 81x* - 81x? + 9x + 6 is divided by (3x ~ 2) i 243e6 — 780x2 + 6 Is divided by (3x +4) J 125! + Sx* — 9x is divided by (Sx +3)When 2x3 ~ 3x? ~ 2x + « is divided by (x — 1) the remainder is ~4. Find the value of a. When ~3x* + 4x? + by + 6 is divided by (x + 2) the remainder is 10. Find the value of b. When 16x5 ~ 32x? + cx ~ 8 is divided by (2x ~ 1) the remainder is 1. Find the value of ¢, Show that (x ~ 3) is a factor of x® ~ 36x + 243. Show that (21 ~ 1) is a factor of 2x? + 17x? + 314-20. Hint for question 7: fla) =x° + ax + q. Given f(2) = 3, find f(-2) Fist find gl) =x9 + ax? + ar +6. (Gr-2). fen g(~1) = 2, find the remainder when g(x) is divided by ‘The expression 22° ~ x? + ax + b gives a remainder 14 when divided by (x ~ 2) and a remainder ~86 when divided by (x + 3). Find the value of a and b. fon 38+ 252 — pet i Hint for question 10: ‘The expression 34° + 2x? ~ px + q is divisible by (& ~ 1) but batter muestion leaves a remainder of 10 when divided by (« + 1). iia aa Find the value of a and b. Simplify these fractions as far as possible: 3x4 21x p 2aa24 2+ Te 4 3a 7x+6 © Ber ort4 a Divide 3x* + 12x? + Sx + 20 by (r+ 4). 2xt+ 8x45 Simplify Show that (x ~ 3) is a factor of 22° — 2x? — 17x +15. Hence express 2x? ~ 2x? — 17x +18 in the form (x ~ 3)(Ax? + Bx + C), where the values A, B and C are to be found. Show that (x ~ 2) is a factor of x? + 4x? ~ 3x ~ 18. Hence express 2 + 4x? — 3x ~ 18 in the form (x ~ 2)(px + q)?, where the values p and q are to be found. Factorise completely 22° + 3x? — 18 +8. Find the value of k if (x ~ 2) is a factor of x* ~ 3x? + kx ~ 10.Find the remainder when 16x° ~ 20x* + 8 is divided by x ~ 1). f(r) = 22° + pe +g. Given that f(-3) = 0, and f(4) = 21: ‘a find the value of p and q 1b factorise f(x) h(x) =x + 4a? + rx + 5, Given h(—1) = 0, and h(2) = 30: a find the value of r and s b find the remainder when h(x) is divided by (3x ~ 1) 02) = 2x + 9x? Gx — 5. a Factorise g(x) b Solve gix) =0 ‘The remainder obtained when x ~ Sx? + px + 6 is divided by (x + 2) is equal to the remainder obtained when the same expression is divided by (x ~ 3). Find the value of p. ‘The remainder obtained when 2° + de? ~ Sx + 6 is divided by (x ~ 1) is twice the remainder obtained when the same expression is divided by (x + 1). Find the value of d. a. Show that (x ~ 2) is a factor of f(x) =2° +x? Sx-2, bb Hence, or otherwise, find the exact solutions of the equation f(x) = 0. Given that ~1 is a root of the equation 2:r' ~ Sx? ~ 4x + 3, find the two positive roots.After completing this chapter you should be able to 1 use the sine rule to find a missing side 2 use the sine rule to find a missing angle 3. use the cosine rule to find a missing side 4 use the cosine rule to find a missing angle 5. solve problems using combinations of the above and possibly Pythagoras’ Theorem 6 find the area of a triangle using an appropriate formula. Did you know? structural engineers use e sine and cosine rules to calculate the size of the trusses in bespoke pieces of engineering. You can calculate a using the cosine rule and 6° using the sine rule.The sine and cosine rule 2.1 The sine rule is: a_bi« sinA~ sinB~ sinC sin A _sinB_ sin or 2 You can use the sine rule to find an unknown length when you know two angles and one of the opposite sides. + When you are finding the length of a side u: or <= Hint: Note that side ais opposite angle A. Em In ABC, AB = 80m, ZBAC = 30° and ZBC/ B scm em A x a 40°, Find BC, ‘Always draw a diagram and carefully add the data. Here c= 8 (cm), C= 40°, A= 30%, a= x(cm) Inatiangle, the larger a side is, the larger the opposite angle is. Here, as C>- A, then > 9,50 you know that > x. ae aaa Using the sine nule, a= Se Multiply throughout by sin 30°. Give answer to 3 significant figures.In APQR, QR 85cm _85 sin 60" 85 sin 100, ‘sin 60" x =9.67 sin B=—=9h=asinB + and sinA=—"=>h= bein A 50 asinB = bein Ina similar way, by drawing the perpendicular from B to the side AC, you can show that: a b ce sind sinB sinc Prove the sine rule for a general triangle ABC. .5.cm, ZQPR= 60° and £PQR = 20°. Find PQ Here p= 8.5, P= 60°, Q= 20", r=x. To work out PQ you need LR. R= 180° — (60° + 20°) = 100°, (Angles in a triangle ) ‘As 100°> 60, you know that x >8.5. ee ee Using the sine ule, 5 = =P. ‘Multiply throughout by sin 100°, In a general triangle ABC, draw the perpendicular from C to AB. It meets AB at X. The length of CXis h. Use the sine ratio in triangle CBX. Use the sine ratio in triangle CAX. Divide throughout by sin Asin B. This is the sine rule and is true for all triangles.‘The sine and cosine rule (Give answers to 3 significant figures.) 1 Ineach of parts a to d, given values refer to the general triangle: a Given that a= 80m, A = 30°, B= 72°, find b, b Given that a= 24cm, A= 110°, C= 22%, find c, 9 c © Given that b= 14.7. cm, A = 30°, C= 95°, find a. i Given that c= 9.8m, B= 68.4°, C= 83.7°, find a, A 2) In each of the following triangles calculate the values of x andy. 5° and ZQPR = 60°. Find a PR and b PQ. a vem b 730m a £ 3) In.APQR, QR=V3em, 2PQR= 4 Town Bis 6km, on a bearing of 020", from town A. Town Cis located on a bearing of 05 from town A and on a bearing of 120° from town B. Work out the distance of town C from a town A and b town B. 5. In the diagram AD = DB = 5 cm, ZABC = 43° A and ZACB = 72°. Calculate a AB and b CD. © B2.2 You can use the sine rule to find an unknown angle B ina triangle when you know two sides and one of < their opposite angies. When you are finding an angle use: 5 iG sinA_sinB © sinA_ sinc | sinB_ sinc 5 meee or SES or ESTE a 6 qc bc a In ABC, AB = 4cm, AC = 12 cm and ZABC = 64°, Find ZACB. 4 sem em B ce Here b= 12cm, c= 4cm, B= 64°. onc noe ci we Leste Ts sina? oe cy 12 As 4 < 12, you know that C < 64°, C=17.4 0 + In ABC, AB = 3.8 cm, BC = 5.2cm and BAC = 35°. Find ZABC. Here a= 5.2cm, c= 3.8cm and A= 35°. 3.8cm Se __-— You first need to find angle C. A C 52 You know that C< 35°. 50 B= 120" - B= 180° — (24.8° + 35%) = 120.2°, which rounds to 120° to 3 significant figures.‘The sine and cosine rule (Note: Give answers to 3 significant figures, unless they are exact.) 1. In each of the following sets of data for a triangle ABC, find the value of x: a AB= 6em, BC=9cm, ZBAC= 117°, ACB = 2° b AC= 11cm, BC= 10¢m, ZABC = 40°, 2CAB © AB=6em, BC=8cm, ZBAC = 60", ZACB=x*. ed AB= 8.7m, AC = 10.8cm, 2ABC= 28", 2BAC= 2 Ineach of the diagrams shown below, work out the value of x: a B b B © B y2em sitem 4.5em 3v2cemy 72cm, Sach . c c c - A Al a B e B f B 7008, 12.4cm, fem 790m A Ke c A al“ Taem 7m C 3) In APQR, PQ= 15 cm, QR = 12cm and ZPRQ = 75°, Find the two remaining angles. 4. Ineach of the following diagrams work out the values of x and y: a B b © B 7am, 5 39cm 108m, Ai lo a yom A 12.2em D SD smc 5 In AABC, AB=xcem, BC =(4~x)cm, ZBAC =y° and ZBCA = 30". Given that siny® aa show that x = 4(V2 ~ 1),23 You can sometimes find two solutions for a missing angle. ‘+ When the angle you are finding is larger than the given angle, there are two possible results. This is because you can draw two possible triangles with the data. + In general, sin (180 - x)" sin 150°. in «x°. For example sin 30° 4om, AC= 3m and ZABC = 44°, Work out the two possible values Here ZACB> ZABC, as AB> AC, and so there will be two possible results. The diagram shows why. With ZABC= 44° and AB= 4m drawn, imagine putting a pair of compasses at A, then drawing an arc with centre A and radius 3m, This will intersect BC at C, and G showing that there are two triangles ABC, and ABC where b= 3.cm, c= 4cm and B= (This would not happen if AC> 4 em.) m8 where b= 3, c= 4, B= 44°, This is the value your calculator will give to 354, which corresponds to AABC,. — As sin (180 —2)° = sinx*, (C= 180 — 67.9° = 112.1" is another possible answer. This corresponds to AABC,. Give answers to 3 significant figures.) 1. In AABG, BC = 6 em, AC = 4,Sem and ZABC a Calculate the two possible values of 2BAC, b Draw a diagram to illustrate your answers. 2. In each of the diagrams shown below, calculate the possible values of x and the corresponding values of y: a A b B © B 42cm Bem em, A B yom c én tom Sem yom c‘The sine and cosine rule 3 In cach of the following cases AABC has ABC ~ 30° and AB = 10cm: ‘a Calculate the least possible length that AC could be. b Given that AC= 12cm, calculate ACB. © Given instead that AC = 7em, calculate the two possible values of ZACB. 4 Triangle ABC is such that AB = 4m, B possible values of 2 ABC is 25.8° (to 3. 6m and ZACB = 36°. Show that one of the ). Using this value, calculate the length of AC. 5 ‘Two triangles ABC are such that AB = 4.5 cm, BC = value of the largest angle in each of the triangles. 8m and ZACB = 30°. Work out the 24 The cosine rule is: c= b+ A 2becosA or cos a= P+ O= e 2be You can use the cosine rule to find an unknown side in a triangle when you know the lengths of two sides and the size of the angle between the sides. ? +c? — 2he cos to find a, given b, cand A. + 2accos B to find b, given a, c and B. ? +b? — 2abcosC to find c, given a, band C. + Ina question use a’ or R or Calculate the length of the side AB of the triangle ABC in which AC = 6.5 em, BC= 8.7 em and ZACB = 100°. ‘55cm 7 87cm F = OP +68 -2%87X 65x cosi00'e! 75.69 + 42.25 + 19.64 13758 So 1.729 So AB=17om (B54)ple Coastguard station B is 8km, on a bearing of 060°, from coastguard station A. A ship C is 4.8 km, on a bearing of 018%, away from A. Calculate how far C is from B. Carefully transfer the given data to a diagram. Im AABG, 2 CAB = 60° — 18° = 42". You now have b= 4.8km, c= 8km and An 42, | Use the cosine rule o? = b? + ~ 2bccos A. 48% + 89-2 4.8 XB X 00542" a =547 Cis 5.47 km away from coastguard B. Ez ) In ABC, AB =xcm, BC = (x + 2)cm, AC=5cm and ZABC = 60°, Find the value of x. 4 om Sem The given data here are a=(x + 2), c=x, b=5, B= 60". B = c The sine rule cannot be used, but you can em [use b= a + 2 2accosB. Sa (et OR — 2x(x + 2)cos 60" So 25 = 2x? + ax +d — a? — ee — eb apa xt bax +4; cos60"= 3. So x?+ 2x21 =O+ if -2+V66 Rearrange to the form ax? + bx + c= 0. | Use the quadratic equation formula, where = 369+ D) BR dac= 2? 4(1)(-21) = 4 + 84= 88, '— As AB=.xem, x cannot be negative.‘The sine and cosine rule Prove the cosine rule for a general triangle ABC, (Note: Give answers to 3 significant figures, where appropriate.) 1 Ineach of the following triangles calculate the length of the third side: a 38 » B ca 2 65cm em, Asam és 3 g soem B e sem . x A sam c A 2, From a point A a boat sails due north for 7 km to B. The boat leaves B and moves on a bearing of 100° for 10 km until it reaches C. Calculate the distance of € from A.3) The distance from the tee, 7, to the flag, F, on a particular hole on a golf course is 494 yards. A golfer’s tee shot travels 220 yards and lands at the point S, where 2STF = 22°, Calculate how far the ball is from the flag, 4 In AABC, AB = (x ~ 3) cm, BC = (& + 3)cm, AC = Bem and ZBAC = 60°. Use the cosine rule to find the value of x. 5) In AABC, AB=:em, BC = (x ~ 4)cm, AC = 10cm and / BAC = 60°, Calculate the value of x. 6 In AABC, AB= (5 ~x)cm, BC= (4 +x)em, ABC ‘a Show that =x? =x + 61 b Use the method of completing the square to find the minimum value of °, and give the value of x for ESE fOr es so Gee ; ‘Completing the square is which this occurs. in Book C1, Chapter 2. 20° and AC = yem. 2.5. You can use the cosine rule to find an unknown angle in a triangle if you know the lengths of all three sides. You can find an unknown angle using a rearranged form of the cosine rule: B Rearrange the equation a? = b? + c? ~ 2hccos in the form cos = ... B+ A—2becosA =P+e-a# Divide throughout by 2be.In APQR, PQ: Calculate the size of ZPQR. 10.6em, sea R Bem B22 + 6.9 - 10.6% 2XB2X59 08 Q = -01065. ‘The sine and cosine rule 9 cm, QR = 8.2 em and PR = 10.6 cm. 0960 a) ZPQR = 96." Find the size of the smallest angle in a triangle whose sides have lengths 3 cm, 5 cm and 6cm, ° 6em fem ASa ieee 2X 6X6 c=209 The size of the smallest angle is 29.9".(Give answers to 3 significant figures.) 1 In the following triangles calculate the size of the angle marked *: 7 10cm e i. ‘ P om ; 10cm a A B - 9em B t 2, Ahelicopter flies on a bearing of 080° from A to B, where AB = 50 km. It then flies for 60km to a point C. Given that C is 80km from A, calculate the bearing of C from A. 10cm. 3 In AABC, AB=5cm, BC = 6cmand At Calculate the value of the smallest angle. 4) In AABC, AB=9.3.0m, BC = 6.2m and AC = 12.7 em, Calculate the value of the largest angle. 5 The lengths of the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 2:34. Calculate the value of the largest angle. 6 In ABC, AB= xem, BC= Sem and AC = (10-x) cm: 4x-15 a Show that cos ABC b Given that cos ZABC = ~}, work out the value of z.‘The sine and cosine rule You need to be able to use the sine rule, the cosine rule, the trigonometric ratios sin, cos and tan, and Pythagoras’ theorem to solve problems. In triangle work involving trigonometric calculations, the following strategy might help you. ‘+ When the triangle is right-angled or isosceles it is better to use sine, cosine, tangent or Pythagoras’ theorem. a sin A= 7 c A > The line of symmetry ee produces two cos a=£ 17 |e ‘ » Fight-angled triangles. 4 rr B aes <8 ‘+ Use the cosine rule when you are B 2 given either two sides and the angle between them or three sides. L y vo A aw © ‘+ For other combinations of given data, use the sine rule. ‘+ When you have used the cosine rule once, itis generally better not to use it again, as the cosine rule involves more calculations and so may introduce more rounding errors. Example Fd] In AABC, AB = 5.2cm, BC = 64cm and AC = 3. Calculate the angles of the triangle. s.2em, 3.6m Gato Be+52-64 / ce a 2X36X52 = -0.02564 $0 A=915' (st)HAPTER 2 (Note: Try to use the neatest method, and give answers to 3 significant figures.) 1 In each triangle below find the values of x, y and z, a B b B c B 42cm, cm s.7em Hae x 20cm, Ai c . Ae—Ta6em Ayan ap eB, f c Sem sem c 12.8em B, seta 12cm em 0 sem an Aten : A A g B h B i B ? 123m, rraaat 9.6em, Yosem os A D 7 = l20.4em a zor 15.60m oe @ 2. Calculate the size of the remaining angles and the length of the third side in the following triangles: a B ba 8sem 10.2em “9m A c g 68am 2 3) Ahiker walks due north from A and after 8 km reaches B, She then walks a further 8 km on a bearing of 120° to C. Work out a the distance from A to C and b the bearing of C from A 4 Ahelicopter flies on a bearing of 200° from A to B, where AB = 70 km. It then flies on. a bearing of 150° from B to C, where C is due south of A. Work out the distance of C from A, 5 Two radar stations A and B are 16 km apart and A is due north of B. A ship is known to be on a bearing of 150° from A and 10km from B. Show that this information gives two positions for the ship, and calculate the distance between these two positions.‘The sine and cosine rule 6 Find x in each of the following diagrams: a B b B Bem, zm D sem Toa 7 In AABG, shown right, AB=4cm, BC=(%+2)emandAC=7em, 8 a Explain how you know that 1 0) and to know the shape of its graph. As an example, look at a table of values for y = 2* Note that 2° =1 (in fact a? = 1 always if a>0) eae ee Cae and 2-3 = 5; = (a negative index implies the ‘reciprocal’ of a positive index) ‘The graph of y = 2* looks like this: Hint: In an expression such as 2%, the x can be called a power, or an index, ‘or an exponent. You will see in Section 3.2 that it can also be thought of asa logarithm. ‘A function that involves a variable powver such as. is called an exponential function. Hint: See Book C1, Chapter 1 for the rules of indices. Hint: The x-axis isan asymptote to the curve. Other graphs of the type y = a* are of a similar shape, always passing through (0, 1).a On the same axes sketch the graphs of y = 3, y = 2 andy s b On another set of axes sketch the graphs of y= (and y = 2, eer eee When 2> 0,0" 2°> 1 When 2<0,3"<2"<15%—} Work out the relative positions of the three graphs. 1 Zi 1\r soy=(5) fo the ame ae y = (2-" (y= om So the graph of y = (ay is a reflection in the y-axte of the graph of y = 2’Exponential and logarithms 1 @ Draw an accurate graph of y= (1.7), for -4<2<4. b Use your graph to solve the equation (1.7) = 4. 2 a Draw an accurate graph of y = (0.6), for -4 logy — log.2 Use the power law (Vy = y2). z 4 tos) = log, x — loa, (a4) at,Exponential and logarithms 1 Write as a single logarithm: a log, 7 + logs3 b log, 36 ~ log, 4 © 3logs2+ logs 10 2log8~ 4 loge3 © 10Bi05 + 1ORi0 6 ~ 1oRi0 @) 2. Write as a single logarithm, then simplify your answer: log; 40— log, S B 10g, 4 + 1og,9 © Zlogin3 + 4logi,2 logy 25 + logy 10 ~ 3 log, © 2logn 20 ~ (login 5 + 10g308) 3) Write in terms of log, x, log,y and log, 2: 7 a log, (a"y"2) b toe. (5) € log, (ax) 4 tos, (* e log, Vax 3.5 You need to be able to solve equations of the form a* = b. Example EJ Solve the equation 3 = 20, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. a 0 logo (8°) = loa,020 104,02 (1.3010 (carn ) =273Solve the equation 7**? = 32, giving your answer to 4 decimal places. pt a pete (e+ 1)log7 = (x + 2)l0g3 Use the power law. log 7 + log 7 = xlog3 + 2log3-——-—, ieee he oer Multiply out. xlog7~ xlog 3 = 2log3 aad 3(log 7 ~ log 3) = 2 log 5 — log 7: Collect x terms on left and ‘number’ _ 2log 3 = log7 terms on right. 10g 7 = 10g 7 poeaea Factorise. "~~ Divide by (log 7 - log 3). Solve the equation 5% + 7(5*) ~ 30 =0, giving your answer to 2 decimal places: lety =5* y+ Ty—30 =0 5 = (5% = 9? So {y + 10)'y-3) =0 80 y=-1Oory =3 y= 10. 5°= —10 « r No solution. 5* cannot be negative. Hy =3,5=3 logo (S*) = login 3 x 10905 = logy 3 logo Solve as in Example 8. 0.68 (2d.p) 1. Solve, giving your answer to 3 significant figures: aP=75 b¥=10 ae = ae joateaagesExponential and logarithms 2. Solve, giving your answer to 3 significant figures: Hint for question 2d: a 27-62) +5=0 Bb 3*-15G)+44=0 Note that © S*~6(5)-7=0 4 3431 10=0 Ht x31 3G) © 74 12= 7 f 27+32)-4=0 g 321-26) -9 = hag?) +17)-7=0 3.6 To evaluate a logarithm using your calculator, you sometimes need to change the base of the logarithm. Working in base a, suppose that: log. = m Writing this as a power: wae Taking logs to a different base b: og, (a") = logy Using the power law: Writing mas log,x: This can be written as: Hint: This is the logy ‘change of base rule B90 = 109,.0 for logarithms. Jog, b Using this rule, notice in particular that log, b= [op but logs P= 1, so: © log.b= log,a Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of logs U1: pai tooo = oes 16Solve the equation log,x + 6 log, S = 5: logsx + logox Use change of base rule (special case). Let logs = y ~ Multiply by y. Soy=Sory=2 logsx = 3 or logsx = 2 Write as powers. oe EEE] 1 Find, to 3 decimal places: a log; 120 b log, 45 © log, 19 d 1og,,3 © loge4 2 Solve, giving your answer to 3 significant figures: a s=14 b &=99 © 12*=6 3. Solve, giving your answer to 3 significant figures: a logsx =8+910g,2 B log. + 2log.4+3=0 € logy +logyx=2 1. Find the possible values of x for which 2°" (28) — 2 a Express log, (p'q) in terms of log,p and log, q- b Given that log, (pq) = 5 and log, (p°q) = 9, find the values of log, p and log, 4. 3 6 a 0g,2, b log, (89). fen that p= log, 16, express in terms of p,10 n 12 Exponential and logarithms a Given that log,x = 2, determine the value of x. b Calculate the value of y for which 2 log,y ~ log, (7 + 4) = 2. © Calculate the values of z for which log, z = 4 log, 3. Using the substitution u = 2*, show that the equation 4 ~ 2" — 15 =0 can be written in the form 1? ~ 2u~ 15 =0, 1b Hence solve the equation 4* ~ 2+ ~ 15 = 0, giving your answer to 2 decimal places. Solve, giving your answers as exact fractions, the simultaneous equations: # logsy = logax + 4. pen Find the values of x for which logy ~ 2 log, 3 = 1 Solve the equation log, (2 ~ 3x) = log, (6x? - 19x + 2), 5 Ixy = 64 and log.y + log, = , find x and y. Prove that if a* bY = (ab)®, thenx +y a Show that log,3 = log V3. b Hence or otherwise solve the simultaneous equations: log,3 + log.x, given that x andy are positive. a Given that 3 + 2logox = logsy, show that y = 8x” b Hence, or otherwise, find the roots @ and B, where a< 8, of the equation 3 + 2logyx = log, (14x ~ 3). © Show that logs a= -2. Calculate log» 8, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.log, (t= klog, x (the power law) 6 From the power law, 1 eee 084(5) 7 You can solve an equation such as « = b by first taking logarithms (to base 10) of each side, ~log. Summary of key points 1A function y = a, or f(x) = a%, where a is a constant, is called an exponential function. 2 log, =x means that a* =n, where a is called the base of the logarithm. 3 log,1 og, a=1 4 log,ox is sometimes written as logx. 5 The laws of logarithms are log, xy = log, + log.y (the multiplication law) : =) —tog,x—log,y _ (the division law) 8 The change of base rule for logarithms can be written as log, — 9 From the change of base rule, log, b = logyaAfter completing this chapter you should be able to 1 find the mid-point of a line 2 find the distance between a pair of points 3. know how to find the equation of a circle 4 use the properties of a circle to solve geometric problems, Coordinate geometry in the (x, y) plane A circle is a conic section ~ a curve formed by intersecting a cone with a plane. The ellipse, parabola and hyperbola are also conic sections; they were named by Apollonius of Perga who studied them at length in about 200 BC. fBlipse ) Parabol ? HyperbolaHaren 4 4,1 You can find the mid-point of the line joining (x;,.9;)_y. and (2, y2) by using the formula ( 2 ata mts) bea90) 2 2, ity ae 0 Find the mid-point of the line joining these pairs of points: a (2,3),(6,9) b (2a, —4b), (7a, © 4, V2), (-4, 8b) 32) 16,9). The mid-point is (2.2 -(3 = (4.6) }\———— RTT ATS The y-coordinate is half way between 3 and So ay, = Sand 9 (6, 3) has the same x-coordinate as (6, 9) and the same y-coordinate as (2, 3) The x-coordinate is half way between 2 and SU% with x, = 2 and x, = 6. 6, s0 use Simplify.Coordinate geometry in the (x9) plane e E b The mictpoint ie es ae) Cle auaep pa oan (2) 4+ (4) V2 + 3V2 © The mid-point (4 aa ‘The line AB is a diameter of a circle, where A and B are (~3, 8) and (5, 4) respectively. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. : a The centre of the circle is ae eae (2.2 G2)ater 4 The line PQ is a diameter of the circle centre (2, ~2). Given P is (8, ~5), find the coordinates of Q. Draw a sketch, (2, ~2) is the mid-point of (a, 6) and (8, ~5). Let @ have coordinates (4, b). Sta ( A ania Here (x3, y:) = @, ~S) and (xz, v2) = (0, 6). ve (HH Ht 80 Compare the x-coordinates. Rearrange the equation to find a. -5+b Multiply each side by 2 to clear the fraction. Subtract 8 from each side. Compare the y-coordinates. 0, Qis (—4, 1), Rearrange the equation to find b. |\, Multiply each side by 2 to lear the faction, ‘Add 5 to each side. 1) Find the mid-point of the line joining these pairs of points: a 4,2), (6,8) b (0, 6), (12, 2) © (2,2), (-4,6) d (-6, 4), (6, ~4) © (-5, 3), (7,5) £ (7, -4),(-3,6) g& (5, 5), (-11, 8) h (6a, 4b), (2a, —40) i (2p, —9), (4p, Sa) i (-2s, -70, (55,0 k (—4u, 0), Bu, -2y) 1 (@+b, 2a~b), Ba~b, ~B) m(4V2, 1), (2V2, 7) ni (-V3, 35), (SV3, 2V5) 0 (W2-V3, 32 + 4V3), (3v2 + V3, -V2 + 2v3) 2) The line PQ isa diameter of a circle, where P and Q are (—4, 6) and (7, 8) respectively. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle.Coordinate geometry in the (x9) plane 4a 3b) (2a Sb) 3) The line RS is a diameter of a circle, where R and 5 are a ; ) ana ( = °P) espectivey Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. : 4) The line AB is a diameter of a circle, where A and B are (~3, ~4) and (6, 10) respectively. Show that the centre of the circle lies on the line y = 2r. 5) The line JK is a diameter of a circle, where J and K are (3, §) and (~ that the centre of the circle lies on the line y= 8x +3. 5, 2) respectively. Show 6 The line AB is a diameter of a circle, where A and B are (0, —2) and (6, —5) respectively. Show that the centre of the circle lies on the line x ~ 2y ~ 10= 0. 7) The line FG is a diameter of the circle centre (6, 1). Given F is (2, ~3), find the coordinates of G 8) The line CD is a diameter of the circle centre (~2a, Sa). Given D has coordinates (3a, ~7a), find the coordinates of C. 9) The points M(3, p) and N(q, 4) lie on the circle centre (5, 6). The line MN is a diameter of the circle. Find the value of p and q. 10 The points V(—4, 2a) and W(3b, ~4) lie on the circle centre (b, 2a). The line VW’ is a iameter of the circle, Find the value of a and b. Em The line AB is a diameter of the circle centre €, where A and B are (~1, 4) and (5, 2) respectively. ‘The line I passes through C and is perpendicular to AB. Find the equation of I. vs Draw a sketch. ACH Ay 1B\5, 2) G2 atm) aaee cay Here (xy, 1) =(-1, 4) and (x2, ya) = (5, 2). RS @£3crarren 4 5-(-) The gradient of the line AB is o, the gradient of the line perpendicular to ABs 3. The equation of the perpendicular line 116 y-3=3(r-2) So y=3x-3 Example ‘The line PQis a chord of the circle centre (—3, 5), where P and Qare (5, 4) and (1, 12) respectively. The line I is perpendicular to PQ and bisects it. Show that ! passes through the centre of the circle. [ » 1, 12) 3,9), Iris, 4) a B41 4412 The mid point of Fis aes ) | =@.2) 2-4 The gradient of the chord Pie =—=»—| eck =4 -2 PyCoordinate geometry in the (x9) plane So, the gradient of the line perpendicular + —— ead 2 The equation of the perpendioular line ts y-8=4@-9) 5 2 3 Zopueseed I : | The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord. the perpendicular bisector of AB @ A line that is perpendicular to a given line and bisects it is called the perpendicular bisector. : | + 3.5) $0 | passes through (~3, 5). $0 | passes through the centre of the rele ‘The above example is a particular instance of this circle theorem:‘The lines AB and CD are chords of a circle, The line y = 3x ~ 11 is the perpendicular bisector of, AB. The line y= —x ~ 1 is the perpendicular bisector of CD. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle, Draw a sketch. The perpendicular bisectors meet at the centre of the circle, Find where the perpendicular bisectors ‘meet, so solve the equations simultaneously. Substitute y= 3x~11 into y ‘Add x to each side. ‘Add 11 to each side. Divide each side by 4. ‘Simplify the fraction so divide by 2. Substitute the x-coordinate into one of the ‘equations to find the y-coordinate. Fectiets Jane eck ‘Simplify. xoCoordinate geometry in the (x9) plane 10 The line FG is a diameter of the circle centre C, where F and G are (2, 5) and (2, 9) respectively. The line I passes through C and is perpendicular to FG. Find the equation of I. The line JK is a diameter of the circle centre P, where J and K are (0, ~3) and (4, ~5) respectively. The line [ passes through P and is perpendicular to JK. Find the equation of 1 Write your answer in the form az + by + ¢=0, where a, b and c are integers. ‘The line AB is a diameter of the circle centre (4, ~2). The line I passes through B and is perpendicular to AB. Given that A is (2, 6), a find the coordinates of B. b Hence, fi the equation of L ‘The line PQ is a diameter of the circle centre (~4, ~2). The line / passes through P and is perpendicular to PQ. Given that Qis (10, 4), find the equation of I ‘The line RS is a chord of the circle centre (5, -2), where R and 5 are (2, 3) and (10, 1) respectively. The line I is perpendicular to RS and bisects it. Show that / passes through the centre of the circle. The line MN is a chord of the circle centre (1, ~}), where M and N are (~5, ~5) and (7, 4) respectively. The line / is perpendicular to MN and bisects it. Find the equation of L. Write your answer in the form ax + by + c= 0, where a, b and c are integers. The lines AB and CD are chords of a circle. The line y = 2x + 8 is the perpendicular bisector of AB. The line y = ~2x ~ 4 is the perpendicular bisector of CD. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. ‘The lines EF and GH are chords of a circle. The line y = 34 ~ 24 Is the perpendicular bisector of EF. Given G and H are (—2, 4) and (4, 10) respectively, find the coordinates of the centre of the circle, ‘The points P3, 16), Q(11, 12) and R(—7, 6) lie on the circumference of a circle. a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of i PQ ii PR. b Hence, find the coordinates of the centre of the circle, The points A(~3, 19), B(9, 11) and C(~15, 1) lie on the circumference of a circle. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. RE aSHaren 4 4.2 You can find the distance d between (x;,y;) and ” (2,92) by using the formula (2.93) d=Vi@2— #1" + O2- 971. fey) Find the distance between these pairs of points: a 2,3),6,7) b (4a, a), (~3a, 2a) © (2v3, 503), (4V3, v3) : 6,7) Draw a sketch. Let the distance between the points be d. af” \y.____ The difference in the y-coordinates is 7-3-4, pol Te aitference in the x-coordinates is ey 5-2-3, 6 e Use Pythagoras’ theorem: P= Ca— HF +e WW Take the square root of each side. This is d= VIG — 34) + (Ys 94)" with xy yn) = (2, 3) and (xp, ya) = , 7). Use d=viGra— 4)? + 2 — yi]. Here. b—d=Wi-2a— Aa + (aah yy) =a, 0) and Gy 42) = 32, 20) erat +24 ae (49a? + a”) 49a New Simply. V25 X 2X a = VB5 x V2x Va 5V2aCoordinate geometry in the (x9) plane ET eave) a GaWT av2 — 2v2P + V2 - Hae eee Se __4va-ave=ove | and (tz, ¥2) = V2, V2). V2 + 5v2 v2 ‘Simplify the parts of the expression 2V2)2 + (V2) v2 x v2 | =2X2xV2X V2 (2v2y Simplify the surd. (16x 8) 16x V5 ANB The line PQ is a diameter of a circle, where P and Q are (1, 3) and (6, ~3) respectively. Find the radius of the circle The length of thi at is Use d= ViQ%2 — 4)? + 2 — 17). Here 4 = EH (=DP + ($3 = 5) Gy, yd = A, 3) and Ge, ya) = (6, ~3)- 6-(-1) =6+1 ‘Simplify the parts of the expression. God =F + (-6))] = (49 +36) Remember the radius is half the diameter. Ra @3 3warren 4 Example EJ ‘The line AB is a diameter of the citcle, where A and B are (~3, 21) and (7, ~3) respectively. The point C(14, 4) lies on the circumference of the circle. Find the value of AB®, AC? and BC Hence, show that ZACB = 90°. Abe = (7 = (=3))? + (=3 = 21)? > — Use d= vite — m5)? + (v2 — yn). Square es each side so that d? = (23 — 4)? + a Ww) OEE (S248. Fae wale atzy ac inaliaalia 616 G9) = 0,9. (4 = (-2F + (= 22n = 14 (172 J Pree y= (3, 20) and 578 Ca 92) 04, 4). BC = (14 — 7? + (4 - (-3)" =7+P Here (=, 4) = 7, ~3) and (xa y= (14, 4). 28 Use Pythagoras’ theorem to test if the Now, 578 + 9 triangle has aright angle. So, LACB This is AC’ + BC = AB, ‘This is a particular instance of this circle theorem: I The angle in a semicircle is a right angle. 1) Find the distance between these pairs of points: a 0,1), (6,9) b 4, -6), 9, 6) € B,1),L4) (3,5), (4,7) e (2,9), (4,3) £ (0, -4), (5,5) g (-2, -7),6,1) h (4a, 0), (3a, ~2a) i (-b, 4b), (4b, ~2b) i (2c, 0), 6, 40) k (44, d), (2d, ~4d) 1 (-¢, 2), (-3¢, Se) 2V3), (393, +3) m (3V2, 6V2), (2V2, V2) © (2V3 — v2, V5 + V3), (4V3 - v2, 3V 2, The point (4, ~3) lies on the circle centre (2, 5). Find the radius of the circle. ‘The point (14, 9) is the centre of the circle radius 25. Show that (10, 2) lies on the circle. 4) The line MN is a diameter of a circle, where M and N are (6, ~4) and (0, ~2) respectively. Find the radius of the circle. v3) 5) The line QR is a diameter of the circle centre C, where Q and K have coordinates (11, 12) and (~5, 0) respectively. The point P is (13, 6). a Find the coordinates of C. ‘b Show that P lies on the circle.Coordinate geometry in the (9) plane 6) The points (~3, 19), (~15, 1) and (9, 1) are vertices of a triangle. | Hint for question 6: Show that a circle centre (~3, 6) can be drawn through the Show that the vertices are vertices of the triangle, Smee Tas 7) ‘The line ST is a diameter of the circle c,, where S and T are (5, 3) and (~3, 7) respect ‘The line UV is a diameter of the circle ¢; centre (4, 4). The point U is (1, 8). vey, a Find the radius of i ¢, if ¢ b Find the distance between the centres of ¢, and cs. 8) The points U(-2, 8), V(7, 7) and W(-3, ~1) lie on a circle. a Show that UVW has a right angle. b Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. he points A(2, 6), B(S, 7) and C(8, ~2) lie on a circle. a Show that ABC has a right angle. bb Find the area of the triangle. 10 The points A(1, 9), BG, 10), C(7, 3) and D(O, 2) lie on a circle. 1a Show that ABCD is a square b Find the area of ABCD. © Find the centre of the circle 43 You can write the equation of a circle in the form ” (& - a)? + (y— 6)? = 72, where (a, b) is the centre and ris the radius. 0 x Write down the equation of the circle with centre (5, 7) and radius 4. ~ (&, y) is any point on the circumference of the circle. The distance between (x, y) and G, Dis always 4. The difference in the y-coordinates is y ~ 7. ‘The difference in the x-coordinates is ~ 5. To find the equation ofthe circle, use = ViGes~ 2) + Ya Yah Square each side so that d? = (x2 — 21 + (Yo yi? Here (x, vi) = (5, 7) and (x2, Ya) = (x, ¥)- This isin the form (x ~ a)? + — Be— with (a,b) = (5, Z)and r= 4. 0 Equation of circe io (x ~ 6)° + (y- 7)?charter 4 Write down the coordinates of the centre and the radius of these circles: a (+3 + y-1=4 a (x+3)2+(y-1)? GaGa) Ua) # eee So centre = Show that the circle (e ~ 3)? + (y+ 4)? 3, 1), radius = 4. (w-3F + y+ 4F=20 Substitute (6, So the circle paces through the point ©. -8) -8)— (6-37 + (-8 +4) 20: = 2+ (-47 4416 b (e-$°+ y-3P=32 _ Write the equation in the form (=o? + YB? =A, using ~(-3)= +3. Soa=-3,b=1andr=4. \Wite the equation in the form (oY Bea Soa=3,b=3and Simplify V32. v2, 20 passes through (5, ~8). Substitute x= $ and y= 8 into the equation of the circle. (S, ~8) satisfies the equation of the circle.Coordinate geometry in the (x9) plane Example [J ‘The line AB is a diameter of a circle, where A and B are (4, 7) and (—8, 3) respectively. Find the equation of the circle. So the radius ie 2V10, - ae The centre is fe eae Ta euatieof Heelies +2+ y-5)= Ove Example [ZJ ‘The line 4x ~ 3y ~ 40 = 0 touches the circle (x ~ 2)? + (y ~ 6)? = 100 at P(10, 0). Show that the radius at P is perpendicular to the line ys 4 The aradient of the line i =.Haren 4 7 ae To find the gradient of the radius at P, (x- 2" + y- 6P = 100 first find the centre of the circle from its equation. ‘Compare (x ~ 2)? + (y~ 6)2= 100 to (oF + Y- BP=P, where (a, b) is the centre. The centre is (2, 6). So the gradient: of the radiue at P= Now 2x 2 ‘Simply the fraction, so divide top and aes bottom by 2. So, the radius at: Pis perpendicular to the line. Test to see if the radius is perpendicular to the line, The above example is a particular instance of Use the product of the gra this circle theorem: two perpendicular lines I The angle between the tangent and a radius is 90°. HA tangent meets a circle at one point only. 1, Write down the equation of these circles: @ Centre (3, 2), radius 4 b Centre (~4, 5), radius 6 © Centre (5, ~6), radius 2V3 Centre (2a, 74), radius 5a e Centre (~2V2, ~3V2), radius 1 2) Write down the coordinates of the centre and the radius of these circles: a (et 5P ty aye b 7) +1 = 16 © + ay+yt=25 (e+ 4a)? + (y+ a= 14402 © (e359 + +V5)2=27 3) Find the centre and radius of these circles by first writing in the form (a ~ a)? + (y~ BP =? atty tar toy 43 b x? +y°+ Sr 3y-8=0 € 2x2 + 292+ Be + ISy—1=0 2x? + 2y? Be + BY +3=0Coordinate geometry in the (x9) plane 4) In cach case, show that the circle passes through the given point: a (r- 2) +(y~5P= 13, (4,8) b & +7" + (y~2)°=65, (0, -2) © a? +y?= 25%, (7, ~24) (x ~ 2a? + (y + Sa)? = 2002, (6a, ~3a) ex + — V5)? = (2V 109, (V ‘5 The point (4, ~2) lies on the circle centre (8, 1). Find the equation of the circle. 6) The line PQis the diameter of the circle, where P and Qare (5, 6) and (~2, 2) respectively. Find the equation of the circle. 7) The point (1, ~3) lies on the circle ( ~ 3° + (y + 4)? = . Find the value of r 8) The line y= 2r + 13 touches the (4, 5) is perpendicular to the line. le ( ~3)°= 20 at (-4, 5). Show that the radius at 9) The line x + 3y ~ 11 =0 touches the circle (x + 1)? + (y + 6)? = 90 at (2, 3). a Find the radius of the circle, 'b Show that the radius at (2, 3) is perpendicular to the line. 10 The point P(1, ~2) lies on the circle centre (4, 6). a Find the equation of the circle. 1b Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at P, 1) The tangent to the circle (x + 4)? + (y ~ 1)? = 242 at (7, ~10) meets the y-axis at S and the saxis at T. a Find the coordinates of § and T. b Hence, find the area of AOST, where O is the 0 Find where the circle (a ~ 5)° + (y ~ 4)? = 65 meets the x-axis. Ga 5F+ y= 4} Substitute y= 0 (x= 5)? + (-4)? = 65 is when y=0, 30 ‘The circle meets the into the equation. substitute y =e Subtract 16 from each side. Tike the square oot ofeach side, so that 49= +7. ‘Work out the values of x separately, adding 5 to each side in both cases. So the circle meets the x-axis at (2,0) and (12, 0). a a ———> @ £3crarren 4 err Find where the line y =x +5 meets the circle 2? + (y ~ 2)? = 29 ae, | _x2+ (465-2)? = e+ (c+3) =29 __attat+6rt¢ 2x2 + 6x20 —_ . w+ 3x -10 __{x + 5)(x = 2) = O-—_ -— S0x=—5 and Substitute | BBB | y=2+5 7 So the line meets the circle ab and (2, 7). Show that the line y =~ 7 does not meet the circle (x + 2)? +y?= 33. xt ax t at x*— 14x +49 = 33 2x2 — 10x +20 =0 Now B= 4ac = (-5)?~ 41x10 25 = 40 -15 = 4ac<0, 20 the line doe not meet « the circle ryCoordinate geometry in the (x9) plane 1) Find where the circle (x ~ 1)? + (y~ 3)? = 45 meets the x-axis, 2) Find where the circle (© ~ 2) + (y + 3)® = 29 meets the y-axis. 3) The circle (x ~ 3)? + (y +3)?= 34 meets the x-axis at (a, 0) and the y-axis at (0, b). ‘nd the possible values of a and b. 4 The line y=x +4 meets the circle (e ~ 3)? + (y ~ 5)*= 34 at A and B. Find the coordinates of A and B. 5) Find where the line x +y +5 =0 meets the circle (& + 3)? + + 5)°= 65, 6 Show that the line y =x ~ 10 does not meet the circle (x ~ 2)? + y? = 25. 7) Show that the line x + y = 11 is a tangent to the circle x+y 3)" = 32. Hint for question 7: Show that the line 8. Show that the line 3x ~ 4y + 25 = 0 is a tangent to the meets the circle at one point only. 5, lex? +y" 9) The line y= 2x ~2 meets the circle (e ~ 2)? + (y ~ 2)? = 20 at A and B. a Find the coordinates of A and B b Show that AB is a diameter of the circle 10) The line x +y = a meets the cirele (« ~ p)? + (y ~ 6) constants. ‘a Work out the value of a. b Work out the two possible values of p. 0 at (3, 10), where @ an pare ieee ‘The line y = 2x ~ 8 meets the coordinate axes at A and B. The line AB is a diameter of the circle. Find the equation of the circle. ‘The circle centre (8, 10) meets the x-axis at (4, 0) and (a, 0). a Find the radius of the circle, b Find the value of a. The circle (x — §)? +) {6 meets the x-axis at P and Q. Find the coordinates of P and Q. ‘The circle (v + 4)? + (y= 7) = 121 meets the y-axis at (0, m) and (0, »). Find the value of m and 1. ‘The line y = 0 is a tangent to the circle (x ~ 8)? + (y ~ a)? = 16, Find the value of a. hhe point A(—3, ~7) lies on the circle centre (5, 1). Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at A. ‘The circle (x + 3)? + (y +8)? = 100 meets the positive coordinate axes at A(a, 0) and B(O, b). a Find the value of a and b. b Find the equation of the line AB. 8) The circle (v + 2)? + (y — 5)? = 169 meets the positive coordinate axes at C(c, 0) and DQ, a. Find the value of c and d. b Find the area of AOCD, where 0 is the origin. Do ——— @ 3ater 4 10 u 12 B 14 18 16 17) 18) 19) 21 22 23 24) ‘The circle, centre (p, q) radius 25, meets the x-axis at (~7, 0) and (7, 0), where q>0. a Find the value of p and g. b Find the coordinates of the points where the circle meets the y-axis. Show that (0, 0) lies inside the circle (x ~ 5)° + (y+ 2)? = 30. The points A(—4, 0), B(4, 8) and C(6, 0) lie on a circle. The lines AB and BC are chords of the circle. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. ‘The points R(—4, 3), S(7, 4) and T(8, ~7) lie on a circle, ‘a Show that ARST has a right angle. b Find the equation of the circle. ‘The points A(-7, 7), BU, 9), C13, 1) and D(-7, 1) lie on a circle. The lines AB and CD are chords of the circle 1 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of # AB ii CD. b Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. ‘The centres of the circles (x ~ 8)? + ( ~ 8°= 117 and (x + 1)? + (y ~ 3)°= 106 are P and Q respectively. @ Show that P lies on (x + 1)? + (Y ~ 3)? = 106. b Find the length of PQ. ‘The line y = —3x + 12 meets the coordinate axes at A and B. a Find the coordinates of A and B. b Find the coordinates of the mid-point of AB. € Find the equation of the circle that passes through A, B and O, where O is the origin. ‘The points A(-5, 5), BU, 5), C(3, 3) and D{3, ~3) lie on a circle. Find the equation of the circle. ‘The line AB is a chord of a circle centre (2, ~1), where A and B are (3, 7) and (~5, 3) respectively. AC is a diameter of the circle. Find the area of AABC. The points A(-1, 0), BG, 3) and C (, ~'}) are the vertices of a triangle. ‘a Show that the circle * + y® = 1 passes through the vertices of the triangle. b Show that AABC is equilateral The points P(2, 2), Q(2 + V3, 5) and R(2 ~ V3, 5) lie on the circle (x ~ 2° + Y~ 4 =P. a Find the value of b Show that APQR is equilateral, ‘The points A(~3, ~2), B(- diameter of the circle a Find the value of p and g. b Find the gradient of i AB ii AC. ¢ Show that AB is perpendicular to AC. 0) and C(p, q) lie on a circle centre (3, 2). The line BC isa Find the centre and radius of the circle with equation x2 + y® ~ 6x ~ 2y ~ Find the centre and radius of the circle with equation x? + y?~ 10x + 16y — 11 =0. Find the centre and radius of the circle with equation x2 + y® + 8 ~ 6y + 18 = 0. Find the centre and radius of the circle with equation x? + y? ~.x~ 3y -2=0.Coordinate geometry in the (x9) plane Summary of key points 1 The mid-point of (x,, y;) and (a, ya) is ena) 2 The distance d between (x, y:) and (x2, y2) is y d=Vit.—mP + ¥2-y- 4 v2) 4 i 9) a r 3 The equation of the circle centre (a, b) radius r ? is (2a? + (y—bP=P 0 4 A chord isa line that joins two points on the circumference of a circle. @warren 4 5 The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord. L 6 The angle ina semicircle is a right angle. 7 A tangent is a line that meets a circle at one point only. i D 8 The angle between a tangent and a radius is 90°. eS /Review Exercise f- 2-3 Simplify 7x + 12’ © Me circle C has equation (+44 ye = 25. © in aasc, ap = Sem, ABC = 48°, ‘The point P has coordinates (1, 5). ZBCA = 30°, Find the length of BC. a Show that the point P lies on the circumference of €. © a Write down the value of log, 81 'b Show that the centre of C lies on the bb Express 2log.4 + log, 5 asa single linex ~2y +6=0, logarithm to base a. a Show that (2x ~ 1) is a factor of 2c} — Te — 17x + 10, hy eae oan 1b Factorise 2x ~ 7x? — 17x + 10 fea completely. Qis the centre of the circle (x + 3) +y? = 36. @ in arar, Qk = 8em, PR = 6cmand Find the exact distance between the points. 4POR= 40°. PandQ Calculate the two possible values of ZQPR. 4a, a Express loga( 42) in terms of loge a and @ Divide 2x + 9x2 + 4x — 15 by Ge +3). a ton ee) 8 b Find the value of log.>!. In SABC, AB = Sem, BC = 9cm and CA = 6m. Show that cos2 TRS = 1 4 The points L(3, ~1) and M(5, 3)are the end points of a diameter of a circle, centre N. a Find, to 3 significant figures, the value a Find the exact length of IM. of x for which S* = 0.75. b Find the coordinates of the point N. b Solve the equation 2log;x — logs3x = 1 ¢ Find an equation for the circle. 7374 B fix) = ax! +2? - 38x +c Given that f(3) = 0, a find the value of ¢ bb factorise flx) completely, ¢ find the remainder when ftx) is by (2x ~ 1). ivided In SABC, AB = Sem, BC = (2x - 3)em, CA = (x + 1)emand ZABC = 60°, a Show that x satisfies the equation x? Br + 16=0. b Find the value of x ¢ Calculate the area of the triangle, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. ® a Solve 0.6* = 0.8, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. b Find the value of x in 1og,243 = 2.5. Show that part of the line 3x + y = 14 forms a chord to the circle (& ~ 2)" + (y= 3)? = 5 and find the length of this chord. @ ste) = - 13x +12 a Find the remainder when g(x) is divided by (x - 2). b Use the factor theorem to show that (x — 3) isa factor of s(x). € Factorise g(x) completely ‘The diagram shows AABC, with BC CA = (20-1) mand ZBCA = 30°. Given that the area of the triangle is 2.5m, B A c (2x ~ 1)m a find the value of x, b calculate the length of the line AB, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. © a Solve 3*~' = 10, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. b Solve logae + loga(9 = 2x) = 2 © Prove that the circle (x + 4)? + (y — 5° + 8° lies completely inside the circle x? + y? + 8x ~ 10y = 59 @D fix) = 8 + ax + b, where a and bare constants, When fix) is divided by (x ~ 4) the remainder is 32, ‘When fit) is divided by (& + 2) the remainder is ~10. a Find the value of a and the value of b, 'b Show that (x ~ 2) is a factor of fle). Ship Bis 8km, on a bearing of 030", from ship A. Ship C is 12 km, on a bearing of 140°, from ship B. a Calculate the distance of ship C from ship A b Calculate the bearing of ship C from ship A @ a Express log,12 — (4og,9 + Hog,8) as a single logarithm to base p. b Find the value of x in logy = ~ 5. ‘The point P(4, ~2) lies on a circle, centre CA, 5). a Find an equation for the circle. b Find an equation for the tangent to the circle at P. ® The remainder when x - 2x +a is divided by (x ~ 1) is equal to the remainder when 2x’ + x ~ ais divided by (2x + 1), Find the value of a [Hint: Use the remainder theorem,]‘The diagram shows ABC. ‘The line y = Sx — 13 meets the circle Calculate the area of AABC. (c= 2)? + ( + 3 = 26 at the points A 7 and B. a Find the coordinates of the points A and B. 43cm, Mis the mid-point of the line AB. b Find the equation of the line which passes through M and is perpendicular to the line AB, Write your answer in the form ax + by + ¢= 0, where a, b and c @® solve 31 + 5 = 16139). are integers. (Hint: Let y = 34] A D-—— 86m ‘The circle C has equation. The coordinates of the vertices of ABC x2 +? — 10x + dy + 20=0. are A(2, 5), B(O, 2) and C(4, 0). Find the length of the tangent to C from Find the value of cos ABC, the point (~4, 4). © Solve the simultaneous equations Alogsx + dlogyy = 9 6logx + Glogzy = 7 [Hint: Change all the logarithms to base 3) 7sAfter completing this chapter you should be able to 1 use Pascal's Triangle to expand expressions of the form (a + by" 2 _ use combination and factorial notation to expand expressions of the form (a + by” 3. use the expansion of (1+ x)" to expand (a + by’. You will revisit the above techniques in Core 4 when you will expand expressions when n is not a positive integer. a In the meantime see if you can solve the problem below. =. bt, ° a a The binomial = expansion Sammy the spider has a rectangular shaped web. He sleeps and eats at the point (0, 0). How many different ways are there to catch a fly that lands at the point (4, 3) if he only can move * or -» Seuras = ar If you cannot solve this problem straight away write down how many different ways there are to get to all coordinate points. Complete Section 5.1 and see if you can see the link.The binomial expansion | 5.1. You can use Pascal's Triangle to quickly expand expressions such as (x + 2y)?. Consider the following: (a+b (a+ BP = (a+ Bat b) =a? + 2ab+ BP (a+ by! = (a+ bya by atb (a+ bya? + 2ab + Be) = ala? + 2ab + B) + bla? + 2ab + BP) a+ 2a%h + ab? + ba? + 2ab?+ b> =a + 30th + Bab? + Similarly (a+ b)* = at + 4a + 60°b* + dab? + bt. Setting these results out in order starting with (a + bY? we find that: (a+ by = 1 (a+ by la + Ib la + 2abo + la + Bab + Bab? + 1 la‘ + 4a‘hb + 6a°b? + 4ab* + 1b" You should notice the following patterns: ‘+ ‘The coefficients form a pattern that is known as Pascal’s 1 1 1 Teak 2 1 Me 1 + 3 1 Na 1 4 6 4 1 1 6 1s 20 1s 6 1 Hint: The terms all have the same index as the original expression. For example, look at the line for (a+b), All of the terms have a total Index of 3 (a, ab, ab? and B). Hint: To get from one line to the next you add adjacent pairs of numbers.Eee Use Pascal’s Triangle to find the expansions of: a (x4 2y)? b (2r-5)* (x + 2y)® = tx? + Bx%(2y) + Sxl 2)" +12y)> 2+ Gxéy + tery? + By" re The coefficien' 4.1 an | ‘terms are: (2x)*, (23)°(-5)), (2x)°(-5)%, +4(2x)(=5 - carla agave raed +1(-5)" | | 16x" — 160x° + 600x* | | 1000x + 625 The coefficient of 2? in the expansion of (2 ~ cx)* is 294. Find the possible value(s) of the constant c.The binomial expansion 1) Write down the expansion of: a (ety! b pt © op dara! © (2r-3)' £ (+2) g Gr-4y' hh (2x ~3y)' 2) Find the coefficient of x* in the expansion of: a (44a) bx © G+ 2x8 (44 20) e 2+n8 £ Gin! B+ 2y hh 3-20! 3) Fully expand the expression (1 + 31)(1 + 2x)°, 4) Expand (2 +y)!, Hence or otherwise, write down the expansion of (2 +x ~x°)* in ascending powers of x. 5) Find the coefficient of the term in x" in the expansion of (2 + 3x)\(S ~ x). 6) The coefficient of x? in the expansion of (2 + ax)* is $4. Find the possible values of the constant a 7) The coefficient of x? in the expansion of (2 ~ x)(3 + lx)' is 45. Find possible values of the constant b. 8. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (@ — 5.2. You can use combinations and factorial notation to help you expand binomial expressions. For larger indices, itis quicker than using Pascal’ Triangle. Suppose that three people A, B and C are running a race. There are six different outcomes for their finishing positions. The number can be calculated as: A,B,C After the first and second laces have been awarded, 3x2x1 there is only 1 place leit for ~y the third place, After the winner has crossed the There are three line there are runners in the 2 choices for race: A, B or C. second place ‘We can represent 3 x 2.x 1 using what is termed factorial notation 31, pronounced 3 factorial’ = 3 x 2 1 ax (n=) x (M=2) x (N= 3) XK 3X DKT Note: By definition, 0! = 1 Suppose you wish to choose any two letters from A, B and C, where order does not matter. There are three different outcomes, We can represent this by °C; or (2) ==.arter § The number of ways of choosing r items from a group of n items is written "C, or ( ” and is calculated by nt (pia 3! 6 eg. °G= 1) Find the values of the following: 8 10! 4 7 a fol ad bo ca ay eC; fC, gC hc, 1c, iC kc, 1" 2) Calculate: ; 4 i 4 4) ac, ob () c ca (3) e (2) Now look at line 5 of Pascal's Triangle. Can you find any connection? 3) Write using combination notation: a Line 3 of Pascal’s Triangle, b Line 5 of Pascal’s Triangle. 4) ways Creel (4) ‘a Answer using ideas on choosing from a group. b Answer by calculating both quantities. 5.3 You canuse (7) to work out the coefficients in the binomial expansion. The binomial expansion is (a+ by"= (a+ b)(a+ 6)... (a+b) pee ntimes = Coa + "Cia? 1b + "Cab? + "Ca" 3B3 + 2 + CybM or (hrs (Marne (hetero (or ramen 0) 1 3, U need to memorise both these forms of Paes & Similarly, expansion. You. (a+ br)’ = "Coa" + "Ca" br + "Cpa 2b?x? + "Ca" 3 bx? + ..."C, bx" should be able to pee en smi Mh) = 2p? 4 (1 3p3y3- im) from the expansion or(Rlor+(Mloriacs (Maraats(Marsane+ (Mar Ham iheThe binomial expansion G-axy=3+ (S-29 + (Bpr-20 +(g)oca0r+ (Soca — + (-2x)% = 243 — 810x + 1080x? — 720x° + 240x+ ~ 52x° Ee 10 Find the first four terms in ascending powers of x of (1 es 3) and, by using a suitable substitution, use your result to find an approximate value to (0.975). Use your calculator to ind the degree of accuracy of your approximation, x si Star 2 Coefficients are Cy C, °C, °C Combining, we get the first four terms to equal: w¢,410 + 101) —*)' + 06 1ye( Goll + ma Fg car 4) & 0-3) + 26x + 2.8126x° — 1876x° . : 026 iB 4 x=04 Substitute x = x\e 1 Into the expansion for(1 = Fi Tones Using a calculator (0.975) = 0.776 329 62 So approximation is correct to 4 decimal places. 0275"arter § 1. Write down the expansion of the followii a Qrty)' bp-a © (1+ 2x8 d G42) e (1-3) f (4-2)! & (2x + 3y)> he@+26 2) Find the term in 2* of the following expansions: a Gen b vey © (1-2 4 +20 e (sx f -206 gtx” hh (4-30)? 3) Use the binomial theorem to find the first four terms in the expansion of: a (+x) b (12x) © (1+ 3x) a 2-2 e (2-3 f G-x7 Baty) Ah (2x - 3y)? 4) The coefficient of x? in the expansion of (2 + ax)* is 60. Find possible values of the constant « 5) The coefficient of x* in the expansion of (3 + bx) is ~720. Find the value of the constant b. 6 The coefficient of x* in the expansion of (2 + 2)(3 ~ ax)* is 30. Find the values of the constant a. 7) Write down the first four terms in the expansion of (1 = wa) By substituting an appropriate value for x, find an approximate value to (0.99)°. Use your calculator to find the degree of accuracy of your approximation. 8) Write down the first four terms in the expansion of (2 + 5). By substituting an appropriate value for x, find an approximate value to (2.1)"°, Use your calculator to find the degree of accuracy of your approximation. 5,4 You need to be able to expand (1 +x)” and (a + hr)” using the binomial expansion. a+ (jee + (hes + (jae + (s)he + (_)i 214 me 4 MOLD y2 , MO DOP) 5 ean 209 3) say,The binomial expansion Find the first four terms in the binomial expansion of a (1 + 2x)8 and b (2 ~ x)": (n= Compare (1 + 2Y" with (1 + 2x9", ae SIA); 2 a (1+ 2x) = 14 m+ =14 50x) + Dave + 3) ous +... -Repisee by 5 and by 2) =1410x + 40x? + 0x" +... ‘The expansion only works for (1+), so take out a common factor of 2. Replace n by 6 and ‘x’ by'—3" in "the expansion of (1 +)". ‘Multiply terms in bracket by 2°, ) = 64 — 1924 + 240x% — 16032 + 1) Use the binomial expansion to find the first four terms of, ee zy a (4a) b (1-22) e (143) a (13x98 € +x" f (3-2x) g (2— 3x) het i (2+ 5x)" 2) If is so small that terms of x* and higher can be ignored, show that: (24 x)(1 — 3x) = 2- 29% + 16522 3) If is so small that terms of x and higher can be ignored, and (2-28 Hayat be + ox find the values of the constants a, b and c.