NATIONAL INTEGRATION AND ADDRESSING ITS WEAKNESSES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Serial Contents Page

1. Preface iii
2. Abstract / Memoir iv-vi
3. Main Theme vii
Chapter - 1 : Review of Literature 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Aim 2
3. Scope 3
4. Review of Literature 4-6
Chapter - 2 : National Integration- Theoretical Contours 7
1. Definitions 7
2. Scope of National Integration 9
3. Determinants of National Integration 10
Chapter - 3 : National Integration of Pakistan- Present Scenario 12
1. Historical Perspective 13
2. Approaches to National integration 14
Divergences 15
a. Religious and Ideological Issues 15
3. b. Political Issues 16
c. Economic and Social Issues 19
d. Miscellaneous Issues 20
4. Convergences 24
Chapter - 4 : Important Conclusions and Way Forward 26
1. Important conclusions 27
2. Way Forward 28
a. Religious and Ideological Issues 28

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 b. Political Issues 31
c. Economic and Social Issues 34
d. Miscellaneous Issues 34
Conclusion 35-36
Bibliography 37-38

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 NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PAKISTAN AND ADDRESSING ITS WEAKNESS

PREFACE

This individual research paper examines Pakistan’s national integration problem and

recommends measures to translate the national diversity into a strong bond of nationhood.

A three-prong approach has been adopted – one, identify and analyse the fault lines

creating problems of national integration for Pakistan in the past - two, assess the threats

and challenges to national integration and – three, recommend what is to be done to

realise the long-awaited goal of an ill-coherent and cohesive Pakistan.

I have tried to analyse the issue in a wholesome manner and each and every thread

that is linked with the issue. Therefore, this study will be a stepping-stone, suggesting some

proposals, in order to identify the fault lines in our society, thus further achieving the

objective of national integration. In the wake of the current situation prevailing in the

country, where the nation is in despair and gradually losing hope and optimism, the

research is very significant to find out the way forward for coming out of the current crisis.

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 NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PAKISTAN AND ADDRESSING ITS WEAKNESS

ABSTRACT/ MEMOIR

Pakistan's failure, to emerge as a nation-state, is due to political instability, vast

economic disparities, and exploitation of ethno-cultural diversities. In the 65 years history of

Pakistan, i have experienced virtually a variety of internal strife, political chaos, disunity,

ethnic and sectarian clashes, racial cleavages, secession, and wars that ultimately resulted

in disintegration of the country. Notwithstanding, the critical internal dynamics, the external

forces sponsored by our arch rival have also nurtured the disintegrating forces in the

country. I seem to be enshrined in problems resulting from a mixture of internal conflicts

and external machinations. I have made substantial progress in many spheres, however,

there is a dire need to examine the deteriorating integration fabric, and take measures to

enhance the strength of the federation and foster national integration.

National integration has remained a challenge for Pakistan since its very inception

as various fault lines – political, sectarian, ethnic, economic etc. – surfaced regularly to

threaten the nascent state’s coherence and unity. The tragic events of 1971 are a grim

reminder of the grave consequences that the said fault lines can yield if not plugged with a

ill-thought out strategy. Today, under the New World Order, shaped by uni polarity, the

Global War on so-called Terrorism, Globalization and such other regimes, the national

integration of Pakistan continues to face a multitude of challenges – some new, others a

baggage from the past. This takes national integration to the very heart of Pakistan’s

security and makes it a need of the hour.

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 THEME

NATIONAL INTEGRATION

Two nation theory was the raison d’être for creation of Pakistan. It sought to

preserve the rights of the Muslims of sub- continent, while giving the freedom to live their

lives as per their religious beliefs. Islam, thus, became the uniting force in the country. The

ideology rejected all other divisive under-currents like ethnicity, sub-nationalism,

sectarianism and linguistic issues etcetera. National Cohesion encapsulates political,

social, cultural and economic integration. The nation, however, continues to reel under the

impact of various diversities and impediments to its integration like poor governance,

economic deprivation, resource allocation and antiquated justice system etcetera.

Moreover, the inalienable linkage between national integration and national security

dictates that the latter cannot be achieved without consolidating the former. The successive

regimes, because of various reasons, have not succeeded in bringing the nation together.

Consequently, the threat to national integration not only remains alive but has lately

enhanced manifold.

Within this perspective, carry out in-depth analysis of national integration, while

identifying the fault lines/impediments, with a view to recommending a viable strategy for

developing national unity/integration.

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CHAPTER-1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Introduction

1. National Integration remains a crucial issue in Pakistan. There are various

forces, which accentuate divisive factors like geography and culture of our country.

Religious fundamentalism is one such force while linguistic diversities constitute

another. Despite a shared culture for a long period, regionalism has remained a

major force, which generates tension because of inequitable development amongst

different provinces/regions of the Country. The FATA/FANA and Baluchistan are

the best examples in this case, where people have been deprived of economic,

political and social justice. All the above forces and factors pose a serious

challenge for Pakistan’s integrity and unity. It is, therefore, necessary to make

concerted efforts to strengthen the national integration.

2. The word “National Integration” in a federated state like Pakistan has complex

meaning and scope. It is to build a “nation”, integrating various groups into the

national system1. It is broadly defined as the creation of a national political system,

which supersedes or incorporates all the regional subsystems. More specifically

national integration is incorporation of disparate ethnic or religious elements of the

population into a unified society, providing equality of opportunity for all members

of that society2. It is a process, whereby the people of a nation arrive at a

consensus on basic economic, political and social issues, which confront a nation

state. However, national integration has remained Pakistan’s Achilles Heel since its

very birth. In the formative years, serious efforts are not made by political elite to lid

1
Rounaq Jahan, Pakistan; Failure in National Integration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972),
3.
2
Microsoft Encarta. (Microsoft Corporation), 2008 ed., s.v. "National Integration."

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plural-cultural social order to lay the foundation of national integration. This led to

the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971, as the problems of a plural society like

Pakistan could not be sorted out over a span of two and a half decades. Even, post

- 1971 Pakistan, with logical and more cohesive borders, is struggling to resolve

the problems arising from a variety of ethnic, regional and other divisive

challenges.

3. Quaid-e-Azam had envisioned that Pakistan would be a state, where all

citizens would enjoy equal rights irrespective of caste, creed, sect, or place of birth 3,

but it did not happen. So in a polarized and fragmented society likes Pakistan, it is

necessary to have the consent of all groups with regards to resolution of their

genuine problems. This important aspect was never given a serious thought by

political and military rulers. Despite all domestic odds, Pakistan has demonstrated

genuine ability to survive as a viable ‘Nation State’. Considering the prevailing

circumstances, the process of national integration has gained more significance and

importance than, perhaps, ever before. There is a need of following a correct and

pragmatic approach with dispassionate analysis of all the issues jeopardizing the

process of national integration.

4. Aim. To carry out in-depth analysis of national integration, while identifying

the fault lines/impediments, with a view to recommending a way forward for

developing national unity/integration.

3
Ibhost, Pakistan. Pakistani. Pakistaniat, http://pakistaniat.com/2006/12/25/pakistan-jinnah-
legislative-career/.

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Scope

5. This research paper is intended to cover the “National integration of Pakistan

and addressing the weakness” in five chapters.Chapter-1 pertains to review of the

literature encompassing the introduction, aim and scope of the research paper.

Chapter 2 deals with a brief academic discourse on national integration, in which

academic aspects of the subject have been discussed. ‘Nation’ and ‘Integration’

have been defined while discussing various important contours of national

integration. Some of the determinants have also been listed, which have a direct

bearing on the inculcation of national integration in a nation.

6. Chapter-3 pertains to national integration Profile of Pakistan. It discusses the

historical perspective in which an historical analysis of Pakistan’s formative years

has been carried out and also covers the present scenario of Pakistan’s national

integration. It intends to highlight the issues which either have potentials to

strengthen or deteriorate the process of national integration in Pakistan. In the

prevailing environments, there are number of irritants to national integration. These

irritants have a profound impact on the stability and national cohesion of the nation

has been discussed. Also few of the aspects which strengthen the national

integration of Pakistan are highlighted.

7. Chapter-4 is a proposed ‘way forward’ in which religious, ideological, political,

economic, social, and other miscellaneous issues have been discussed separately.

The discussion sets out a way ahead to meet the challenges, convert them into

opportunities, and thus achieve national integration, to put Pakistan on the road to

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peace and prosperity and help it achieve the long-cherished goal of coherence,

cohesion, and unity.

Review of the Literature

8. It has been noted that this issue of national importance has not been looked

into by academia and researchers in sufficient detail and one finds only few books by

Pakistani writers on the subject of national integration. Asif Haroon in his book title

“Muhammad Bin Qasim to General Pervez Musharraf” published in 2004, provides

genesis of nation making, which now forms part of the Pakistan 4. It covers the

kaleidoscope of Pakistan’s history linking it from the origin of Islam and its effects in

the sub-continent. However, it does not address the problems being confronted by

Pakistan today.

9. Rounaq Jahan in her book “Pakistan: Failure in National Integration” covers

the period up to late sixties 5. Although, the book is not written in the contemporary

environments, nevertheless, one can still draw useful lessons as how the process of

national integration can be strengthened. Rounaq Jahan has carried out an analysis

of political-makeup of the Country introduced by Ayub Khan, which could not

contribute positively for nation building and cohesion. The book draws the linkage of

political and economic transformation on the national make-up of the Bengalis vis-à-

vis Ist Wing populace and reveals many important issues, which led to the

emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. The qualitative analysis through lot of tabulated

facts supports author’s arguments.

4
Asif Haroon, Muhammad Bin Qasim to General Pervez Musharraf: Triumphs, Tribulations, Scars of
1971 Tragedy and Current Challenges (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2004), 1-500.
5
Rounaq Jahan, Pakistan: Failure in National Integration (London: Columbia University Press, 1972),
1-248.

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10. “Pakistan’s Security and National Integration” by Ikram Azam is an attempt to

find out the answers for the polarization and confrontation in the society since its

creation. The author’s view point treating “Punjab” as one of the pillars of Pakistan, in

line with ‘Islamic Ideology’, ‘Democracy’ and ‘Armed Forces’, does not seem

pragmatic6. Since the book has been written in the environment of ‘70s during post-

East Pakistan debacle, therefore, it does not include the current challenges to

national integration.

11. Qadeeruddin Ahmed’s book “Pakistan: Facts and Fallacies”, is the reflections

of his thoughts over the historical make-up of Pakistan. In this book, the author has

tried to express certain facts in the light of the interpretation as he sees them and

discount certain publicised fallacies concerning the creation of Pakistan 7. His ideas

about the very basis for creation of Pakistan (Two Nation Theory) are thought

provoking8. His concept of ‘Integration’ as given in Chapter X of the book, outlines

philosophical contours of the subject but are short of the contemporary challenges

that i face today as a nation9.

12. M. Nazrul Islam’s book “Pakistan: A Study in National Integration”, is case

study in national integration for Pakistan and Malaysia. The author has analysed

demographic, economic and political architecture of the two countries, which impinge

upon enhancing national integration and aggravate disintegrative tendencies. The

qualitative analysis through lot of tabulated facts supports author’s arguments.

However, his analysis is mostly confined to finding reasons for dismemberment of

Pakistan because of demographic, economic and political fallouts on national

6
Ikram Azam, Pakistan’s Security and National Integration (Rawalpindi: The London Book Co, 1974),
109.
7
Qadeeruddin Ahmed, Pakistan: Facts and Fallacies (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1979), 1-276.
8
Ibid, 1-20.
9
Ibid, 184-227.

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integration. One has to read in between the lines to find semblance to our present

day challenges to national integration, which ire so during ‘60s and ‘70s. 10

13. Plamen Tonchev in his article "Pakistan at Fifty-Five: From Jinnah to

Musharraf," published in European Institute for Asian Studies has analysed the

ideological roots of the Country. He has given some interesting conclusions

regarding place of Islam in ideological make up of Pakistan with reference to more

moderate vision of Quiad-e-Azam11.

14. The literature review indicates that important forces, which are responsible for

disunity and disharmony, have not been studied seriously. Authors have tried to

focus on one or two issues and ignored totally those factors, which are shaking the

very foundation of the State. Therefore, the importance of present study lies in the

fact that it is going to address those factors, which if cured with care and caution, can

result in bringing national integration. The study will also fill in gap and prove a

stepping stone for further research on the issue.

CHAPTER - 2

NATIONAL INTEGRATION-THEORETICAL CONTOURS

10
M. Nazrul Islam, Pakistan; A Study in National Integration (Lahore: Vanguard Books Pvt Ltd, 1990),
1-282.
11
Plamen Tonchev, "Pakistan at Fifty-Five: From Jinnah to Musharraf," European Institute for Asian
Studies, no.BP 02/03 (2003): 1-54.
http://http://www.eias.org/publications/briefing/2002/bp23pakistan.pdf.

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Definitions

15. Nation. A nation is generally defined as a community knit together by

common experience over reasonably long past, shaping a common religion, culture

and tradition12. The Islamic concept of nation defines it as Ummah; regardless of

colour, caste, creed and race, the Believers (Muslims) are one community. While

Pakistani concept defines nation as “Millat” 13; a group of people who have a common

attitude towards life and feel that they have a common destiny.

16. Nationalism. Nationalism is elusive, in its manifestations, and what i have to

classify the rich variety of movements and ideologies which go under the name of

nationalism. It is undoubtedly the most renowned fact that nationalism is today one

of the most powerful forces in the world, and that the national state has been for a

century at least, and continues to be, the cornerstone of international politics.

17. National Identity. The articulation of national identity has diverse

components. The first of these is the political community, which represents the

collective self-understanding of the community, the common platform on which its

members have agreed to live together, and a clear public statement of its identity.

The next dimension of national identity has to do with the way a political community

imagines itself. Political communities are complex, involving millions of people the

members has never seen, but for whom he or she is expected to pay taxes, make

sacrifices, and even die.14

12
Rupert Emerson, Paradoxes of Asian Nationalism (Singapore: Association for Asian Studies,
2005), 131.
13
Qadeeruddin Ahmed, Pakistan: Facts and Fallacies (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1979), 199-
200.
14
Bhikhu Parekh, The Concept of Fundamentalism, (Leeds, Peepal Tree, 1992), P 15

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18. Integration. The word in its literal sense means fitting together parts to make

one whole. It is also justified as an assumption that societies are self-sufficient

entities with compatible components of social, cultural political and economic

structures, held together by the cementing force of loyalty. Keeping in view the

definition, “Integration” can be categorized in two ways 15:-

a. Functional Integration. It depends on needs, technology, efficiency,

and availability of resources. If the required quantities are inadequate,

the functional quality suffers and the deficiency may cause

dissatisfaction. An example of such discontent was East Pakistan and

opposite example is prospering countries.

b. Psychological Integration. It is controlled only by the deepest

loyalties, emotional bonds, and spiritual cause. Common belief and

dominant perspective of life are the psychological aspects of such

integration. German concept of racial superiority during Nazi regime is

an example of psychological integration in modern time.

19. Nationalism Vs National Integration. Nationalism is an ideology of a

nation-state, and national integration is the process of achieving and maintaining

nationhood. The concept of nationalism is related to the specific environment

(religious, social, cultural etc.) in which national self--- assertion of group of people

merges. The process of national integration holds a system together. The system of

a state includes a number of ethnic groups that are components of its political

structure. National Integration is not only a perpetually on-going process, it is multi-

15
Qadeeruddin Ahmed, Pakistan: Facts and Fallacies (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1979), 192-
194.

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dimensional and many directional. Its variables input cover all important sectorial

avenues i.e. socio-cultural, politico-economic, and religio-ideological 16.

20. Scope of National Integration. National Integration is uniting of separate

social, political, and cultural groups under a singly identification. Although integration

is similar to assimilation, in case of political integration separate groups may

assimilate while maintaining their identity as a subgroup. Integration presupposes

common norms and consensus. Moreover:-

a. A rational understanding of the strategies associated with consensus

and conflict perspectives is required, to achieve national integration.

b. The perceptions of the ruling group and expectations of those ruled, if

imbalance in policy making, cause political instability.

c. Perceived frustration and deprivation by those ruled and lack of

understanding by the ruling elite may confuse the reality and engage

both groups in distorted perceptions leading to societal disunity.

21. Determinants of National Integration

a. National Objective. National goals are determined from time to

time depending upon the national needs. Whereas national interests

define the basic non-negotiable needs of a nation, national objectives

spell out what a country is trying to do to maintain those national

interests. National objectives are the specific ends that a nation seeks

in order to advance, support, or defend its national interests. 17

16
Ikram Azam, Pakistan Futuristic (Lahore: Progressive Publishers, 1984), 307.
17
Fundamentals of Statecraft - Vol II (Islamabad: NDU Press, [2008]), 156.

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b. Ideology. Ideology means the science or study of ideas. In general

sense it refers to the specific manner in which a group of persons

thinks. The group may have a set of beliefs, whether abstract or in the

form of traditions, religion or philosophy. Nationalism can develop into

a uniting and sufficiently aggressive force, only if the requisite

emotional and ideological base exists; but ordinarily, this sentiment

takes centuries to mature.18

c. Religion. Religion is one of the strongest bonds in an ideological

state and an essential element of national integration being a sanction

of unity. It provides an additional source of pride to the nation and

affects national character and habits. In Islam, the loyalty of the

Muslims to one another has been institutionalized by the concept of

Ummah.19The classic Islamic scholar Ibn Khaldun defined three pillars

on which the Islamic state should be erected: (i) group feeling

(asabiyah), (ii) a ruling structure with leaders, and (iii) a large

community that is based on the common religion (ummah). There is no

mention of 'ethnic groups', territory, or boundaries. 20

d. Language. Language as a hall-mark of any group of people,

underscores the most valuable possession for dealing with changes in

man’s environment. Language is also a manifestation of culture and

tradition. It is the means of communication and takes ages to develop.

Hence, it serves as one of the strongest bonds. Language is also one

of the most enduring artefacts of a people’s culture, and unless people

18
Ibid, 199.
19
Qadeeruddin Ahmed, Pakistan: Fact and Fallacies (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1979), 188.
20
Fundamentals of Statecraft - Vol I (Islamabad: NDU Press, [2008]), 58.

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are forced by any system of dominance or conquest, their language

can always determine the people’s social physics and history.

e. Culture. Culture can be defined as the manifest aggregate of

people’s language, religion, customs, manners, dress, art, economy

and outlook. Culture is developed through an age old living traditions.

Each region has its own culture, which once put together, makes the

culture of a country. National integration in multi-cultural states is

untenable without an entrenched public culture because this comprises

the values shared by all groups and constitutes the common grounds

on which the diverse groups conceptualize and appreciate the state.

f. Leadership. Leadership plays pivotal role in the process of integration.

A nation that sets a goal or objective for itself requires leadership,

which can guide them to their common destiny. An effective leader is

naturally integrative, who brings together people of different culture,

races, genders, personalities and stages of development and

integrates them into a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. 21

CHAPTER – 3

NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PAKISTAN: PRESENT SCENARIO

21
George Manning and Kent Curtis, The Art of Leadership (New York: McGraw-Hill International,
2002), 228.

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22. Brief Overview of Chapter. This chapter intends to highlight the current

issues which either have potentials to strengthen or deteriorate the process of

national integration in Pakistan.

Historical Perspective

23. “Religion was perhaps only thing common to all the Muslims of sub-continent.

There are differences of language, culture, economic background between the

Muslims of different regions, for instance Punjab and Bengal. 22 The driving force

behind the setting up of Pakistan was the better educated Muslims of the Muslim

minority provinces of central India, like Uttar Pradesh and Bombay. The inhabitants

of the Muslim-majority areas, which later became Pakistan, had been less

enthusiastic or even sceptical. They joined the cause of the “Pakistan Movement”

only during the last few years. It is said that the Pakistan Movement succeeded on

the basis of Islamic ideology. However, paradoxically, the Country was not

established with a religious purpose, but with a “national” one in mind 23.

24. Pakistan in 1947 consisted a variety of “ethnic” and linguistic groups and

subgroups, which had little in common besides being Muslim. Two official languages

(Urdu and English), six or seven important regional languages (Punjabi, Pashto,

Sindhi, Balochi, Saraiki, Bengali), and perhaps two dozen local ones, are an

indication of linguistic differences, if not of homogeneity. The founding fathers, being

profoundly secular, had to deal with the task of integrating the several ethnic groups

into a national community - without over-using the only bond they had in common:

religion. The task was further complicated because most of the founding fathers ire

22
Shahid Javaid Burki, Pakistan (Colorado: Istview Press, 1993), 10.
23
Jochen Hippler, “Problems of Democracy and Nation-Building in Pakistan,” Jochen Hippler Online,
Ibmaster,//http://www.jochen-hippler.de/Aufsatze/Nation-Building_in_Pakistan/nation-
building_in_pakistan.html.

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migrants or even refugees. Quaid-e-Azam did not speak any of the local languages;

he would not even completely speak in Urdu before independence. 24 He delivered

his speech declaring the Independence of Pakistan in English. The creation of the

Pakistani “Nation” did not develop from “below,” from the societal roots or nationalist

movements, but from top-down: first the State was created, hoping to develop its

own social base, and thereafter, Nation-Building was to generate the Nation that the

Nation-State desired25.

25. Approaches to National Integration. All governments since 1947 have

relied on pointing across the border to promote “National Unity”. India was

emphasized as an external threat. Hostility towards India, the struggle for Kashmir,

and anti-Hindu sentiments remained important tools to stress Pakistan’s legitimacy,

its unity, and its character as a “Nation-State”. The pains of the ethnic cleansing

provided credibility to the use of an external enemy as a tool for strengthening

internal unity. Three India-Pakistan wars (1948, 1965, and 1971) also provided a

base to the argument that internal unity was a necessity for our survival. Therefore,

immense internal heterogeneity was linked to an overwhelming desire for unity, at

least as articulated from the political centre. Besides India, the other most important

tool to establish unity has been “Islam”. Using religion for national integration

seemed irresistible, since it was practically the only common bond between the

several ethnicities and nationalities.

Divergences

24
Plamen Tonchev, "Pakistan at Fifty-Five: From Jinnah to Musharraf," European Institute for Asian
Studies, no.BP 02/03 (2003): 14.
http://http://www.eias.org/publications/briefing/2002/bp23pakistan.pdf.
25
Jochen Hippler, “Problems of Democracy and Nation-Building in Pakistan,” Jochen Hippler Online,
Ibmaster,http://www.jochen-hippler.de/Aufsatze/Nation-Building_in_Pakistan/nation-
building_in_pakistan.html.

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26. In the prevailing environment, there are number of irritants to national

integration. These irritants have a profound impact on the stability and national

cohesion of the nation.

27. Religious and Ideological Issues

a. Extremism and Religious Intolerance. Pakistan today lacks

the social justice, cohesion, and moderation, which has given rise to

extremism and religious intolerance in the society. Unfortunately, the

current security threats to the very existence of this nation are

inevitable product of extremism. This extremism has distorted the

global image of the country and has put the future security of the

country at stake. The society is terrorized and fear prevails all around,

hampering the prosperity of people and progress of the state. This calls

for taking a fresh look at the prevailing security situation and

formulating a comprehensive strategy that can work to stabilize the

situation thereby creating a climate that is supportive of socio-

economic activities in the country, brings back the lost atmosphere of

peace, and leads the people to the path of prosperity and integration.

b. Sectarianism. The roots of sectarianism can be traced back to

1980s following the curse of Afghan war, when Iran started supporting

‘Shia’ madrassas in Pakistan in a response to Saudi Arabia supporting

‘Sunni’ madrassas26. Some self-serving clerics from different sects

remain engaged in alienating the simpleton Muslims from the true spirit

of Islam and are weakening the Muslim brotherhood. The society is

divided religiously into different factions, which results in social

26
Sadia Nasir, “Rise of Extremism in South Asia”, IPRI Paper 7, published by Asian printers
Islamabad (Oct 2004)

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stratification. Sectarianism has the capacity to create hurdles in the

way of national integration, if steps are not taken to sincerely tackle the

issue. The phenomenal increase in number of deeni madrassas has

not only increased sectarianism but also introduced militancy in the

Country27. There are more than 50,000 madrasas operating in

Pakistan. Influx of arms/ammunition in the wake of Afghan imbroglio,

and the financial/material support to certain organisations from outside,

has accentuated the malaise.

28. Political Issues

a. Political Situation. For more than six decades i have oscillated

between democracy and martial law, and within democracy between

Parliamentary and Presidential System and within Parliamentary

Democracy between rubber stamp Presidents and monarch like

Presidents holding the sword of 58(2b). The Pakistani federation in its

present territorial form has been struggling to keep itself intact against

heavy internal fissures and external threats. Adverse political climate

prevails due to lack of political accountability, uncontrolled and rampant

corruption, absence of grass root level participation of the masses, and

undemocratic attitude of politicians. The situation today is that we have

a democratically elected government that is dealing with a number of

problems, and none have been addressed by the government.

Pakistan is vulnerable at this stage, and it is time for all political and

societal forces to show a resolute front to those trying to blackmail the

country.

27
Musa Khan Jalalzai, Sectarianism in Pakistan, (Lahore: A. H. Publishers, 1995), 287-331.

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b. Inequitable Distribution of Natural Resources . All the four Provinces

are rich in cultural, geographical, and economic diversity. This includes

the coastal , minerals, petroleum, gas and vast areas of

Baluchistan; mountains, hydroelectric opportunities, forests, tourism

and marble of NWFP; agriculture, industry, technology, and human

resources of Punjab; coastal, agricultural, petroleum, coal,

commerce and technological resources of Sind. However there are

certain disagreements on sharing the national resources and there is

also a need of addressing regional economic disparities to strengthen

the Federation. Electricity is produced in NWFP and gas from

Baluchistan but these have not been widely distributed in these very

provinces. Even the royalty promised to the provinces has not been

paid, especially to Baluchistan. According to the constitution, all,

minerals etc. under the land belongs to the state, therefore no share

could be legally paid to the people. This legislation in reality has been

counterproductive and has brought in the element of blackmailing and

corruption.

c. Centre -Provinces Relations. There has been a continuous

tussle during the period when different parties ruled in the centre

and provinces. Consequently all energies, resources, and strategies

are being directed towards each other's removal with scant regard to

the verdict of the electorate. This bipolar conflict is detrimental to

the progress and economy of the country, as ill as a source of

divisiveness.

d. Demand of New Provinces

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(1) The debate on creation of new provinces in Pakistan is gaining

momentum among the political parties and the media. Demands

include the creation of Hazara and Seriaki provinces, partitioning

of the Pakhtun areas of Baluchistan and merging them with the

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, division of the Sindh

province, and enabling the creation of Karachi as a separate

federal unit. The demand for more provinces and provincial

autonomy re-emerged with the coming of the new government

and the passing of the 18th amendment in the year 2010.

(2) The question is whether the provinces should be made on an

administrative basis or on ethno-linguistic lines. In the words of

Mazar Arif, “New provinces, if created, will in fact be new

‘federating units’ representing social, cultural, linguistic and

historical values and the aspirations of their respective peoples

28
in the federation of Pakistan.” This complements the cultural

and linguistic rights guaranteed under the constitution.

29. Economic and Social Issues

a. Economic Turmoil. The current chaotic state of economy of

Pakistan is a cause of major concern. We are confronted with a myriad

of economic problems, which has the potential to ‘trigger’ a serious

internal security problem. Unsustainable debt burden, structural

weaknesses in the economy, lack of FDI, shortage of electricity and

28
Mazar Arif, Seraiki province debate, Dawn, 15 August 2011

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inadequate Human Resource Development, inconsistent policies,

mismanagement and corruption in handling the economic affairs, have

led the Country to prevailing situation. This all has impacted the poor,

who are more vulnerable and the difference between have and have-

nots is increasing day by day.

b. Collapse of Institutions. Prolonged mismanagement and lack of

good governance has brought the state institutions at the verge of

collapse. Lack of institutionalised decision-making, in-efficient, and

corrupt bureaucracy and police, lack of speedy and impartial justice

and no meaningful accountability are some of the major contributing

factors. An overall situation of demoralisation prevails in the society.

Worsening Law and Order Situation. Law and order is a matter of

concern as the security of the life and property of citizens is the primary

duty of the state and is continuously threatened. Insecure citizens are

vulnerable to anti-state and anti-social elements, thereby becoming a

liability to national integration. Improving law and order is a major

challenge for the nation’s socio-political integration.

30. Miscellaneous Issues

a. War Against Terrorism.

(1) Pakistan decided to side with the US in fight against terrorism in

2001 when Taliban regime was attacked. Though Pakistan took

a principled stance in the best interest of the country, many

quarters in the country believed the decision was taken under

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the US pressure. As a whole, the country has been subjected to

increase violence initiated by international terrorist groups with

some support from banned extremist groups of the country.

Especially the law and order situation has been seriously

affected in the NWFP and Baluchistan. Moreover, the drone

attacks in the tribal areas have further split the nation and

majority of population have concern with regard to operation

being carried out and drone attacks.

(2) Inability of successive governments to integrate the region of

FATA into national mainstream brings to fore certain key issues,

which have directly or indirectly contributed to its prolonged

isolation. Negligence on the part of state institutions, parochial

political interests and the naiveté of the rural folk have given

birth to a militant culture that thrives on vandalism, brutality and

anarchy. These are the areas where people are deprived of

economic development, political voice, and social justice and

are far behind other areas in terms of infrastructure, social

services, and employment. Though situation in Swat has been

normalized, however in FATA, displaced persons are creating

another breed of frustrated youth in IDP Camps due to military

operations. Considering the demographic changes that have

taken place in the years since 2001, question arises how strong

is the support in the tribal areas for fusion with Pakistan? An

even more vexed question that will have to be settled is: is

Afghanistan willing to recognise the border with Pakistan? What

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about tribes with members on both sides of the border? These

are the questions Pakistan has put off for a long time. Now it has

to find answers in a hurry. It is a daunting task, but must be

undertaken.

b. Baluchistan Issue. The situation in Baluchistan is a cause of

concern for national integrity. Spearheaded by the sardars, the

insurgency in Baluchistan raises its head at regular intervals. Visibly,

the Baloch nationalists are mooting the insurgency as a struggle for

greater political autonomy and enhanced control over the region's

abundant mineral resources. However, socio-political factors are only a

façade behind the real reasons of this insurgency. Seeing the

pronounced activities of Baluchistan Liberation Army, it is easy to

appreciate that the insurgency is sponsored and financed by foreign

hands. Who are these foreign hands? The answers are simple: these

are the international players with serious reservations to the two

strategic projects based in Baluchistan - Gwadar Deep Water Port and

the gas pipeline from Iran. However, absence of concrete measures to

address a political issue of Baluchistan by the federal government has

further alienated the people of Baluchistan.

c. Judiciary. Judiciary is supposed to interpret constitution in the

right spirit and protect the fundamental rights of citizens . Only

independent judiciary can guarantee this, which in turn ensures

national integration. Putting judiciary on the right track so that it

regains the lost confidence of the citizens is a reckonable challenge.

Citizens disillusioned with their judicial and law & order system are

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unlikely to contribute positively in a situation of crisis. Absence of

sound judicial system gives way to parallel system of justice as had

been adopted in Swat.

d. Decayed Education System. Pakistan spends only 2 % of its GDP

on the education system, which is insufficient to meet the demands of a

comprehensive education system. Deep ingress of political parties into

the educational institutions is causing divisions amongst Pakistan’s

future human assets along ethnic, sectarian, and linguistic lines.

Parallel education systems are further segregating the society into

classes.

Convergences

31. Pakistan would have emerged as a great nation of the world, if the people and

leaders of Pakistan had followed the principles of justice, fair play and impartiality.

However, despite surface tensions and confrontations, there is an unmistakable

trend of greater inter-dependence among ethnic communities and society as a

whole, which can contribute to national integration. Few aspects which strengthen

the national integration of Pakistan are as under:-

a. Relevance of Historical Approach to National Integration . Historical

approach to national integration has relevance even today. All

Governments since 1947 have tried national integration by

emphasizing India as an external threat. So they heavily relied on

pointing across the border to promote national unity. Hostility towards

India and the struggle for Kashmir has been important tools to stress

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Pakistan’s unity.29 This notion of common enemy, India, is still alive

among the whole nation. Besides India, the other most important tool to

establish unity instead of fragmentation has been the common religion,

“Islam”. Again, all governments have utilized religion as a unifying force

but in different forms. Although this factor alone could not avoid the

unfortunate tragedy of 1971 and hence proved not a sole reliable

integrating force, yet it still has relevance in contemporary society,

along with the political and socio-economic factors.

b. Common Territory. After the unforgettable incident of 1971, the

whole population, unlike past, lives within the same common territory.

Hence it makes communication easy and there is greater mobility of

population and resources. So there remains no logic of geographical

dictations to socio-economic developments in different parts of the

country.

c. Increasing Literacy Rate. Though the literacy rate is going up at slow

pace, but there seems to be a growing awareness among the general

masses inside the country. People are more aware of their political and

socioeconomic rights, and are able to differentiate between the right

and wrong. This would, no doubt, be helpful to understand the national

problems and the importance of national unity. Media, both electronic

and print, can play a vital role in this regard while providing the public

with a sound knowledge of happenings around them. This will help

29
Jochen Hippler, “Problems of Democracy and Nation-Building in Pakistan,” Jochen Hippler Online,
Ibmaster,http://www.jochen-hippler.de/Aufsatze/Nation-Building_in_Pakistan/nation
building_in_pakistan.html.

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establishing a democratic tradition in the country while utilizing the

public awareness in the wake of free media and education.

CHAPTER - 4

IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS AND THE WAY FORWARD

32. Brief Overview of Chapter. In this chapter important conclusions have

been drawn for finding a way forward to meet the challenges, convert them into

opportunities, in order to put Pakistan on the road to peace and prosperity and help

her to achieve the long-cherished goal of coherence, cohesion, and unity.

33. Important conclusions. Despite sixty-five years of its existence the present

state of nation-building phenomenon in Pakistan is fragile, however it has not failed.

Keeping in view the unfortunate debacle of East Pakistan in 1971, the danger of the

rest of Pakistan disintegrating cannot be ruled out at all 30. The future of Pakistan

thus, to some extent, hangs in the balance. Few of the important conclusions are as

under:-

a. A combination of over-centralization, ethnic resentments, social

alienation, and religious extremism today characterize Pakistan.

b. The government looked to be either constrained or confused on policy

framework to counter the internal menaces. As a result, people tend to

become cynical and alienated from politics and the state.

c. Continuous failure of the law enforcing agencies, crisis of

management and huge economic pressure are likely to create

30
Jochen Hippler, “Problems of Democracy and Nation-Building in Pakistan,” Jochen Hippler Online,
Ibmaster,http://www.jochen-hippler.de/Aufsatze/Nation-Building_in_Pakistan/nation
building_in_pakistan.html.

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uncertainties among people. Increasing internal competition for meagre

resources can reinforce fragmentation.

d. Though the nature of insurgencies in Pakistan is not absolutely ethnic,

yet at the same time the fragmentation of political system has

increased considerably, and has grown more provincial in character

than national. The social fabric of the country is also weakening.

e. Separatist movements along with a triple crises of political, economic

and militancy are likely to get momentum in the foreseeable future.

These along with continuous weakening of state structures can easily

lead to destabilize the country. This would simply imply weakening of

national integration, and strengthening of ethnic, tribal and religious

forms of political identities.

f. The country definitely has great potentials to overcome the political and

economic shortcomings, but again the will is absent. However, the

economic prospects are dim at the moment and that the most likely

scenario for Pakistan is a very pessimistic one

g. In case the current government failed to address the most pressing

problems of the country. The combination of paralysis, fragmentation

and the weakening of the social fabric can easily lead to a highly

unstable political situation, without a functioning integrative

mechanism. This combination can overturn the democratic system in

the long run and strengthen the Islamic movements.

h. At present, the country is vulnerable to suicide attacks and bomb

blasts. Regrettably, most of our leaders failed to understand the

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intensity and the sensitivity of the strategic environment. The on-going

adverse circumstances have enveloped the country from all sides, and

are creating a rift between the public, politicians and the security

forces.

i. Acute differences on the basis of regional and provincial interests at

the cost of national one have threatened the very unity among various

ethnic groups.

j. The country is in a mess in wake of the present multiple crises and it

looks as if there is a “war of all against all”. At this critical juncture, the

situation demands sacrifices of self-interests from every citizen in

favour of national interests.

k. With the survival of the existing multiple crises, an unstable equilibrium

may go on for a long time in the foreseeable future, and the next few

years will have immense importance for Pakistan to make the situation

compatible and to resolve the internal menaces mentioned above. Until

now i have put a little effort to keep the nation integrated, but the

question still remains whether the country make use of the chances it

has, or concede defeat.

Way Forward.

34. In the succeeding paragraphs, a way forward to find answers to ideological,

political, economic, social and miscellaneous issues has been given, based on the

discussion of Chapter III and Chapter IV

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35. Religious and Ideological Issues

a. Strengthening Religious Harmony. Ulema and religious scholars

in particular to be asked to present Islam in its true spirit and to remove

the curse of sectarianism. Some of the recommended measures to

strengthen our religious integration and to mitigate sectarian conflicts

are:-

(1) No sect to use any negative utterances against the religious

personalities of other sect, either in writing or in speeches.

(2) Islam’s message of universal tolerance, of peace and respect

should be propagated to foster harmony among various religious

schools of thought.

(3) Every individual to follow his belief but to be strictly forbidden to

interfere or criticize belief of others.

(4) All the religious militant groups are disarmed with a highhanded

policy.

(5) On external front, steps to be taken for tracking down verified

terrorist groups and the concerned countries to be diplomatically

perused to take necessary steps against these groups.

(6) The minorities must be allowed to practice their religion freely as

per the injunctions of Islam.

(7) Already chalked out Madrasa Strategy to be followed in true

letter and spirit. Property and funds of these Madaris and

religious leaders be subjected to thorough scrutiny through

regular audit.

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b. Inculcating Concept of Nationalism . There is a need to develop

Pakistani nationalism which should give people the feeling that despite

differences, they are people destined for common statehood. Diverse

groups may also combine in a common state for reasons of economic

and other advantages. This can be done if we keep reminding

ourselves that :-

(1) Parity is an inalienable right of all the regions and provinces of

Pakistan. There should be no regimentation on ethno-linguistic

or regional basis – and no straitjackets.

(2) The rights of the provinces and autonomy consonant with

national interests and agreed in 1973 constitution have to be

assured. I have to pay ever-more heed to Quaid’s motto: ‘Unity,

Discipline’ and Faith (in the same order).

(3) The economic and political interests of all regions have to be

guaranteed and taken care of. The provinces must have a sense

of belonging and participation vis-à-vis Pakistan and the national

affairs. They also have a right of optimum self-government

within the overall framework of a strong, progressive and

prosperous Pakistan.

c. Revival of Pakistani Brotherhood/Nationhood . General apathy

prevalent in the society needs a fillip for patriotic fervour. There is a

requirement to revive the spirit of Pakistani brotherhood and patriotism.

The intellectuals, Ulemas and thinkers should come forward and not

only confront the prophets of doom and gloom, but also devise means

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to keep the people insulated from propaganda of our rivals. Through

the media, people must be motivated to keep the interest of the

Country supreme and above sectarian, regional, racial and linguistic

considerations.

36. Political Issues

a. Political Structure. After practicing all forms of governance, the draw

is in favour of a parliamentary form of government. I must endeavour to

establish true democratic norms and patriotic values in the Country in

letter and spirit. Parliamentary democratic form of government, as

envisioned in the 1973 constitution (in original shape) is more suited in

view of provinces having particular linguistic, cultural and historical

identities. Representation of matured politicians from all classes of

society can play a more positive role suggested as followed:-

(1) Pakistan’s leadership may need to update and even revise its

‘strong centre’ ideology in favour of more pronounced regional

autonomy and bigger authority for the provinces in a spirit of

pragmatic politics.

(2) Re-demarcation and increase in number of constituencies to

enable middle class to play more active role.

(3) Establish autonomous and independent Election Commission.

(4) Establish powerful, reliable and neutral accountability body.

(5) Bar on minimum education qualification for candidates to

contest the elections to be lifted.

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b. Federal System of Government. Federal system of government

is indispensable for Pakistan, as entrusted in the 1973 constitution. For

it reconciles the national unity and will help keep the units satisfied,

narrowing the gap of trust deficit, increase inter-provinces and centre-

province relations and reduce separatist tendencies. So,

decentralization and deliverance of provincial autonomy is a concrete

step to satisfy the nation

c. Demand of New Provinces. The creation of new provinces must

take into consideration the concerns of the people rather than being

just a political stunt for the election. The proponents for the creation of

provinces should also pay respect to the constitution’s Article 239 (4)

which “lays down that no bill to amend the constitution that would have

the effect of altering the limits of a province can be presented to the

president for assent unless it has been passed by the provincial

assembly of that province by a two-thirds majority. It then also requires

a two-thirds majority in both houses of parliament in order to pass

muster.”31 Such an important matter of carving out provinces mandates

the active participation of both political parties and civil society.

d. National Consensus on Important Issues. we have to seek

national consensus on every issue of strategic importance to form a

unifying front. Political parties need to rise above purely party interest

and look for the best interest of the nation. This will help resolving the

problems in a much smooth and convenient manner thereby injecting

mutual confidence and find combined solutions to the common

31
“The issue of new provinces”, Editorial, Daily Times, 5 January 2012

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problems. It is not the time to outwit all the others but it is time to use

wits of all to outwit the enemies of state and to counter their designs by

finding true solutions to our problems.

37. Economic and Social Issues

a. Economic Policies. The broad economic parameters of our

economic development should be framed with national consensus

based on equal equation amongst the federating units and given

constitutional backing. Some of the measures in this regards are as

under:-

(1) An increasing development budget is essential to overcoming

the negative effects of social fragmentation and illiteracy-fed

Islamic fundamentalism.

(2) Every effort must be made to do away with disparity and

economic disequilibrium between the various classes, regions,

areas and provinces of our society and country.

(3) The full exploitation, exploration and development of natural

resources are essential.

(4) Cooperative economic ventures between regions and provinces

and the sharing of resources and benefits are bound to be

beneficial.

(5) The economically backward areas should be brought into the

mainstream of national life through education, modernization,

and mass media of communication, general economic

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developments, ill-being, and progress and through an effective

system of roads, transportation, and communication.

b. Social Justice. While total abolition of quota system may not be

prudent, the open merit quota should be gradually increased. Similarly,

problem of rising unemployment needs to be tackled in a pragmatic

manner. Social action programme for education, health, empowerment

of women, and population control, is the need of the hour. To avert the

social conflicts turning into communal conflicts, establishment of social

equilibrium is an essential condition for national integration. Once this

is done, socially deprived groups would begin to develop a strong

sense of commitment to the integrity of the Country. If the scramble for

personal acquisition of the few goes on unabated without caring for the

sufferings of the many, it may be difficult to prevent the society from

falling apart.

38. Miscellaneous Issues

a. Improvement of Judiciary System Judiciary can play an

important role in nation building. Timely and unbiased justice brings

peace and tranquility in the society. In this regards, following may be

considered:-

(1) Judiciary be given constitutional guarantee of its independence

to work free of pressure.

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(2) Judges of superior courts be paid handsomely keeping in view

the sensitive and critical nature of their duties.

(3) Appointment of superior court judges to be on non-party basis

and free of political strings.

(4) Promotion based on seniority will help to keep impartial

judiciary.

b. Cohesive Education Policy. One of the major reasons for all the

disharmonies in the society is the lack of adequate education base of

the society. Education institutions play the most dominant role in

shaping and integration of a nation. Following be followed in form of

education reforms: -

(1) A two-pronged mass programme to be launched by the

provinces to improve literacy among children as ill as adults by

integrating local bodies, politicians and ill-to-do people.

(2) Conditions of service and emoluments of teachers should be

revised and steps taken to elevate their status to its proper place

in society.

(3) Maximum incentive to private sector to open schools in rural

areas. Their fees and standard may, however, be monitored.

(4) Rural education to be looked after by public sector at district

level under provincial arrangement.

(5) Curriculum to be made realistic and uniform for all provinces

with better quality textbook at subsidised rates.

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(6) Cleavages between traditional Islamic educational institutions

and modern educational institutions (including elitist pattern), be

removed as it is disrupting the sense of belonging to Pakistan.

(7) Urdu language should also be employed as a vehicle to develop

cultural unity, common identity and a shared future.

(8) Provinces may be allowed to retain the regional languages as a

subject after primary level.

c. FATA Situation. We have to redress the situation in FATA sincerely

in a planned, systematic, and scientific manner instead of the

perfunctory and ad-hoc approaches. The government should follow the

multi-pronged strategy of political, military, and socio-economic

development to counter the militancy in FATA. I have to bring FATA

into mainstream by initiating process of Land Settlement and promote

urbanization, increased focus on Human Resource Development,

exploit drivers of growth i.e. minerals and horticulture, development of

industries on fringes of FATA and facilitate early creation of

Reconstruction Opportunity Zones. The issue is so serious that if i fail

to tackle it soon, it may spread out to other parts of the country, which

would be detrimental to the integrity the country

d. Eliminating Unemployment. In order to alleviate the grievances of the

masses and to give them their basic right to earn their living, following

steps be taken:-

(1) Economic Revival Package for the revival of industries to

stimulate production and investment.

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(2) Government should announce a package for the development of

agriculture sector.

(3) More Technical and Vocational training facilities should be

provided. In this way unemployed people will get the chance to

enhance their skills and become able to earn reasonable

income.

(4) With a view to reduce educated unemployment; self-

employment schemes should be encouraged in true manners.

Conclusion

39. National integration permits a heterogeneous nation like Pakistan to live in

peace, harmony, and unity. It is an important element of the nation’s power potential

and binds its military, economic, and political strengths. Pakistan has sub-nationalist

undercurrents, which run along ethnic lines, seeking their share of national pie and,

at times, threatening secession from the federation. Whenever, Pakistan’s national

integration suffered, the underlying causes ire political expediencies and lust for

power.

40. Pakistan’s formative years, which should have been a period of nation

building and consolidation, turned out to be a traumatic experience in political

failures and nation making. Half way through these years, an event of major

significance was the permanent separation of the Country’s eastern wing. Even post

1971, Pakistan with logical and more cohesive borders has been unable to resolve

the problems arising from a variety of ethnic, regional and other divisive challenges.

The despairing tone of both foreign and Pakistani commentators is already a ill-

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established tradition. Titles such as “Pakistan: Living on the Edge”, and

“Pakistan: The Failed State” echo deep horizontal and vertical cleavages in

Pakistan which have been aggravated by the disequilibrium in economic, political

and socio-cultural fields.

41. Quaid-e-Azam had envisioned that Pakistan would be a state where all

citizens would enjoy equal rights irrespective of caste, creed, sect, or place of birth. It

is, however, ironic that the dream, in essence, could not come true, nor has the

vision of the Quaid found its practical manifestation. Ours is a highly polarized polity,

fragmented into as may splinter groups as one could conceive. The divide is ethnic,

sectarian, regional, political, linguistic, economic, and social. The federation projects

a very fragile structure.

42. Pakistan is a pluralistic though somewhat homogeneous society is having a

variety of ethnic, linguistic and socio-cultural groups living in various provinces but

having common religious, socio-political and historical background with common

aspirations for the future. All they need is freedom, socio-economic justice, peace

and prosperity. These goals can be achieved through national integration, but

question to achieve national integration remains unresolved.

43. What one can conclude from Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 is that, there is an

acute absence of the spirit of unity and oneness in the Country, which is an essential

pre-requisite for a nation. Our ‘Nation State’ is under challenge, externally by supra

nationalism, regionalism and internationalism, and internally by divisive sub

nationalism and disintegrative ethnicity. These forces are driving the Country into a

state of helplessness and misery, greatly reducing its options in the face of internal

strife and external mechanics. However, the situation is still retrievable, given a

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resolve both at the top and at the grassroots levels to save Pakistan much the same

way we decided to establish it 65 years ago.

44. Pakistan is seriously beset with the fundamental problems of basic needs and

social justice. Since independence Pakistan has unquestionably recorded impressive

growth figure but distribution of wealth and resources not only amongst various

classes, but also amongst different provinces and nationalities, has remained quite

disproportionate. This resulted into uneven development and certain groups always

felt exploited by the others, like yesterday Bengalis had grievances against Ist

Pakistan and today Sindhis, Balochis and Pathans have grudges against Punjabis.

45. The political system, economy, education system, and other areas of

collective life should all function in harmony with the ideals of Islam. Justice, fair play,

equity, and tolerance should prevail throughout the society. There should be no

exploitation in any form. Fundamental rights of the people must be preserved and

rotated. The closer we are to these ideals, the greater results we will achieve.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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