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Orientasi Area PDF
Orientasi Area PDF
FKUB-RSSA
KEBUTUHAN DASAR SEMUA MAHLUK
HIDUP
• OKSIGEN
• AIR
• MAKANAN
KEKURANGAN OKSIGEN
MENYEBABKAN KEMATIAN
PALING CEPAT
OKSIGEN KASKADE
UDARA
BRONCHI
ALVEOLI
Ventilasi DARAH
KAPILER
Distribusi DARAH
ARTERI
Difusi DARAH
KAPILER
Sirkulasi
SEL
Dif i
Difusi
HYPOXIA
UDARA
FiO2
BRONCHI
Hypoxic ALVEOLI
yp
hypoxia Gas - Hb
DARAH darah - Laktat
KAPILER
DARAH
Stagnant ARTERI
hypoxia SpO2
DARAH
Anemic
hypoxia
i KAPILER
Histotoxic SEL
hypoxia
OKSIGEN KASKADE
UDARA
BRONCHI
ALVEOLI
Ventilasi DARAH
KAPILER
Distribusi DARAH
•Air way ARTERI
•Otot
•Saraf
S f Jaringan
J i Difusi DARAH
•Rongga dada paru KAPILER
Membrana Sirkulasi
alveolo- SEL
kapiler
Jantung Difusi
P.darah
Darah/Hb
Cairan
interstitial
Difusi
R SPIRATION
RESPIRATION
EXSTERNAL INTERNAL
• Exsternal
Exsternal respiration : Oxygen delivery from the
respiration : Oxygen delivery from the
atmosphere into the lungs through airway passage
and reach the blood vessels.
• Internal Respiration : Oxygen delivered from the blood
p yg
into the cell.
O2 O2
CO
2
CO O2
2
A.Pulmonalis V.Pulmonalis
Oxygenation
UDARA BEBAS:
PiO2 : 21% x 760 = 160 mmHg
PiCO2 : 0.04 % x 760 = 0.3 mmHg
ALVEOLUS
PiN2 : 78
78.6
6 % x 760 = 597mmHg
PiH2O : 0.46 % x 760 = 3.5 mmHg
N2 H 2O
Capillary
PAN2: PAH2O:
Diffusion Process 573 mmHg 47 mmHg
PAO2: PACO2:
104 mmHg 40 mmHg PaO2
Pulmonary Vein
Pulmonary ArteryO2 O2 CO2 O2
PvO2:
40 mmHg CO2 CO2
PcCO2: 45 PcCO2: 40
mmHgg PcO2: 100 mmHgg ∴ PAO2 ≈ PcO2
mmHg
H
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
• Oxygen content : Concentration of Oxygen in
Oxygen content : Concentration of Oxygen in
arterial blood (CaO2).
• The equation below resemble Oxygen Fraction in
The equation below resemble Oxygen Fraction in
Haemoglobin and Arterial Plasma
Equation
CaO2 = (1.34 x Hb x SaO2) + (0.003 x PaO2)
Indications for Oxygen therapy
Indications for Oxygen therapy
• Cardiac and respiratory arrest
Cardiac and respiratory arrest
• Hypoxemia ( pO2 < 58.5 mmHg, Sat<90%)
• Hypotension ( Systolic BP < 100 mmHg)
i (S li 00 )
• Low Cardiac Output and Metabolic Acidosis (
bicarbonate <18 mmol/l)
• Respiratory distress ( RR>24/minute)
p y ( / )
American College of Chest Physicians and NHLBI
Treatment I
Treatment I
• Empiric oxygen treatment
oxygen treatment
Cardiac/ respiratory arrest
Hypotension
i
Respiratory Distress
Trauma
GCS decrease from any cause
GCS decrease from any cause
Postoperative
Treatment II
Treatment II
• Verify
Verify hypoxemia
hypoxemia
Pulse oximetry
ABG’s
G’
• Start Oxygen treatment.
• Treatment goal ( sat level)
• Administration mode, flow, when to stop
Administration mode flow when to stop
Oxygen Hazards
Oxygen Hazards
• Fire
Fire ( airway fires)
( airway fires)
• Tissue toxicity, pulmonary and retina
• Decreased hypoxemic drive and increased VD
dh i di di d i
in
COPD.
• Seizures (hyperbaric)
• Mucosal damage due to lack of humidity
g y
Oxygen administration
Oxygen administration
• Low flow systems
Low flow systems
• High Flow systems (HFOE)
i h l ( O )
Nasal Prongs
Nasal Prongs
Bateman, N T et al. BMJ 1998;317:798-801
TERIMA KASIH
TERIMA KASIH
Macam – macam alat terapi oksigen
No Nama Alat
l FiO2
i
1 Nasal kateter, nasal prong, binasal ( 1 – 5 LPM ) 24 – 40 %
7 Respirator 21 – 100 %
9 Incubator s/d 40 %
TERIMA KASIH
TERIMA KASIH
Monitoring the Patient
Monitoring the Patient
• Clinical assessment including but not limited to
cardiac, pulmonary, and neurological status
• Assessment of physiologic parameters:
yg
measurement of oxygen tensions or saturation in
any patient treated with oxygen
46
Clinical Signs of Hypoxia
Clinical Signs of Hypoxia
• Respiratory
esp ato y
– Increased respiratory rate (Tachypnea), dyspnea, cyanosis, acc muscle
use
• Cardiac
– Increased heart rate (Tachycardia), hypertension
• Neurological
– Confusion or panic
– Cyanosis
y
– Diaphoresis
– Somnolence, confusion, blurred vision, loss of coordination, impaired
judgment
RsCr 220 47
Long Term Sign
Long Term Sign
• Clubbing
ubb g
RsCr 220 48
Precautions of Supplemental
Precautions of Supplemental
Oxygen
1. Oxygen toxicity
2 Depression of ventilation
2. Depression of ventilation
3. Retinopathy of Prematurity
4. Absorption atelectasis
5 Bacterial infection with humidifiers
5. Bacterial infection with humidifiers
Oxygen Toxicity
Oxygen Toxicity
• Patients exposed to high oxygen levels for a
prolonged period of time have lung damage.
prolonged period of time have lung damage.
– First damage is capillary epithelium, leading to edema,
thickened membranes and finally to pulmonary fibrosis
thickened membranes and finally to pulmonary fibrosis
and hypertension.
50
Oxygen: a fire hazard
• NEVER smoke while using supplemental oxygen
– Severe facial burns can and do happen
51
Clinical Guidelines
Clinical Guidelines
• Consider Oxygen as a drug
Consider Oxygen as a drug
• Use the lowest FIO2 ….
• Use it for the shortest possible time
Use it for the shortest possible time
• Keep oxygen below 50% if…
• If
If you have to ‐
h t accept lower saturations than
tl t ti th
normal in some situations
• Check equipment regularly for contaminants
Ch k i t l l f t i t
52
That’ss all folks!
That all folks!
• Any questions?
y ques o s
53
Take home message
Take home message
• Acute empiric oxygen treatment is ok but hypoxemia should be
verified with pulse oximetry and /or ABG’s when situation more
stable.
• Oxygen is a drug and should be ordered as such: mode of
Oxygen is a drug and should be ordered as such: mode of
administration, flow rate, FiO2 (venturi), treatment goal,
monitoring, when to stop.
• Never withhold oxygen out of fear of possible hypercarbia
Never withhold oxygen out of fear of possible hypercarbia
• Avoid overzealous treatment‐ Adequate saturation for the patient.
COPD 88‐90%