Pre-Regional ' Mathematical Olympiad ALSO USEFUL FOR oy ay if bs on ie ip A one Ey creer | Ss g oe 4 >. ace Ato 2 See Gres Cae ate us : b jlo Actes) (URE sr reer i Pearson Prashant Jain CT co eee Le)RS-Adithyo Praban TER 1 BASICS OF ALGEBRA . . Ratioand Proportion. . . . Theorems Related To Polynomials Algebraic Identities and Expressions Linear Equations . . Practical Mathematics Practice Exercise Exercise-1. 0... Part ~ LNSEJS Level Problems = IE KVPY Level Problems Part ~ III PRMO Level Problems Exercise- ss. Part ~ I Previous Years’ NSEJS Problems Part ~ Il Previous Years’ KVPY Problems Part ~ III Previous Years’ PRMO Problems AnswerKeys 2 6 6 2. we ER 2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Inequations and Modulus. . Quadratic Equation... . ++: Relation Between Roots and Coefficients. NatureofRoots .... +--+ - Maximum and Minimum Value of Quadratic eaeee Miscellaneous Equations . . - Functional Equations. . . - - Practice Exercise. . . - + - Exercise -T. lls Part ~ I NSEJS Level Problems Part I KVPY Level Problems Part — IIT PRMO Level Problemsee prercise H+ Years" NSEJS Problems ‘Years’ KVPY Problems - ‘Years’ PRMO Problems. ‘ant - 1 Previous art Il Previous Part - III Previous Answer Keys sequence AND SERIES - «+ ~~ CHAPTERPart ~ I KVPY Level Problems. Part — Il PRMO Level Problems Exercise-. Part — I Previous Pi Part~ I Previous Year’ PRMO Prollons Answer KeysPrevious Yeu cuapter 7i _ vs Sine Formulae 4 cose Ferriaae ae ae Radius ofthe Groumciie‘®” | | | ee eee BAO Radius ofthe Inciele"? ee BAO Angle of Elevation... 4°. , lnebiyeei Ab) ©. 0 4 eae Angle of Depression. . . . . . ees * =< Practice Exercise. ee ee ee BAO ee CINCO ECR: SS setae ei Part — I NS Level Problems 8.16 Part — IT KVPY Level Problems eae Part — IIT PRMO Level Problems sz eres ee Part — I Previous Years’ NSEJS Problems ae Part — II Previous Years’ KVPY Problems fee ies TI Previous Years’ PRMO Provlems + : aa AnsworKeys 2 0. es sri cHapTER 9 COORDINATE GEOMETRY ..-.- +--+ >>>: 94 1 Lo oS ee ee ous eat Hoe er 2. Sega De ee Src chuaibmrpn en Introduction and Application of Coordinate Geometry ‘Area of Triangle and Quadrilaterals Equation of Straight Line. Locus. . - Equation of Circle . Practica Exirelse ...« «22-2 ae a Reedeetl ¢Je- Lees. a sie Part — | NSEJS Level Problems 918 Part — I KVPY Level Problems - Exercise - EN aa wo —e Part — I Previous Years’ NSEJS Problems 9.22 Part — II Previous Years’ KVPY Problems » Ay 5 ie 9.22 ‘Part = III Previous ‘Years’ PRMO Problems - etal 1 aslteelel 9.22 nn i. a, cuaptern 10 inequaLiTies © +--+ 10.1 Inequalities Involving Modulus Function. = = + - Logarimicineaiaiics ese + al eae eeen = inequalities Based on RMS, AM, GM and HM - Cauchy Schwartz Monies ae coe ee ay K 000, ‘Their incomes are €8,000 and 10,000. Hi of Ati & how tt Sycayh then a= bh, c= dk, es sac fie a 2 pe = 34H Bee fap Patxtu tee we Tf prove that xtytatatbre Solution , so that x= ak, y= bk, = ok; Pee Pane akta kad +2_ (P+ Da wha pth ate RED ReT + Ne _ Ut lat bt 9, fel kel (orb) (Multiply and [Mully and Divide by To) _ Barbro? Hatbrd? Marottarbre hat hb-+ ke)? + (at b+ 0" (hat kt ke tat bee (xty te) t(atb+e)@ of and denominator iy both oumerator and d on aig He ee TH cach faction een xy+2 yet) ee Fagere Gt Gtbo9 somof numerator = Samof denomimtors sytaltyets)t2ety iy = ‘Dax + Dy + ez + fom @ nd xtytz _xyt2)+yers)tale+y) atbee Dax + by +2 Ym +n—1 Vari —Yort Dee emaee SHWE Geet mt 2-1” et > Gea maT Again by componend: suneueas Gist) mater (eH (eI Iw O43? wp 23 Het g 39? +3x-1 438 43x41 ma m ey sa 3ge Smee tape — Sm + SH may sus ” gh ONES eae 2pq and dividendo By componendo Bap ady pte - 2m (ty? _ (eta? GP - a = **Y_2*4 (ne of the possibilities out of poste X-Y PHA and negative) ‘Again by componendo and dividendo ptqtp-4 p+q-(p-4) stytscy Rty-(e-y) 2x Se 2y > ere ore ne W ‘man and 1 women take to do the work? » =f) ay (Jo 1 i. ab) =r @) 3) ays Solution Let men. part ina After si So 13 From 7 wal 3 women finish a job in 6 days anda { women can do'the same job in 4 days. How lons iSolution Let men complete m part in a day and women complete partin a day. Then, 1 dm + w= @ co) ‘ ‘After simplifying, we get 20m + 15w= > 6 20m + 280 = 1 1 So 130= > ; ws i From 6) and Gi) we get, m= 52 cae See mus Rated (Maren ers cea “a "Two numbers are, respectively, 20% and 50% more than a third number, ind the ratio of the wo numbers. 2. The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a college is 7:8. Ifthe percentage increase in the number of boys and girls be 20 % and 10 %, respectively, then find the 43. The prices of a scooter and a TV are in the ratio 7 5. Ifthe scooter costs £8000 more than a TV set, then find the price ofa TV set. 4. Find the ratio whose terms differ by 40 and the mea- sure of which is 2. 7 5. The ages of a man and his son is in the ratio of 7 : 2. ‘After 15 years, they would be in the ratio of 2: 1. Find the father’s age when son was bor. 6. What quantity must be added to each term of the du- plicate ratio of a:b to make it equal to a: 6? ay=be be-g 7. If 156 2 So, i requites > days 225 ‘A person distributes his pens among four friends A, B, Cy 11.3 whats the minima aa and Din the ratio 3°45 6 ber of pens thatthe person should have? Solution i Ratio of pens = 4: B: C: D= 5 = 20:15: Let number of pens given to A, B, C, D ate 20x, 15x, 12%, 10x So, minimum number of pens (for x= 1) = 20415 +12 + 10=57 a=: f, show that 27(a +b) (+ dye +) ? stb ed oy tt ct tet) =, show that (ae + by + 2) isthe mean propostiona between (2 +H + 2) and (2 + 7? +2), Ify varies as the sum of two quantities, of which one varies directly as x and the other inversely as =; and if then find ye 6-when ¢= 4,and y= when x= the equation between x and y. ‘A diamond fill and breaks into pieces whose weights are in the ratio 2: 3:5. The value of che diamond is directly proportional o the square ofits weights. Find the loss incurred, ifthe actual cost of the diamond is 296000 (in ®). i. show that = aor the polynomial in on¢ expresion for the P G be as follows pethettthe the case for complex numbers 25 Sale a oaae ed il to 0. &, is constant sven in problems) and by ein and nis whole number: Some Definitions Degree of 2 Polynomial of x having in a polynomial, degree is the Ingest power of : se ac coefficient. In above expression, it is‘ ae of polynomial is unique and can only be greater oF a to. Thus, P(x) = 6 is ako a polynomial with degree 0. 1¢ js called a constant polynomial. Degree of a polynomial is a whole number. ‘Number of Terms in a Polynomial ‘As the name suggests, itis the mumber of distinct terms in a polynomial in irreducible form. Irreducible form means that it cannot be reduced further e.g., P(x) =x° +4x+6+9x has 3 terms and not 4 terms in the reduced form i.e., P(s)=x +13x +6 Zero Polynomial and Constant Polynomial P(x) = a for some constant value a is called constant poly- nomial, When the value of constant is 0. P(x) is called zero polynomial. Degree of zero polynomial is not defined hile degree of other constant polynomials is 0 Coefficients They are real numbers which come in front of a power of + or constant term by e.g, coefficient of x* is b, in general representation of polynomials called asa polynomial, Eg, xox? + of variable in the 3 tex fem ate 3,2, and 0, respectively, but in expression x2 +4 will y polynomial it be called a i a the power of are 21, and 3" band 0 out of which 3 Sis Whole number. Breen a pirterent Types of Polynomials ener, we aide the polynomials in the categories. Based on Degrees “There are four types of poly are listed below: 1. Zero degree polynomial: Any non-2r0 mani, (comant) is regarded 2s 2 polynomial of dgge nero or zero degree polynomial Le. ls) = 4, wee tg 0 is a zero degree polynomial, since we cy write ffx) = 2.8 fix) = ax" 2, Linear Polynomial: A polynomial of degree ope is called a linear polynomial. The general form oj finear polynomial is ax +, where a and b are ax, real constant and a #0. 3. Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of a two is called a quadratic polynomial. The gener] form of a quadratic polynomial is ax*+tx+ where a #0. 4. Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree thee is called a cubic polynomial. The general form of: cubic polynomial is ax* + bx? + ox +d, where a1 5. Biquadratic (or quartic) Polynomial A polynomial of degree four is called a biquacrase (quartic) polynomial. The general form of a bigu: dratic polynomial is ax* + bx? + cx + dx + ¢, where 240. momials based on degress The, There are three types of polynomials based on number terms. These are as follows: 1. Monel A polynomial is said to be a mono™ ifit has only one term. E.g., x,9x7.5*° - monomials, Binomial: A polynomial is said to be abinom! “Snfains two terms. E.g., 2x” + 3x,x+5x°.88 + all are binomials,Thee Umber degree where Fm of legree eneral be, three nofa a0. mia: dratie iqua- where five oly gree pials sf" omi- yl ae sift 43 4, Teinomial: A polynomial i sid to Be 3 trinomial if it three terms. Saas | ort eee aaa trinomias a ete ‘A polynomial having four or more than four does A Pie pariclar name. These are simply called polY- nomial. Zeroes of Polynomials Lets consider a polynomial PQs) == + 4-60 see what He somof polynomial scans. If we put x = — in this folynomil, we get P 4) = 0. The values off ‘which Fan are called zero ofthe polynomial of solutions of the polynomial ‘Remainder Theorem ‘When 30 is divided by 4, you have 2 as remainder. 30 can be written as follows, 30=4x742 Note thatthe remainder i always less than the divisor (ob tious) Can such an expression be writen for polynomlst Yes, it can be written for polynomial too. Before doing that, let's discuss mulplication of poly- ‘nomial fist. Mukipliation of polynomial is done term by term as shown in the example below Lets multiply P(x) =x+2 and QI Solution We will write multiplication as follows: R(x) = P(a)Q(x)= (e+ 2)(x? +4) ano +4)s2(e +4) td $20 +8 “This is lke algebraic multiplication that you have done in vind RG) ad lo write degen of R (3) ist ONS Sastaetl Saas) ae as B+ 67 46 yebition between the degrees of R(x) = PlayQ(s) the relation sof P(x) + degree of OG). ‘what about if we do some the following example: Can you observe any R(x),P(x), and Me). when willbe, degme of Rox) = degree Having done multiplication, division with polynomials. Lets see Divide a? 44x44 by x (Cohe famous division algorithm for polynomials) Bx) = Qs) AG)+ RG) As, xtade tte x(er4e4 If you compare this expresion with the expres sion used when 30 was divided by 4, you can see a very Jinewesting comparison. In above expresion, x" + 4x4 4s Bia)(dividend), 2 is Abs) (Givisor), +48 (Xx) (quotient) and 4 is (R(x)) (mainder), In number cats, remainder cannot be greater than divisor. In “Gvision, there isa small twist: Hete, degree of remain than that of divisor. The interesting part is that we can indeed write polynomi- ai division in our very own Tong division method as Shown below with A()=x°=2x? —4,B(x)=*—3: Here Q(x)= x7 +43, RO)= 9 your eather clases (a +8) + =ae +d) +b(c+ 4)beeween numeric division and numeric division, you cannot is pnp A te Ein ea ; mo ito only ing Pa ee ere isa method ee of degre 1. We wil ilmae by sing above polyoma dividend. In polynomial division, however, the to find remainders when the divisor i i Hew, A(x)=x'-2e°-4.B(x)=x-33 is a 2210 of Bs). Put thi value in AG®. You will et A (3) to be 5, which isthe same remainder as found by long division sethod. This method can be formalized using the very f- tous Remainder Theorem. Let Pls) t0 be any polynomial of degree greater than oF cual to 1 and et et be any real number. If Pa) is divided by linear polynomial a, chen the remainder is Pa). Proof Let Q(e) be the quotient and K(x) be the remainder ob- tained when the polynomial a) is divided by x a. Then, Pi) =(x—a9Qe)+ R(x), where R(x) = 0 or some constant, Let R(x) = 6 where cis some constant, Then. Pls) = 60 aQUe) +e Putting x =, in P(x) = (x-a) g(x) +c, we get P(a)=(1~2)Q(0) +P) =0.xQ) +e Ma) =c presi tat the remainder PQ) when Ps) is divided IfP\x) isa polynomial of degree 1 . ber then x= cis ctor ay oa al Proof Before sting the poo . Is fll formis“itand only" tha oe This here meane that (@) 18%@) =0, x ais a factor (b) Ih ais a factor of a), ae nt is true in both directions P(x) =(#-4) 2) + PCa) 5 fa) 16 P(a)=0.P(2) = (*-9) Q(x), OMe! Eee of 2 3 aia factorof P(x),P(x)=(+-3)q( a)=0. fx =2and x=0 are zems of the polynomials fx) =, 5x2 + ax +, then find the values of a and b ‘Thus, the statem Which ya Solution §2) = 22) - 52 + a2) +b=0 16-20 420 +b=0=5 2a th=4 =f) = 2(0)' — 5(0)? + (0) + b=0 6-0 = 2a=4 3 a=2, b=0. Find the sum of all the coefficients in fx) = (x ~ 2) +5 @-4e- 5x +6). Solution The sum of all the coefficients is given by fl) Sl) = (1-901 +3) — (A —5)C1 +) =-36 by ga) = 1-25, ind the remainder, when fx) =3° — 6x2 + 20-484 Let, Find the « divided by SolutionSolution Tind the values of a and b so that dhe polynomials Be ge 13a +b has (=f) and Ge-+3) a actors : Solution Let flxy= a? ae? 138+ a Tecause (x1) and (x +3)are he factors of f=) : 2. fi) = 0and f-3) =0 fo)=05 (at =k =O & 3 -ath=12 0) se-3)=0 Find the remainder, when f(z)=2'+3x —2s4+6 8 23) -a-3f 13a) b= 0 divided by s()= 3" — ee \ "a 3 at b= 12 i) flay= gadaia) +) Subtracting equation (@) from eqation () wot +32 2x +6 = (2-1) et TD (a+ b)—(-a4 6) = 12412 ince divisor is quadcatic, mainder shouldbe Hine oF nat a= hae = Dh OES. a Puc a=3 in equation (@) wy 43t—2e $6=@—D ENA AD oe 1 abe aa } Porting x =1 in (, we get + an 2 3) Paring x=—1 in @, we get —2 + Hees «ea Upon solving, a=—1, 6= 9 | Hence remainders C= +9) ‘What must be subtracted from <° — 637 — 15480 <0 that the resale is exactly divisible by 27 +x — 12. see due x +1 md2ec 9 me fs of Be ae + | Sma x41 Teta + be subracted fom gs) = 3° = 63° 15x +8080 ‘Susion that it is exactly divisible by x° +12. ‘To prove that (x +1) and @2s~3) are actors of = 98° + gee 62 1S 80 (ert B=? OP pe x + 12's sufficient co show that p (+1) and soseer no} (3) ‘both are equal to 2er0. Dividend = Divsor quotient + remainder : peste ete But remainder willbe zero. ) 2-9-1+ 12=- 12+ 12=0 ‘. Dividend = Divisor x quotient 6 4 ) 3)_4(3) 03) (2 (3? 4-12) x quotient ana p(2)=2(2) -9 2) +15 (3) 3) (3) +(e 6x3 —(U5 +a) +80 -B 2 81,3 81+81 stan FORD oF ot =0. 4042 4 ed Hence, (e+ 1) and (23) are the factors 2? —9 82 + +12rence, 4-0) +(4-D ae eca(i=h=0, endmndbnn' ase is exactly d- Hee, ple) we mba An 4 tent ieee then find the value of *° =2x +1 pee -x-142 Putting x? -x~1=0,we get 0° -241=2 Find all the zeros of the polynomial (fl) = 2x4 2x9 - 7x? +3x+6, if two of its zeros are B B Vm atl onal Locate There, (B= B or 2x ~3 isa factor of f(x) sax-2 at eee Sieh aw Be aS 0 2 Te? +344 6= (Oe? 3) 2 nay = Qs -3)(5-2) (241) f “Ya V2 So, the eros are a factor of «* + pa? + qx? — 1 then fgg ofpand 4 : solution (2 +x)? thee att px’ tax Saba ts + bye axttp’ +e (tet? +( jents, we Upon comparing coetfic $c-1=qie—b=0;~ 6 p= b+i= ps6 Upon solving, Thy to find the zeros of p(x) =x" +6x" + 11246 by and trial method (choose the value and then put that ‘of x in the polynomial to check). Solution Choose =2 or ~3, will get P(x) =0. This wn that (-1,-2,—3} 8 the set of all values of x, which « zeros of the given polynomials. Hit and trial method ic ten used to find the solutions of polynomials when dee solutions are simple ‘Try to find the solution of P(x) =x? +20x+91 sie hit and trial method. You will see that this polynomi a» not be solved easily by hit and trial method. Find the value of a’ +0° +c —3abc Ifa=500 b= 502 c= 504 ‘ek [(e-8) +6=0f + (c-0) | =se4s10j( 2) = 121506 = 18072 Bind ren byx+t Solutio Here Putting Facto Solu Byth disco poly By | wid Ine inl Gi fac fin éFind remainder when P(x) = 2° +30? +3x-+1i divided bys+t Solution Here P(x)=x'+3e +3041 —1for remainder, we get P(-1)=(-1)° +31) +341 PE =0 Facrorize x° +1987 +71x—91 into linear factors Solution By the look of this polynomial, its not very easy to solve directly, However, we can see that 1 is a solution of this and hence x ~ 1 is a factor of this polynomial polynomial the given polynomial can be By long division method, vwten a Pato? 47x91 = (x—1){e? +2084) In ealier example, we solved 2° +20x +91, Thus, writing in linear factors, 20 41992 471-91 = («fe MEH) Given a cubic polynomial, its not very easy to find its factors Below mentioned table summarizes some cates © find simple fctors of cubic polynomial ax” bx? +eetd. Aq Know Your Progress - 2 11. Using remainder theorem, find the remainder when ‘fls) is divided by g(x) and verify the, result by actual ivsion, Given f(x)=2°~6x2 428-4 and gz) = 1-26 2. (1) If the polynomials axi+ 3x°-13° and 2e° — Sx-+a, when divided by (x~2) leave the same remainder, find the value of a 4, Determine whether x — 3 is a factor of polynomial pix) = 8 3x? te 12. 44, Using factor theorem, prove that p(x) divisible by Basie of Algeben athectdsd bend =0) Bor dbt2e+d = Ba—4b+ 2d =O. Factorize 6x! 192° — 23x" + 10848. Solution Let f(a) =6ot 1904 23x 1104-48 om it and il tasswefind dat f(-t)=Oand f(4)=0 +i) aswallas 4) safictor f(2), on dividing “foay= 6 = 1942 — 2302 410 +8 by GF —3R= AY we get (6 —x-2). Ge! 1988 — 23 +10 +8 (x? -3x-4) (6x* -x-2) =(x+1) (x-4) (60? — 4x +3x-2) = (+ 1)(e— 4)[2xBx- 2) +168 - 2] = (x+1)(«—4)(e- 2) +1) 5. Find the remainder, when fl) = 2° ~ 6x2 + 2-4 is divided by g(x) = 1 + 2x, 6. ‘The polynomial ax? +3? ~ 3 and 2x 5x +a when divided by (x4) leaves remainder R, and Ry respec tively, then find the value of 7 iF2R, ~ Ry 7, Wad + be +6 bas x +2. a actor and leaves 2 remainder 4 when divided by (# ~ 2), find the values of wand b2 8, The remainder when 28 + kx? is divided by (& = 1) (2) (23) contains no terms ins Find" without performing division. ghee? — 127 = 1x +5, gle) = et 5 P(xspecial 1s + He se eis | a eC castro trends sien nremtaecoo mt” | gy 2404 “ates La tb +a ‘i oi cn PSE ie a eh plore [eo eat i Mane jal case ig ar bte=O, then F paen eset Special eae EM i 2 olen) (extent of power 70) pepe ea es 2 5 ater) (ones of power of andr # Seca gabe pte Factorization of Polynomials intwo Variables: | pom Trea coins ere, we wil dacs polyno in whieh : newer of x and 7 2 parol tres COMSSES @ 4? 2ab, ifa + band ab are given. ran ee Fox example cach erm in, 2+ 25747 erst Oye gee hhas this sum 2, likewise, "+ 3x7y+ 2xy? has this sum (by +6 = (a0) = ae ae hs om 2 Hae ae pon e called | CO)? “(oF Aah sfa— band ab are ven, Sern er | ae [arash if band ab given Such a choice is necessary to apply concepts Learnt if Sate. ei 1 resis sections here. For example io th paler eles ®) Seer aes as 1 1 anos © &+ (:-4) ifa— —is given. ; oy ane peae? ae2) Or mn Bee settee ae ” (@ @+ B= (+ Sab (a +B), iE (@ * B) and ab ae ve, farbris Mantes (i = B= (6 BP + Bab (a Bila and hare Following ents ae handy o sole common questions feog | inp a, Po sence ne a ex rato cole) lh ( (athe 2abe 4 Glee” (b) sf ad - 2 = aye (Hf nd nas o@ (: ) $3 (et) ee ti D | (e) &- =(246)(a-5) a ‘ a ae | ye 2 dao (a" = 2 ) a Lone Sete an (2 +B) (P—) = (0+ Wahlert 9) o) 48 =(o48) (2 —ab+8) outa | ; I) at + abt = (a? + 2ab 2 » < Ga (6-8) (@ 406+) Germain identity) aig Ate) Soot (a+b) =a +0 +3ab (a8) (mn) (x" -y") is alv Ga ed soe Sam @ & ela Pe lads 32 | (P48 42 ah wna) = is a is divisible by (ey) when ‘Wis odd y 3 (0) (x" ~y"fis divisible by (+ ee allah se (ea) otate iets zy when ‘is even amie ab +b \(0 —ab+6°) ti tay=deeyet yy +=(e-y) fey}Algebraic Expressions Homogeneous Expressions Am expression isd to be homogeneous when ll ts ems an ef the same degree. For example, 2x + by i homoge a ty expresion ofthe Bist degree in xand y= + bey + mi 2 hommogencous expresson of the second degree in Oj pand ae) + bp +c ~ xyes homogencovs expression of the third degree ie Nhomogeneous expression of the fist degree, say + 1 + 2s milled by 4 homogeneous expreson ofthe 7 ad degree say «x2 + by? + then the product ex) + Bone acy t ats + bet bps tate + aye Pr mogencous expresion ofthe third degre (241+ 2=2). Hence, we have the following law: The product of two homogeneous expresions of degrees m and n, respectively, is a homogeneous expresion of degrees m +m ‘Symmetric Expressions An imtegral function is said to be symmetric with respect t0 2 par of variables if the expresion remains unaltered when dhe variables are interchanged, i.e, an expression fl)) ‘aid to be symmetric ffl) = f.9)- ‘Thos, 2 + 2xy + 77 is symmetric with respect 0 szand y, since when x and y ar interchanged, the resulting fimeign, 9? + 2yx + 2% isthe same a the original fanction Funhen ay + yz + 20s a symmetric expression, since By invercanging x and y, it becomes yx + 22% 27, which is (he ane my + ye tee Siollacy ay + 72 + 2 is TT metric with respect to the pair (y, 2) and (2 #) and hence ay + ye + zeis symmetric in % y, and = Stolidy, x 17+ & Sepa Pee P+ pt D—Iaye, xt yt Land et Pe aE metric expressions. ‘Note chat x — y + 1 is not symmetric in x and y and ab + be cas not symmetric in 4 b, and & 'A symmetric expression is not necessarily 2 homope- nous, nor a homogencous necessarily symmetrical For example, x + y~ 1 is symmetric function but not a homogenous function. Again, + xy is homogeneous fanction but not a symmetric function, Properties of Symmetrical Expressions 4, Ina symmetric function, all terms ofthe same (YP ast occur and their coefficients must be equal “Terms which can be obtained from one another by successively interchanging the variables are known as same type terms. “thw, if, and # ave ee variables hen 72s and ‘By are terms of the Same type, since the format i thanged to the latter by inserchanging the Pe voz. Silatiy 2x, 22 9° and 2 a aL ISS Toki co the same type a5 y7= and 2, But Pans 2 are not teas of de same y= S7Ps SE 1 ee averchanging of the letters x, ys and = will BOE transform y?= into 2°, °- ot 2 2. ‘The sum, difference, product or quotient of 5¥9. syamerc expresiom is a symmetric expression, Tr we consider two letters x and ys then, in general, che symmettic Homogeneous uhe first and second degrees, respectively, are the following @ Ke +”) {by HG? + 3?) + may, where Rand mare consents ewe consider three letters, ys and =; then, fener, the sym homogenous expressions of vi fase and second degrees, respectively: are the following: @ Ket y+) (hy Het yf +2) + may 72+ ee), where Rand sm are any constants. “The values of these constants can be found out by comparing the coeficients. : Cyclic Symmetric Expressions ‘An expresion fis 2) is sido be a eyelic expression if fess y 2) =e 209) SEs 6 Tor the sake of brevity, we use the symbols Zand Tle write the cyclic expressions. is used for sum of terms and TI is used for product of terms. "The addition, subtraction, multiplication, and/or division of two cyclic polynomials always results in-a eycic polynomial “Here are some common factors and their cyclic repre sentatives for a eyclic polynomial with 3 variables: atbee Ye eer re abt beta Ft +P (ct a)+e (ard)Fond Lom of Poors A parm pre Qe) = ante pln that Ps) = DE) 6) 1. HE/GCD (Great A polynomial (ss two or more given po cst Common Divisor): ‘alld the HCF or GCD of yom, if (a) a polyno res) ot highest degre dividing each of one oF the given polynomisk i 2, LOM. (Least Common — Multiple): A polynomial Ma) is cle the LCM. of #0 ot ke Den polynomial, if 2 polynomial of Ballot degre which is dvided by each one ofthe ren papas. For any 0 polynomial ts) find Qs, we hae Fe) © Oi) = [HCP of Pad Q69)] % [LOM of 76) 1d Qe) @ ot+y Gay 2-39 2x39) ifs. on (3. Jess} Solution estan) (L}+— 3x) Gah iat 3" oe © 02 +577 = 028 -262)69 + 67" + My 2p 5 (Sa 3y| ney} (yf += + =a ae eP He Now, a+b +¢: xoyty-zt2-xa0 So, @ + B+ 0 =3abe 2 aw +O P+ e-POD @-9) TF abd are positive integers such that «= bai, b= ll, (atbseray’ (wteraltda) = dab and d= abc, then find the value of ‘Solution a= bed, b= cda, c= dab and d= abe = hed = (abd) (on multiplication) = abcd =1 (6ince a,byed are positive integer) =pasb=acad=1 (orbectd)’ 256g (w+tcted+day 16 Tf px) = (x + G2 — 4x21), QW) =&-7) AF + 2-8) find the HCF and LCM of P(x) and Q(3). Solution Px) = (+2) (2 = 42-21) = (e+ 2) G2 7x + 3x—21) = (+2) @-1@43) Qa) = (@=7) WE +K= 6) =(K- TNX + Ax=3e— 6) (eT) Px (x+2)-3 +2 = = 7) Qx—3) +2) HCE = (+ 2)(¢-7) LCM = (x+ 3)@¢-7) Qx=3) +2).3 jae +2 CE and pec if eee 5x + 6, find Q@)- eutaet) + aye ce + St ET?) Pix) x 09) a@tD e+? Factorize 8p —1-o 6m Solution 87° —1-m =m Here, ais 2p, bis-1, and cis—m (a)? ~3(2p)(- 1)(— mm) = ph (1 t= m)(dp? 41+? -2p—m-+ 2pm) Factrize Sx*y%(e-y) Solution =e nexye -ptP2y-2)+2V(e-x) oe 2p +f “fe PB len (= 24)-f F242 (e-2) (ea)? tart yp) (x-z)eet2)-24%(x-2) = Gall? 432427) +2) 27} =O ally?